Vft'iWttx*:-:;-

tfttttttttit;:;

:XoXjX::^;;;

* '

y.%V.'.V.^>

co

'**> * <**

&

oJsSoo

: 198B

So : fib. 20.00

"This Book is Published

With the Financial Assistance of

TIRUMALA TIRUPATI DEVASTHANAMSUnder their scheme

Aid to Publish Religious Books".

- 522 101

. 581 J83

_ 522 101f^

s-5

*cStfjjIbrs-o^

JfcS^ff*

Q

srd A ...o

CO

77$ I

tf^eas5a

tfo

(7?jjtf.I. &o. 27 SP.

IB.)

<*

i

~Ji L

194- 232

5Sbp 5^6657^228,

233.296

297.800

o* c&s'jj

3? c* o

o ^ r* 5

oS tf

^0^545^

i Jotfofir-tf

a-

loo'

(2'1)

He is the very

oul of gentleness, i efusing none. Up here have gathered

ou^d Him all those who were weary of earth, havingound no acceptance amongst the fortunate (1)

rfdoiorfs' ^o^^^oSSo 6F

*ftg5r1

3oC&r^

. The serpents, whom all the world hates and

(L) Sister Nivedita : ihe web of Indian Life, p 202,

~

denies, come to Kailash, and Mahadev finds room for

them in His great heart (1)

and the tired0)

be&sts came-for He is the refuge of animals- and it is one

of these, a shabby old bull, that He specially loves and

rides upon (1) e9ta>e5 eso^Sr^oocS g3o$e*oc

And here, too,

come th^ spirits of all those men and women who are

turbulent and troublesome and queer, the bad boys and

girls of grown up world, as it were. All the people

who are so ugl> that n. one wants to see them; those

who do things clumsily and talk loudly, and upset

everything, though they mean no harm, and the poor

things who are ridden by one idea, so that they never

can see straight, but always seem a little mad - such are

the souls on whom He alone has mercy. He is surrounded

by them and they Jove and worship Him. He uses

them to do His errands and they are known &s Siva's

demons (i) :&o'&_, s^creE?)eG

(1) Sister Mveciita : The Web of Lidian Life p 202.

*Siva

embodies eternal India'

oJ

^oMcrcrc-ja eotftfCo|oKb ^*a*i* saWa C,

; oo^T

*

Ba

So-

R?

57

asaoa, ^aSc^ M ^ o-stfej

ss-tftf^ a,^

tftfi;

S&&3P05^* ^V m^ ^4

o & sSce

3 IScCO

Oh India ! for get not that the Godthou worshippest is the Great

Ascetic of ascetics, the all-

renouncing Sankara.

Swami Vivekananda

L 5J*tf&t S>

Swami Vivekananda : The Vedanta Kesari,

1957. p 412.

12

India's message is two-fold -

activistic and meditative...But the meditative India was

at the back of this activistic aspect.. .This dual aspect

is the mesage of life too. Life comprises of both

contemplation and action. And both are symbolised in

the conception of Siva (3)

i^ ^ tfdb ?r?3 will remind you that life is

not at all activity, movement, race, it is contemplation,

poise, absorption too (3)

The Editor : The Vedanta Kesari, 1957, p 410.

It is the contemplative

that keep fhe world disinfected. They are the salt of

the earth (4) $

coo*

A world without the

mystics is totally blind (4) e5>S<s&>

you will find one national idea- spiri-

tuality {5) 5tfsSp5$tf^& ju"! ^Sc3& tf^SXtfSbtf

a-

India is the world's ancestral home of religious

consciousness (6)

I 87VoCJ5a* Sa^tfeasS^^ HindiCO

imagination long ago detached itself from the cycle oi

(4) Dr. P. Nagaraja Rao : Introduction to Vedanta, p 67.

(5) Swami Vivekananda : The Complete Works,Vol. 2, p 370.

(6) Sadhu T. L. Vaswami ; The Vedanta Kesari,

1930, p 18.

physical . beauty., to seek its fullest satisfacton of subtler

realms (7) "S

Sx o

J

That fire she holds alive todoy. Her torch of spiritual

culture must dispel the darkness of materialistic civiliza-

tions (8) e

tfo sS^rlt^sicJSD ?$o^$oi)5), materialism is not the

only thing that mattered to a nation. Spi-iiualis-m

also ennobles a nation, India is proud of its spir.tualism

(9)

"

C^ tf^SxS ^djjo^^S^a tftf

rs

(7) Sister Nivedita : The Web of Indian Life, p 194.

(8) Swami Atulananda : The Yedanta Kesari, 1925 p 189.

iV) Pandit Jawahar Lai Nehru :" Addres, Congress

Legislature Party, Hyderabad, 20-7-1963

tions (10)

Q

, on spiritual fourida-

Man is not exhausted by body and

mind, Tn the complex of human personality, there is

.an element which uses both, yet is neither (11)

h "3

^ ^jj&j^odS. ^S Man's never-eeasing effort to

read the riddle of the sphinx and raise himself above the

level of the beast to a moral and spiritual hieght finds

a stiiking ilustration in India (12)

(10) Pandit Jawahar Lai Nehru : Address, SardarPatel College of Engineering, Bombay, 20-8-1962.

(11) Dr. S. Radhakrishna : Address, A Seminar .on

Saints, g 2.

(12) Dr. S. Radhakrishnan : Indian Philosophy,Vol. 2, p 766.

18

we must also try to remove

the spiritual blmdiness from which we all suffer (13)

irore real and more intangible which is

the true home of the spirit, has been haunting the Indian

race (14)

India has always pondered

on the great problems of life, not of this life only, but

also of the life Eternal. And the outeome of these

meditations she offers to the world today* V15)

"3 fi

(13) Dr. S. Radhakrishnaah : Address Ophthalmologists

Conference, New Delhi, 5-12-1962,

(14) Dr. S. Radhakrishnan : Indian Philosophy,

Vol. 2, p. 766.

(15) Swami Atuiananda : The Yedanta Kesari,

1935, p 243.

<5fib5v humanity would continue to face the risk of<-**

becoming crippled, if not totally destroyed 16

spiritual nature can and does satisfy our longing for

the Greater Light or God 17 ptfsip5 tfjfjf&

tfo

Religion is one of the spiritual necessities of

human life, which mankind can never do without 18

Religion

16. Dr. RaJendra Prasad : Address, Seminar on

Science and Spirituality, Patna, 3-1-1963

17. Rusi J. Daruwala: The Indian Express, 8-7-1962

18. Dr. Arnold Toynbee: Statement New DeJii. 17-2-57

18

is living reality and is as much a part of our existence, as

some of our physical necessities on which the vital Breath

depends 19

SotftfsSaoSb xk tf>flG&tfo&D, religion keeps the

higher life in man going and it is in this higher life

{tat man really lives 19

S/ftrao-^ rs-^tfgs&a It is man that has given

significance to life. The physical universe remained insigni-ficant until man interpreted it. That, is the uniquenessof man 20

19 Prof. Stiresh Chandra Sen Gupta:

The Vedanta Kesari, 1929, p 98.20. Dr. P. NagarajaRao; Introduction of.Vedanta, p JO

19

20 tftfs ^0*0*

,the firm conviction that the pure stainless

spirit, to know whom is life eternal, is one with the

.innermost soul pf man 21. ^

53-

God has become, so to speak, a displaced person 22

2J. I>r ^?. Radhakrishnan: Indian

Philosophy, Vol* 2, p 766.

22. Rev. Dr. Ivor Watkins: The Indian

Express 4-9-1960.

21

The age of Beasts may be upoa us, Man hasa

become an intellectual giant, but stays a moral dwarf.

His brain has swollen. His hands grow strong, his heart

is shrunken 23

SSotf oS5-osSrSsiD& 1869

AsSSg!boi6t). The awesome results of recent

progress in science have placed mankind in a state of

23. Peter Howard: The' Indian Express, 10-11-1953.

22

alarm. Now as never before, more and more appeals are

made to our conscience, our reason and wisdom 24

e>2So5T$g&2$ aS^SsSopo OOB^tftfS

^cS^S^Sysa. But these lofty spiritual

qualities cannot' be improved suddenly - the West,intoxicated by material prowess and hypnotised bytechnological fever, has something to learn from the

peaceful spirituality of the East 24 15*3

Dharma is something which is necessary

to bind human society into one. No hunun b6ing canbe regarded as a complete human being unless he establishescommunion in reality with himself ajid with his Yellow-

24. Dr. Jem Rostand: The Indian Express, 29-5-196Q.

beings. Dharma is something which brings out the essence

in human beings 25

it \& due to whatever remains of the old'- faitho and

old culture 26 ditf

^07^5^0 S'b'g

Mere material prosperity alone willnot make human life

rich and meaningful. Therefore along with economic

development ethical, and spiritual values will Jiave to be

fostered. This alone will lead to the full development of

25. Dr. S. Radhakrishnant Address, TheIndian Express, 18-11-1962.

26. Sri C. Rajagopalachariar: Address, Bharatiya Vidya

Bhavan', Bombay, 25-12-1962.

human recourses and character 27 "l^osio ^ d

ea

h

.

Light will come again/ from the East 28

there is hardly any thing to show improvement in his

spiritual make up. Such widening gap can spell disaster.

The spiritual influence that has made, especially ema-nated from India, would give mankind a second lease oflife 29 &$ tfsfrtt acrfiasSaS

e*fi;S^83jag'SDadSbQ

27. Resolution: The All India Congress Committee'

Jaipur, 3-11-1965.23. Tyndall: The Influence of the East on Religion of

K. Heber Newton, p 429. Dr. C. D. Deshmukh : Address, Arebindo Society, Jaipuj

25

b SS , &

c6--^ I believe that We can re-enliven that culture

and revive that spiritual heritage by rising above feelings of

national boundaries once again ZO rjiid&

a

Hinduism is a

common-wealth of systems and a fellowship of faiths. It

represents a s>nthetic culture that takes hundreds of

thousands of pcopU through different paths to the same

gole 31 &

30. U. Chan Hton: Address, The Mail, 13-1-1959.

31. Sri H, M. Desai; Inia^e Worship, Prabuddha

Bharata, 19 S3, p 166.

28

in both hemispheres > India played

the role of the prime guru 32 syft$otf&>o "3o<$o&

, but in realising- not believing, but in being and

becoming 33

was no abstraction of attributes, but a living

and knowable experience 34

In the*

sun and the wind, in the river's endless flow,

and the waving of the forest tops, his is sensible of an

awefiil yet gracious Presence 35

Btfotftf

32. Prof, V. Raghavan: The expansion of Anc e it

Indian Culture The Vedanta Kesari, 1955, p 88.

33. Swami Vivekananda; The Complete Works,Vol. l,p H.

34. Prof. K. M. Panikkaf- Religious Movements,

Triveni, p 14.

35. Prof. R. Heber Newton: The Influence of the East

on Religion, p 10.

27

l The basis, the root, of Indian

civilization is to find out within, - the soul, the self,

in all creation 36

csd

36. Swami Atularianda: The Vcdanta Kesari, 1935, p 142.

28 "5

it is a light which weshould illuminate all the dark corners t four beingus realize in this life, the ideals that are set up bcfor e hyour thought and wisdom 37

,

s-^Ebs5^. to transform ourselves into pet Cecily wise

beings, enjoying freedom from all bondage and the blisshas follows from it 37

bjg when phiUvsphyis alive, it cannot be remote from the life ofthc people '?8-4 ato

-OS has for its function theordering of life ;11K , ,hc.

guidance cf action 38 *attb^^ ^^

37. Dr. Surendranath Das Gupta: The Cuhurai"

'

3S Dr s * ,MHtritege f India ' Vo1 ' 3 ' Jntm. p 24-S. Dr. S. Radbknshnon: Indian

Pl,i!osoplly ,

Vol. 2, p 77D

28Q ,

^ It sharpens the consciousness of

human imperfection and thus deepens the sense of

perfection in us 39 ->

esd

39. Dr, S. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy,

Vol. 2, p" 68

{-0

v.

.Believe in India, and in our Indian faith. Be

strong and hopeful and unashamed, and remember that

with something to lake, Hindus have immeasurably more

to give than any other people in the world 40

srtfic&tfJfSie&

40. Swami Vivekananda: The Complete Works,Vol. 5, p 232

*?

*es^dlo

KT

The influence of the Agamas or Tantras, as

they ars more familiarly known, on Indian life has been

profound 41 aT

41. Sri V, T. Srinivasa lyangar: The Outlines of

Hindu Philosophy, p 139-31

82 S5 &&o ^Potjaao "5

JeS-a)**jjs5;$cS

The living Hindu religion of to-'ay

from Cape Comorin to the remotest corners of Tibet is

essentially Tantric 41 cFgbp5 ef>tf<J

ro

r-'S55555^^1 SStf^g ftStfJ>S SeTjo ^6^0 S

JDS

'iB gQ__

tf is so much under tue Agama influence

that his Bhashya is but a string of Agama texts with a

few words thrown in here and ihere to connect them 41

42. Sri V. T. Srinivasa lyangar: The Outlines of Hindn

Philosophy, p 130-jl

_ etf&sSxea 33

^ <5&o5>o Sitftf

arsS-fi^|

a-

AJtfsSo

eooO,

S5&.fe'p^siuc3 c-^ ga,

h

the practices of Saivism began to develop variations,

and this led to the grov/th of sub-s-;cts at a very early

stage. There also grew up a separate literature, highly

esoteric in character, the literature of the Agamas. The

history of this growth is lost in obscur'tjronly the theories

of the later age regarding it have come down to us 42

k^ 1

2>c?o&cx> sS&^oCSbeD^ S)

42. Sri V. T Srinivasa lyangar : The Outlines of

Hindu PhilosophyrP 130-31

42, Prof. K. A. Nilakantha Sastri : The Cultural

Heritage of India Vol. 4, p 69

5

The Sadiva Agamas are not opposed to the Vedas 43

"a

o JCL^ si?. While the Yagas andQ '

he sacrements (Samstaras) were regulated by the Vadic

texts, the temple worship \* as regulated by a special set

of texts called the Agamas* Such Agjtnas were also

recognised as forcing a part of the Vedas. Thus the

poius Hindu continued the performance of the Yagas and

also worshipped in the temples. They became fraternal

institutions in the life of the nation 44 "S $

43, Sri K. Vaidyanacihan : The Indian Express, 26-4-1964

44. Prof. C. Kunhan Raja : Hindu Religion

and Hindu Customs, p 11

is a blending ofIhe two Paths, the Vadic and the Agamic 44 7, 6'

es

tf incline*!

- Prof. K. A. Nilakantha Sastri; The Cultural

'

Heritage of India Vol. p 69.

F7

5y a

05g S7'gSSoco

what-ever may be the origin of the Agamas, it is clear that

they do not insist on sacrificial religion, but support a

personal religion in which Vishnu or Siva or Shakti is

equate I with the Highest Reality, It has also supportin the Upanishads 46 wr&sizoo

scSsfojjafc>

46,, Dr, S. Radhakrishnan: The Brahma Sutra, p 67

gg Scrotf gPtftfoio

Cp CO

'i11 &

Ihs development of the Agaraa schools gave a BU.JUmpetus to Bhakti by concentrating the aitwition on' oneDeva and this resulted in an extreme development ofBhakti adevofcon that expressed itself in 'anlove, a complete self-surrender 41

p

39

3

b

but are expressly Vaishnava,

or Saiva, or Sakta in their tone Probably in many

cases, but Agamas under the name of Upanishads

Many of the Agamas themselves are called Upanishads

though not included in the recognised 108 (48)

Sjf Stf "3 SsS, "5 sJ,

'

48. Sri V. T. Srinivasa lyangar: The Outlines of Hindu

Philosophy, p 129

The contents of the Agamas are of un,qual value 49

Here and there we meet with snatches of high philosophy,

subtle psychological analysis of ecstatic merjtal stit:s and

valuable descriptions of centres ofprana aaci lines of farce in

the subtle body 49sSsfcog^tf

. C5^oi>'d'e3cp;

csdtf i3p

49. Sri V. T. Srinivasa lyangar: The Outlines of Hindu

Philosopiiy, P 132

41

Asfc.ag.eco aea

8>

*>tf;Jw

fa

odSb ^ ^acJ-cS^sSsb SofiSS)

BoSS

), 2)0-

28

50

50. Prof. R. C. Mazumdar ; The Cultural Heritag, of

India, Vol, 4, P 51.

44

tf estf&sioe^ s&c&sb^

i ^^5

22) u$S

S^cr-o^tf

. J.[JiCjja,

2. s^, a. sJ<B G3P :-&>, 4. ^D, ". :o*cJi, 8. ^r ^, 7. i'g.f^ f~\ CJ "u

' *

8. tfotf, 9.L?

U. 5?f, 15.

19. >&y 20.

. 10-#$5". 11-tfS, 12.

, 21.

oibr' So

h

,18.

17. pd&>, 18.

,12. esfl "3. aso,

53-

48 e'Srsa - 13 tf

as$jfa*rfsfc*5b

I

esa s-^SS^, K^SP fl

_ 2300

32

Sbft,

sSsir-68

^g5o essrs

i^apoA cttd^oO',i

The Saiva philosophy is, in a Sense, typical of the

ntire range of Hindu .thought 51 ej&'S&tf *?ft--

'So'

e

'

tftfasSaoSA -

a stf

SSfio^firtf

'

(8.21)

49

es55)

tf o

50

oa i Siva is beginningless free fomO codefects, (mala) the all-doer, the all-knower, removes from

the individual soul (here called Arm from its limitation)

the web of bonds that obscure its nature,

52

aSas's'crrf. He is the self - born, the eternally

existent postulate of freedom and purity and light. He is

the great teaching soul of things, Pis function is to destroy

ignoran and wherever knowledge is achieved. He is 53

52. Sri V, T. Srinivasa lyangar : The Outlines of Hindu

Philosophy, p 152.

53. Sister Nivedita : The Web of Indian Life, p 203.

61

"3

So

A third aspect, perhaps

the most ancient, is the ascetic Siva in the posture of

Yogm, with an eye in th3 middle of his forehead, and

dressed in skulls, and snakes. His mount is the white bull,

Nandin, his essential symbol is linga 54

1.L4

54. Prof. Loius Renou : The Civilization of Ancient India,-

22,

52

ico^cL

*T)00 ^eT*(1

5)

(18. es)

"$<$>

LI9-;14-40)

sJ # ^o sSa

foci 5*

<^ cSsn(16.28)

i'

Siva desires thaf all should know Him It is not

merely the ambition of the soul to know God, but it

is the desire of the Lord as well 55 o& ^S

(8,20)

Dr. S. Radhakrishnan : Indian philosophy, Vol. 2,

p 728,

00 I ^C5b

Siva is full of grace and is waiting

through successive aeons to recieve the recognition of

the soul and his absorbing love. A personal tie binds

the so-jl to God 55

55. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan : Indian philosophy, Vol. 2.

p 728,

The divine human representation of Siva is based

on a grand conception. 56

56. The Editor . The Veoanta Kesari. 1958, p 162.

7

65o dSi>S

t CP23*pS,

Sfo

tfo

61

57. Swami Sivaaanda Saraswati : Lord Siva and His

Worship, p 36.

They are like -a

great monk, clothed in ashes, lost in his meditation,

silent, and alone 53 a^otfo^fc afyea s&cS

the Hindu mind began to work out all sorts

of accessories and symbols, in which sometimes the

idea of flame, sometimes of mountain, sometimes of

hermit is uppermost - all contributing to the complicated

picture of Siva, the Great God 58

The wood was borne to the sacrifice on a bull ; Siva

possesses an old bull, on which he rides 53

oi

^, so He bears on His forehead the new

moon

u*^. Looking closer at the flame,

however, one thing was ckar It was white, but it

luid a blue throat - we see it even when we light a

, Sister Nlvedita : The w, b of Indian Life, p 198-200.

80

match ! and in order to bestow a blue throat upon

Siva the following story arose 58

He smiled gently at their

dilemma and their fear, and stooping down He put

His hand into the waves, and bade the poison fkw

into the hollow of His palm. Then Ke drank it,

willing to die, in order to save the world 5S

SS* ^^^DoS, 6i63'tftfosSjS

^ oft ^"3 Q9^<& c^^ i nS&. But that whichQo L.

have have been enough to destroy all created

eings. was only enough to stain His throat, hence

le hears there a patch of blue for ever 5'-) 3*3

e

58. Sister Nivedita ; The Web of Indian Life, p 198-200.

59. Sister Nivedita : The Web of Indian Life, p 201.

81

Sometimes He is entirely a personi-

fication of the Himalayas, as when the Milky - Wayis made to fall upon His head, wander round and

round among the tangled locks, '^and issue from them

at last as the Ganges ^9 e^T^S^ tf&d&&^

"go

i ^U

o

To them there is nothing in the world

so strong and pure and all merciful as their Great

God, and the books and poems of Hindus are very

few in which he is not referred to with this- passionate

worship 59

59. Sister Nivedita : The Web of Indian Life, p 202.

SpfiosSarfQ

art), .^

The worship of Siva, and Sakti may he regardedas the oldest form of Indian theistic religion 60

5^?f_S

W. Prof. R.C. Mazumdar; -fie Cultural Heritage ~oT"India, Vol 4, p 32.

The worship of Siva

continues, in fact, to be what it appears to have been

from a remote period, the religion of the Brahmans

Sambhu is declared by Manu to be the presiding deity

of the Brahmanical order and the greater the nuiiiber

of them, particularly those \\ho practice the rites of

the Vedas, or who profess tne study of the Sastras,

receive Siva as their tutelary deity, we'-ir his insignia,

and worship the linga either in temples, I be exampleof the Brahmans and the practice of the ages maintain

the veneration universally offered to the type of Siva 61

_,. ,,

61. H. H. Wilson ; Hindu Religions, p 125

to Stfe Ji3

No cult io the world has produced

a richer devotional literature, or one more instinct

with brilliance of imagination, fervour of feeling and

graee of expression 62

Sf \ fif

- 18 ^ e5g

Ss3-*

62. Dr. Barnett : The Heart of India, p 82

86

So

5?.1-1.4)

^t

"3 gis

63* Rao Bahadur H. Krishna Sastri : Introduction of the

Sivatatva Ratnakara.

67

L Q

5

, c?

a:$Btf;&G

o

ia. ^)

etfsrtf Sosotf

oL&>OJ

S5g

35 d& isrocfrS ^^ cTiyoaosS,K?

The devotion of the Saivas is more virile

and masculine than that of the Vaishnavas 64 *S-cs>

The towering

spires of some of these majestic temples bear testimonyto the pervasive and beneficent influence of Saivismwhich is one of those Hindu cults that have trans-formed the lives of large sections, not only of theIndian people, but also of -others such as the inhabitantsof J^a. and Bali, Champa and Combodia 65

: &ro

Dr.T.M.P.Mahadevan:Pr8buddha

,71

ti> itftf otfs&o

. 86

Bhudeb Mukerje : Indian Culture and Its

Antiquity, p 13*

36' o &c*ogJ o

Chemos '

Stf3'&'2DS> 'l^ 1 - ^a^o.-.

OKhema

. Molock Morodock

Adonais '

Q. Sabazeus5

Langaba*

. 68

Huitzlipochtii

66. Prof. Bhudeb Mukerje : Indian Culture and its

Antiquity, p 13.

>$ <?av sS&o 73o) T>_o

c&r> otfsfcoo a-&o^for'aaa. 67

31^0)000.

5

Thus Saivism flourished, with minor differentiations

from Pre-Vedic times, and its exponents hailed from

the North as well as from the South 68 ^e

(2. 16)

1 sSsia c^o'^rsSa The living system which

exercises at the present day - a marvellous power over

the minds of the great majority of the Tamil peopb,It is the most elaborate influential, and undoubtedl>

67. Sri Chaman Lai : Hindu America, p 105.

68. Sri Kumaraswami : The Cultural Heritage of India,Vol 4. p 98

the most intrinsically valuable of all the religions of

India 69

2_ o-jSeofibJSjtfJD

So-^oifi ^^1^5x000

" T" Srini ^ngar : The Outlines of HinduPhilosophy, p 151,

tfoStfo #23

p

(1. 5J)

6

75

^oi 6* ft

; Si"

); tfoi

oo<& H'JS^^. e

18

c

d$2tfo CSSOoii

(8.42)00^ 3&

a>tfo

. ^ s^ v-

~**"^

S>c?ofc$a'

Sort1

L^f j$$&> 77

tf "Sa &5ogo

'

(7.37)

Rudra, of the Vedas, has thus developed into the

great and powerful god Siva. He is worshipped in

two forms. Siva is represented as a fair man with

Ive faces, and foui arms, seated in profound thought,

)earing a third eye on the fore head sunnomted by

:he moon's crescent, and matted locks gajthertd upato a horn like form, which contains a symbol of

the Ganga. A necklace of skulls hangs round his neck,

and he puts on a garment of skin of a tiger, a deer,

or an elephant.He is generally accompanied by hi*,

bull Nandi 70 36$ C"-"-"-" -f-*"^ *,*.

Although as Rudra or Mahakala he is destroying and

dissolving power, he is ausped'ous (Siva Sankari

because the distinction implies reproduction. As the

reproduction power, he is represented by his symbol,the linga or phallus 70

09

.

Mahamahopadhyaya Dr. Prasanna Kumar Acharya :

Glories of India, p I6i

Sort

COJ

19

ic

i

'

(10L104)

ocxooti)

80sStfj;

SbrroS

Linga means

emblem, symbole. It is the refuge or repository of the

entire universe 71

Symbols are signs for expressing

the invisible bymeans of the visible or sensuous

representation 72

The Lingam is like an egg,

It represents the Brahnianda. Whatever that is contained

in the Brahmanda is in the Lingam. The whole world

is in the form of Lord Siva, The world is Lingam

also is the form of Siva 73 Sotfs& es>ocr$^8

71. The Editor: The Vedanta Kesari, 1957. p 415,

72. Swami Yatiswarananda : Prabuddha Bharata. 1954,

p 533.

73. Swami Sivananda Saraswati : Lord Siva and His

worship, p 206

ft)

According to the

derivative meaaing of Lingam, it signifies the source

of all 74

74. Pandit C. Munuswami Mudaliar : The Origin of the

World, (Translation) P

S3

o

d&tfb

. <23

'

(8.V

88

"Si*(8-30)

57

(9.81)

Vb.

Stfjj

The Lingam, after all is but a fragment cf stone, Far

better images of Mahadeva are those who come and

go yonder, amidst the pressing crowd, the monks.,*,

And finer still will these be, when retiring into the

forest....they sit, even like this stone lingam, bolt

upright in the shelter of tree or rock, lost to the

world without, in solitary meditation 76 )otfs&> e^

A symbol is a figure of thought, and notmere a figure of speech. A symbol is a messageexpressed is code 77

76. Sister Nivedita: The Web of Indian Life, p 1 97.77. Prof. V.A.Tyagarajan; TheVedanta Kesari, 1948,

p 87.

es

A symbol in an

attempt tq express the infinite in terms of the finite 11

C^S The truth cannot be expressed in

woids, an J when words are used even by Sankara,acute minds can always find a loophole for attack 78

S5 3'co

, b

77. Pi of. V A. Tyagarajan : The Vedanta Kesari, 1948,

p 87.

78 Prof Douglas Grant Duff Ainslie : The Science of Yogaof Swami Yogananda, p viii

asSStexcS A symbol is not an end in itself. It is like

a mould, which an artist prepares in order to cast out-

It is the abode of thought 79

We think in symbols, we act in symbols, we !ive in

symbols, we learn in symbols 80

Stfgs&a.

79. Prof. V.A^Tyagarajan: The Vedauta Kesari, 1948,

SO, The Editor : The Vedanta Kesari, 1957, 335.P &

87

CHJ &;j<^<D3 otf

(7.11)

/10) ^

b

3 Q

S^Sr-o Sjcp1

(8,15

h

f

(921 \ ^.

15)

89

SCoQc5o

2)5

S5^5 f SiS

&o ?*"

9

JDsrtftfoi

O

'^o StoCp CO

the worship of Siva lingam originated from the famous

82

hymn in Atbarva-Veda Samhita sung in praise of the

Yupa-Stambha, the sacrificial pest il

>\

In that hymn, a description is

found of the beginningless and endless stambha or

Skambha, and it is shown that the said skamblia is

put in place of the eternal Brahman 81

the Yagna fire, its smoke, ashes, and

flames, the Soma plant, and the ox that used to

carry on its back the wood for the Vedic sacrifice,

gave place to the conception of the brightness of Siva's

body, his tawny matted-hair, his blue throat, and the

riding on the bull of the Shiva and so on 81

Just so, the Yupa Skambha gave place in

time to the Siva - Lingam, and was deified to the high

Devahood of Siva-Sankara 81

81. Swami Vivekananda : The Complete Works, Vol. 4

p 357.

tfotfcio

$*oTtftfrsSsfa>

on* a

The expla-nation of the Salagrama - Sila as a phallic smblemwas an imaginary invention and, fiom the very beginning,beside the mark. The explanation of the 'Siva Linganias a phallic emblem was brought forward by the mostthoughtless 81

81 Swami Vivekananda : The Complete Works, Vol. 4,

p 357.

94

d, How far the worship of Linga is authorised

b> the Vedas, is doubtful, but it is the main purposeof the several of the Puranas 82 3tfjiao3 I

perhaps the most ancient object of homage adoptedin India subsequently to the ritual of the Vedas,which was chiefly, i'f not wholly, addressed- to the

elements, and particularly to fire 82 % Q

42, H.H Wilson : Hindu Religions, p 139

orrtf^S s-g^85

There is ample testimony in

modern times to the fact that the phallisni was prevalent

in almost every country in the dim ages of antiquity.

Even today, there has not been a total extinction of

the rites in connection with phallism from countries

like Japan, China, Indonesia and the Pacific Archipelago 83

At one time it ran rampant among

the aboriginal races of Africa and America and exercised

a considerable influence upon their social and religious

customs, The Bible and some other sacred, scriptures

inform us that in days of yore, phallus worship found

particular favour with the people of Assyria, Jude ,

Syria, Asia -minor Babylon and other countries 3

83. Prof. Bhudeb Mukerjee: Indian Culture and Its

Antiquity, pJL.

88

irf

^), In several parts of ancient Egypt various

gods under the names of Khem (Kshema) Horus (Kara)

Crisis llswara) Sebek (Sivaka) Seb (Siva) Sarapis or

Seropbis (Sarvesa) or the same god under these different

denominations, used to be worshipped 83 &sa,

es dip "Sldfo

Prof. Bhudeb Mukerjee: Indian Culture and Its

Antiquity, P 1.

87

tfb *S6tfu>cDo8. These images are called Sheila - nagin

(Sivalinga) by the local people. Phallism was prevalent

in Itally for several centuries 83 & tfr^Siao

(SSSOotf)csa SiOS^^). sitob

sjotf 0^1,

. These were exactly the places

where the Roman conquerers of England had built

their castles and settlements 83 &

83. Prof. Bhudeb Mukerjee : Indian Culture and Its

Antiquity, P 1,

93

Bacchus 2?5b5

Siby lline'

In days of yore, Phallic emblemswere worshipped in several parts of America andespecially in Mexico, Peru, the Hyti Islands ate 84

Antiquity, p. 1,

tf 89G>

, sstfr^^o, .fScs cor*

ccoof63"

Phallus

a S

r?des"2o

cop

tfo

100

MSoft,

. 85

Sort

e^ ^S^:^5Indra is prayed to, not to allow

those whose god is Sisna to disturb the rites of the

singers (7-24-5) 86

be is represented to have conquered the riches of the

city after killing those whose god is Sisna 86

Here evidently those whose god was Sisna<"O

or phallus are meant as the enimies of the VecHc Aryas 86

Not-withstanding all that is said about the matter, myown belief is that persons here refered to were really

some tribe of the aborigines of the country, who

worshipped phallus 85 &

S5 Prof. Bhudeb Mukerjee : Indian Culture and Its

Antiquity, p 17*86. Sir R.G. Bhandarkar : Collected Works, Vol. iv.

P 163-64

10]

Just then, as the Rudra-Siva cult borrowed several

elements from ^the dwellers in forests and stragglers in

places out of the way, so it may have borrowed this

element of phallic worship ffom th$ Saiblrian tribes

with whom the Aryans came in contac&jh^ e

sr

t^&o&ofi

Tjo<53"

The sterner and more repulsive features

86. Sir R. G. Bhandarkar : Collected Works, Vol. iv

? 163-64

102 Stf o S*J

of Siva as _wel as the extremely realistic phallic emblems

which represent him r mind us of the Jahve of the

Hebrews 87*jjSs&& tr>d$a& wft> l^tfa^Si eo

Ootf

tf&ea

Is the Siva linga a phallus?

<$> .

or? f^ f

tf^

Sri V.T. Srinivasa lyangar : The Outlines of Hindu

Philosophy, p 127,

J08

"

But ttife linga,

may have been in origin no more than just a symbolof Siva, as the Salagrama is of Vishnu 88

The Linga purana's version of the

origin of the linga 'as due to Siva becoming a pillar

of fire whose top and bottom could not be seen byBrahma and Vishnu is also noteworthy 88

l

L.

88. Prof K. A. Nilakantha Sastri : The Cultural Heritage

of India, Vol. 4, p 67* 68.

104

87" ertSsSb & O-tftfotfs&S

Some scholars have gone a step further and

assert that in the primitive uncivilized age, when power

of thinking was still immature, man was incapable of

comprehending that there could be any work of creation;

apart from sexual relations. That is the reason whythese scholars think that phallism had its origin in the

uncivilized state of society 89 r*otf& ^o&<3beo e^

o^p

In the opinion of these scholars, our

i9 Prof. Bhudeb Mukerjee : Indian Culture anp Its

Antiquity, p 9-11-

or?a4Sc5 _ a-tftfisfca 106

primitive ancestors, such as Brahma Manu Daksha etc.,

I

were mute and barbarous creatures like the Ourang

outang 89

if these

theories stated above regarding the genesis of phallism

were true, the phenomenon of phallic worship would

have become more prevalent amongst the barbarous

tribes of the modern world, a conclusion which is not\

at all warranted by facts 89

M-and what do we find here? It is no exageration to

say that phallism does not at all prevail among the

uncivilized races of India, nor is there any evidence

to indicate that it did so, in days of yore* Neither

can it be said that it originated from the inordinate

lust for sexual gratification of its uncivilized votaries 89

89. Prof, Bhndeb Mukerjee ; .ndian Culture and Its

Antiquity, p. 9.11.

JOB

es>a tfflojSosSa. On the other;

hand, in the majority of causes, the real votaries of

Siva are found to. be characterised by a strictabstinence,

and some times by a total renunciation ofearthly

pleasures 89 &>&

mistake but a grave blunder '90

is not only a serious

these lingas aie perhaps the least

offensive to look at Anyhow they are the leastmaterialistic 91

89. Prof. Bhudeb Mukerjee: fadian Culture andfcs

90. Swami Sivananda Saraswati : Lord Siva and His?

91. -0. Editor: TheV.da.UKe.ari, ,95^5."

107+

Is

' ""

does not

call in the minds of the worshippers of Siva any

phallic association at all. To them, the linga is just

a non-anthropomorphic, an iconic form or symbol of

the supreme spirit, though manifest in forms, transcends

them all 91 &> ttte&o a tfsfcoeS* Z6 &*&$

They are said by Europeans to be of phallic origin;

but if so Hindus are no more conscious of the fact

than we of the similar origin of the May pole 93

92. Swami Yatiswarananda : The Cultural Heritage ofIndia P 437.

93. Sister Nivedita : The Web of Indian Life, p J95.

Jfj tftf u ?j

esS C^dabSSx).

ss-S)

"S S)jS5xeo.

S^O o^SiacS

. i

108

S>

tfrtitf

, "ia*tfso,

c 5)

cor

HJ

i

^sfctf

112 &croS

ro

118

Cb

Ootf

otf

Jb^fib ^^"SoooA

ooactfti)

otf&aeo 115

aSa. eslSr?

55-

118

^

Oo/fcfco

aoeo

fitf

wSSStf

o.e>S) ;5io

13 tf

Q

o cap 5

Stfo^tf

3

^c:( S53

OXP

OJ

'

Saivism is one of the cardinal aspects of Hinduism.

It is as old as India and perhaps even older 94

e9oeo->

? e "^-5^ex) The first

flowers of India's spirituality, "I7*o5s5 ptfs$jT'8S'eb

joS(g^ go^^D 3otfc&&>c3D, Composed at the dawn

of Hindu civilization, -Sr>otfsS ^AScu,

dfiaoB&^n8i

like the larks morning thrill

of humanity awakening to the consciousness of its

greatness.

94, K, Vaidyanadhan : The Indian Express, 26-4-1964.

120

2 sbo. 4 5.1.8)

L&|_CM b "So

83.

oJ *

) & sir* i

f

(2.4.1.7)^o

'

(2-4J.

)

tf S

121

06^ tfjj^' (2.4.1.10)

. estfifo

'Sfc^tfo ^S t)^>bf

3y

o"& 5^sito i

(24.1.1.11)

(1.4.1.15)

(1.8,8.1) y

(1.8.8.4;LIB.

9.4),

(t.l?.S.l; 2.4.1.5.) (4.1.3J; TJ.o.fi),

122SStfj

a

(5.3.9,2; 7.8.2.6;7.3.7.5).

(8.4.8.10), atfjaS&aaKjfr, /nttSw&jdbrtSb(6.8.13.4),

(7.3.J3.2). &_tfg

(1.18.8,10), es^cs-^^ .(7.3.3.5; 2.4.1.fl ;7.8.18.1),

fi*eaD^es-jia

.

aej-SsoQeSSoS^a. 'tftf

'

(1.19.38)

*

(1.18.91)

'

(1.18.8.6)

(1.18.8.5)

123

(2.4.1.9 ;

"Bos!ro

(2.4 .1.5)

(1.8.8.2)

- H).-

(2,4.1.8).V

'(1,16.9.1

OOP

\Zt

, eQdio, ^600.

(18 8.4;

Ca^cyS)

8.13*2)

125

fio,L

(1.15 8.B. 1.15.7.5, 1.14.1.1,1.11,7.12. 2.8,0.1, 5.3.10.15,

8.3.8.2}

Ib S^cJ^^oo rf&o^otldb, The name of Siva isn^.

unknown to the Vedas, Rudra is used in the Rig-

Veda for Agni, and Maruts are his sons. He is lauded

128

as the lord of 'the sacrifices and songs, the best and

the most bountiful of gods, the lord ofnourishment,

who grants prosperity, and welfare to cowshorses,

sheep, men and women, brives away diseases, disperses

remmies and removes sin 95'

tf

tibi &>< - &?? ?* 127L i

5$osSlld&> a<$s&>;fc e>SOo, Here the distmctive

agency of lightning seems to have been clearly in view 95

SxacS a&go tf 3*6 rf^S^tfsSbaS 3$^$

ia'cS$x)cS>. When, in consequence of the

prayers or in the natural course of things, the cattle

go unharmed, Rudra is represented to be Pasupi, or

protector of the cattle S>6 (AsS *&\

(l.ltt.9.

)

o

Rudra was thus believed to cause diseases, and when

men recovered from them 96 6bi

). 3-&eoo&

ii* (1-18.9.8)

96. Sir R. G. Bhandarkar : Collected Works, Vol iv p 146

. s Here even in

the Rig -Veda, Rudra is raised to supreme power 96

In the Rudra hymns

of the Rig Veda, Rudra figures as the highest God

who is appealed to for warding off evil and for

benefaction 97ecoSjjftcsS) tS^Sj- JsS>4o5*

96. Sir R. G, Bhandarkar : Collected Works, Vol iv p 146

97. Prof. T.M.'P. Mahadevan: Prabuddha Bharata, 1953,

p 13 1*

r

$?ocytfjr&

Coi (^>^o appears in a much more developed form 98

98, Sir R. G. Bhandarkar : Collected Works, Vol iv,

146-150.

o

e&esS5s>o

(1L6.

9)

i ^c^co OaidSaSJ 5i<rfJ*c5a^^uoa 35oCi^)(13.

4.18)

i^StfiSa^,tfCbj5<&

6x &e3^j^ sS

98. Sir R. G. Bhandarkar : Collected Works, Vol. iv,

p 146450*

532

98

i ^PE

Thus

the terrible and destructive God became, when he was

propetiated by men in a variety of ways, a benignantGod and attained to th* whole majesty of the godhead

by the time of the Yajar-Veda and Atharva Veda, andit is on this majestic form of god that the theosophic

speculations of Swetaswatara Upanishad are based 98

98. Sir R, G. Bhandarkar : Collected Works, Vol iv,

P 146-150

99 *

The God Rudra is mentioned as early as Rig - Veda

99. Sir. R G, Bhandarkar : Collected Works, Vol, iv, p 202

134

asaterrific goi whose wrath had to be appeared by

offerings. The idea is further developed in the

Satarudriya where he is represented both as malevolent

and as benevolent god. In the later aspect he was

known as Siva 100

s eoc&fc^

6fi

^eT fci<3

o '^"S ^ ^i ego I e^dSb

ii' tf&SV

IOO. Prof. R C. Mazumdar : The Cultural Heritage of

India, Vol. 4. p 35'

135

iC

Coi^tf

5 i

.

.

187

S*

00^^5bo|j?soc5

[1.5]

4s5

f

tfo^o

So S5

rbtf

.'[1.8]

ri

f

[1.1]

138

ff* i*(10.2)

(JO. 10)

'

'd$p U

(5.2)

189

O

'

'(8,1)

(8*10)

bo

*

(8 8)

^f

(89)

(11.3)

^ ^

asaoaa. * a .

, ^^

a

tfo

8

e ^fcss

We may

now assume, with a tolerable degree of certainty, that

Rudra Siva was, or was assumed to be, identical -with

the great God of the pre-Aryan settlers of the Indus

valley and that the absorption of those people into

the Aryan society, he came to occupy a pre-eminent

position 101 ob|

Saivism has a

history going back to the Chalcolithic age or perhaps

even further still, and that it takes it place as the

most ancient living faiths in the world 102 ^s

101. Prof. R. C. Mazmndar : The Cultural Heritage of

India, Vol. 4. p 36

102. Sir John Marshall : Mohenjadaro and the Indian

Civilization, p vii

144

These Iatter

do not seem to be indigenous to the Vedic religion 103

coj

3 to

s'sxo* 103

atfoaaovlto d!S*cSsTVb'

K? ^

103. Dr. S. RadhakFishnan : The Legacy of India : of G T,

Garratt, p 257

Upanishads, the first flowers of awaking India's

spirituality 104- Brtf&sfc

^asS^co <>>$

Upanistxads, where breathes the early and

deep Hindu consciousness of God

104. Sri Rusi J. Daruwala : The ladiaa Express, 30-9-1962-

S 3-06

isSc*8oSx,eo sCJb^S, "3 ^Sxoeou , o ea

"SooQ o

? St8

ftftfefcfca

?S *o& SS

a odSp

Stfjj

(6)estT^

sSCjj^ocS&

. "3

. oiS^ft ^5oL^ f

(^2,9^^B sSDOief

ieS

US o c acres SPCtfSfca

"

f SS*> Q ft

Here, it is

Siva or Rudra who not only is declared the creator,

preserver and destroyer of rel'gious belief, but is even

identified with the Brahman or the Suprime Spirit of

philosophy 105

(LI) Lfj^ "2o<s3 7

, ? ^S^Su &$&) JOoJfi^SS-SSx) ?

e

105. Dr. E. Roer ; The Twelve Principal Upanishads,Vol. 1, p 255,

(8.1)

ess S

b

(3.3),

(8.4),

'

(3.5)

10!!).

'

(8 -n

)

Q

150

"frtfjtf8i' (4.10)

16)

^60^ ss

*

(^-^) ioic

^6or?i e,auS

i

"

iS

ft*

,70

4

-

[8.T]

(5.2),

60

tf & ^i rf 3fop 3 S5 tf ?$ Oorto* fB.91-( Q- L J

(6 22)f;C?C^2boo

^

"I

coj'

b dfizoSai^b does not appear to

be composed in a sectarian spirit 106 <$

1 06. SirR.G. Bhandarkar: Collected Works,Vol. iv, p 151

aa$&, We have here all the elements

of Saivism and the further growth of the creed 107

o, 4

'

(1.1)

(2 1)

(2.2), Sft1ptfjj5&& [2 3],

(3 4),

107. Prof. K. A. Nilakaatha Sastri : The Cultural Heritage

of India, Vol. 4, p 64.

1 54 Ktf, Sofe

O^ftofi ['.2],'S

SS 4s srSJrj tftfS'S' ^ &-frtf.<$tf

[4.2]

3^ fc

Ib

. eso<s>'

asaoaaa.

[5.3J. uffa^oaxai [Uj[6.5],

S&JS.&5 srSbSraB[6.B],

a

es

155

: i

53-

ms'

[o]

o-l* s^ c&Lo<dfi

0515600,

*

'

[7]

[10],

[13].

'

[16]

[24]

[41]

^,98'(37)

(3.8)

SioSb 5<3?

'

(1)

[7]

n[30]

IS),

'

8f

(21)

(2.2),

'

(**) i

SJS^SPtff

/1 2)

*

(16)

.p>L oa_o-SJ^

^[2.35]

So

cSfitf^o

s55r

*SsSr^'cs& (8.6)e

rotfo S5 645 sb^s Sbo, (2)

169

sS5

as5s5ba3 tS^^^^^^b r^co^^^^8)

53- dSbQ;SS)sS&eo 1 sSsfeS c?^ o Q-^

"3 ^ToS). s

^' (W)

180

[2],

(8)-"^a

[1]SS'S

-$6*3a*ad es^^tS^

[2]

f

[1]

fioL&tfO [3.8]

^^OofVo'Jb ^Jjosi ^

[8.18]

f

[3.22]

[2 65]

181

'

(3.71)

,

f

(8.75)

f

(5.45)

-Se c5fc>sto;i$&

e^

[3-52]

182 *tfoJ o

5tfc5boi5 CSrSlr ofic &, *&o tr*e5o63

3 ^)^J5%^^ tSc&tfoQ J

'

[100]-

^3*^69 S*^30II*[101]

5^

'

(20)

s'[8. 2]

StfjjS

'

[9.171

ST*'

&5r"G

[9.18]ess

'

[33]

1

(17)

183

3 "IS" if

o&easfcoo

ixsi gd&

(2.18)"Jtfsfbc.^ &DO&O&,

I12

)tfi

(32)

'

(20)

* f

(I)

r

(1)

'

[2]

cSSjjooooifiafl

5s<S>.

I sSsicL.

A

In symbolic language of popular Hinduism,

Sakti is the wife of Siva, and both are looked upon

as the parents of the whole universe. This idea Siva

and Sakti as the father and mother of the universe

has inspired poets and philosophers, artists and mystics,

saints and devotees in India for hundreds of years 108

108. Swami Ranganadhananda : Piabuddha Bbarata, 1959,

p 109.

168

His Parasakti Uma lends veriety, colour, beauty,

glory and grandeur to Siva's form and is the very

core of His be'ng, the very essence of His nature,

the very basis of His existence 109 Gs^a sScrtf

eo-tfsfc..

109- Dr. Roma Chaudhuri : Prabuddha Bharata, 1960,

p 418.

1 67

1.13)

. "3 o$SS,

ego

. SbQcXio estfc

188

o

ss-tf

170

"?

'tftf 3

"3

JSofib

i

L

^

. e$od&rv,

171

isSsSa sfrtfrr'S&ortbtol sr tftftfL. ^ A o

Is

i

coo*

What is the, inner meaning of all the Saiva

allusions about Vishnu worshipping Siva and all the

Vaisunava allusions about Siva worshipping Vishnu? 110

I U Swami Sivananda Saraswati : Lord Siva and His

Worship, p 106.

172

o#crtf1*co t e>Sjj^ofl,

The lower Siva

must take Nairayana the Parapa'ra or Paramjyoti as his

superior. The lower Vishnu must take Siva, Paramjyoti

or Parapara as his superior. The higher Vishnu and

higher Siva are identical. They are inferior to Para

the Highest 110

"8

fifi SjJ^SfcoS) &&*$&*

110. S\vami Sivananda Saraswati : Lord Siva and His

Worship, p 106.

173

sSdw^yp

r?3ctSbrD&&.

i

B

VsS

n-Do^JS

flrftf

i&^

"3

cs-Ji: <55i)

iT

17B

2.

ioi.A^af

(1.8)

.

1-1.1)

_

176

(5.1)

'

f

(3.2)

'

'

(52)-

'

(5.8)*W

a ^S'

(5,4)

*

Jf

(8.3)

'

177

Sd ^tfgsu*

.^p.5?. 1-1-2)

5\

*

[8 9]

*

[8 10]

d"^oIB^698* (1.1.2)

.vjo*& Airtsflo.

(1.1.2)

f

(1.1.2)

Stf**

f

(1.1.8)

(25

181*4)in

'

5,400)

SJ

sr

. Paramatman as

ruling Maya is Iswara 111 S^c&& S'So^ tftfsSp^*

^s^abrfacsfe,Iswara is the highest posible reading of

the Absalute by the human mind 112

Iswara is the Atman as seen or grasped by mind 1H

HI. Swami Vivekaaanda : The Complete Works, Vol. 7,

112. Swami Vivekananda : The Complete Works, Vol. 3

p o /

113. Swami Vivekananda : The Complete Works, Vol. 7,

5?

tftf , JO^c^Sio

!b63

S3-

181Q

<*>

S'cD

.

L_

i fte

-^s Sb

es&oo

182

FT s-

iCDSiL,

, S7Q fcrasfrea, 3*6

a

.IS)

oJ

tf

1U

S5S>cS cooot^ti), es

SbS,

Q Q*.

IclB JStfe SCFO^ tPtfjJJSba

O

dtoS^S. esg^coa,

COP

(8)

'

(4)

(8)

"3oiiS5a c-Setffc>

(2.9)^itfiS tfs&>tf

fibLjy^csasSft, (9.63^sS

cS'c&rfsSacS w^ou^. "db^o'

(9)

187

i*(J5.22) (jS

138

o'(83)

(5.1 6j'

(10)

09

^5 'S)cLfts3<3Stf WSoET-dtfi tf

f

(5.3)

(10.11)'

'

(12) esadSc, crji

*esQ

^8.20) crcSb'(8.22)

188

es

*

(4.7)

l r

*asS>^sJ^ sSpo-^d' (12.86)

ij'o'4.2i),

'

(8.1),'& S^fiS Sos*tfo....

'

(12,28)

(1.3)

ea

\

180 tftfj

*c$f!rtfs

ejtoo

181I- a

i!*$ ^ss-asSdrt>

L<j,

> &ex> o#f

(7)

1 ^)o $)^a is not one of the Trinity,

Brahma Vishnu and Rudra ; he is the Supreme Lord,

Parames\\ara, the Self of all beings, immutable and

ever perfect. Even when Siva is identified with Rudra,

the destroyer of the world, say the Saivas, he is

superior to the other two, because at the time o

pralaya he alone stands uneffected and exists eternally

as the Supreme Being 114

114. Prof. T. M. P. Mahadcvan : Prabuddha Bbarata, 1953,

p 132.

192

sjfo ^^&^srStfjjtf ^j^ja, sS^o <*

gaSb f

. 115

(15, Swanii Sivanaada Saraswati : Lord Siva and His

Worshjp. P 106.

5Sj- 53*.1.3.25)

StfeSjC&sSsS:x,e)

cy

i"S>^"3o,l_ U

,

o. es

o^es

zstffc jy

Atfjto

195

3G$5ttOO&

coA,

bo

*?Sc?5s5o

198

Sfc-otf

197

i # icrL 3

Q

Si

The songs of Jnaneswar in the Maratha country,

the hymns of the Alwars and the Saivite saints in the

South, the songs of Kabir, Mirabai, and more than

all, the work of Tulsidas, have created the popular

religion of India. Even today it is in those that

modern India finds its mental nourishment 116 &

116. Dr. K. M. Panikkar : Religious Movements, Triveni,P \2.

198

belong to the period from the

fifth to the nineth* centuries 117 &3X&&Q& SPSojtfsS

| JSTg^'So

, D^e^co,

117. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan : Indian Philosophy, Vol. 2,

p 723.

169

S$o|'3o&?o&

200 36<;

; "3

SbCfioo,'

"So Com

. They even

210

prepared to stake everything they had, including their

lives; to please Siva and obtain His Grace 118 BS&a

"S

118, Sri K. Vaidyanadhan : The Indian Express, 26-4-1364

202

FT

o:S t 1. ^* 629

go"3

. e

63

"So

Sbtfo

203o ST

204

tfoi

fiaorf,

205Sf

tf5jo> f

5* 3*8- SoSe^sSo

fo

00

207

"So

rpff.

600 SoSStfsSboS S" fT 5M Se^o Solo: 3D

203 Sffc Jb^**

i &* SD

a

a-Atf 208

tfo

,"3

e

. &>

a SI,

210 Stf* &>

i^dL- G

wdSa^tf S'tfgsSao rr-Sovia. tftfaf

L*5BOsio

O

i

L.S. tf. 8

es

212 o &C?OS*> Q

_o

a-

as,

srtfjfi>

'^tftf-

213

5 oG,

2U

?*>

'-' O

S)

&ofiftfsSbj 6

8 63

9^ ^9

3*0

218

e

fioO, 63

Sea

217

Sil O

'Soft,

'&

e'So tfg

MM

S5<3JA

. S'S

220

3

ss-a

, cxoto

222

e

i es>o&e&

tfS

s5

228

S cXto,

73*

224 $

23^,

j 8

225

228

"3

e^tffcog

05

221

>.

*******

tf,

228

tffiorf,

. ^8

^0 ^

fiDfl^e8o^afidioc3^fib.

Q

5r&'

t Ski *uu

230 SStf <? aero*CJ

bs atfo3asj-& a^*

j^ofifi&o

232

i

t-

.

|S.tf.

fat>4 tStfOJ Q

&L&&

God Siva is a Tamilian contribution to Aryan

literature of the Post-Vedic period 119

Saiva- Siddhanta is one of the choicest

products cf the South Indian ie, Dravidian genius. Butthis doesnot mean that the Aryans and the Dravidians

belonged to different ethnic stocks or that either of

both came into 'India from outside. Both were autoct-

honous in India Aryans in the North and Dravidiansin the south. They were one people and developed aninterfused and interblended culture which is the Indianculture. Saiva - Fiddhanfa and Vedanta are but branchesfrom a single stem 120

119. Sri K.C. Varadachasi: prabuddha Bharata, 1954,

Bharata,'

1955, p 430.

,

120. Sri K. S. Ramaswami sastri : Prabuddha Bharata,'

121

R. G- Bhandarkar : Collected Works, Vol, iv p 164

]t is not a smgfe cult, but a federation of aflied cults

whose practices- range from the serenest form of personal-

life in the frith to the most repulsive excesses 122

25

?. Prof, K. A. Nilakantha Sastri : The Cultural Heritageof India, Vol45 P 63.

at

divided into. , ^

^ ^

Question how far causal dS*eiiely Ibelong to lh IWP

of Siva and how far to the actions ef H bdag* Uf

147

238

*g ^^TO ^^So^S^, We canno*

say that the former owes its general structure oressentital doctrines to the latter 124 t*

The doctriaes of theSaiva School are more moderate and rational than thePasupata School 125

e9arayaa

124. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan : Indian philosophy, Vol 2v 922

.125. Sir R.G. Bhandarkar : Collected Works, Vol. iv,

p' 180.

,- , v ;&* fiotf3os9Jn>

. 126

a-

"l26~H. H. Wilson : Hindu Religions, P 124.

240 Stf* 2>a*olf tPtffclfcaOJ Q

4*

(7)

srgwg

241

349-67)

Whether this statement is to be under-

stood in the sense that its founder was a human

being, afterwards recognis d as an incarnation of Siva,

or whether it is a mere general statement, .... without

any special individual being concerned with it, is a

question somewhat difficult to answer definitely 127

isfcSS

co

(22

^ir R G. Bhandarkar : Collected Works, Vol. iv,*

1 L. C .

p 165-66.

242 "3

. tf. 971

1274-1298

!. <f. 843

127

of the name

who founded a

127. Sir R. G. Bhandarkar : Collected Works, Vol. iv,

p 165-66.

244

&0<3P30

tf

1 $8L

245

&

1. s-tf^Sg

estfn*

247

3.

4.

24 tf

t

5.

S'tfgOS

249

C&

ci^2)

oSa.(5)

5 cftft&otf b

A more important and a much earlier development

was a school of monistic Saivism in Kashmir, of which

the literature dating from the nineth century came down

to us. How much older it may have been in its origin

it is not easy to determine. There are elements in

258

common between the dogmatics of Kashmir Saivism

and those of South Indian Saivism. Yet in their

philosophy, they differ Perceptibly, the Kashmir School

being Idealist and the South Indian pluralist in its

metaphysic 128 &&

3oE>o#3:>:&

may lead one to infer that South Indian

Saivism is also ultimately derived from Kashmir

Literary and epigrapcic evidence from Scuth India and

Java and other Indian colonies of the East, also

connects the origin and the spread of Saivism with the

march of Agastya from the North to the South and

128. Prof. K. A. Nilakantha Sastri : The Cultural Heritageof India, Vol. 4, p 77-78.

his further progress towards the Eastern Lw^?*

fl J >J3^

Sivananda Saraswati : Lord Siv

e9tf&s&oS$J|jfoS ^Sfrea&tf 71

gbo

'30

The Trika is a spiritual philosophy, because its

doctrines regarding Reality the world and man are

derived, from a wealth of spiritual experiences, andare not constiuctions based upon an analysis of the

ordinary experiences of man 130 sJtfsSytf i^otf,

(experience-concepts)

, Its greatest exponants were yogis of high

stature, 130

130. Prof, Arabinda Basu : The Cultural Heritage of India,Vol 4, p 79-80.

253

eotfd The Trika, in short, is a rational exposition

of a view of Reality obtained primarily through more-

thati-normal experience 130 L*fsfc>,

^tf a system of Saivism more humaa

and rational 131 sSdfa

b

Cultural

131. Sir R.G. Bhandarkar : Collected Works, Vol. iv

-g

cor

255

.tf. 993-1015

1 5. ^ 1030

258

cor uF

CPSj63

]82

. 183

&D

> o

. Piatyabhijna is the discipline

132. Dr* S. Radhakrishnan : Indian Philosophy, Vol. 2,

p 731.13\ Sri V. T. Srinivasa lyangar : The Outlines of Hindu

Philosophy, p 173

S'ljtf i

prescribed by the school, which consists in the unbroken

recognition of man's essential identity with Siva and

the falsity of everything else 134 isStffiga &&

SrjtfeasSa

ei$7^^rf

134. Sri V.T. Srinivasa lyangar; The Outlines of Hindu

Philosophy, p 169.

258

S"i eT

too**9

fi-JSTb

260

es

d ccfib .

S^ofi, ^NS

281

&o<&.

oar*

^

io

S&ffccfc.

3-65

Sfbo^oo ^0

263

SC7flpg f tfS,

264

iP03cSsSc. ea

S5^

286

es fca jl&a 1tf^tf&, ttfrrjs&>&

68

sr

55 ^C^? "&D 0"

"5

:&e3oct5b>do

2b 1^2*I Q

"Bo

288

The Satva Siddhanta system is the distilled essence

of Vedanta 135 'io-otfsSxSwS- S^tflb

The attempt to call this system 'Siddhanta'

ps be referred to the intention t

ve truth of which the other s

religion and thought are but Purvapaksha 136

could perhaps be referred to the intention that it Is

the conclusive truth of which the other schools of

"So styles itself so in contrast to the other schoolsQ ^

of Samsi lifee Sfvadvaita, Pasupata, Mahavrata, Kapala

Bhairava and the rest 137

"lea

^ a stands for all that

is more sublime in the Saiva cult 137 "3 s

*^Jrc>43'

^O^sSsSa O^ the religious side it is a

lofty monotheistic cult which elevates Siva in to the

Supreme Godhead, who is all -pervading and immanent 137

135. Swami Sivananda Saraswati: Lord Siva and His

Worship, p 98.

136. Sri K. C. Varadachari : Prabuddha Bharata, 1954,

p 394.

137. Swami Tapasyananda: The Vedanta Kesari, 1956,

p 22S

Philosophically it is uncompromising realism,

taking up a position that is midway between monism

and pluralism 137^jSjj^sSbart

1

_ j^'S ^cbeo sfctfjsfc

has richly affileated itself with the great

stream of Indian philosophy expressed in Sanskrit

language. The main tenets of this school are traced

to the great body of literature known as the Agamas 1?g

o* ^<>:

In no

literature with which I am acquainted has the indiv'dual

religious life - received a delineation more frank and

137. Swami Tapasyananda : The Vedanta Kesari, 1956,

p 225.

138. SriK.C. Varadachari : Prabuddha Bharata, 1954,

p 394.

1 tf tooS'sia 271

Q o- Q

more profound 139

$. 149

These monotheistic

movements, the Vaishnava and Saiva inspired by the

need of a single, supreme personal God felt by those

who couldnot rise to the high levels of meditation on

the absolute, spread to South India, when they received

a great accession of strength, especially when opposed

to Buddhism 141 ^tfipSr^s&li o*^Sgsio "ild&tfo

139 Dr S. Radhakrishnan : Indian Philosophy, Vol. 2,

p 727.

140 Sri R. G, Bhandarkai : Collected Works, Vol. iv,

p 202.

141 Sri V, T. Srinivasa lyangar ; The Outlines of Hindu

Philosophy, p ]26.

272 j$tf.

StfoBS "3flu-63

isS

_the most

elaberate, influential, and undoubtedly, the most

intrinsically valuable of all the religions of India 142

1 42. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan : Indian Philosophy, Vol. 2,

p 722.

218

&QO tft^o fitf*wtfga^tffipefj&Sart

1

"Sea

i

L

i

"3

384

274 555<!&n*o a

J Q

, 53* )

odfc&.

(22.

85-38}

o w

tf^HTg^DSgb Soi5o^. 3

1 sJ 275

307

100

COT*

143. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan : Indian Philosophy, Vol. 2,

P 723.

"5 SS SOTotfsSa 27?Q Q

. 144

, esfi

fiT^Sfa.

144. (S

7.

$78

5^3

279

71 r^5.

DOJU.

Q

*

Q

.>L.

tftfg oSSaCT/^ &?>&

280

^>

281

xo oia

^) "3 c^^&. S^^S^ S*oad&>Sjj&

*6jjo&es3

's9 6,

e

82

, 5ie

[Oc7SJ*SrcS]2&f

, esfi s5pdSr

1 sS 283

&.

J)& CD

285

It was spiritual as well^

as social institution, organised by Basava and presided

over by Allaraa Prabhu, a great saint 145 e>>

eso ^01^^r^ I

oiL

"S cS "3

145. Sri Kumaraswami : The Cultural Heritage of India,

Vol. 4, p 99.

288

r?t That this institution, so important in the religious

history of India was founded by Basava about A. D.

1160 145 $j*tf&d&

l

l. f. 1180

SbsSrtf^fito

Oa. 148

:. 147

145, Sri Kumaraswami : The Cultural Heritage of India,Vol, 4, p 99.

146. Sri Prabhu Shankar : The Vedanta Kesari, 1957, p 155140. Sri R. G. Bhandarkar : Collected Works, Vol. iv,

P 189-

I ti 1 sb 287

SStftf #$<;#&> Scr^fcfiooSb

Sb Oo?7d6^ S&tfsSa

148eSS'&fjj&O

*sJtfJ5sSjocof

s- SiS^rf

are full of life and wisdom and full of a burning

devotion, which they embody. Indeed, the Vachanas of

Basava, Mahadevi and Allama are some of the most

luminous utterances of the human spirit 149 *5oS^ 5 rt

b

148. Sri Kumaraswami : The Cultural Heritage of India,

VcL 4, 99.

149. Sri V. Seetharamaiah : The Hindu, 26-10-l9i8

288

o Basavaen

was a good reformer, a resolute and an independent

thinker. He had a rare combination of a powerful will

and a powerful intellect. He was an idealist in

philosophy and a realist in his out look upon life 150

50. Prof. T. S. Rcighavan : The Vedanta Kesari, 1958,

p 155.

1157 ^>ofi J167

290 tftfo tootf &tf$sto<0 Q

&DCotfpQ

. SPSS eso

&;Stfr*;SsSa ^oa^a. ^DS u^s^eo,

h

c^QPft'o^tf B2sc5jXwO <

292 Stf? 2ta-c#*> a

1)65

|

^S

293

fifi,

294fitfj

lto

295

5s ^

53-

296 Sffc fccFotf gr6$:fc>*J

"

sfcrosr6

5*

L?sSo

SsfrSb StflisSa 287

cos*

i

0--3*^5"

, e>3

c^sioo 53- Sir 5

55-

*c p

o

^gb So tf *>

"Sofc

300

FT-SioOQ.

- 7.37.