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SBI 3U Diseases of the Digestive System

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What is a digestive tract disease? Every now and then you may feel discomfort in the digestive tract caused by over eating, eating too fast, or eating the wrong foods. Experiencing mild discomfort of the digestive tract is normal. If it persists or the pain increases, it is not normal. You may also notice gas produced in the digestive system, which is a result of swallowed air or the breakdown of food in the LI. Gas is made up of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen. When it passes through the rectum it may contain sulphur which causes a smell! A disease in the digestive tract can be caused by inflammation, infection, malabsorption or another disorder.

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Diagnosing the Diseases There are useful medical tools that allow doctors to diagnose digestive tract disorders. Endoscopy- a narrow tube inserted in the throat that passes down the esophagus, stomach and upper intestine. There is a small camera at the end of the tube to allow doctors to see the structures or inflammation. Biopsy- sometimes the tube contains small scissors to cut a piece of the tissue. A biopsy can help to determine if the tissues are normal or if there is any bacteria that are deep in the wall of the stomach or intestines.

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Colonoscopy- if a doctor wants to see much further along the intestines, a thin, lighted tube is inserted in the rectum. Usually the person is sedated. If the doctor sees something suspicious they may choose to do a biopsy. Pill Cam- a less invasive procedure requires a patient to swallow a small capsule with a camera in it. As the pill travels through the intestines it takes pictures of the structures. The pill is then excreted through the rectum and anus. http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=endoscopy &qpvt=endoscopy&docid=288965985252&mid=A 1BF43D323558B03EDD4A1BF43D323558B03EDD 4&FORM=LKVR26#

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General Digestive Tract Disorders Diarrhea an increase in the frequency of bowel movements or looseness of stool. Constipation the difficult passage of stools (bowel movements) or the infrequent (less than three times a week) or incomplete passage of stools, usually caused by inadequate fiber in the diet or a disruption of regular activities or diet. Gas (flatulence) the production of excess stomach or intestinal gas may have many causes, such as an inappropriate diet or various diseases. Heartburn an uncomfortable feeling of burning and warmth occurring in waves rising up behind the breastbone toward the neck. It is usually due to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), the rise of stomach acid back up into the esophagus.

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Hemorrhoids swollen blood vessels that line the anal opening caused by excess pressure, such as straining during a bowel movement, persistent diarrhea or pregnancy. Internal hemorrhoids are normal structures that cushion the lower rectum. When internal hemorrhoids fall into the anus (as a result of straining), they can become irritated and bleed. External hemorrhoids are veins that lie under the skin outside of the anus. These veins can burst and a blood clot can form, causing a painful condition (pile). Nausea/vomiting nausea and vomiting are symptoms of many other disorders such as digestive disease (gallbladder disease, infections, inflammation of the stomach lining, ulcers, cancers, food poisoning or overeating), brain injury, motion sickness, pregnancy, stress and other factors. While vomiting is often harmless, it may be a sign of a more serious illness.

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GERD- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease AKA acid reflux Chronic digestive disease that occurs due to repeated backflow of stomach acid to the esophagus Causes irritation of esophagus SYMPTOMS Heartburn most common Regurgitation of food or sour liquid Coughing Chest pain Difficulty swallowing Nausea

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Treatments Lifestyle changes Dietary changes: avoids certain foods(fatty foods, alcohol, acid- containing foods) Stop Smoking Chewing gum Light exercise after meal Elevate upper body in bed OTC medication Antacids tums, pepto, milk of magnesia Histamine antagonists Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) Surgery 80% success rate Risks

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome(IBS)

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Chronic problem with the large intestine Food moves through intestines too quickly or too slowly Causes discomfort and emotional distress Does not damage large intestine What is IBS?

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Bloating and Gas Mucus in the stool Constipation Diarrhea after eating or first thing in the morning Alternating between Constipation and Diarrhea Feeling like you need to have bowel movement after just having one Feeling strong urges to have bowel movement Abdominal pain and cramping that goes away after bowel movement Symptoms of IBS

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Chrons Disease Chrons Disease is a serious form of IBD. In the early stages, Crohn's disease causes small, scattered, shallow, crater-like ulcerations. With time, the erosions become deeper and larger, ultimately becoming true ulcers, causing scarring and stiffness of the bowel. As the disease progresses, the bowel becomes increasingly narrowed, and ultimately can become obstructed. Deep ulcers can puncture holes in the wall of the bowel, and bacteria from within the bowel can spread to infect adjacent organs and the surrounding abdominal cavity.

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Ulcers- if the stomach lining is broken down it becomes irritated by the gastric juices and spills into other parts of the digestive system and they become irritated. Usually you will see sores or wounds in the stomach lining esophagus and intestines. Affect about 4 millions Americans a year. * duodenal ulcers/peptic ulcer- Ulcers located at duodenum (most common) * gastric ulcers- Ulcers located in stomach. * esophageal ulcers- Ulcers located in esophagus. *Serious ulcers often start to bleed. - Perforation: When ulcers start get bigger and break through stomach lining - Obstruction: Stops food from going into stomach when results to vomiting, nauseousness, and weight-loss.

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Esophageal Ulcers Peptic Ulcers Gastric Ulcers

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The inability or insufficient ability to digest lactose Caused by a deficiency of the enzyme lactase Lactase breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose for absorption by the small intestine Three causes: 1) Congenital absence of lactase from birth due to a mutation; very rare 2) Secondary diseases that destroy lactase in the small intestine 3) Primary(Developmental) natural decrease in lactase after childhood; most common can vary among different ethnic groups almost 100% of Asians 80% of American Indians 70% of Blacks 20% of Caucasians Lactose Intolerance

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Abdominal pain Abdominal bloating Gas Diarrhea Nausea Flatulence (passing gas) Varies in severity among different people Symptoms

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Dietary changes Reduce intake of lactose Milk substitutes such as soy and rice milk Ingest milk-containing foods during meals. Supplements of lactase enzyme Adaptation Slowly increasing intake of lactose Treatments