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Digestive System Anatomy Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Digestive tract Alimentary tract or Alimentary tract or canal canal GI tract GI tract Accessory Accessory organs organs Primarily glands Primarily glands Regions Regions Mouth or oral Mouth or oral cavity cavity Pharynx Pharynx Esophagus Esophagus Stomach Stomach Small intestine Small intestine Large intestine Large intestine Anus Anus

Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

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Page 1: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Digestive System Digestive System AnatomyAnatomy

Digestive tractDigestive tract Alimentary tract or Alimentary tract or

canalcanal GI tractGI tract

Accessory Accessory organsorgans Primarily glandsPrimarily glands

RegionsRegions Mouth or oral cavityMouth or oral cavity PharynxPharynx EsophagusEsophagus StomachStomach Small intestineSmall intestine Large intestineLarge intestine AnusAnus

Page 2: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

FunctionsFunctions IngestionIngestion: Introduction of food into stomach: Introduction of food into stomach MasticationMastication: Chewing: Chewing PropulsionPropulsion

Deglutition: SwallowingDeglutition: Swallowing Peristalsis: Moves material through digestive Peristalsis: Moves material through digestive

tracttract

Page 3: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

FunctionsFunctions

Mixing: Segmental contraction that occurs in small Mixing: Segmental contraction that occurs in small intestineintestine

Secretion: Lubricate, liquefy, digestSecretion: Lubricate, liquefy, digest Digestion: Mechanical and chemicalDigestion: Mechanical and chemical Absorption: Movement from tract into circulation or lymphAbsorption: Movement from tract into circulation or lymph Elimination: Waste products removed from bodyElimination: Waste products removed from body

Page 4: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Digestive Tract Digestive Tract HistologyHistology

Page 5: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Digestive System Digestive System RegulationRegulation

Nervous regulationNervous regulation Involves enteric Involves enteric

nervous systemnervous system Types of neurons: Types of neurons:

sensory, motor, sensory, motor, interneuronsinterneurons

Coordinates Coordinates peristalsis and peristalsis and regulates local regulates local reflexesreflexes

Chemical regulationChemical regulation Production of Production of

hormoneshormones Gastrin, secretinGastrin, secretin

Production of Production of paracrine chemicalsparacrine chemicals

Histamine Histamine Help local reflexes in Help local reflexes in

ENS control digestive ENS control digestive environments as pH environments as pH levels levels

Page 6: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Peritoneum and Peritoneum and MesenteriesMesenteries

PeritoneumPeritoneum VisceralVisceral: Covers organs: Covers organs ParietalParietal: Covers interior : Covers interior

surface of body wallsurface of body wall RetroperitonealRetroperitoneal: Behind : Behind

peritoneum as kidneys, peritoneum as kidneys, pancreas, duodenumpancreas, duodenum

MesenteriesMesenteries Routes which vessels Routes which vessels

and nerves pass from and nerves pass from body wall to organsbody wall to organs

Greater omentumGreater omentum Lesser omentumLesser omentum

Page 7: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Oral CavityOral Cavity Mouth or oral Mouth or oral

cavitycavity VestibuleVestibule: Space : Space

between lips or between lips or cheeks and alveolar cheeks and alveolar processesprocesses

Oral cavity properOral cavity proper Lips (labia) and Lips (labia) and

cheekscheeks PalatePalate: Oral cavity : Oral cavity

roofroof Hard and soft Hard and soft

Palatine tonsilsPalatine tonsils TongueTongue: Involved in : Involved in

speech, taste, speech, taste, mastication, mastication, swallowingswallowing

Page 8: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

TeethTeeth

Two setsTwo sets Primary, deciduous, Primary, deciduous,

milk: Childhoodmilk: Childhood Permanent or Permanent or

secondary: Adult secondary: Adult (32)(32)

TypesTypes Incisors, canine, Incisors, canine,

premolar and premolar and molarsmolars

Page 9: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Tooth structure:Tooth structure:

Page 10: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Salivary GlandsSalivary Glands Produce salivaProduce saliva

Prevents bacterial Prevents bacterial infectioninfection

LubricationLubrication Contains salivary Contains salivary

amylaseamylase Breaks down starchBreaks down starch

Three pairsThree pairs Parotid: LargestParotid: Largest SubmandibularSubmandibular Sublingual: Sublingual:

SmallestSmallest

Page 11: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus
Page 12: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Pharynx and EsophagusPharynx and Esophagus

PharynxPharynx NasopharynxNasopharynx Oropharynx: Oropharynx:

Transmits food Transmits food normallynormally

Laryngopharynx: Laryngopharynx: Transmits food Transmits food normallynormally

EsophagusEsophagus Transports food from Transports food from

pharynx to stomachpharynx to stomach Passes through Passes through

esophageal hiatus esophageal hiatus (opening) of (opening) of diaphragm and ends diaphragm and ends at stomachat stomach

Hiatal herniaHiatal hernia SphinctersSphincters

UpperUpper LowerLower

Page 13: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Deglutition Deglutition (Swallowing)(Swallowing)

Three phasesThree phases VoluntaryVoluntary

Bolus of food moved by tongue from oral Bolus of food moved by tongue from oral cavity to pharynxcavity to pharynx

PharyngealPharyngealReflexReflex: Upper esophageal sphincter : Upper esophageal sphincter

relaxes, elevated pharynx opens the relaxes, elevated pharynx opens the esophagus, food pushed into esophagusesophagus, food pushed into esophagus

EsophagealEsophageal ReflexReflex: Epiglottis is tipped posteriorly, : Epiglottis is tipped posteriorly,

larynx elevated to prevent food from larynx elevated to prevent food from passing into larynxpassing into larynx

Page 14: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Phases of Deglutition Phases of Deglutition (Swallowing)(Swallowing)

Page 15: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Stomach Anatomy:Stomach Anatomy:

OpeningsOpenings GastroesophaGastroesopha

gealgeal: To : To esophagusesophagus

PyloricPyloric: To : To duodenumduodenum

RegionsRegions CardiacCardiac FundusFundus BodyBody PyloricPyloric

Page 16: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Stomach Histology:Stomach Histology: LayersLayers

Serosa or visceral Serosa or visceral peritoneum: peritoneum: OutermostOutermost

Muscularis: Three Muscularis: Three layerslayers

Outer longitudinalOuter longitudinal Middle circularMiddle circular Inner oblique Inner oblique

SubmucosaSubmucosa MucosaMucosa

Page 17: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus
Page 18: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus
Page 19: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Stomach HistologyStomach Histology RugaeRugae: Folds in : Folds in

stomach when emptystomach when empty Gastric pitsGastric pits: :

Openings for gastric Openings for gastric glandsglands Contain cellsContain cells

Surface mucous: Surface mucous: MucusMucus

Mucous neck: Mucus Mucous neck: Mucus Parietal: Hydrochloric Parietal: Hydrochloric

acid and intrinsic acid and intrinsic factor factor

Chief: Pepsinogen Chief: Pepsinogen Endocrine: Regulatory Endocrine: Regulatory

hormoneshormones

Page 20: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Hydrochloric Acid Hydrochloric Acid ProductionProduction

Page 21: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Movements in StomachMovements in Stomach

Page 22: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Phases of Gastric Phases of Gastric SecretionSecretion

Page 23: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus
Page 24: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus
Page 25: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus
Page 26: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Small IntestineSmall Intestine Site of greatest Site of greatest

amount of digestion amount of digestion and absorptionand absorption

Divisions Divisions DuodenumDuodenum JejunumJejunum Ileum: Peyer’s patches Ileum: Peyer’s patches

or lymph nodulesor lymph nodules ModificationsModifications

Circular folds or plicae Circular folds or plicae circulares, villi, lacteal, circulares, villi, lacteal, microvillimicrovilli

Cells of mucosaCells of mucosa Absorptive, goblet, Absorptive, goblet,

granular, endocrinegranular, endocrine

Page 27: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Small Intestine Small Intestine SecretionsSecretions

MucusMucus Protects against digestive enzymes and Protects against digestive enzymes and

stomach acidsstomach acids Digestive enzymesDigestive enzymes

Disaccharidases: Break down disaccharides Disaccharidases: Break down disaccharides to monosaccharidesto monosaccharides

Peptidases: Hydrolyze peptide bondsPeptidases: Hydrolyze peptide bonds Nucleases: Break down nucleic acidsNucleases: Break down nucleic acids

Duodenal glandsDuodenal glands Stimulated by vagus nerve, secretin, chemical Stimulated by vagus nerve, secretin, chemical

or tactile irritation of duodenal mucosaor tactile irritation of duodenal mucosa

Page 28: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Duodenum and Duodenum and PancreasPancreas

Page 29: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus
Page 30: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Duodenum Anatomy Duodenum Anatomy and Histologyand Histology

Page 31: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

LiverLiver LobesLobes

MajorMajor: Left and right: Left and right MinorMinor: Caudate and : Caudate and

quadratequadrate DuctsDucts

Common hepaticCommon hepatic CysticCystic

From gallbladderFrom gallbladder Common bileCommon bile

Joins pancreatic duct Joins pancreatic duct at hepatopancreatic at hepatopancreatic ampullaampulla

Page 32: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus
Page 33: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus
Page 34: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Functions of the LiverFunctions of the Liver Bile productionBile production

Salts emulsify fats, contain pigments as bilirubinSalts emulsify fats, contain pigments as bilirubin

StorageStorage Glycogen, fat, vitamins, copper and ironGlycogen, fat, vitamins, copper and iron

Nutrient interconversionNutrient interconversion DetoxificationDetoxification

Hepatocytes remove ammonia and convert to ureaHepatocytes remove ammonia and convert to urea

PhagocytosisPhagocytosis Kupffer cells phagocytize worn-out and dying red and Kupffer cells phagocytize worn-out and dying red and

white blood cells, some bacteriawhite blood cells, some bacteria

SynthesisSynthesis Albumins, fibrinogen, globulins, heparin, clotting factorsAlbumins, fibrinogen, globulins, heparin, clotting factors

Page 35: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Blood and Bile FlowBlood and Bile Flow

Page 36: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Duct SystemDuct System

Page 37: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

GallbladderGallbladder

Bile is stored and concentratedBile is stored and concentrated Stimulated by cholecystokinin and Stimulated by cholecystokinin and

vegal stimulationvegal stimulation Dumps into small intestineDumps into small intestine Production of gallstones possibleProduction of gallstones possible

Drastic dieting with rapid weight lossDrastic dieting with rapid weight loss

Page 38: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

PancreasPancreas

AnatomyAnatomy EndocrineEndocrine

Pancreatic islets Pancreatic islets produce insulin and produce insulin and glucagon glucagon

ExocrineExocrine Acini produce Acini produce

digestive enzymesdigestive enzymes RegionsRegions: Head, : Head,

body, tailbody, tail

SecretionsSecretions Pancreatic juice Pancreatic juice

(exocrine)(exocrine) TrypsinTrypsin ChymotrypsinChymotrypsin CarboxypeptidaseCarboxypeptidase Pancreatic amylasePancreatic amylase Pancreatic lipasesPancreatic lipases Enzymes that Enzymes that

reduce DNA and reduce DNA and ribonucleic acidribonucleic acid

Page 39: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Bicarbonate Ion Bicarbonate Ion ProductionProduction

Page 40: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Gastric hormones:Gastric hormones:

Page 41: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Large Intestine:Large Intestine:

Extends from ileocecal junction to anusExtends from ileocecal junction to anus Consists of cecum, colon, rectum, anal canalConsists of cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal Movements sluggish (Movements sluggish (18-24 hours18-24 hours))

Page 42: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Large IntestineLarge Intestine

CecumCecum Blind sac, vermiform appendix attachedBlind sac, vermiform appendix attached

ColonColon Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoidAscending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

RectumRectum Straight muscular tubeStraight muscular tube

Anal canalAnal canal Internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle) Internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle) External anal sphincter (skeletal muscle) External anal sphincter (skeletal muscle) Hemorrhoids: Vein enlargement or inflammationHemorrhoids: Vein enlargement or inflammation

Page 43: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Secretions of Large Secretions of Large IntestineIntestine

Mucus provides protectionMucus provides protection Parasympathetic stimulation increases rate Parasympathetic stimulation increases rate

of goblet cell secretionof goblet cell secretion PumpsPumps

Exchange of bicarbonate ions for chloride Exchange of bicarbonate ions for chloride ionsions

Exchange of sodium ions for hydrogen ionsExchange of sodium ions for hydrogen ions Bacterial actions produce gases called Bacterial actions produce gases called

flatusflatus

Page 44: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Histology of Large Histology of Large IntestineIntestine

Page 45: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Movement in Large Movement in Large IntestineIntestine

Mass movementsMass movements Common after mealsCommon after meals

Local reflexesLocal reflexes in enteric plexus in enteric plexus GastrocolicGastrocolic: Initiated by stomach: Initiated by stomach DuodenocolicDuodenocolic: Initiated by duodenum: Initiated by duodenum

Defecation reflexDefecation reflex Distension of the rectal wall by fecesDistension of the rectal wall by feces

DefecationDefecation Usually accompanied by voluntary movements to Usually accompanied by voluntary movements to

expel feces through abdominal cavity pressure expel feces through abdominal cavity pressure caused by inspirationcaused by inspiration

Page 46: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Reflexes inReflexes in Colon and Colon and Rectum:Rectum:

Page 47: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Digestion, Absorption, Digestion, Absorption, TransportTransport

DigestionDigestion Breakdown of food molecules for Breakdown of food molecules for

absorption into circulation absorption into circulation MechanicalMechanical: Breaks large food particles to : Breaks large food particles to

smallsmall ChemicalChemical: Breaking of covalent bonds by : Breaking of covalent bonds by

digestive enzymes digestive enzymes

AbsorptionAbsorption and and transporttransport Molecules are moved out of digestive tract Molecules are moved out of digestive tract

and into circulation for distribution and into circulation for distribution throughout bodythroughout body

Page 48: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus
Page 49: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus
Page 50: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus
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Page 52: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

LipoproteinsLipoproteins

TypesTypes ChylomicronsChylomicrons

Enter lymphEnter lymph VLDLVLDL LDLLDL

Transports Transports cholesterol to cellscholesterol to cells

HDLHDL Transports Transports

cholesterol from cholesterol from cells to livercells to liver

Page 53: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Water and Ions:Water and Ions:

WaterWater Can move in either Can move in either

direction across wall direction across wall of small intestine of small intestine depending on osmotic depending on osmotic gradientsgradients

IonsIons Sodium, potassium, Sodium, potassium,

calcium, magnesium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate are actively phosphate are actively transportedtransported

Page 54: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus

Effects of AgingEffects of Aging

Decrease in mucus layer, connective Decrease in mucus layer, connective tissue, muscles and secretionstissue, muscles and secretions

Increased susceptibility to infections Increased susceptibility to infections and toxic agentsand toxic agents Ulcerations and cancersUlcerations and cancers

Page 55: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus
Page 56: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus
Page 57: Digestive System Anatomy Digestive tract Alimentary tract or canal GI tract Accessory organs Primarily glands Regions Mouth or oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus
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