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saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da
kinos saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul, socialur mecnierebaTa, biznesisa da
marTvis fakulteti
guram kokaia aRmosavluri kulturis elementebi evropul avangardul ZiebebSi
(antonen arto, piter bruki, eJi grotovski, eujenio barba)
xelovnebaTmcodneobis magistris
akademiuri xarisxis
mosapoveblad warmodgenili
samagistro naSromi
dacva Sedgeba 2012 wlis ---------
Tbilisi
2012 weli
1
D Cven qvemore xelis momwerni vadasturebT, rom gavecaniT guram
kokais mier Sesrulebul naSroms `aRmosavluri kulturis
elementebi evropul avangardul ZiebebSi (antonen arto, piter
bruki, eJi grotovski, eujenio barba)” da vaZlevT rekomendacias
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo
universitetis humanitarul, socialur mecnierebaTa, biznesisa da
marTvis fakultetis sagamocdo komisiaSi mis ganxilvas magistris
akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad.
samagistro naSromis xelmZRvaneli: sruli profesori Tamar
bokuCava
recenzenti: sruli profesori: giorgi cqitiSvili
samagistro naSromis ,,weriTi naSromis Sesrulebis” wesiT
gansazRvruli formiseuli parametrebis Sesabamisoba
xarisxis marTvis samsaxuris ufrosi: sruli profesori n.
gengiuri
TariRi:
2
s a r C e v i Sesavali ______________________________________ 1
Tavi I dasavleT-aRmosavleTis kulturisa da Teatris _______________ 2 gagebisaTvis
Tavi II antonen arto _ Ziebis dasawyisi $1 antonen arto ___________________________________ 15
$2 sisastikis Teatri ________________________________ 26
Tavi III aRmosavluri Teatris elementebis _______________________ 33 Zieba-gamoyeneba piter brukis mier
Tavi IV eJi grotovskis laboratoriuli ________________________ 48 Ziebebi
$2 paraTeatri ____________________________________ 60
Tavi V eujenio barbas `evraziuli ____________________________ 64 Teatri” da `Teatraluri anTropologiis saerTaSoriso skola”
daskvna _______________________________________ 67
reziume ______________________________________ 69
reziume (inglisurad) ___________________________ 72
gamoyenebuli literatura _____________________ 74
3
S e s a v a l i
dRes, XXI saukuneSi, Zalian bevrs saubroben msoflio
globalizaciaze, xalxTa gaerTianebaze, erTiani samyarosa da
RirebulebaTa axali skalis Seqmnaze. Tu biblias daveyrdnobiT,
amgvari gaerTianeba babilonis godolis Senebisas arsebobda.
RmerTma es erToba adamianTa sxvadasxva enaze ametyvelebiT
gaanadgura. enobrivma komunikaciam daSala mTlianoba.
XX saukunidan, mecnierebma komunikaciis umartivesi
elementebis kvleva daiwyes. ikvleven urTierTobis iseT formas,
romelic saerToa yvela kontinentis mkvidrisTvis. aseT kvlevebs
Teatralurma xelovnebam xeli Seuwyo da am saqmianobaSi Teatris
reJisorebi aqtiurad iyvnen da arian CarTulni. es moRvaweni
Tanamedrove Teatrs qmnidnen da qmnian. sityvaSi `Tanamedrove”
axlandel procesebTan erTad, XXs-is avangardis Wreli
eqsperimentuli Teatraluri dinebebic igulisxmeba. am periodSi
Teatri 1800 – iani kuTxiT Semobrunda.
antikuri saberZneTidan moyolebuli, Teatri cdilobda
ritualurobis wiaRidan gamosuliyo da yvelasTvis xelmisawvdom
damoukidebeli xasiaTis sanaxaobad qceuliyo, rac moaxerxa kidec.
XXs-Si ki piriqiT _ ukan, ritualebisken, misteriebisken, wiaRisken
mibrunda. am procesSi oTxi reJisori aqtiurad monawileobda.
eseni iyvnen da arian: antonen arto, piter bruki, eJi grotovski,
eujenio barba.
Cems samagistro naSroms erTi SexedviT araferi ar aqvs
saerTo komunikaciis problemebTan, magram zemoT xsenebuli
reJisorebi, aqtiurad muSaobdnen enobrivi barieris gauqmebis
kuTxiT da amisTvis primitiul ritualebsa da sanaxaobebs
iyenebdnen.
Cemi naSromis mizania, gamovikvlio am Semoqmed-xelovanTa
moRvaweoba Teatris sawyisebTan, ritualebTan dabrunebis kuTxiT.
4
Tavi I
dasavleT-aRmosavleTis kulturisa da Teatris gagebisaTvis
dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi _ am sityvebiT msoflios or
nawilad hyofen. es ori nawili didi xnis manZilze erTad
arsebobda da viTardeboda. pirveli civilizaciebi, qalaqebi,
Soreul aRmosavleTSi Seiqmna. Sumerebidan iwyeba kacobriobis
istoria. aRmosavleTi dasavleTisTvis aris `mSobeli” da amave
dros mowinaaRmdege.
samyaro or nawilad pirvelad antikur epoqaSi, Zvelma
berZnebma gayves. dasavleTi asocirdeboda qalaq-polisebTan,
demokratiasTan, pirovnebis TavisuflebasTan. aRmosavleTi _
sparseTis imperiasTan, despotizmTan, adamianTan sastik
mopyrobasTan. samyaros or antagonistur polusad aRqma
dasturdeba esqiles tragediaSi `sparselebi”. Sua saukuneebSi
aRmosavleTi ganixileboda qristianobasTan dapirispirebul
Zalad. dasavleTi iyo qristianuli samyaro, aRmosavleTi _
araqristianuli.
dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi _ am sityvebma mogvianebiT
geografiuli gagebis garda kulturuli da civilizaciuri
datvirTvac miiRes. TviTon sityva `kulturas” aziasa da evropaSi
gansxvavebuli datvirTva da mniSvneloba aqvs. `kulturis” cnebis
evropuli gageba gulisxmobs Secvlas, bunebiseuli produqtis
adamianiseulad gardaqmnas. kulturaSi gulisxmoben yvelafer
imas, rac adamianis mier, misi moRvaweobis Sedegadaa Seqmnili.
berZnuli sityva paideia (sityvidan παιδεία _ bavSvis aRzrda,
formireba) aseve gardaqmnas niSnavs. Cinuri ieroglifi `ven”
amodis morTulobis simbolos moxazvidan, morTuli adamiani.
`ven” upirispirdeba `CJis”, raRac xeluxlebels, esTeturad uxeSs,
sulierad dauzustebels. ase rom, Tu dasavleTSi kulturis qveS
gulisxmoben erTobliobas adamianis mier Seqmnili materialuri
5
da sulieri produqtebisas, aRmosavleTSi, kerZod CineTSi _
mxolod imas, rac samyaros da adamians morTulad, daxvewilad
xdis.
orive poluss Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi aqvs: pirvel
rigSi dasavlur weriT kulturaSi aris anbani _ niSnebi,
romlebic gamoxataven bgerebs. aRmosavlurSi _ ieroglifi,
romelic afiqsirebs mniSvnelobas; meore _ dasavlurSi enas aqvs
azris gamoxatvis funqcia, aRmosavlurSi _ TviTon ieroglifi
Seicavs azrs. ieroglifi aris miznis (gagebis) da saSualebis
(gamoxatuleba) mTlianoba; mesame _ dasavlurSi mecniereba
mimarTulia bunebis gadakeTebaze. buneba gaigeba rogorc
adamianisTvis ucnobi da ucxo Zala. adamiani cdis bunebas da
misgan ZaliT cdilobs saidumlos gagebas. aRmosavlur
kulturaSi mecniereba eZebs adamianisa da bunebis erTianobas,
bunebisa da kulturis erTianobas.; meoTxe _ dasavlurisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia anTropocentrizmi anu adamiania mTavari, isaa
samyaros centri. aRmosavluri kulturisaTvis, Tu SeiZleba ase
iTqvas, “bunebacentrizmia” damaxasiaTebeli. adamiani aris nawili
erTiani mTeli sistemisa `buneba _ kultura”; mexuTe _
dasavlurSi mecnierebis mTavari kiTxvaa WeSmariteba-mcdaroba;
aRmosavlurSi _ mTavari kiTxvaa Tanafardoba sikeTisa da
borotebis. g. v. draCis azriT, civilizaciis aRmosavlur tipSi
mTavaria tradicia, dasavlurSi _ novatoroba.
azia - evropis urTierTobebi uamrav saukunes iTvlis.
uZvelesi droidan, evraziis kontinentze Seiqmna `abreSumis gza”,
romelic gadaWimuli iyo CrdiloeTis stepebidan, aziis
maRalmTian regionebamde. am gziT evropisa da aziis xalxebi
saukuneTa manZilze erTmaneTs ukavSirdebodnen. samxedro
moqmedebebma da savaWro marSutebma erTa Soris ideologiis,
teqnikis, xelovnebis urTierTgacvla ganapirobes.
6
berZnebsa da romaelebs savaWro urTierToba hqondaT
azielebTan. amas amtkicebs Zvirfasi Cinuri abreSumis fabrikebi,
romlebic romis imperiuli epoqis dasawyisSi gaCnda. mogvianebiT,
arabTa dapyrobebis, `didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis” epoqis
Semdeg, saqaravno gza evropasa da azias Soris ufro SesamCnevi
gaxda. `did geografiul aRmoCenebamde” damokidebuleba
aRmosavleTis qveynebisadmi igeboda miTis an zRapris modeliT.
Semdeg aRmosavleTma miiRo geografiuli da kulturuli
realobis statusi. is ufro axlobeli gaxda, magram ar
daukargavs saswaulebrivis, egzotikurisa da ucxos `statusi”.
`abreSumis gzaze” vaWrebTan, meomrebTan, mlocvelebTan
erTad, dadiodnen musikosebi, Jongliorebi, akrobatebi,
mocekvaveebi. plutarqes cnobiT, uamravi berZeni xelovani Cahyva
aleqsandre makedonels indoeTSi. sanacvlod, saberZneTSi
dabrunebul aleqsandre dids aRmosavleli xelovanni gamohyvnen:
mimikosebi, arfis damkvrelni, mesayvireni, xumarebi, Jongliorebi,
mocekvaveebi. cnobilia, rom aRamosavleli msaxiobebi da
musikosebi romis did TeatrebSic TavianTi xelovnebiT arTobdnen
mayurebels. am faqtis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdian horaciusi,
iuvenali1 da avgustusis periodis sxva moRvaweni
XVs-mde aRmosavleTi kulturuli ganviTarebiT evropas
uswrebda. magaliTad, denTi gamoigones CineTSi Zv.w. IXs,
meqanikuri saaTi Zv.w VIIIs, 6 saukuniT adre evropaze; qaRaldi _
ax.w. 105w. (1000 wliT adre evropaze). aseTi uamravi magaliTis
motana SeiZleba.
azielebs didi wvlili miuZRviT evropuli kulturis
CamoyalibebaSi. amis naTeli magaliTia arabi ziriabis2 moRvaweoba
espaneTSi. is Camovida kordovaSi _ qalaqi samxreT espaneTSi _ im
1 iuvenali _ (Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis) decimus iunius iuvenalis, ax.w. Is-is bolo da IIs-is adreuli periodi, romaeli poeti, satirikosi, dawera `satirebi”. 2 ziriabi _ (Abu l-Hasan ‘Ali Ibn Nafi‘) abul hasani, `ziriabi” metsaxeli iyo da SaSvs niSnavs. moRvaweobda 789-857 wlebSi. iyo sparsi poeti, musikosi,
momRerali, kosmetologi, dizaineri, vaWari, mebaRe, astronomi, geografi.
7
periodSi, roca espaneTi bizantias eomeboda da kordovaSi ukve
aSenebuli iyo alhambra da alkazari _ cixe-simagreebi. espaneTSi
Camosvlamde is moRvaweobda harun al raSidis3 karze, romelic
iyo iranis didi xalifa abasidebis dinastiidan, `aTas erTi Ramis”
gmiri, romelmac baRdadi msoflios umdidres da umSvenieres
qalaqad aqcia. ziriabi gaxda modis kanonmdebeli mavritanul da
kaTolikur espaneTSi. mas bevri mimdevari gamouCnda. Cven mas
vumadliT uamrav kulinariul receptsa da tansacmlis sezonuri
tarebis maneras. man ganaviTara musika, gaacno espanelebs musikis
axali wesebi da instrumentebi, maT Soris barbiTi, romelic
sawyisia evropuli simebiani musikis. aseve arabebs miaweren
evropelebisTvis Crdilebis Teatris gacnobas (am Crdilebs Semdeg
`Cinur Crdilebs” eZaxdnen).
XV-XVI saukuneebSi evropuli mecnierebisa da teqnikis
progresma SesaZlebeli gaxada `didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi”.
amiT daiwyo koloniuri eqspansia, Tavidan iberiuli qveynebis _
portugalia, espaneTi, Semdeg am procesSi CaerTvnen holandia,
inglisi, safrangeTi. am momentidan evropis kavSiri aziasTan da
Crdilo afrikasTan ufro mWidro xdeba.
XVIII saukuneSi, ganaTlebis epoqaSi, evropaSi masiurad
SeaRwia aRmosavlurma ideebma _ religiurma, filosofiurma,
xelovnebiseulma. ganaTlebis epoqis moRvaweebi – f. volteri, g.
lesingi, v. goeTe, k. goci da sxvebi aRmosavleTisadmi udides
interess iCendnen, razec maTi nawarmoebebi metyvelebs. `ucxo
samyaros” Tanabaruflebianad da TanabarRirebulad aRiareba uceb
ar momxdara. mxolod XXs-is me-2 naxevarSi, naTlad gamoixata
kulturebis mravalferovnebis prioritetuloba da Tanabari
mniSvneloba.
rogorc evropuli, ise aziuri Teatri, saTaves ritualebidan,
misteriebidan da miTebidan iRebs. rogorc ixernofretis stela
3 harun al raSidi _ (Hārūn al-Rashīd ) 17.03.763-24.03.809 mexuTe yvelaze cnobili xalifa iranis mmarTveli abasidebis dinastiidan.
8
mowmobs, misteriuli Teatri jer kidev egvipteSi arsebula. Tumca
Teatris dabadebas saberZneTs ukavSireben (Zv.w. 534w). antikur
epoqaSi dramatuli xelovneba RvTismsaxurebis doneze iyo
ayvanili. cnobilia, rom saberZneTSi Teatri meRvineobisa da
bunebis mwarmoebluri Zalis RmerT dionises kultidan warmosdga.
xolo ufro adre, egvipteSi RmerT osirisis tanjvis, sikvdilisa
da mkvdreTiT aRdgomis amsaxveli dramatuli poezia Seiqmna,
razec piramidis teqstebi da ixernofretis stela metyvelebs. es
kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom rogorc dasavleTSi, ise
aRmosavleTSi Teatri uZvelesi droidan arsebobda da religiur
kultebs ukavSirdeboda. xelovnebis es sfero kacobriobis
ganviTarebasTan erTad ixveweboda, viTardeboda. Teatri
yovelTvis fexs udgamda epoqas. is adamianebis suliskveTebas
gamoxatavda, maT Soris, revoluciursac. zog SemTxvevaSi, is
informaciis gavrcelebisa da masebze zemoqmedebis mZlavri
iaraRic iyo. Tavdapirvelad Teatri adamianis cxovrebis
ganuyofel nawils warmoadgenda. mayureblebi dReebsa da kvireebs
atarebdnen TeatrSi.
Tavdapirveli sanaxaobebi erTgvari dafaruli, ezoTeruli
codnis gadacemis ritualebs warmoadgendnen. dasavluri da
aRmosavluri dramatuli nawarmoebebis Temebi miTebi, gmirebi,
RmerTebi iyvnen. warmarTuli da qristianuli kulturis mkveTri
gamijvna Sua saukuneebidan iwyeba. am procesSi did da gadamwyvet
rols TamaSobs religia. evropuli Teatri mTlianad qristianuli
eklesiis gavlenis qveS moeqca. sawyis etapze qristianuli
kultura upirispirdeba Teatrs, rogorc warmarTul sanaxaobas.
religias wamyvani adgili ekava aseve Soreul aRmosavleTSi.
adamianTa yoveldRiuri yofa, xelovneba, kultura mTlianad misi
kanonebiT iyo gansazRvruli. qristianuli evropisgan gansxvavebiT,
aRmosavlur mrwamsTa umetesoba, xelovnebas ar sdevnida da is
RvTismsaxurebis erT-erT elementad iyo qceuli. evropel
xelovanebs ki gadarCenisTvis brZola uwevdaT. isini iataqqveSa
9
naxevradlegalur cxovrebas eweodnen, rom romelime mogizgize
koconze ar aRmoCeniliyvnen. Suasaukuneebis qristianuli eklesiis
damokidebuleba Teatraluri xelovnebis mimarT, kargad Cans
netari tertulianis traqtatSi `sanaxaobis Sesaxeb”, sadac wminda
mama werda, rom RmerTs sZulda sicrue da is arasodes ar
gaamarTlebda siyvarulis, cremlis mibaZvas.
xangrZlivi devnis Semdeg evropulma Teatrma Seqmna
eklesiisTvis misaRebi dramaturgia, liturgiuli drama, romlis
Tema wmindanTa cxovreba, maTi mowameobrivi Rvawli da maT mier
Cadenili saswaulebi iyo. masSi ramdenime Janri iyo
gaerTianebuli: mirakli, farsi, misteria, moralite. miuxedavad
imisa, rom qristianoba upirispirdeboda Teatrs, axalma kultma
mainc warmoqmna axali epoqis Teatri.
rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSne, aRmosavluri samyaros RmerTebi
ar sdevnidnen Teatrs. indoeTSi RmerTma indram, samyaros
Semqmnel brahmas daavala Seeqmna xelovneba, romelic yvela
socialuri fenisTvis (varnisTvis) iqneboda xelmisawvdomi. brahmam
oTxi vedisgan amoarCia oTxi elementi _ metyveleba, simRera,
pantomima, grZnoba. man isini gaaerTiana da Seqmna Teatri. Zv.w IIs-
Si bxarata munma Seqmna natiaSastra _ induri Teatris
saxelmZRvanelo. aRmosavluri samyaro erTguli darCa Tavisi
ritualebis, misticizmisa da formebis.
renesansis epoqidan moyolebuli, eklesia Teatris mimarT
ufro loialuri gaxda. Teatrisa da dramaturgiis mTavari Tema
adamiani, misi Sinagani samyaro, survilebi da vnebebi, socialuri
mdgomareoba, movaleobisa da survilis Widili gaxda.
istoriuli ganviTarebis paralelurad viTardeboda
dramatuli teqnikac. iwereboda uamravi traqtati dramaturgiis,
samsaxiobo xelovnebis Sesaxeb. yvela epoqas Tavisi
damaxasiaTebeli dramatuli stili Hhqonda. es grZeldeboda XX
saukunemde. XX saukunis Teatraluri xelovneba Zalian
mravalferovania, Znelia Tqva sad mTavrdeba erTi mimdinareoba da
10
iwyeba meore. paradoqsia, magram am saukuneSi moxda rogorc
udidesi SemoqmedebiTi Tu samecniero niWis, ise didi borotebis
amofrqveva 2 msoflio omis saxiT. msoflio omebma evropuli
kulturuli cnobiereba CixSi Seiyvana. adaminebma progresisa da
evropuli civilizaciis Rirebulebebis rwmena kiTxvis niSnis qveS
daayenes. albaT amiT aris ganpirobebuli XX sukunis evropuli
xelovnebis ltolva aRmosavleTisken, egzotikurisken, ucxosken.
evropelebi dasavlur kulturaze aRmosavluri kulturis
gavlenas arqauli tradiciuli sazogadoebebiT, mistikuri
msoflmxedvelobebiTa da sulierebiT dainteresebiT xsnian. es
pirvel rigSi aisaxa xelovnebaSi, sferoSi sadac gansxvavebuli
kulturebis Serwyma advilia. van gogi werda, rom cdilobda
samyarosTvis iaponelis TvaliT Seexeda da gaego, rogor
grZnobda da xatavda iaponeli. antonen artos aucileblad
miaCnda, rom dasavlur TeatrSi aRmosavluri elementebi
Sesuliyo. dasavluri Teatri mTlianad emorCileboda teqstisa da
sityvis diqtaturas. a. artosTvis ki ufro mTavari iyo
araartikulirebuli metyveleba, enis deverbalizeba.
nel-nela, Tavisi ganviTarebis gzaze Teatraluri xelovneba
daSorda Tavis sawyiss, misteriebsa da ritualebs. antonen artos
_ Teatris did frang reformators _ rom davesesxoT, aRorZinebis
epoqidan Cven miveCvieT aRweriT Teatrs, romelic mxolod
adamianis gancdebze saubrobda. aRmosavleTSi ki TiTqos dro
gaCerda. iq mTeli am didi periodis manZilze isev dadgenili
wesebisa da ritualebis mixedviT TamaSobdnen. iaponiaSi hqondaT
da aqvT no, kabuki, jioruri. indoeTSi kvlav `mahabxaratasa” da
`ramaianas’ siuJetebs TamaSobdnen. maT aseve hyavdaT sanskrituli
dramis 9 margaliti _ kalidasa, aSvagxoSa, bxasa, Sudraka, xarSa.
viSagxadata, saumili, kaviputri, bxagabxuti.
evropisTvis aRmosavluri Teatris aRmoCena moxda
aRmosavluri dramatuli teqstebis TargmnasTan erTad. frangma
11
iezuitebma XIII s.-is Cinuri piesa _ `caos ojaxis oboli”4,
gadaTargmnes. ingliselma mecnierma viliam jonsma kalidasas
`Sakuntala”, IVs-is sanskrituli drama, laTinurad Targmna. am or
dramas evropeli mecnierebi tragediebad miiCnevdnen, radgan
tragedia esaa Janri, romelSic aristoteles mixedviT, cnobili
da saxelovani adamianebi moqmedeben. es mcdari interpretacia iyo,
vinaidan induri drama ar icnobs tragediis formas. yvela indur
piesas bednieri dasasruli aqvs. rac Seexeba `caos ojaxis obols~
- Cinuri teqsti msaxiobTaTvis mxolod libretos warmoadgenda.
am Targmanebs ar gauRviZebia cnobismoyvareoba aziuri
warmodgenis struqturisa da maTi msaxiobebis teqnikis mimarT.
yvela ugulebelyofda im faqts, rom CineTsa da indoeTSi
speqtaklebs hqondaT mizanscenebi, sadac cekva, musika da
msaxiobis ostatoba erTmaneTTan iyo Serwymuli. aRmosavluri
Teatraluri xelovnebis ignorireba XXs-is dasawyisamde
gagrZelda. erTeuli dramaturgebi, magaliTad pol klodeli, da
zogierTi reJisori, magaliTad vsevold meierholdi da Sarl
diuleni aRiarebdnen azieli msaxiobebis zust teqnikas, romelic
iTxovda ganxilvasa da Seswavlas. gordon kregma, romelic
moyvaruli iyo aziuri kulturis, dawera evropel Teatris
moRvaweTa aseT zerele damokidebulebaze aziel msaxiobTa
xelovnebis mimarT, da am naSromis gamo ananda qumarasvamim5
miuZRvna kregs inglisurad naTargmni `abhinaia darhana” (Jestebis
sarke), romelic iyo Zveli sanskrituli traqtati cekvis
teqnikaze.
evropel reJisoTa interesi aRmosavluri Teatrisa da
formebisadmi TandaTan izrdeobda. amas mowmobs 1935 wels,
4 caos ojaxis oboli _ (The Orphan Of The Family Zhao) aris Cinuri piesa iuanis dinastiis (Yuan) (1271-1368) drois da ekuTvnoda vinme ji junxiangs (Ji Junxiang), romlis Sesaxebac araferia cnobili. piesis sruli saxelia `The Great Revenge
of the Orphan of Zhao Family”. isaa pirveli Cinuri piesa, cnobili evropisaTvis. 5 ananda qumarasvami _ (Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy) 22.08.1877-09.09.1947 iyo Srilankeli filosofosi, metafizikosi, induri xelovnebis filosofosi, induri kulturis gamcnobi dasavleTisTvis.
12
moskovSi Semdgari Sexvedra Cinel msaxiob mei lenfengsa6 da
rusul Teatralur inteligencias Soris. rusul inteligenciaSi
Sediodnen konstantine stanislavski, vsevold meierholdi, sergei
eizenSteini da sergei tretiakovi. bertold brextic eswreboda am
Sexvedras da mei lenfengis gamosvlis Semdeg, man epikuri Teatris
Teoria Camoayaliba, romelic gaucxoebis fenomens efuZneba.
reJisorebi aRfrTovanebulni iyvnen aziel msaxiobTa
SesaZleblobebiT. isini xedavdnen, rom msaxiobs SeuZlia cekva,
simRera, improvizacia, akrobatika, musikalur instrumentebze
dakvra, teqstis Seqmna da interpretireba, yvelaferi is, rasac
msaxiobebi akeTebdnen italiur komedia del arteSi da dResac
akeTeben kabukSi. reJisorebma daiwyes aRmosavluri xelovnebis
elementebis gamoyeneba TavianT speqtaklebSi. magaliTad SegviZlia
movitanoT evgeni vaxtangovis speqtakli `princesa turandoti”
karlo gocis amave saxelwodebis piesis mixedviT, romelSic
dekoracia da kostumebi aziur stilSi iyo gadawyvetili. am
speqtaklma ukvdavyo reJisori; aleqsandre tairovis mier 1914
wels dadgmuli speqtakli `Sakuntala”, romlis Sesaxebac a.
tairovi werda: `Cven gadavitaneT milioni mRelvareba, sanam 1914
wlis 12 dekembers kamerul TeatrSi gaimarTa `Sakuntalas”
premiera”7; robert sturuas `kavkasiuri carcis wre”, romelSic
gamoyenebulia Cinuri niRbebi.
amerikeli mkvlevarebi mogzaurobdnen aziaSi. maT sxvadasxva
mizani hqondaT. magaliTad fabian bauersi8 iyo cenzori
okupirebul iaponiaSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg. bauersi mixvda,
6 mei lenfengi _ (Mei Lanfang) 22.10.1894-08.08.1961 iyo pekinis operis erT-erTi cnobili msaxiobi. is TamaSobda qalis rolebs. mei lenfengi misi scenuri saxeli iyo. sinamdvileSi erqva mei leni (Méi Lán). 7 saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo instituti, Teatrmcodneobis fakultetis V kursis studentis, nino gordaZis sadiplomo Sroma Temaze`sanskrituli drama”, (kalidasas Semoqmedeba), xemZRvaneli _ guliko mamulaSvili, Tbilisi 2001 weli, kalidasa, `dramebi”, gamomcemloba `mxatvruli literatura”, moskovi, 1990 weli. 8 fabian bauersi _ (Faubion Bowers) 1917-1999 iyo amerikeli iaponuri enis Tarjimani amerikis mier iaponiis okupaciis dros II msoflio omis periodSi.
13
rom kabukis teqstebis cenzura sisulele iyo. mis teqstebs
feodaluri da samxedro xasiaTis mqoned miiCnevdnen, arada maTi
elementi saerTod ar iyo kabukis arc erT sanaxaobaSi. es cenzura
cudad moqmedebda samsaxiobo xelovnebaze, romelic mWidrod iyo
mibmuli teqstze da cenzuris SemTxvevaSi msoflio dakargavda
xelovnebis am gansakuTrebul formas. ase rom f. bauersma, xeli
Seuwyo cenzuris gauqmebas kabukisTvis da dRes is cnobilia
rogorc kabukis gadamrCeneli. mraval amerikel mecniers Soris
aseve unda movixsenioT leonard pronko9 _ romelmac pirvelad
wamoayena erTiani, aRmosavlur-dasavluri Teatris idea.
urTierToba calmxrivi ar SeiZleba iyos. azielebmac bevri
ram iswavles da SeiTvises evropeli moRvaweebisgan. dasavluri
Teatris gavlena gamoixateboda ZiriTadad egreTwodebuli
`salaparako dramis” SeqmnaSi. aziaSi tradiciebis rRveva daiwyo
XIXs-is bolos. henrik ibsenis `Tojinebis saxli”, bernar Sous,
gerhart hauptmanis piesebi, Carlz dikensis novelebis Teatraluri
adaptaciebi azielTaTvis namdvili aRmoCena iyo. maT aRmoaCines
Teatris forma, romelsac `laparakis unari~ hqonda. sanaxaobis
aseTi forma, absoluturad axali iyo aziuri tradiciebisTvis. is
iyo radikalurad inovaciuri Tavisi saxalxo da socialuri
Sinaarsiis gamo. Teatrma aziaSi SeiTvisa dasavluri dramis
kanonebi, romlebic politikuri ideebis gasavrceleblad efeqtur
saSualebebs warmoadgendnen.
CineTSi, cang pengCunma10, romelic amerikaSi swavlobda, 1914
wels. tiajinSi `nankais axali piesis” kompania daaarsa. misi
eqsperimentebi samagaliTo gaxda. mas midmevrebi gamouCnda.
9 leonard pronko _ (Leonard C. Pronko) aris Teatris profesori pomonis kolejSi, klermontSi, kaliforniaSi. kolejSi mas dadgmuli aqvs 20-mde kabukis piesa. 10 cang pengCuni _ (Zhang Pengchun) 1892-1957 Cineli profesori, filosofosi, dramaturgi.
14
dramaturgebi _ ouiang iu11. tian heni12, hong Seni ( am ukanasknelma
1928 wels `salaparako dramis” gansazRvreba Seqmna) da sxvani,
qmnidnen piesebs realistur stilSi. aRorZineba-ganaxlebis am
dinebaSi (romelic aseve msaxiobis xelovnebasac moicavda) kao
ium13, romelic buajus (salaparako drama) yvelaze gamoCenil
avtorad iTvleba, scenaze dadga piesebi evropeli dramaturgebisa:
anton Cexovis, henrik ibsenis, oskar uaildis, iujin o’nilis,
uiliam Seqspirisa da berZnuli klasikuri avtorebisac ki. am
gamocdilebam huang cuolins XXs-is 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
inglisSi swavla moandoma, sadac is Sexvda jorj bernar Sous da
miSel sen deniss14 _ Jak kopos15 cnobil mowafes. inglisSi is
aseve gaecno stanislavskis sistemasa da brextis Sexedulebebs
saTeatro xelovnebasa da gaucxoebis efeqtze. am Teoriebis
aziuri adaptaciebi siRrmiseul Seswavlas iTxovs. davasaxeloT
ori SemTxveva. pirveli _ huang cuolini, romelmac brextis
epikuri Teatri Sanxais saxalxo TeatrSi gadaitana, sadac is
inglisidan dabrunebis Semdeg reJisorobda. meore _ iaponeli seki
sano _ tokioSi proletarul TeatrSi muSaobis Semdeg, moskovSi
wavida da ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi swavlobda stanislavskis
sistemasa da meierholdis msaxiobTan muSaobis teqnikas. 1937 wels
is iZulebuli iyo gaqceuliyo meqsikaSi, sadac is laTinuri
amerikis Teatris msaxiobTa Taobebs aswavlida.
11 ouiang iu _ (Ouyang Yu) daibada 1955 wels. Cinel-avstralieli mTargmneli, akademikosi. misi leqsebia `mTvare melburnis Tavze da sxva leqsebi” 1995w, ` bolo Cineli poetis simRerebi” 1997w da a.S. 12 tian heni _ (Tian Han) 12.03.1898-10.12.1968 iyo dramaturgi, mTargmneli, poeti, revoluciuri kinosa da musikis lideri. man didi wvlili Seitana Tanamedrove Cinuri dramisa da Cinuri operis ganviTarebaSi. mis nawarmoebebia: `Rame yavis maRaziaSi” 1922w, `lanCis win” 1922w, `cnobili msaxiobis sikvdili” 1929w, `mTvaris melodia” 1932w da a.S. 13
kao iu _ (Cao Yu) 24.09.1910-13.12.1996 misi saxeli iyo ven jiabao (Wan Jiabao). iyo cnobili Cineli dramaturgi. is iyo Cinuri `salaparako dramis” erT-erTi fuZemdebeli. misi piesebia: `Weqaquxili” 1933w, `aisi” 1936w, `xidi” 1945w da a.S. 14 miSel sein denisi _ (Michel Saint-Denis) 13.09.1897-31.07.1971 iyo frangi msaxiobi, reJisori da dramis Teoretikosi. misma msaxiobis aRzrdis xerxebma gavlena iqonies evropuli Teatris ganviTarebaze XXs-is 30-ian wlebSi. 15 Jak kopo _ (Jacques Copeau) 04.02.1879-20.10.1949 frangi Teatris reJisori, msaxiobi, dramaturgi, Teatr `kalambieris” damfuZnebeli.
15
indoeTSi, inglisis koloniaSi, XVIIs-is dasasrulidan
imarTeboda evropuli Teatris speqtaklebi, manamde didi xniT
adre, vidre indoeli msaxiobebi evropas uSualod gaecnobodnen.
patara inglisuri Teatrebi iyo kalkutaSi, romlebSic didi
msaxiobi devid gariki16 gamoyenebul dekoraciasa da msaxiobebsac
ki gzavnida londonidan. es samoyvarulo warmodgenebi
adgilobriv indur sanaxaobebs ejibrebodnen. `rusuli~,
konkretulad ki evgeni aleqsis Ze lebedevis reJisuriT
ingliseli da bengaleli msaxiobebi erTad TamaSobdnen
speqtaklebs. damatebiTi gakveTilebis dros inglisur enaSi
indoeTis skolebsa da kolejebSi _ sadac maRali wris
warmomadgenelTa Svilebi swavlobdnen _ bavSvebs, erTis mxriv,
aiZulebdnen eswavlaT uiliam Seqspiris Semoqmedeba, meores mxriv
ki msoflio kulturaSi erovnuli, TavianTi folkloris
mniSvnelobaSi acnobierebdnen. aseT dasavlur-aRmosavlur
ganaTlebas Teatric exmareboda. iqmneboda piesebi, romlebic
inglisur modelze iyo agebuli da amas garda, Teatri aseve
praqtikulad `ikvlevda~ adgilobriv sanaxaobebsa da Teatralur
formebs. didi indoeli poeti rabinradaT Tagori orive
tendencias exmareboda. is werda piesebs evropul stilSi da aseve
inarCunebda da Sveloda tradiciul indur cekvas devadass,
romelic man mis mierve daarsebul santiniketanis universitetSi,
sadac warCinebuli ojaxebis qaliSvilebi swavlobdnen, gogonebis
saswavlo programis nawili gaxada.
iaponiaSi, iseve rogorc respublikuri mowyobis CineTSi,
Teatraluri kulturis aRorZineba-ganaxlebis procesi (Singeki),
romelic XXs-is 20-ian wlebSi ganviTarda, gamowveuli da
STagonebuli iyo dasavleTiT. am procesis liderebs Soris iyo
16 devid gariki _ (David Garrick) 19.02.1717-20.01.1779 iyo ingliseli msaxiobi, dramaturgi, reJisori. iyo samuel jonsonis mowafe da megobari. man kariera daiwyo uiliam Seqspiris `riCard III”-Si mcire rolis SesrulebiT. misi piesebia: `qalbatoni da misi sayvarlebi” 1747w, `aTas Svidas ormocdaCvidmeti” 1757w, `siyvaruli da magia” 1760w, da a.S.
16
cubauqi Soio, romelmac sazogadoebas gaacno uiliam Seqspiris
mravali piesa da aseve ibsenis `Tojinebis saxli”. am periodis
moRvawe iyo aseve osanai kaoru, romelmac, axal Teatrsa da
kabuks Soris kompromisis saxiT, antuanis modelis mixedviT,
Tavisufali Teatri daaarsa. is erTguli iyo evropeli
dramaturgebis Semoqmedebisa, ibseniT da hauptmaniT dawyebuli,
vedeqindiTa da pirandeloTi damTavrebuli. ori azri ar
arsebobs, rom centri axali iaponuri Teatraluri moZraobisa, iyo
`cukiji Sogekijo” (cukijis patara Teatri), romelic hijikata
ioSim tokioSi 1924 wels gaxsna. es Teatri iyo laboratoria da
koncentrirebuli iyo am periodSi evropaSi mimdinare saxelovnebo
mimarTulebebze, simbolizmze, eqspresionizmze, da a.S.
aRmosavleTi evropisTvis erTgvar `alter ego”-d rCeboda.
aziuri klasikuri Teatrebis _ nos, kabukis, induri da baliuri
cekvebis, pekinis operisa da sxva tradiciul sanaxobaTa nairferi
formebi sxvadasxva gziT evropul da dasavlur tradiciebSi
aRwevdnen - klasikur baletSi, Tanamedrove cekvaSi, pantomimaSi,
saopero xelovnebaSi, politikur Teatrsa da Teatr
laboratoriebis eqsperimentul ZiebebSi.
17
Tavi II
antonen arto _ Ziebis dasawyisi
$1. antonen arto
antonen artos samoRvaweo sferoebi Zalze mravalferovania.
is iyo poeti da mwerali, dramaturgi da kritikosi, kinomsaxiobi
da Teatris reJisori, gamomcemeli da publicisti, filosofosi
da eTnografi. is iyo saxviTi xelovnebis kritikosic da araerTi
namuSevari aqvs am dargSi Seqmnili. am adamianSi aisaxa XXs-is
kulturis saerTo miswrafebani - formebis sinTezi, aRmosavleTisa
da dasavleTis erToba, xelovnebasa da cxovrebas Soris
sazRvrebis waSla. 1960-1970-ian wlebSi a. artos SemoqmedebiTma
Ziebebma msoflio masStabis Teatraluri moRvaweebis
gansakuTrebuli interesi gamoiwvia. swored misma saTeatro
ideebma Cauyara safuZveli Tanamedroveobis mraval mxatvrul
mimdinareobas. artoTi daiwyo yvelaferi. 1968 wlis gamosvlebisas
axalgazrdebma antonen arto TavianT kumirad airCies. mis
xelovnebas erTi mTavari amocana hqonda, SemTxveviTi subieqturi
formebis ganadgurebiT gaexsna WeSmariti azri adamianis
arsebobisa. Teatri misTvis iyo forma samyaros filosofiuri
suraTis gamoxatvisa.
antonen mari jozef arto (04.09.1896-04.03.1948) daibada
marselSi. misi mSoblebi eufrazi nalpa da antoin roi arto
warmoSobiT berZnebi iyvnen. antonen artos cxovrebiseuli da
SemoqmedebiTi gza ia-vardiT ar yofila mofenili. is bevrs
avadmyofobda. daavadebuli iyo meningitiT. mas xSirad hqonda
fsiqiuri aSlilobebi da isini misTvis erTgvar SemoqmedebiTi
STagonebis wyaros warmoadgendnen. 1919 wels a. arto Sveicariul
sanatoriumSi mkurnalobda. misi eqimi iyo eduard tuluzi,
romelic 1912 wels Seqmnil Jurnal `demen”-s xelmZRvanelobda.
tuluzma artos genialuroba gamoicno da mis TerapiaSi
18
SemoqmedebiTi aqtivoba CarTo. Tavidan a. artom Targmanebis
redaqtireba daiwyo, Semdeg ki is damoukidebeli avtori da
redaqtori gaxda. Teatris reformatoris pirveli publikacia iyo
`savaraudo bakalavris xarisxi”, sadac avtori gvTavazobda
saSualebebs samecniero codnis miRebis gaumjobesebisTvis. am
drosve dawera man pirveli poema `sizmarSi”.
1920 wlis bolos eqimma e. tuluzma pacients Teatris
reJisori orelen mari lune po gaacno. lune po iyo safrangeTSi
Teatraluri simbolizmis warmomadgeneli da 1893 wels Seqmna
Teatri `evr”-i. a. arto recenziebs Teatr `evris” speqtaklebze
Junal `demen”-Si aqveynebda. man dawera recenzia speqtaklebze
avgust strindbergis `kreditorebi” da gugo fon. hofmanstalis
`eleqtra”, romelic 1920 wlis 22 oqtombers aCvenes. Tavisi
Teatris saxe man Teatr `evris” msaxiobebis TamaSSi dainaxa. male
arto am TeatrSi iwyebs msaxiobobas, riTac misi Teatraluri
cxovrebis pirveli etapi iwyeba. 1921 wlis 17 Tebervals is
pirvelad gamovida scenaze patara usityvo roliT. es iyo anri de
renes piesa `sganarelis eWvi”.
24 wlis asakSi antonen arto sacxovreblad parizSi gadavida.
mas surda gahyoloda mwerlis karieras, ramdenime poema Jurnal
`frangul novela reviuSic” gaagzavna, magram misi nawarmoebebi
gamomcemelma Jak riveram17 daiwuna.
amis Semdeg arto Sarl diulenis dasis wevri xdeba. am dasSi
man msaxiobi qali, Jenika atanasiu gaicno, romelmac didi roli
iTamaSa reJisoris cxovrebaSi. antonen artos, rogorc msaxiobis,
scenografisa da kostiumebis mxatvris niWi S. diulenis dasSi
gaixsna. 1922 wels man molieris `ZunwSi” anselmis roli iTamaSa,
mavrebis mefe galvanis roli _ aleqsandra arnus piesaSi `mariano
da galvani”, sotines roli _ reniaris piesaSi `gayra”. artom
mxatvrulad gaaforma speqtakli `mariano da galvani” da aseve
17
Jak riviera _ (Jacques Riviere) 15.07.1886-14.021925 frangi gamomcemeli, iyo La
Nouvelle Revue Francaise – s gamomcemeli 1919 wlidan sicocxlis bolomde.
19
lope de ruedas intermedia `zeTisxili”. imave wlis zafxulSi
Sedga premiera pedro kalderonis piesisa `cxovreba sizmaria”. is
iyo speqtaklis mxatvari da poloneTis mefis – basilios rolis
Semsrulebeli. princ sixizmundos rols TamaSobda S. diuleni,
estrelas rols _ Jenika atanasiu.
1922 wlis zafxulSi, marselSi Semdgar koloniur gamofenaze
a. artom udidesi STabeWdileba miiRo kambojeli mocekvaveebis
speqtaklebisagan, romlebic specialurad aSenebul scenaze
TamaSdeboda da romelTa zegavlena mis mTels Semdgom
Semoqmedebaze aisaxa. kambojeli mockvaveebisaTvis specialurad
agebuli scena-nageboba XIIs-Si, ankoraSi arsebuli taZris
rekonstruqcias warmoadgenda. am momentidan reJisori iwyebs
aRmosavluri Teatris Seswavlas. amave wlis Semodgomaze S.
diulenis dasma daikava Senoba monmartze da `atelie” dairqva (am
TeatrSi aseve moRvaweobda qarTveli reJisori vasil
yuSitaSvili.) a. artos Sesrulebis manera nel-nela scildeboda
diuleniseul CarCoebsa da Teatralur esTetikas. pirandelos
`keTilismyofelTa siamovneba”-Si arto direqtorTa sabWos wevrs
TamaSobda. scenaze is Cinuri klasikuri Teatris grimiT gamovida.
S. diulenisTvis, romelic stilisturi erTianobisken iswrafoda,
Tanamedrove evropuli komediis xerxebisa da aRmosavluri
Teatris stilistikis gaerTianeba dauSvebeli iyo. aleqsandra
arnus piesaSi `giiom de borlo” (romelic rainduli eposis
motivebze iyo Seqmnili), artom iTamaSa karlos didis roli. is
cdilobda Tavisi gmiris ormagi gardasaxvis demonstrirebas.
amisTvis msaxiobi repeticiis dros scenaze oTxiT gamovida da
taxtisken gaforTxda. S. diulenisTvis aseTi epataJuri
stilistika kategoriulad ucxo iyo, am istoriam artos mier
Teatris datoveba ganapiroba.
arto Sinagani simbolos garegani gamoxatvisTvis iRwvoda.
atelieSi mis mier Sesrulebuli e.w. didi roli iyo tiresia
sofokles `antigoneSi”, romelic Jan koktom gadaakeTa. speqtakli
20
daidga 1922 wlis dekemberSi. mTavar rolSi iyo Jenika atanasiu,
kreons Sarl diuleni ganasaxierebda. dekoracia Seqmna pablo
pikasom, kostiumebi _ koko Sanelma, musika _ artur onegerma.
diulenisgan wamosvlis Semdeg, arto komedi de Sane-elizeSi
JorJ pitoefTan aRmoCnda. es moxda 1923 wlis aprilSi. erT
weliwadSi artom am TeatrSi iTamaSa sufliori l. pirandelos
`eqvsi personaJi avtoris ZiebaSi”, klouni jeksoni l. andreevis
speqtaklSi `is, vinc iRebs panRurs”, roboti k. Capekis speqtaklSi
`RUR”. es bolo dadgma feodor komisarJevskim ganaxorciela.
didi reJisori dainteresebuli iyo siurealizmiT da am
axali mimdinareobis erT-erTi aqtiuri wevri iyo. siurealistebs
Semoqmedebis avtomaturobis kvleva, sizmrebis Cawera da yvela im
movlenis Seswavla surdaT, rac racionalizms upirispirdeboda.
maT undodaT maTi siRrmiseuli `medan” wamosul impulsebs,
Sinaarsebsa da formebs Caswvdomodnen. artos surda Sexeboda da
gamoeyenebina qvecnobieri `moazrovne” energia. is aracnobierSi
eZiebda axal formebs. misi ganmartebiT, namdvili Teatraluri
piesa mosvenebas ukargavda gonebas, aTavisuflebda qvecnobiers da
is ajanyebamde mihyavda. artos poeziis arsis povna surda, is
eZebda poezias formisa da teqstis gareSe. arto ambobda, rom
Teatrisa da poeziis saTave anarqia iyo da wesrigiT xelovneba
ver Seiqmneboda.
1925 wlis maisSi antonen artom sareJisoro moRvaweoba
daiwyo da Teatr `vie kalambierSi~ siurealist lui aragonis
piesa `kedelTan” dadga. 1924 wels is gaxda siurealizmis
TeoretikosTa lideri da andre bretonis damxmare. 1920-ianebSi a.
bretonma Seqmna xelovnebis mimarTuleba, romelic iyo memkvidre
futuristebisa da dadaistebis. TviTon sityva `siurealizmi”
Semoitana giiom apolinerma 1917 wels, Tavisi dramis `tiresias
ZuZuebis“ Seqmnis meTodis gansazRvrisaTvis.
1923 wels gamovida artos leqsebis pirveli krebuli
saxelwodebiT `zeciuri trik-traki”. am dros man daiwyo Tavisi
21
Jurnalis `bilbokes” gamocemac (sul 2 nomeri gamovida). 1925 wels
man gamosca 2 poeturi krebuli `pup limbovi” da `nervometri”.
nakrebSi `pup limbov” daibeWda artos pirveli dramatuli
namuSevari _ piesa-miniatura `sisxliani Sadrevani”. is SeiZleba
siurealisturi literaturis nimuSad CaiTvalos. 1925 wels a.
arto siurealizmSi mTavari figura gaxda. is redaqtorobda
msxvil siurealistur gamocemas `siurealist revolusions”,
xelmZRvanelobda siurealisturi kvlevis biuros, romelic
muSaobda siurealizmis Teoriaze, sizmrebis Canawerebze da
siurealisturi azris fsiqologiur kvlevaze.
reJisori mivida im azramde, rom sityvas ar SeeZlo azris
gamoxatva da mxatvruli nawarmoebis miznebi ar Seesabameboda
garegnuli formebis srulyofis miznebs.
a. arto did interss iCenda axali, kinematografiuli
xelovnebis mimarT. man dawera scenari pirveli siurealisturi
filmisa `zRvis gamoqvabuli da gandegili”, romelic Jermen
dulakma18 gadaiRo. salvador dalim da luis bunuelma, espanuri
siurealizmis `orma gasaRebma~, artos am filmis scenaridan aiRes
replikebi TavianTi filmisTvis `andaluziuri nagazi”. arto aseve
TamaSobda Jan pol maratis rols abel hansis filmSi `napoleoni”
da ber masius rols karl Teodor dreieris19 filmSi `Jana
darkis vnebani”.
1926 wels a. arto dauaxlovda Jan polans, romelmac artos
cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa. J. polani Jak riveras
sikvdilis Semdeg saTaveSi Caudga `nuvel reviu fransezs” da 1926
wlis noemberSi gamoaqveyna pirveli Teatraluri manifesti,
romelsac daarqva axali dasis saxeli `alfred Jari”. es
manifesti uaryofda arsebul Teatrs da aseve kulturis
1 Jermen dulaki _ (Germaine Dulac) 17.11.1882-20.07.1942 frangi kino reJisori da Teoretikosi 2 karl Teodor dreieri _ (Carl Theodor Dreyer) 03.02.1889-20.03.1968 danieli kino-reJisori, misi filmebia `prezidenti” 1919w, `joanis kidobnis vnebani” 1928w, `vampiri” 1932w, `sityva” 1955w, da a.S.
22
gabatonebul formebs. artos TqmiT, Teatri qmnida zerealobas da
ar baZavda arsebul cxovrebas. 1926 wels arto roJe vitrakis
msgavsad andre bretonma siurealistebis rigebidan gaagdo. 1927
wels manifestSi `Ramis Suqze an siurealisturi blefi”, artom
siurealizmis sikvdili gamoacxada.
1926 wels antonen arto robert aronTan da roJe vitrakTan
erTad ayalibebs `alfred Jaris” Teatrs. am Teatrma mxolod 8
speqtakli aCvena. miuxedavad amisa, am mcire istoriis mqone
Teatris mniSvneloba Zalian didi iyo. is piter brukisTvis misabaZ
idealad iqca. piter bruki werda: `siwmindis Ziebisas, arto
absoluts eswrafoda: mas surda Teatri RvTismsaxurebis adgilad
qceuliyo; undoda TeatrSi emuSava xelovnebisaTvis Tavganwirul
msaxiobTa da reJisorTa jgufs, isini mxolod sakuTari bunebis
karnaxiT Seqmnidnen Zaladobis scenuri saxeebis usasrulo jaWvs
da adamianis gonebis iseT Zlier afeTqebas gamoiwvevdnen, aRaravis
mouvidoda azrad isev anekdotebisa da ybedobis Teatrisken
dabruneba.”20. `alfred Jaris” Teatris pirveli speqtaklis
premiera Sedga 1927 wels. speqtakli 3 mcire nawilisgan
Sedgeboda: 1-li iyo artosa da maqs Jakobis musikaluri Canaxati
`damwvari muceli anu SeSlili deda”; me-2-e - maqs robiuris
(robert aroni) `mravalSviliani deda”; me-3 - sami nawyveti roJe
vitrakis filmidan `siyvarulis saidumloeba.” dasis Semadgenloba
mudmivi ar iyo. alfred Jaris TeatrSi muSaobdnen sxva Teatris
msaxiobebi, romelTac mkveTri individualoba hqondaT. maT Soris
iyvnen Jenika atanasiu, tania balaSova, etien dekru _ Semqmneli
pantomimis skolis da Tavisi Teatraluri sistemis, is iyo
maswavlebeli J. l. barosi da m. marsosi - raimon rulo, komedi
fransezis reJisori. 1928 wels dadges pol klodelis `SuadRis
gayris” mesame aqti. am welsve dadges `sizmarTa TamaSi”
strindbergis mixedviT. Teatris meoTxe dadgma ganaxorcieles
3 piter bruki, `carieli sivrce”, Tbilisi, `xelovneba”, 1984w, gv.54.
23
antonen artom da roJe vitrakma, romelic am ukanasknelis
antipatriotuli vodevilis - `viqtori anu bavSvebi xelisuflebis
saTaveSi” mixedviT Seiqmna.
`alfred Jaris” TeatrSi moRvaweobis dros, a. arto
cdilobda TeatrisTvis sakraluroba daebrunebina. ukve am
TeatrSi daiwyo man scenisa da mayurebelTa darbazis sazRvrebis
gauqmeba. am TeatrSi moRvaweobis dros didi frangi reJisori
TanamSromlobda andre JidTan21, artur adamovTan22, pol
vilarisTan23.
1935 wels antonen artom dawera da dadga `CenCis ojaxi”.
speqtaklma komerciuli marcxi ganicada. novatorul dadgmaSi
gamoiyenes axali audioefeqtebi, eleqtronuli instrumenti ondes
martenoti24. speqtaklis mxatvari iyo balTusi25. artos `CenCis
ojaxi” iyo tragedia 4 moqmedebad p. Selisa da stendalis
mixedviT. stendalis qronikebidan reJisorma aiRo dokumenturi
istoria XVIs-is italiel didebulze franCesko CenCze, romelmac
sakuTari qaliSvili gaaupatiura. misi meuRle lukrecia da Tavad
italieli didebuli qaliSvil beatriCes daxmarebiTa da
TanamomanwileobiT moaklvlevines. p. b. Selis romantiul-
tragikuli poemidan artom arsebuli problemis siRrme, saxeebis
sirTule, emociuri simZafre aiRo. es speqtakli daidga foie
vagramis darbazSi, romelic gansazRvruli iyo rogorc
21
andre Jidi _ (Andre Paul Guillaume Gide) 22.12.1869-19.02.1851 frangi avtori, nobelis premiis mflobeli, misi nawarmoebebia: `dedamiwis xili” 1897w, `uzneo” 1902w, `pirdapir karibWea” 1909w, `Tu is mokvdeba” 1926w, da a.S. 22
artur adamovi _ (Arthur Adamov) 23.08. 1908-15.03.1970 rusi dramaturgi. misi piesebi absurdis TeatrisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. misi piesebia: `aRiareba” 1946w, `parodia” 1950w, `SeWra” 1950w, `yvela yvelas winaaRmdeg” 1953w, da a.S. 23
pol vilari _ (Ambroise-Paul-Toussaint-Jules Valery) 30.10.1871-20.07.1945 frangi poeti, eseisti, filosofosi. misi nawarmoebebia: `Selocvebi” 1922w, `leonardo davinCis meTodebis gacnoba” 1895w, da a.S. 24
ondes martenoti _ (Ondes Martenot) eleqtronuli musikaluri instrumenti, romelic gamoigona moris martenotma (14.10.1898-08.10.1980) 1928 wels. is iyo frangi violonCelisti. 25
balTazar klozovski _ (Balthasar Klossowski) 29.02.1908-18.02.2001 polonel-frangi modernisti mxatvari. misi naxatebia: `gitaris gakveTili” 1934w, `SiSveli aweuli mklavebiT” 1951w, da a.S.
24
musikaluri darbazi. iTvleba, rom speqtakli ar gamovida. arto
mizanscenebma gaitaca. naklebad muSaobda msaxiobebTan. premiera 6
maiss Sedga. reJisorma Tavad iTamaSa grafi CenCis roli.
speqtakli sul 17-jer iTamaSes. warumateblobis miuxedavad,
speqtaklma didi gavlena moaxdina mTlianad Teatralur
cxovrebaze. `CenCis ojaxze” muSaobisas roJe bleni reJisoris
damxmare iyo. Semdeg is TviTon gaxda reJisori da absurdis
mravali drama dadga. speqtakl `CenCis~ xmovani gaformeba maRal
doneze iyo Sesrulebuli. JRerda roJe dezormeras originaluri
musika. gamoyenebuli iyo zarebis, manqanis, bunebrivi movlenebis
xma. arto am dadgmiT mixvda, rom man ver ganaxorciela Tavisi
sistema da ideebi.
am warumateblobis Semdeg, frangma reJisorma meqsikaSi
samogzaurod granti miiRo. iq arto aborigenTa kulturas gaecno.
1936 wlis ianvarSi, gamgzavrebamde ramdenime dRiT adre, reJisorma
J. polans Seatyobina im krebulis saboloo saTauri, romelzedac
muSaobda: `Teatri da misi oreuli”. artos azriT Teatris
oreuli iyo cxovreba.
1936 wlis 30 ianvars arto matarebliT Cavida havanaSi da
iqidan mexikoSi gaemgzavra. gazeTebi mas statiebs ukveTavdnen. is
werda kulturaze, Teatrze, sazogadoebaze. kiTxulobda leqciebs
universitetSi. 1936 wlis agvistoSi gaemgzavra siera taraumaraSi,
mTian adgilze, sadac siera taraumaras tomi cxovrobda.
reJisorma monawileoba miiRo indielTa ritualSi. es rituali
efuZneboda da gamoxatavda im mdgomareobas, rasac im
halucinogenuri kaktusis wvenis gamoyeneba iwvevda, romelic
aRniSnul teritoriaze xarobda. mogvianebiT, artom aRwera es
gamocdileba. werili Sesulia krebulSi `taraumara”. arto
amtkicebda rom miswvda cxovrebis azrs da miaRwia Tavisufali
sulis mdgomareobas.
1937 wels reJisori safrangeTSi dabrunda. male man erTi
xeljoxi SeiZina, romelsac mistikur istorias miawerda. is
25
Tvlida, rom es joxi ekuTvnoda ara marto wminda patriks, aramed
lucifersa da ieso qristes.
1937 wlis 14 agvistos arto Cavida irlandiaSi. Semdeg is
gadavida iniSmoris kunZulze. iq mas Zalian gauWirda fizikurad
da matarialurad. man. a. bretons da J. polans daxmareba sTxova.
mogvianebiT, reJisori amtkicebda, rom irlandiaSi wminda graali
ipovna, romelic iq mefe arturma Caitana. irlandiaSi artos
devnis mania gauCnda. dublinSi RamiT monasterSi Separva scada.
policiasTan Cxubis gamo daapatimres da ramdenime dRe
sapatimroSi gaatara. 29 seqtembers arto gavrSi gaemgzavra. gavrSi
Casvlisas igi saavadmyofoSi daawvines, rogorc suliT avadmyofi.
frangi reJisori werda leqsebs Tavis gamogonil enaze,
romelic melodikiT indielebis simRerebs hgavda. germaneli
nacistebis Semosvlis Semdeg, megobrebma a. adamovma, J. l. barom,
p. eluarma, r. desnosma arto, samxreT safrangeTis, qalaq rodezis
fsiqiatriul klinikaSi gadaiyvanes. es qalaqi ar iyo
okupirebuli. saavadmyofos xelmZRvanelobda fsiqiatri da
literatori gaston ferderi. is mixvda, rom reJisori giJi ar iyo
da halucinaciebiT itanjeboda. aseTi tipis Sizofrenias g. federi
parafrenias eZaxda. artos Tavisi oTaxi hqonda da Tavisufali
gadaadgilebis uflebiT sargeblobda. eswreboda saeklesio
RvTismsaxurebas. mas saSualeba hqonda ekiTxa, emuSava
literaturaSi, eTargmna inglisuridan (ZiriTadad Targmnida
edgar posa da luis kerols). aseve daxata ramdenime gasaocari
portreti. eqimma g. ferderma artos mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaSi
didi wvlili Seitana. am periodSi dawerili werilebis nawili
1946 wlis aprilSi gamoqveynda krebulSi saTauriT `werilebi
rodezidan”.
1938 wels gamovida frangi Teatris reformatoris wigni
`Teatri da misi oreuli”, misi yvelaze mniSvnelovani namuSevari.
wignSi Sevida `sisastikis Teatris” manifestebi, romlebic
avtoris artistuli Sexedulebebis gagebas aadvileben. avtorma
26
amis Sesaxeb ramdenime wlis Semdeg Seityo da Tavisi dabeWdili
wigni pirvelad 1945 wlis ianvarSi naxa. es iyo meore gamocema. eJi
grotovski _ didi poloneli reJisori _ artos Ziebebsa da
eqsperimentebze werda: `artom gaakeTa swori dakvirveba, rom
rogorc aTletis, aseve msaxiobis sxeulSi arsebobs reaqciebis
mmarTveli raRac centri, mowodebuli gamoxatos fsiqikuri
moqmedeba organizmis saSualebiT”26. artos esem `grZnobadi
aTletizmi” didi gavlena moaxdina J. l. baroze da misi
samsaxiobo TamaSis Teoriis ganviTarebaze. es ese efuZneboda
kabalis swavlebas. arto aviTarebda sunTqvisa da gamomxatveli
teqnikebis principebs, romlebic mas saSualebas aZlevda Seeqmna
erTiani rTuli sistemis safuZveli, romelSic TiToeuli sunTqvis
saxe ZiriTad emociur fers Seesabameboda da Semdeg isini
SeiZleboda usasrulod Secvliliyo uTvalav kombinaciad.
mogzaurobebis dasrulebis Semdeg, artom sicocxlis
darCenili wlebis udidesi nawili fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoebSi
gaatara. is iq agrZelebda weras, qmnida erTgvar magiur
Selocvebs, astronomiul rukebs. 1946 wels megobrebma arto
saavadmyofodan gamoiyvanes da parizSi daabrunes. megobrebma mis
dasaxmareblad moawyes auqcioni p. pikasos, J. brakis, g. arpas, f.
leJes naxatebiT, a. Jidis, t. caras, p. eluaris, J. p. sartris, f.
moriakis wignebiT. Segrovili TanxiT a. artosTvis daiqiraves
fligeli fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofos ivr sur senis ezoSi,
parizis gareubanSi. `sara bernaris” TeatrSi gaimarTa a.
artosadmi miZRvnili benefisi. masze sityviT gamovidnen a.
bretoni, S. diuleni, a. adamovi, J. l. baro. am ukanasknelma
waikiTxa nawyvetebi `CenCis ojaxidan”. beneficiari saRamos ar
eswreboda da misi xmis Canaweri gamoiyenes.
reJisors ukanaskneli Teatraluri Canafiqri gauCnda. mas
surda daedga henrix fon klaistis `pentesilea”. piesa aris
26
eJi grotovski, Tbilisi, `kentavri”, 2008w, gv.51.
27
antikur miTze, aqilevsisa da amazonebis dedoflis siyvarulze,
romelic siyvarulisa da sigiJis, vnebis da Zaladobis tragikul
ambad iqceva. amave dros, a. arto fiqrobda tibetSi mogzaurobaze.
es yvelaferi ver ganxorcielda.
Teatr vie kalambierSi 1947 wlis 13 ianvars moewyo a. artos
saRamo. mas unda waekiTxa poemebi da axali wigni `dabruneba momo
artosi”. marselur Jargonze `momo” SeSlils niSnavs. .darbazi
savse iyo. scenaze reJisori daibna. ar SeeZlo dawerilis
wakiTxva, xma uwydeboda, sityvebi ar ismoda. mas SeeSinda
mosalodneli darbazis siCumis da sakuTari xmis. gadaayirava
magida, dafanta furclebi, is eleqtroSokuli Terapiis seansis
Semdeg gamoRviZebis mdgomareobas gamoxatavda. dabneuloba da
SiSi agresiiT Seicvala, arto veluriviT raRac Jestebs akeTebda,
yviroda. ori saaTi gavida, sanam Zala da xma gamoelia. bolos
scenidan gaiqca. es sisatikis seansi iyo.
mkurnalobis periodSi a. artom van gogis gamofena
daaTvaliera da dawera werili - `van gogi, adamiani mokluli
sazogadoebis mier”. werili parizSi 1947 wels gamoqveynda da
kritikis prizi daimsaxura. amave periodSi dawera `RmerTis
gasamarTleba”, romelic Seafases rogorc antiamerikuli da
antireligiuri movlena. reJisorma radioSi Cawera gadacema
`davasruloT RmerTis samsjavro”. is gamodioda, rogorc axali
musikis avtori. ukravda barabanze, gongze, ksilofonze da sxva
instrumentebze. monawileobas iRebdnen roJe bleni da maria
kazaresi. a. artos teqsti iyo aRviraxsnili, antireligiuri,
epataJuri. is Seuracxhyofda qristianul wes-Cveulebebs. 1948 wlis
4 marts a. arto swor nawlavis kiboTi gardaicvala. bolo dros
tkivilis gasayuCeblad narkotikebs mieZala. arto dakrZales ivr
sur senis sasaflaoze.
eJi grotovski artos Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb werda: `is, rasac
arto gvTavazobs, sabolood dakavSirebulia warmosaxvasTan,
samsaxiobo mowodebis TaviseburebasTan. radganac misi naazrevi
28
imdenad poeturia, rom misgan SeuZlebelia gakeTdes praqtikuli
daskvnebi.”27
'2. sisastikis Teatri
antonen arto Teatris udidesi reformatori iyo. is
upirispirdeboda Tavis Tanamedrove, erT adgilze gayinul,
daStampul Teatrs da cdilobda axali formebi aRmosavlur
Teatrebsa da sanaxaobebSi moeZebna.
gasarTobma speqtaklebma evropuli Teatri CixSi Seiyvana. a.
artos azriT, dasavluri Teatris problema is iyo, rom is
mxolod sityvaze, piesaze iyo mijaWvuli. evropul TeatrSi
yvelaferi rac WeSmaritad Teatraluri iyo da risi gamoxatvac
sityviT ar SeiZleboda, ukana planze iyo gadaweuli.
frangi Teatris reformatoris mosazrebiT, namdvili Teatris
arsi imis sawinaaRmdego iyo, rasac evropul TeatrSi akeTebdnen.
TeatrSi mwerlis diqtatura sufevda da reJisoruli gadawyveta
mTlianad mas emorCileboda. aseT Teatrs didi frangi reJisori
giJis, SeSlilis, antipoetis Teatrs uwodebda. antonen artos
azriT, Teatri teqstisa da realobis proeqcia ar unda yofiliyo.
adamianur-fsiqologiuri Teatri unda Secvliliyo religiur-
mistikuriT. is gmobda am periodis TeatrSi arsebul Stampebs. is
werda: `Tu rame arsebobs eSmakiseuli da dawyevlili, es aris
formebze mijaWveba”28. misi azriT, msaxiobebi funqciurad
dayofilni da daStampulni iyvnen. arsebobdnen artistebi,
romelTaganac scenaze qviTins moiTxovdnen an iseTebi, romelTac
scenaze monologi unda waekiTxaT.
27
eJi grotovski, Tbilisi, `kentavri”, 2008w, gv.50. 28
Антонен Арто, `Театр и его двойник”, с приложением текста `Театр Серафима”, перевод с французского и комментарии Сергея Исаева, `Мартис”, Москва, 1993г, ст.12.
29
antonen artos Zalian kargad esmoda Tanamedroveobisa da
Tanadroulobis mniSvneloba xelovnebisTvis da gansakuTrebiT ki
iseTi universaluri sferosTvis, rogoricaa Teatri. is ambobda,
rom Tu xalxs oidipos mefis Tema aRar aRelvebda, es piesis
brali iyo da ara mayureblis. igive exeboda Teatralur
formebsac da saWiro iyo maTi mudmvi Zieba. brma morCileba ukve
gakeTebulis, mignebulis mimarT, rogori didebulic ar unda
yofiliyo is Tavis droze, Tanamedroveobas aRar gamoadgeboda.
arto werda: `Tu epoqas Teatri aRar ainteresebs da mas zurgi
Seaqcia, es imitom xdeba, rom Teatrma Sewyvita am epoqis
warmodgena”29.
arto Teatrs magiur Zalasa da mniSvnelobas aniWebda. is
werda: `Teatri - es erTaderTi adgilia msoflioSi da Cvens xelT
darCenili ukanaskneli saSualeba, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs
pirdapir mivaRwioT mTlian organizms”30. reJisoris ganmartebiT,
adamiani TeatrSi jer ararsebulis batoni xdeboda da mas
dabadebaSi exmareboda.
frangi reJisori adamianze Teatris zemoqmedebis Zalas Savi
Wiris moqmedebis Zalas utolebda. misi azriT, Teatri Wiris
msgavsad abamda jaWvs arsebulsa da ararsebuls, bunebrivsa da
virtualurs Soris. Wiric da Teatric adamianebs aCvenebdnen
TavianT Tavs iseTad, rogorebic isini sinamdvileSi iyvnen. Wiric,
Teatris msgavsad, xsnida niRbebs, aaSkaravebda tyuils, sisustes,
simdables da aiZulebda adamianebs dapirispirebodnen bedisweras.
Savi WiriT daavadebuli halucinaciebiT iyo Sepyrobili, xolo
msaxiobi _ grZnobebiT. avadmyofi avlenda Tavis TavSi arsebul
mikro pirovnebebs, romelTa arsebobis Sesaxebac mas warmodgena
ar hqonda, xolo msaxiobi am mikro pirovnebebs Tavad qmnida da
warudgenda mayurebels. artos mosazreba emTxveoda italieli
29
Антонен Арто, `Театр и его двойник”, с приложением текста `Театр Серафима”, перевод с французского и комментарии Сергея Исаева, `Мартис”, Москва, 1993г, ст.126. 30
Антонен Арто, `Театр и его двойник”, с приложением текста `Театр Серафима”, перевод с французского и комментарии Сергея Исаева, `Мартис”, Москва, 1993г, ст.88.
30
fsiqologis, roberto asajolis Teorias, romelic ambobda, rom
adamiani qve pirovnebebisgan Sedgeboda. isini erTgvar niRbebs
warmoadgendnen. adamiani maSin grZnobda Tavs kargad da
janmrTelad, roca axerxebda am niRbebis sworad SerCevasa da
gamoyenebas mocemul situaciaSi. adamianSi iyo niRbebis brbo.
a. artom Teatri sawyisebTan, misteriebTan da ritualebTan
daabruna. is did yuradRebasa da mniSvnelobas aniWebda
pirvelyofil kulturas da gansakuTrebiT totemizms. is werda:
`yvelanairi namdvili kultura eyrdnoba velur da pirvelyofil
totemizms. totemizmi moqmedebs rogorc msaxiobi. is moZraobs da
Seqmnilia msaxiobisTvis”31. frangi Teatris reformatori
dainteresebuli iyo Zveli kulturebiT, misteriebiT, ritualebiT.
is specialurad swavlobda druidebis, indielebisa da sxva
xalxTa okultur kulturebs. fsiqikuri problemebis gamo, mas
xmebi esmoda, awuxebda xilvebi, romlebic sakuTar xelovnebaSi
gadahqonda. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, misi xelovneba
vizioneruli iyo, anu xilvebze iyo agebuli.
frangi reJisori werda, rom Zveli xalxebis gaqrobasTan
erTad, ar qreboda maT mier Seqmnili kultura. kulturas ar
hqonda dro da sivrce. is adamianis nervebiviT, zambarasaviT
iWimeboda da aucileblad iCenda Tavs. am energiis Secnobas
miuZRvna man mTeli Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba. mTeli Tavisi
moRvaweobis manZilze is iswrafoda miekvlia scenis sakuTari
enisTvis, romelic grZnobis organoebisken iqneboda mimarTuli,
romelic Jestsa da azrs Soris Sua gzaze iarsebebda. didi
reJisori miiCnevda, rom sityvier enas adgili unda daeTmo
niSnebis enisTvis, radgan es ukanaskneli, Tavisi xasiaTidan
gamomdinare, uSualod zemoqmedebda mayurbelze.
a. arto reJisoris SesaZleblobebs ufro Sors swevda. is
werda: `reJisoruli dadgma ufro didi xarisxiT warmoadgens
31
Антонен Арто, `Театр и его двойник”, с приложением текста `Театр Серафима”, перевод с французского и комментарии Сергея Исаева, `Мартис”, Москва, 1993г, ст.9.
31
Teatrs, vidre nebismieri dawerili Tu wakiTxuli piesa“32.
Teatris mTavar miznad reJisori miTebis Seqmnas miiCnevda. is
Tvlida, rom poezia da mecniereba TeatrSi unda SeerTebuliyvnen.
mas miaCnda rom yvela emocias hqonda organuli fuZe da am fuZis
gaRizianebiT xdeboda grZnobis gamowveva. misi es mosazreba
exmianeboda k. stanislavskis qmediTi analizis meTods.
antonen artoze didi gavlena moaxdina balis Teatris
warmodgenis naxvam, romelic parizSi gastrolebiT iyo Casuli
1931 wels. balis Teatri anu baliuri cekva esaa sanaxaoba
mravalricxovani SemsruleblebiT, romlebic erovnul
kostiumebSi arian gamowyobilni. am Teatralizirebuli sanaxaobis
saerTo azri efuZneba maradiul oms sikeTesa da borotebas
Soris. yvelaze popularuli cekvaa `keCau~, romelsac mzis
Casvlisas taZar uluvatusTan daaxloebiT 150 mocekvave
asrulebda. isini axdendnen `ramaianas” eposis - siyvarulis am
ukvdavi induri ambis epizodis ilustrirebas. balielebi Teatrs
Tavis maRal mniSvnelobas ubrunebdnen. swored am sanaxaobis
naxvis Semdeg daiwyo a. artom axal formebze fiqri. frangma
reJisorma manamde araferi icoda balis Sesaxeb, romelic erTi
periodi holandiis kolonia iyo. roca man holandiur pavilionSi
balis cekvebi naxa, man is Teatri dainaxa, romlis Seqmnac surda.
misTvis baliuri cekvebi samagaliTo Teatraluri enis gamoxatva
iyo, romelic msaxiobis sxeuls da ara sityvas emyareboda. arto
werda: `aRmosavlur TeatrSi araa sityvieri ena. aris Jestebis,
pozebis, niSnebis ena, romelic moqmedebaSi iseve naTlad
gamoxatavs azrs, rogorc sityvieri ena”33.
a. artom Seqmna `sisastikis Teatri”, romelsac man ori
manifesti miuZRvna. es manifestebi Cven warmodgenas gviqmnian mis
SemoqmedebiT mrwamsze. is miiCnevda, rom Teatris arseboba
32
Антонен Арто, `Театр и его двойник”, с приложением текста `Театр Серафима”, перевод с французского и комментарии Сергея Исаева, `Мартис”, Москва, 1993г, ст.42. 33
Антонен Арто, `Театр и его двойник”, с приложением текста `Театр Серафима”, перевод с французского и комментарии Сергея Исаева, `Мартис”, Москва, 1993г, ст.130.
32
SeuZlebeli iyo sisastikis gareSe, romelic speqtaklis fuZeSive
arsebobda. reJisori werda `erTaderTi rame rac namdvilad
moqmedebs adamianze, es aris sisastike”34.
sisastikeSi arto araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gulisxmobda
sisxls, sadizms da a.S. es iyo misi Teatris metaforuli
formulireba. sisastikis Teatri yuradRebas amaxvilebda masobriv
sanaxaobaze. isini yuradRebas uTmobdnen cnobil gmirebs, saSinel
danaSaulebs, zeadamianur Tavganwirvas. isini apirebdnen cnobili
istoriul da kosmiuri masStabis Temebze koncentrirebas. Teatrs
unda mieca mayureblisTvis yvelaferi is, risi povnac SeiZleboda
siyvarulSi, danaSaulSi, omsa Tu sigiJeSi. frangma reJisorma
kargad icoda, rom scenidan naCvenebi danaSauli adamianisTvis
ufro Semzaravi iyo da zemoqmedebis ufro didi Zala hqonda.
a. arto da misi dasi speqtaklebs cnobili Temebis, faqtebisa
da nawarmoebebis garSemo qmnidnen. sisastikis Teatri dafuZnebuli
iyo pirvel rigSi sanaxaobaze, romelSic dasma Seitana sivrcis
axali aRqma da sivrces yvela xedvis kuTxiT, siRrmiTa da
simaRliT iyenebda. es Teatri daubrunda gamocdil magiur
saSualebebs adamianis grZnobebze zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad.
speqtaklebSi win wamoswies movlenebi da ara adamianebi.
sisastikis TeatrSi mayurebeli da msaxiobebi erT sivrceSi
iyvnen moqceulni. ar arsebobda scenisa da darbazis gamyofi
barieri. speqtakli TamaSdeboda mayureblis garSemo. xmovani da
vizualuri efeqtebi mTel darbazSi vrceldeboda. TeatrSi
daculi iyo simaRlisa da siRrmis gansakuTrebuli proporciebi.
Senobis kedlebi iyo sada, yovelgvari morTulobis gareSe.
mayurebelTa skamebi iatakze damagrebuli ar iyo da mayurebels
SeeZlo sakuTari survilis mixedviT moergo skami. moqmedeba mTel
darbazSi iyo gaSlili. scenaze arsebobda erTi centraluri
adgili, raTa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, moqmedeba am wertilSi
34
Антонен Арто, `Театр и его двойник”, с приложением текста `Театр Серафима”, перевод с французского и комментарии Сергея Исаева, `Мартис”, Москва, 1993г, ст.92.
33
Sekruliyo da Semdeg isev gaSliliyo. didi yuradReba eqceoda
vizualur efeqtebs, wvimisa Tu Weqa-quxilis iluziis Seqmnas.
speqtaklSi didi adgili eTmoboda masiur scenebs. sisastikis
Teatris speqtaklebSi manekens, did niRbebs, uCveulo zomis
sagnebsa da msaxiobs Tanabari mniSvneloba eniWebodaT.
dekoraciis rols sisastikis TeatrSi ieroglifuri
personaJebi asrulebdnen, gamoiyeneboda saritualo kostumebi, 10-
metriani manekenebi, adamianis simaRlis musikaluri instrumentebi
da gaurkveveli daniSnulebis sagnebi.
musikalur gaformebisTvis is miviwyebul Zvel aRmosavlur
instrumentebs iyenebda. zog instruments is Tavad qmnida. aseve
aramusikaluri daniSnulebis sagnebiT frangi reJisori qmnida
sxvadasxva xmaurs. is did mniSvnelobas aniWebda im vibracias,
romelsac es sagnebi gamoscemdnen. misTvis meorexarisxovani iyo
TviTon am musikis Sinaarsobrivi Tu melodiuri mxare.
Teatris reformatori did yuradRebas uTmobda scenis
ganaTebas. is swavlobda sinaTlis zemoqmedebas adamianis sulze,
eZiebda ganaTebis axal xerxebs, axal ferebs. sinaTles unda
Seeqmna mayureblisTvis irealuris, iluziis gancda. sinaTles
unda gadmoeca siTbo, sicive, SiSi, mrisxaneba da a.S.
erTis mxriv, mis TeatrSi msaxiobi pirvelxarisxovani
komponenti iyo _ mis TamaSze iyo damokidebuli speqtaklis
warmateba _ da, amave dros, is iyo meorexarisxovani elementic,
radgan `sisatikis TeatrSi~ artists yvelanairi piradi iniciativa
ekrZaleboda. speqtakli unda yofiliyo mTlianad daSifruli,
TiTqos raRac axal enaze `dawerili”. amis wyalobiT, sanaxaobaSi
ar daikargeboda arcerTi moZraoba da yvela moqmedeba erTian
ritms daeqvemdebareboda.
a. artos Teatralur enaSi sityva Selocvad iyo qceuli. is
iyenebda xmis Sinagan vibraciebs, imeorebda ritmebs, iswrafoda
grZnobaTa ganwmendisken. iyenebda cekvas, mimikas. Teatris
reformatori warmoaCenda da aTavisuflebda Jestis axal
34
lirizms, romelic aRemateboda sityvis lirizms. frangi
reJisoris azriT, Teatrs eWvqveS unda daeyenebina Tavad adamiani,
misi warmodgena realobaze da misi poeturi adgili am realobaSi
anu Teatrs adamianisTvis azrovnebis, sazrisisa da WeSmaritebis
Ziebis biZgi unda mieca.
miuxedavad imisa, rom a. arto uars ambobda warsulis
Sedevrebze, misi negatiuri damokidebuleba istoriul kostiumebze
ar vrceldeboda. is iyenebda kostiumebs, romelTac Tavis droze
ritualuri daniSnuleba hqondaT.
a. arto sisastikeze werda: `sruliad SecdomiT aniWeben
sityva sisastikes sisxliani sisastikis mniSvnelobas da umizezo
miswrafebas fizikuri tkivilis miyenebisaken. sisastike, pirvel
rigSi, gamWvirvalea. es aris raRac magari mimarTulebis msgavsi.
esaa damokidebuleba aucileblobasTan. ar arsebobs sisastike
gacnobierebis gareSe da sindisis gareSe. swored es gacnobiereba
ganaxorcielebs yvela cxovrebiseul moqmedebas, romelsac is
sisxlis fers aniWebs. me viyeneb sityva `sisastikes” sicocxlis
wyurvilis mniSvnelobiT, kosmiuri simkacrisa da mkacri
aucileblobis mniSvnelobiT”35.
misi azriT, Teatrs im yvelafrisTvis unda gaesva xazi, rac
mas teqstisgan, aRwerilobiTi saSualebebisgan ganasxvavebda. Jests
Tavis Teatralur enaSi is mTavar principad miCnevda. Jesti am enis
alfa da omega iyo, romelic Tavis TavSi Selocvis magias
atarebda. mis speqtaklebSi dialogi iqmneboda pirdapir scenaze,
yovelgvari winaswari momzadebis gareSe da dakavSirebuli iyo
scenis sxva sagnebTan, pozebTan, niSnebTan. frangi reJisoris
mizani iyo, rom Teatri kvlav gamxdariyo namdvili cocxali
moqmedeba.
35
Антонен Арто, `Театр и его двойник”, с приложением текста `Театр Серафима”, перевод с французского и комментарии Сергея Исаева, `Мартис”, Москва, 1993г, ст.111.
35
Tavi III
aRmosavluri Teatris elementebis Zieba-gamoyeneba
piter brukis mier
piter stefan pol bruki daibada 1925 wlis 21 marts,
londonSi. misi mSoblebi, saimon bruki da ida ianseni, ebraeli
emigrantebi iyvnen. p. brukma ganaTleba greSemis skolaSi da
oqsfordis magdalenas kolejSi miiRo. Tavisi pirveli speqtakli
`doqtori faustusi” dadga 1943 wels, londonSi, TeatrSi
`CiraRdani”. amas 1945 wels mohyva Santekleris TeatrSi ganaxleba
speqtaklisa `jojoxeTuri manqana”. 1947 wels p. bruki straTford
eivonSi damxmare reJisorad speqtaklze `romeo da julieta” da
`siyvarulis uSedego Sroma” wavida. 1950-ianebSi man ukve
popularoba da reputacia moipova. is speqtaklebSi akavebda iseT
msaxiobebs, rogorebic iyvnen: l. olivie, p. skofldi... is dgamda
uiliam Seqspirs, JanNanuis, tomas eliots, qristofer frais,
fridrix diurenmantsa da Jan Jenes. is cnobilia Tavisi
speqtaklebiT: `mefe liri” (1962 w.), `marat sadi” (1964 w.),
`zafxulis Ramis sizmari” (1970 w.), `mahabxarata” (1985 w.)...
1947-50 wlebSi, is iyo xelmZRvaneli kovent garden operis da
dadgmuli hqonda speqtaklebi: Jan anuis `beWedi mTvaris garSemo”,
qristofer frais `wyvdiadSi sakmao sinaTlea”, jon vitingis `peni
simRerisTvis”. maT Soris iyo winaaRmdegobrivi speqtakli
Strausis `salomea”. dekoracia gaakeTa salvador dalim. am
speqtaklis gamo reJisori gauSves kovent gardenis
xelmZRvanelobidan.
p. brukis namuSevrebi e. grotovskis, b. brextis, k. kovicsis, g.
i. gurjievis, e. gordon kregisa da s. devisis TeoriebiTa da
eqsperimentebiT iyo STagonebuli. is avangards Tavisi karierisa
da Semoqmedebis gvian periodSi daukavSirda. meore msoflio omis
36
Semdeg cnobili gaxda Tavisi brwyinvale, sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli Seqspiriseuli speqtaklebiT.
1950-ianebis adreul wlebSi, J. anuim da q. fraim irwmunes da
Tavidan gaecnen poezias naturalistur Tanamedrove TeatrSi. J.
anuis da J. koktos gavleniT mivida p. bruki Teatris araverbalur
poeturobamde, usityvo Teatris poeziis koncefciamde. am TeatrSi
scenebi ise iyo erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, rogorc leqsSi
sityvebi. aseTi idea da koncefcia analogiuria J. l. baros
idealisa `totaluri Teatri”. p. brukis kavSiri J. l. barosTan
TvalnaTelia. am ukanasknelma daiwyo Tavisi `xalxTa Teatri”,
rogorc logikuri gagrZeleba Tavisi totaluri Teatrisa. is am
Teatrs xedavda Sexvedris adgilad, sadac tradiciebi Soreuli
aRmosavleTisa _ bunraku, no, kabuki _ Tanamedrove eqsperimentebs
SeiZleboda Serwymoda da gaemravalferovnebina isini. orive
misdevda avangardis Teatris kvlevas da Tan agrZelebda klasikur
nawarmoebebze muSaobas. p. bruki daubrunda u. Seqspirs, a. Cexovs,
operas _ bizes `karmeni”. amave dros is eZebda miTiur Teatrs,
romelic dramas Tavis sawyis fesvebTan daabrunebda. orive
reJisori uaryofda Teatralur status qvos, rogorc
`kulturuli nagvis grovas~. p. bruki aseve uaryofs naturalizms,
yvela reJimis mier miRebul, aRiarebul xelovnebis Janrs.
1950-ianebSi bruks pirobiTobis zRvris dangrevas
abralebdnen. am periodSi brukma dadga `skandaluri” amerikuli
piesebi, rogorebicaa a. mileris `xedi xididan” (cnobili
homoseqsualuri kocniT), t. viliamsis sisxlis aRrevis motivebiT
gajerebuli provokaciuli `kata gaxurebul Tunuqis saxuravze”.
reJisorze didi gavlena moaxdina antonen artos namuSevrebma
da misma ideebma sisastikis Teatrze. brukma 1964 wlis sezons
`sisastikis Teatris” sezoni uwoda. bruki da misi Tanamoazre,
Carlz marovici, Sokuri efeqtebiT, yviriliT, magiuri
formulebiT, niRbebiT, simboluri gamosaxulebebiTa da
ritualuri kostiumebiT, speqtaklSi gansakuTrebuli poeturi
37
viTarebis Seeqmnas, iracionaluri transcedenturi gamocdilebis
miRwevas cdilobdnen. sicxisa da sicivis SegrZnebebis
aRZvrisaTvis, isini ganaTebis cvlilebas iyenebdnen. maT surdaT
sxvadsxva moqmedeba sxvadsxva adgilas warmoedginaT, wyvetili
fizikuri ritmebi SeeqmnaT, romelTa kulminacia moZraobis
pulsacias gahyveboda. gansakuTrebuli atmosferos Sesaqmnelad
isini yvelasaTvis nacnobi da erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo
movlenebis, SegrZnebebis, mdgomareobebisa da faqtorebis
gamoyenebas cdilobdnen.
C. marovici piter vaisis piesis mixedviT `marat sads”
artosTan mistikurad dakavSirebulad Tvlida. artom aramarto
daimowma de sadi Tavis `sisastikis” ganmartebaSi, aramed Tavadve
iTamaSa sadis roli abel hansis filmSi `napoleoni”. brukma
vaisis `marat sadis” dadgmisas yuradReba gaamaxvila teqstis.
`artoseul~ aspeqtze. speqtaklze muSaobisas, rogorc
mosamzadebeli periodis nawili, msaxiobTa jgufs reJisor Jan
rouqis dokumenturi filmi aCvenes. filmi nigeriul sakulto
ritualebs asaxavda. am ritualis monawileebi `veluri sigiJis~
ukidures mdgomareobas aRwevdnen. es faqti primitivizmisadmi
reJisoris interesis maCvenebelia. speqtaklze fsiqiurad
daavadebuli avadmyofebi wina rigebSi moaTavses. samsaxiobo
TamaSi paTologiur simptomebs Seicavda. is sxvadasxa sneulebiT
daavadebulebs asaxavda. es egzotikurobis groteskuli forma iyo.
is enaTesaveboda artoseul sigiJes da exmianeboda sxvadasxva
avangarduli xelovanebis mier sigiJed miCneul mdgomareobebs.
sagiJeTis xateba moqmedebaSi mTavari iyo. aCvenebdnen sads - Tu
rogor awyobda is Tavis sakuTar garTobas, mis urcxv da
konvulsiur isterias, is mayurebelSi gadavardniT imuqreboda da
a.S. personaJis giJuri moqmedebebi mxolod scenis mmarTvelis
SemosvliT Cerdeboda. es speqtakls mayureblisTvis fsiqoTerapiis
38
sastik saxed aqcevda, es iyo LAMDA36–s mier ganxorcielebuli
eqsperimenti mayurebelTan urTierTobaze. mayureblebi xan
moqmedebis arealis SuaSi eqceodnen, xan ki msaxiobebs ucvlidnen
adgilebs.
igive teqnika gamoiyenes speqtaklSi `US“ (1966w.). speqtakli
aCvenebda omiT damaxinjebul vietnams. msaxiobebs Tavebi qaRaldis
CanTebiT hqondaT dafaruli. borZikiTa da kvnesiT dadiodnen
mayureblebs Soris da daxmarebas iTxovdnen. es speqtakli
simbolizmisa da politikuri aqtualobis warumatebel aRrevad
miiCnies da ramdenime warmodgenis Semdeg akrZales. miuxedavad
amisa, speqtaklma zustad gamoxata is idea, razec iyo
koncentrirebuli. is iyo Tavdasxma TviTkmayofil, komfortiT
uzrunvelyofil, omSi armyof britanul sazogadoebaze. `US“ iyo
gajerebuli `sisastikiT~.
p. brukis miswrafeba gamartivebisa da esTetizmisken, enis
farglebs miRma gasvlisa da mayureblis moqmedebasTan
dasakavSireblad ufro swori gzebis Ziebis mcdeloba, pirobiTi
dramis zogierT SesaniSnav interpretaciaSi gamoCnda. amis
magaliTia brukis speqtakli `zafxulis Ramis sizmari” (1970w.),
romelic man Seqspiris samefo TeatrSi dadga. am speqtaklma, sxva
saTeatro eqsperimentebTan erTad, aseve moamzada tramplini
ritualuri Teatris ZiebisTvis. bruki msaxiobebs intensiurad
amecadinebda improvizaciul savarjiSoebSi da cdilobda
Seecvala an gaeZlierebina Tavdapirveli impulsebi, romlebic ido
fizikuri moZraobis centrSi. is cdilobda Camoeyalibebina
akrobatikis leqsikoni. es man cirkis esTetikasa da metaforaSi
ganaxorciela. sityvebi xmebamde Semcirda, sapirispiro
personaJebi, samyaroebi da sivrceebi piesaSi erTmaneTs
dauaxlovda, daemsgavsa, Tezevsi, imave dros, oberoni iyo da
ipolita _ titania. hermia iZulebuli xdeboda, rom scenidan
36
LAMDA _ londonis musikisa da dramatuli xelovnebis akademia.
39
mayureblis darbazSi gadasuliyo. bolos msaxiobebi mayureblis
darbazidan gadiodnen. isini damswreebs mimarTavdnen: `momeci Seni
xelebi, Tu Cven megobrebi varT” da mayureblebs xels arTmevdnen.
feriebi moqmedebdnen rogorc scenis muSebi, mohqondaT rekviziti
an qmnidnen garemos SeyvarebulTaTvis da xeebis formas iRebdnen.
yvelaferi akrobatuli da sityvieri moqmedebis sakomunikacio
sivrceSi CaZirvas emsaxureboda. u. Seqspiris poeziis siRrmeebSi
brukma totaluri anarqiisa da veluri mxiarulebis `saidumlo
piesa” gamoaaSkarava, sadac sulebi primitiul simxeces
afrqvevdnen, romelic yvelas Seexo, vinc ki maTTan kontaqtSi
Sevida.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `zafxulis Ramis sizmarSi” p. bruki v.
meierholdisa da komedia del artes, cirkisa da 1960-iani wlebis
radikaluri Teatraluri jgufebis esTetikis safuZvlebs
eyrdnoboda. scena garSemortymuli iyo sami mxriT TeTri
Seulamazebeli kedlebiT, romlebic ori, erTmaneTTan axlos
mdgomi ukana xiluli karebiT iyofoda. tye warmodgenili iyo
Tavisuflad xveuli metalis wkirebiT, romlebic ankesebze iyo
mimagrebuli. frena sruldeboda trapeciebiT, romlebic dabla
eSveboda da maRla iweoda sxvadasxva simaRleze. msaxiobebis
umetesobas kombinizoni ecva. teqsts SenarCunebuli hqonda Tavisi
poeturi Rirebuleba. am ambavma da SemoqmedebiTma fantaziam p.
bruki Tavisi drois erT-erT yvelaze efeqtur da pativsacem
reJisorad aqcia.
`zafxulis Ramis sizmaris” mxatvruli esTetika da
gamocdileba dakavSirebulia reJisoris Semdgom dadgmebTan _
senekas `oidiposTan’ da u. Seqspiris `qariSxalTan”. orive 1968
wels daidga.
personaJebma axali TvalTaxedvis are SeiZines. es are maT
saSualebas aZlevda sicarieleSi daenaxaT. `qariSxalSi”
prosperosa da kalibanis varjiSis scena, personaJebs erTi
pirovnebis or mxared warmoadgenda. speqtakli adamianis bunebis
40
anarqiuli da primitiuli mxaris Ziebad iqca. senekas `oidiposis”
da ara sofokles humanisturi `oidiposis” arCevam xazi gausva
Zaladobisa da cxovrebis iracionalur mxares. oidiposis
mosamzadeblad reJisorma msaxiobebs primitiuli kulturebis
adgilobrivi ritualebis Canawerebi gaacno. man artistebs
mosTxova TavianTi gamoTqmis gansakuTrebuli sunTqviTi meTodiT
modelireba gaekeTebinaT, romelsac ceremonialuri da saritualo
miznebisTvis gamoiyenebdnen. reJisori bevrs laparakobda imaze, Tu
ra iyo oidiposis sawyisi, Cveulebrivi fesvi. es iyo ritmi, xmis
gamoyeneba da agznebis gamowveva. yvela es araCveulebrivad
miesadageboda p. brukis ideas Teatrisa, rogorc ritualisa.
magram maT ar surdaT raime ritualis zusti kopireba, ase rom,
maT TavianTi, sakuTari rituali Seqmnes. daiwyes sunTqviT. am
SemTxvevaSi reJisori gahyva J. l. barosa da rojer blens,
romelTac dadgmuli hqondaT `medea” da `Tieste”. p. brukis
`oidiposs” sisastikis Teatris gansxeulebad miiCneven. man
Tematurad gamoiyena a. artos metafora. speqtakli aigo WiriT
ganadgurebuli qalaqis ambavze. ted hiusis teqsti Tebesa da
vietnamSi sisxlisRvrebs Soris paralels avlebda. erTmaneTs
edareboda Tanamedrove agnosticizmi da senekas romi, sadac
oficialurma religiam adamianebis pirad mrwamsze yvelanairi
gavlena dakarga da religias misticizmisa da naxevrad samecniero
humanizmis nazavi Caenacvla. daskvniTi baqxuri cekva gamoZerwili
iyo maori hakaze, agresiis gamomxatvel ritualze, romelic
simbolurad mtris daSlas asaxavda. saubari sxvadasxva
primitiuli tomis simRerebze iyo awyobili. maT Soris iyo
simRerebi afrikeli Samanebis, tibeteli berebisa da samxreT
amerikeli indielebis. stilizebul emociur gavlenebs Zlieri da
arawesieri sunTqvis ritmiT aRwevdnen. mTavari msaxiobebis
moZraobebi iyo ganyenebuli, Tavisufali grZnobebisa da emociuri
kontaqtisagan.
41
speqtaklis vizualuri saxe ukiduresi ubraloebiT
gamoirCeoda. msaxiobebs ecvaT msubuqi kostiumebi da Savi, mrgval
yeliani jemprebi, isini idgnen carieli oqros kubis SigniT,
romelic iyo scenis SuaSi. kubisgan moqmedebis kulminaciur
momentebSi damabrmavebeli sinaTle irekleboda. es STabeWdileba
sicarielisa protagonistis statiuri uZraobiT iyo
gaZlierebuli. mTavar rolSi iyo jon gilgudi. oidiposis mTeli
oTxgverdiani sityva gadmocemuli iyo erT emblemur moZraobaSi
mklavebis zecisken apyrobiT. es ganyenebuloba kompensirebuli iyo
emociuri xmovani efeqtebiT, romlebic qorodan modioda. gundi
ganlagebuli iyo darbazis mTel perimetrze. isini imeorebdnen
protogonistis sityvebs, raTa eqoseburi simRerebi SeeqmnaT,
romlebic swrafi ritmuli sunTqviT imRereboda da Wiris aRweras
Tan erTvoda. sityvebs ymuiliT usvamdnen xazs. ritualurad
irtyamdnen mkerdSi xels oidiposis mier sakuTari Tavis
dadanaSaulebis dros. LAMDA–s eqsperimentis dros, p. brukma da C.
marovicma aRmoaCines, rom saxis gamometyveleba xmis dawolis
zemoqmedebiT iaponur niRbebs daemsgavsa. oidiposis repeticiebze
savarjiSoebi ganviTarebuli iyo tai kis teqnikiT. simZimis Zalas
iyenebdnen rogorc energiis erTaderT wyaros, rom moZraobis
SemcirebisaTvis mieRwiaT. gamoxatvis Semcireba aucilebel
minimumamde axasiaTebs p. brukis yvela eqsperiments CIRT37-Si.
pirvelad ganzraxva Teatraluri enis kvlevisa, gaCnda
Seqspiris samefo Teatris aRmosavleT evropaSi gastrolebis
dros, sadac `liri” aCvenes. mayurebels inglisuri saerTod ar
esmoda. p. brukma SeniSna, rom kulturuli an lingvisturi
konteqstebi moqmedeben rogorc barierebi da Rrma universaluri
donis komunikacias aferxeben. man gadawyvita da daiwyo
gamokvleva im pirobebisa da mdgomareobebis, romliTac Teatrs
pirdapir SeeZlo saubari. mas gauCnda kiTxva, ra pirobebia saWiro,
37
CIRT_Teatraluri kvlevis saerTaSoriso centri.
42
raTa is, rac xdeba Teatralur gamocdilebaSi, rac aRmocendeba
msaxiobSi, miRebul da gagebul iqnas mayureblis mier
gaziarebuli kulturuli niSnebisa da simboloebis daxmarebis
gareSe. swored am amocanam ganapiroba p. brukis dasis
saerTaSoriso Semadgenloba. am dasSi Sediodnen msaxiobebi
iaponiidan, afrikidan, sparseTidan, espaneTidan, safrangeTidan,
britaneTidan da aSS-dan. es iyo aseve mizezi maTi afrikaSi
mogzaurobisa. eZebdnen mayurebels, romelsac Txrobis gaazreba
aklda. es niSnavda komunikaciis tradiciuli prioritetebis ukan
daxevas, meoradi elementebis - Jestis, tonis, xmis dinamikis an
moZraobis mniSvnelobisa da datvirTvis amaRlebas, rac
gamomsaxvelobiT eqspresias zrdis. p. bruki aqcents akeTebda
individualuri msaxiobis jgufSi integrirebaze. is fiqrobda, rom
eqspresiuli formebi, Seqmnili koleqtivis mier,
daupirispirdeboda arqetipebis universalurobas. amis ukan idga
naxevrad mistiuri rwmena sxeulis metafizikuri mniSvnelobisa,
rogorc `organuli fesvis”, rac aerTianebs yvela adamians.
maTi muSaoba efuZneboda im faqts, rom adamianis
gamocdilebis zogierTi siRrmiseuli mxare SeiZleba gamoCndes
xmaurebiT da adamianis sxeulis moZraobiT. es aris gza, romelic
arxevs da axmianebs erTsa da imave sims nebismier damkvirvebelSi,
miuxedavad misi kulturuli da rasuli mdgomareobisa. sxeuli
iqceva samuSao wyarod da masalad. p. brukma koncentrireba
gaakeTa e.w. `damarxul~ Temebze - socialur eqsploataciaze,
Zaladobaze, incestze, seqsualurobasa da revoluciaze da aqcia
isini adamianis gamTlianebuli mdgomareobis gamomsaxvel
universalur formulebad.
`qariSxalSi” carieli scena mayurebelTa darbazis SuaSi
moawyves. zogi mravaldonian cvalebad ficarnagze ijda,
romelsac win miaqanebdnen da romelzec msaxiobebi Zvrebodnen,
qanaobdnen da rTul gimnastikur varjiSebs akeTebdnen.
mayureblebs aseve ubiZgebdnen, rom Sereodnen msaxiobebs TamaSis
43
teqnikis `daxurul situaciebSi~. dasawyisSi ori msaxiobi `sarkis”
savarjiSos asrulebda. isini erTmaneTs uyurebdnen da erTmaneTis
moZraobebs imeorebdnen. aman artistsa da damkvirevebels
unikaluri komunikaciisa da ukureaqciis saxe Seuqmna. yoveli
moqmedeba iwvevda sapasuxo reaqcias, rac Semdeg aseve iwvevda
momdevno moqmedebas. kulminaciuri iyo masiuri scena
gadayiravebul piramidaze, romelic prosperos wabilwuli
sxeuliT Seiqmna, es iyo fskeris mwvervali da gamarjvebuli
kalibani idga TavSi.
LAMDA–s eqsperimenti iyo `hamletis kolaJi”, sadac C.
marovicma scada piesa Signidan gaexsna, rogorc montaJi dialogis
frangmentebisa da wyvetili scenebis. es hgavda J. renes an f.
triufos filmis struqturas Tavisi wyvetili montaJiT, axlo
kadriTa da neli gaxsniT. es aseve hgavda disonansebs arnold
Sonbergis musikaSi. C. marovicis mizani iyo adamianis fsiqikis
eqspresionistuli suraTi Seeqmna. es speqtakli varaudobda, rom
hamletis `laqa~ yvelas koleqtiur aracnobierSi arsebobda.
lingvisturma eqsperimentebma kulminacias 1971 wlis
festivalze, persepolisSi miaRwia, speqtaklSi `orgasti”. orgasti
Teatris kvlevis saerTaSoriso jgufis pirveli sajaro
warmodgena iyo. jgufTan muSaobisas ted hiusma specialuri ena
Seqmna. xelovnurad Seqmnili sityva `orgasti” miznad isaxavda,
rom xazi gaesva piesis Sinaarsisa da formis organuli
erTianobisTvis. es ena ar iyo Seqmnili mxolod imisTvis, rom
aerekla naxevrad barbarosuli samyaros mgrZnobeloba. is aseve
gamiznuli iyo magiuri zegavlena moexdina msmenelis mentalur
mdgomareobaze instinqtur doneze. xmebs misces specifikuri
emociuri datvirTva da sityvebi intuiciuri teqnikiT moigones
imisTvis, rom Tavidan aecilebinaT is, rasac t. hiusi eZaxda
butbuta gaugebar metyvelebas. isini eZebdnen enas, romelic aris
Rrmad, cnobierebis doneebis qveS. ganzraxva iyo SeeqmnaT
erTianoba xmebis, rasac eqneboda fizikuri moqmedebis statusi da
44
daeqvemdebareboda gaSifvras inteleqtualuri analiziT. 2000-ze
meti sityva Seiqmna da yvelas hqonda semantikuri mniSvneloba da
SesaZlebeli iyo sxva enaze Targmniliyo. bevri sityvis fuZe
gamosaxavda fiziologiur cnebebs. GR_Wama, KR_STanTqma,
ULL_gadaylapva. ufro ganyenebuli sagnebi gamoxatuli iyo
narevebiT, rogoricaa BULLORGA (ULL_STanTqma, ORG_sicocxle)
rac niSnavda sibneles da KROGON, rac niSnavda damangrevel
princips. orgasti Zalian hgavda adreul dadaistur eqsperimentebs
Tavisi plastiuri xmebiT, rac wamovida siurealistebis
interesidan avtomaturi werisadmi, rogorc pirdapiri
qvecnobieris gamoxatulebisa.
TviTon sityva orgasti t. hiusma Seqmna aRsaniSnad yofierebis
cecxlis, metaforulad _ mze. (ORG_sicocxlis, yofierebis
aRsaniSnad, GHAST_sulebis alis aRsaniSnad). masalad avtorma
aiRo Seqmnis miTi, romelic Sedgeboda promeTeosis legendebidan,
kronosis mier Tavisi Svilebis Caylapvisgan, heliosisa da
zoroasteris kultebisgan. masSi iyo aseve kavSirebi da pasaJebi
esqiles `mijaWvul promeTesTan” da `sparselebTan.” masSi aseve
gamoyenebuli iyo senekas `Tieste” da `SeSlili herkulesi”, iyo
nawilebi avestadan38. t. hiusi cdilobda dabruneboda enis
safuZvlebs. es kolaJi miTiuri masalisa, iyo mcdeloba Tavidan
aRmoeCina miTis universaluri safuZveli damarxuli
mracalricxovani arqetipebis rigis qveS.
orgastis Temebia udanaSauloTa xocva-Jleta, Svilis mamis
mier datyveveba, gaTavisuflebis Zieba SurisZiebis gziT, tiranis
mier Tavisi Svilebis ganadgureba da Tavisuflebis Zieba codnis
saSualebiT. eseni aisaxa zoroasteris himnebSi, promeTeosis
ambebSi, herkulesis ambebSi, p. kalderonis `cxovreba sizmariaSi”,
sparsul legendebSi da sxva wyaroebSi.
38
avesta – zoroastrelebis wminda teqstebis krebuli, Zveli iranuli literaturis uadresi Zegli, avsetur enaze dawerili, enaze, romelic sxvagab arsad ar aris dadasturebuli.
45
p. brukis interesi promeTeosis miTisadmi 1965 wlidan
gaizarda, roca man Sesamowmeblad miiRo robert lovelis mier
Targmnili esqiles piesa.
miuxedavad vokaluri aqcentis cxovelur musikaze gadatanisa,
t. hiusis teqsti da gundi agebuli iyo rogorc reqviemi, erTi xma,
adioda godebis maRal tonalobaSi da Tan axlda dakvriTi
ritmebi dolebsa da metalis sayvirebze. personaJebi sakmaod
kargad iyvnen gansazRvrulni.
speqtaklis pirveli nawili sulebis samyaroSi mimdinareobda.
iTamaSes atarqserqses samarxSi, cariel terasaze. mis win Canda
persepolisis nangrevebi. gamoiyenes avesta - ceremoniuli ena didi
xnis mkvdari mefisa da religiis. yvelaferi iZleoda
ritualurobis gancdas. meore nawili xdeboda mkvdarTa samefoSi,
naqSe-rostamis siaxloves39, sadac oTxi imperatoris qalaqia
gamoWrili. bunebrivi ganaTebisTvis cecxlis gamoyenebas, alis
burTs, dakidebuls promeTeusis win, romelic iyo mijaWvuli
maRal kldeze da CiraRdnebs, romlebsac msaxiobebi daatarebdnen,
simboluri Zala hqondaT. pirvel nawilSi krogonis –sibnelis
destruqciuli Zalis mier fuZiseuli Semqmneli cecxlis
daTrgunva xdeboda, romelic RvTaebriv harmonias warmoadgenda.
misi droebiTi daZleva, mzis Casvlisas ZaldatanebiT da
damonebiT xorcieldeboda. meore nawili cikls ganTiadisas mzis
amosvliT asrulebda. amomavali mze kldis ZirSi mdebare
zoroastrul taZars anaTebda, sadac miwisqveSa samyaroSi Casul
herkuless iRebdnen.
orgastSi brukma dasavluri da aRmosavluri miTologiis
sinTezi ganaxorciela. moqmedeba bunebasa da istoriul ZeglebTan
harmoniuli Serwymis gziT viTardeboda. aman `orgasts~
gansakuTrebuli masStaburi mxatvruli gamomsaxveloba da
39
nakSe-rostami – arqeologiuri zona persepolisis CrdiloeTiT, 6 kilometris daSorebiT. aq mdebareobs oTxi didi mefis – dariosis, qserqses, atarqserqsesa da darios II-s kldeSi nakveTi akldamebi.
46
siZliere misca, risi sxvagarad miRweva Zneli iqneboda. `orgasti~
piter brukis ritualuri Teatris gamarTlebad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos. dasavluri da aziuri miTebis kolaJi, ganzraxuli iyo
rogorc siRrmiseuli, `pre-racionaluri~ erTianoba. `orgasti~
iyo erTgvari inteleqtualuri eqsperimenti, romelic xelovnuri
axali miTis Seqmnas isaxavda miznad, Tumca es miTi asociaciur
kavSirSi iyo kacobriobis legendaruli warsulis realur
miTebTan da arqaul religiebTan. speqtaklis kritikosebi
Tvlidnen, rom xelovnurad Seqmnili universaluri ena gaugebari
aRmoCnda da sinamdvileSi komunikaciisTvis barierad iqca. Tumca,
miuxedavad amisa, es albaT XX saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze
masStaburi da saintereso Teatraluri eqsperimenti iyo.
miuxedavad `orgastis~ mimarT mayureblis uaryofiTi
damokidebulebisa, reJisorma Teatri axali mimarTulebiT waiyvana.
es iyo gza auTenturi soflebisaken, iseTi mayureblisaken,
romelsac TeoriaSic ki ar eqneboda winaswari Sexeduleba
dramatuli speqtaklis Sesaxeb. `orgastTan~ erTad dasi ted
hiusis farsul skeCs TamaSobda.
p. bruki eZebda mayurebels, romelsac enaSi saerTod ar
eqneboda sityva `Teatri”. yvela specifikuri kulturuli
pirobiTobisa da simbolizmis uaryofa, sawyisebTan dabruneba im
sanaxaobebis saTaurebSic Cans, romlebic Seiqmna rogorc CarCo
improvizaciisTvis. `yuTis Sou” _ Seicavda suraTebs ted hiusis
leqsebidan. iyo `kaciWamias Sou”, `fexsacmlis Sou” _ romelic
dawera jon heilpernma, jgufis oficialurma mematianem. aseve iyo
`puris Sou” da `xmauris Sou”.
epikuri gamosaxvelobisa da bunebriv garemosTan sinTezis
Ziebam bruki induri eposis - `mahabharatas~ grandiozul
proeqtamde miiyvana. qvis samtexloSi `mahabxaratas” dadgmis dros,
p. bruki bunebis ganumeorebel silamazesa da pirvelqmnilobasTan
Sesaferis erTianobas eZebda. rodesac speqtakli baufSi,
glazgosa da niu-iorkSi Cveulebriv scenaze gadaitanes, reJisorma
47
Tavidan Seqmna sasceno garemo da mas SesaZleblobis farglebSi
`bunebrioba~ mianiWa. scenis iataki qviSiT dafara. scenis ukana
kedeli frialo kldes daamsgavsa (es kedeli ciurixSi speqtaklis
Cvenebisas daadables imisTvis, rom mzis amosvla eCvenebinaT).
ufro metad pirobiTi `mahabxarata” (1985w.) Teatris Zirebis
Ziebis saboloo Sedegi iyo. efeqturad iyo nasesxebi samsaxiobo
teqnika `kathakalidan~ da `no~-dan. eposs dialogis forma misces
da pirvelad, rogorc aRvniSneT, RamisTeviT, qvis samtexloSi
iTamaSes. `mahabxarataSi~ aSkara iyo romantiuli xedva, romelmac
dabruneba Teatris miTTan zusti Camoayaliba. mahabxarata sawyis
etapze iyo speqtakli - dResaswauli. is efuZneboda uZveles
(Zv.w.Vs) indur eposs. poema aRwers istoriul omebs Zv.w.-is II
aTaswleulSi (asobiT wliT adre troas dacemamde). p. brukma es
speqtakli RirSesaniSnav namuSevrad miiCnia, romelic mTeli
kacobriobis fuZiseuli warsulis eqos warmoadgenda. induri
xelovneba reJisors Teatris tipologiurad alternatiul
models sTavazobda, romelsac is `orgastidan~ moyolebuli
misdevda. piter brukma da Jan-klod karierma induri poema
ojaxebis istoriamde daiyvanes, romlebic, Tumca axlo
urTierTobaSi iyvnen, magram erTmaneTs samefoebis gulisTvis
anadgurebdnen. ZiriTadi ambis xazi maT minimumade Seamcires. amis
miuxedavad, speqtakli warmoadgenda 9 saaTian maraTons,
moiTxovda 22 msaxiobsa da 6 musikoss. (musikosebi moqmedebaSic
iRebdnen monawileobas) is iwyeboda mzis Casvlisas da `orgastis~
msgavsad, mTavrdeboda ganTiadisas. `mahabharatas~ dadgmis idea
bruks, albaT mas Semdeg gauCnda, rac poemis nawyveti tradiciuli
kathakalis Teatris sanaxaobis saxiT dadgmuli naxa. nawyvets
wiTelsa da oqrosferSi gamowyobili mocekvave asrulebda. am
mocekvave kacis saxe `iyo~ wiTeli da mwvane. misi cxviri TeTri
biliardis burTiviT, misi tuCebidan ori TeTri mTvare (kbilebi)
moCanda, misi warbebi iWmuxneboda da iReboda dolis joxebis
msgavsad. misi TiTebi `warmoTqvamdnen~ ucnaur da daSifrul
48
Setyobinebebs (tradiciuli Jestebis ena). am didebuli mZvinvare
moZraobis miRma, p. bruks SeeZlo daenaxa rom ixsneboda ambavi,
magram ra ambavi? - raRac miTiuri da Soreuli.
is, rasac bruki Tavis dadgmaSi isaxavda miznad, aseve
miTiuri statusi iyo, magram ucxo kulturis barieris gareSe. man
kathakalis msgavsi elementebi SeinarCuna, magaliTad iseTi,
rogoricaa sasuliero piris alisfersaxiani figura. es
sasuliero piri Zlieri momakvdavi meomris garSemo cekvavda.
brukis dadgma efeqtisa da Jestis gasaocari vizualuri
ekonomiurobiT xasiaTdeboda: nacvlad damxrCvali mefis
klakvnisa, erT-erT kuTxeSi alisferi samosi evleboda mdinareSi.
saxe mdidruli didebuli sasaxlisa, Seqmnili iyo xaliCiTa da
baliSebiT, romlebic qviSaze iyo dawyobili. auzSi vercxlis
lambaqebze damagrebuli ramdenime sanTeli tivtivebda. brZolis
mtvrisa da kvamlisTvis msaxiobebi haerSi pudrs afrqvevdnen.
reJisorma ganzrax Camoiyvana miTi adamianis doneze. es aseve
xazgasmulia daweril teqstSi. kriSna, RmerTi romelic am
apokalifsur dapirisprebaSi mTavar rols TamaSobs, kacis saxiT
Cndeba, radgan is kacia. spolosTaviani RmerTi ganeSa, romelic
uyveba biWs (da mayurebels) am maradiul ambavs (`is aris Sen, is
aris cecxli, is aris yvelaferi xilulis guli”) ixsnis niRabs,
rom gaxdes adamiani kriSna. brukis gadawyvetaSi mniSvnelovani
aris is, rom adamianebi da RmerTebi urTierTSenacvlebadni arian,
RvTaeba aris yvela CvenganSi.
warmodgenas Terapiuli xasiaTi hqonda. is sulier cvlilebas
iwvevda TiToeul mayurebelSi, iseve rogorc patara biWSi,
kriSnas moTxrobil ambavs rom ismenda: `me maqvs igive sisxli, me
var RmerTebis STamomavali”. erT-erT mTavar personaJs riCard
Ceslaki TamaSobda, e. grotovskis wamyvani msaxiobi. grotovski
cnobili iyo imiT, rom man miaRwia e.w. transluminaciis efeqts,
romelSic suli kaSkaSebda sxeulis, xorcis miRma.
49
p. brukis SexedulebiT, poemas hqonda ara marto arqetipis,
aramed winaswarmetyvelebis statusi. is iyo prognozi im
ubedurebisa, rac gamoiwvia dasavlurma komercializaciam. am
ubedurebebis magaliTi iyo qalaq bhopalis qimiuri katastrofa da
hiroSimas atomuri ganadgureba. aseTi iyo msoflios perspeqtivis
xedva 1980-ianebis Sua wlebSi da roca erTi personaJi
winaswarmetyvelebda ngrevis epoqas, es gamoxatavda reJisoris
mier Tanamedrove sazogadoebis arsebobis tendenciebisa da
mizanswrafvis uaryofas da am sazogadoebis dangrevamde misvlis
xedvas. `mahabxarataSi” kacobriobas uwevda sakuTari Tavis
ganadgureba personaJebisTvis, raTa maT mieRwiaT samoTxisTvis.
p. bruki da J. karieri adaptaciaze TiTqmis 10 weli
muSaobdnen. speqtakli iyo gamocda `miTis Teatris” da aCvenebda
zogierT Sinagan dinebas _ rogorc praqtikuls ise filosofiurs.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `mahabxarataSi~ brukma dasavluri da
aRmosavluri Teatraluri tradiciis idealur sinTezs miaRwia.
50
Tavi IVB
eJi grotovskis laboratoriuli Ziebebi
XIX_XXss-is mijnisa da XX saukunis avangarduli Teatri
imdroindel sazogadoebas materializmis, pragmatizmisa da
racionalizmis gadametebuli, Warbi gancdis gamo
upirispirdeboda. unda Seqmniliyo alternatiul RirebulebaTa
skala. es pozicia SeimCneva a. strindbergis, p. klodelis, J. Jenes
piesebSi, o. kokoSkas, J. l. baros, p. brukisa da 1970-ianebis
amerikul avangardul jgufTa namuSevrebSi. yvelaze gasaocari
miRwevebi am xaziT ekuTvnis eJi grotovskis, romelsac aqvs
umartivesi gansazRvreba Tavisi miznis _ sazRvris gadakveTa
`Sensa~ da `Cems~ Soris, moZebna iseTi adgilis, sadac urTierToba
SesaZlebelia.
eJi grotovski daibada 1933 wlis 11 agvistos poloneTis
qalaq riaSevSi. misi debiuti Sedga 1958 wels speqtakliT `wvimis
RmerTebi”. am speqtaklSi ukve ikveTeboda reJisoris Tamami
damokidebuleba teqstisadmi. imave wels, Teatris kritikos da
dramaturg ludvig flaSenTan erTad, e. grotovskim qalaq
opoleSi Seqmna `13 rigis Teatri”. iq man daiwyo msaxiobTa jgufis
Camoyalibeba, romelic reJisors Tavisi gansakuTrebuli xedvis
ganxorcielebaSi daexmareboda. am TeatrSive daiwyo man
eqsperimentebi, romelTac mas saSualeba misces msaxiobTan
muSaobis axali meTodebi da gamomsaxvelobis axali formebi
mieRo. misi wvrTnis meTodebi miznad isaxavda msaxiobebisTvis
fsiqologiuri zRudeebis moxsnas. mas surda, rom artistebs
moeSorebinaT da ganeZarcvaT, yoveldRiuri niRbebi, romlebic maT
`garegan~ personas ayalibebdnen. es teqnikebi, fsiqoanalitikuri
Teoriis msgavsad, maT kompleqsebisgan gaTavisuflebisken
miuZRoda. Teoriulad es msaxiobs speqtaklSi Tavisi arsebobis
aucileblobis Cvenebis saSualebas aZlevda. individebs Soris
51
barierebis damsxvrevis paralelurad, barierebi TviT individis
SigniTac imsxvreoda. TviTgamovlenis kulminaciur momentSi,
sulierebis apoTeozSi myofi msaxiobi Tavisi Tavis zRvars
abijebda. es qmnida e.w. transiluminaciis40 efeqts _ roca suli
asxivebda sxeulidan msaxiobis fsiqiuri da sxeulebrivi Zalebis
gaerTianebiT.
e. grotovskis mosazrebiT, adamianis gankerZoebuli
individualuroba zedapiruli da arabunebrivi fenomeni iyo. mas
TeatrSi am xelovnuri garsis miRma SeRweva, namdvili
anTropologiuri arsis manifestacia, aracnobieris fsiqo-
fizikuri reaqciebis gamowveva surda. fsqikis es siRrmiseuli
Sinaarsi iungianur arqetipebs Seesabameboda. am arqetipebis
gamovlena imas niSnavda, rom maT qvecnobieris namdvili
gamoxatuleba ipovnes. msaxiobi miTis cocxal reinkarnaciad
iqceoda. artistebi qmnidnen gansazRvrul saxeebs, imijebs.
magaliTad, msaxiobi Sua moqmedebisas Cerdeboda da kavaleriis
jariskacis pozicias iRebda, rogorc es Zvelad popularul
naxatebSi iyo gamosaxuli. TamaSis es meTodi, avtomaturi
asociacis gziT, Rrmad, koleqtiur aracnobierSi damarxul
saxeebs ixmobda da eqspresionistuli TamaSis meTodsa da stils
hgavda.
grotovskis TeatrSi msaxiobis sxeulis plastikam, mkvTrma
Jestikulaciam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina. sxeulis
gazrdili plastikur-emociuri gamomsaxvelobis fonze saxis
kunTebi gaSeSebuli iyo, adamianis individualuri maxasiaTeblebi
mtkice niRbad gadaqceuliyo. reJisoris Ziebebi da Sexedulebebi
antonen artos mosazrebebs emTxveoda, miuxedavad imisa, rom e.
grotovskim a. artos `Teatri da misi oreuli” mxolod 1964 wels
waikiTxa _ mas Semdeg, rac Tavisi esTetikis ZiriTadi elementebi
40
transiluminacia – sxeulis romelime nawilis ganaTebis meTodi, rac misi struqturuli Semadgenlobis ukeT Seswavlasa da kvlevas uwyobs xels. (samedicino mniSvnelobiT). grotovski transiluminaciis cnebas metaforuli mniSvnelobiT mimarTavda.
52
ukve Camoyalibebuli hqonda. SemdgomSi is erTgvarad `daSorda~
artos da aRniSnavda, rom misTvis mTavari iyo adamiani da ara
kosmiuri transi. albaT swored amitom ganapiroba grotovskis
laboratoriulma Teatrma swored saTeatro anTropologiis
ganviTareba. Tumca, sisatikis Teatris principebTan siaxlove
imdenad aSkara iyo, rom recenzentebis azriT, speqtaklebi
`doqtori faustusi” da `udreki ufliswuli” iyvnen saxe
`sisastikis Teatris”, swored is, risi ganxorcielebac a. artom
Tavad ver SeZlo.
e. grotovskis yvela speqtakli SegviZlia miviCnioT erTi da
imave Temis, sakuTari Tavis sazRvrebis gadalaxvis variaciebad. is
aRwerda mTavar principebs plastikis savarjiSoebisas, romelic
man Tavisi dasis wvrTnisTvis SeimuSava. man fsiqiuri fizikurs im
gziT daukavSira, romelic xels uwyobda aracnobieris
gamokvlevasa da gaTavisuflebas. misi TqmiT, rodesac ambobda _
wadi Seni Tavis miRma, _ is moiTxovda gausaZlis daZabulobasa da
koncentrirebas. reJisorma icoda, rom arsebobda daRlilobis
zusti wertilebi, romlebic amsxvrevdnen gonebis kontrols,
romelic Cven gvboWavda. repeticia ise iyo agebuli, rom gamoewvia
Zalis gamoclis, daqanculobis mdgomareoba, romlis
saSualebiTac msaxiobebs SeeZlebodaT zRvrisTvis gadaebijebinaT.
sazRvrebi, romlebsac Cven vuqmnidiT Cven Tavs, blokavda
qmnadobis kreatiul process.
fizikuri moqmedeba qvecnobieris enaze `iTargmneboda~.
msaxiobi mxolod sakuTari SesaZleblobis anabara iyo
mitovebuli.. e. grotovskis sistema artistisgan fizikuri sxeulis
absolutur kontrols moiTxovda. mas aseve unda ekontrolebina
xma, rom speqtaklis msvlelobisas gardasaxva ar gaWirveboda da
Sesabamisad emoqmeda. reJisors surda, rom msaxiobSi Ziebis
grZnoba da survili gamoemuSavebina, raTa maT TavianTi
SesaZleblobebisTvis gadaemetebinaT da mayurebeli STaegonebinaT.
53
adreul periodSi e. grotovski Teatrs ise aRiqvamda, rogorc
mayureblisTvis gamiznul Ria saRmrTo rituals.
Ziebam reJisori miiyvana musikis, gamomxatveli dekoraciis,
mxatvruli ganaTebis uaryofamde. iyenebda martiv grimsa da
kostiums. gaauqma mTeli garegani atributebi, raTa is elementi
gaefarToebina da gaeZlierebina, rac Teatrs kinosgan da
televiziisgan ganasxvavebda da ris gareSec Teatri ver
iarsebebda. es msaxiobisa da mayureblis pirdapiri cocxali
urTierToba iyo. aseTi urTierToba speqtaklSi mayureblis srul
integracias moiTxovda. sawyis etapze reJisori cdilobda epova
is meTodebi, riTac dramatul moqmedebas mayureblisTvis emociur
garemod gadaaqcevda. 1960 wels man Seamcira fizikuri distancia
msaxiobsa da mayurebels Soris, moxsna barierebi scenasa da
darbazs Soris.
e. grotovskis warmatebul speqtaklTa Sorisaa Jan koktos
`orfeosi”, kalidasas `Sakuntala”, adam mickeviCis `winaprebis
daisi”, stanislav vispianskis `akropolisi”, `kalderonis `udreki
princi~, riCard Ceslakis fenomenaluri SesrulebiT,
`apokalipsi”... `akropolisi~ `Raribi Teatris” principebis pirveli
sruli realizacia iyo. msaxiobebi sakoncetracio banakis tyveebs
ganasaxierebdnen, aSenebdnen krematoriumis Senobas mayureblis
garSemo da Tan TamaSobdnen siuJetebs bibliidan da berZnuli
miTologiidan. amas opoles sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebuli
rezonansi mohyva, radgan ausSvicis sakoncetracio banaki
qalaqidan 60 milis daSorebiT mdebareobda.
`akropolisi” iyo piesa, romelmac didi yuradReba miipyro da
msoflio rezonansi gamoiwvia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am speqtaklma
reJisoris karieras gansakuTrebuli saerTaSoriso piari gauwia.
grotovskis TeatriT mecnierebi da Teatralur moRvaweebi mTels
msoflioSi dainteresdnen. am speqtaklis mayureblebi
gancalkevebiT da qaosurad mTel darbazSi isxdnen. saTamaSo
sivrce scenisa dadarbazis mijnebs ar scnobda. gaauqmes yvela
54
sazRvari da mijna, rom erTi cocxali organizmi SeeqmnaT.
mayurebeli STanTqmuli iyo moqmedebaSi. visac survili hqonda,
speqtaklis kulminaciur momentebSi monawileobas iRebda. piesis
mixedviT moqmedeba krakovis sakaTedro taZarSi TamaSdeboda,
reJisorma moqmedeba ausSvicSi gadaitana. mayureblis fragmentacia
maTi izolirebisTvis iyo gamoyenebuli. msaxiobebi, mayurebelTa
Soris moZraobis dros, maT yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen. fizikurma
siaxlovem paradoqsulad gausva xazi distancias. artistebi iyvnen
usicocxloebi. ganzraxuli iyo, rom SeeqmnaT sizmris
STabeWdileba, romelic moqmedebas aracnobier fsiqikis Sinaarsebs
uaxlovebda. rogorc e. grotovski ambobda, msaxiobebisa da
mayureblebis Sereva xSirad mxolod zrdida fsiqologiur
barierebs. rogorc gamocdileba amtkicebda, mayurebelsa da
msaxiobs Soris sivrceSi daSorebis SeqmniT, erTi yovelTvis
Tavidan aRmoaCenda meoresTan fsiqikur siaxloves. piter brukma am
speqtakls filmi miuZRvna. mas e. grotovskis samuSao procesis
Canawerebi hqonda. p. bruki werda, rom e. grotovskis muSaoba
unikaluri iyo da mas saTanadod ar afasebdnen.
1968 wels Sedga grotovskis debiuti dasavleTSi. misma dasma
edinburgis festivalze stanislav vispianskis `akropolisis~
mixedviT Seqmnili speqtakli warmoadgina. es iyo kidev erTi
warmateba reJisorisa da `Raribi Teatrisa”. imave wels daniaSi
gamovida e. grotovskis wigni `Raribi Teatrisken”, romelic `odin
Teatrma~ gamosca. es iyo e. grotovskis mier da masze dawerili
eseebis krebuli. is im periodis yvelaze mniSvnelovani naSromi
gaxda. wigni inglisur enaze Semdeg wels gamovida, p. brukis
winasityvaobiT. TavianTi muSaobis aRsawerad orive reJisori
TiTqmis erTsa da imave terminebs iyenebda. Tumca is
mimarTulebebi, romlebsac isini misdevdnen, Zalian
gansxvavdebodnen. p. brukma dawera `carieli sivrce”41 da `Zirebis
41
Empty space
55
Teatri”42, e. grotovskim _ `Raribi Teatri”43 da `sawyisebis
Teatri”44. p. brukis interesi iyo aRmoeCina miTologiuri
arqetipebi. e. grotovskis Ziebis obieqti iyo sulieri Terapia. misi
aqcentebi iyo ritualur formebze. is aRiqvamda dramas rogorc
process da ara produqts.
1964 wels opoleSi `13 rigis TeatrSi” e. grotovskim dadga q.
marlos `doqtori faustusi”. zbignev sinkutisi TamaSobda mTavar
rols. reJisorma msaxiobebs ufleba misca sxeuliT gamoesaxaT
sxvadasxva nivTebi. Seqmna intimuri garemo msaxiobebsa da
mayureblebs Soris. es ukanasknelni sami sasadilo magidis
garSemo, xis grZel skamebze isxdnen. es magidebi iyo scenac,
dekoraciac da rekvizitic. roca mayurebeli Semodioda, fausti
ukve ijda Sua magidis TavSi da epatiJeboda maT, rogorc
stumrebs, rom daekavebinaT TavianTi adgilebi. TiTqos es iyo
faustisTvis bolo vaxSami. am vaxSamze saWmlis magivrad faustis
cxovrebis scenebi TamaSdeboda.. e. grotovskiseulma
interpretaciam `doqtori faustis” RmerTi demonur RvTaebad
aqcia, romlis kanonebi iyo maxeebi da ewinaaRmdegeboda eTikas,
moralsa da WeSmaritebas. mefistofeli xdeboda RmerTis agent-
provokatori. man Caicva papis mantia faustis satareblad da
jojoxeTSi wasayvanad. fausti warmodgenili iyo rogorc
wmindani, siwmindis arqetipi. ucodveloba, wmindanoba, romelic,
artoseuli terminiT, gansazRvrulia rogorc absoluturi
survili da ndoma wminda sufTa WeSmaritebis. is SeiZleba
miRweul iqnes mxolod boroti RmerTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebiT.
msaxiobi, romelic fausts TamaSobda, imitom airCies, rom is
fizikurad hgavda wminda sebastianis `arqetipul~ suraTs.
speqtaklis scenebi simbolur niSnebsa da imijebze aigo. iyo
siuJetebi qristes cxovrebidan _ maria magdalinelis sasjelisgan
42
Theatre of roots 43
Poor theatre 44
Theatre of sources
56
gaTavisufleba, taZris gawmenda, papze Seteva. fausti xdeboda
mxsneli ieso qriste adamianSi. suli iyo gandidebuli, xolo
adamiani Semcirebuli da dasuli Tavis cxovelur sawyisebamde.
faustis sxeuli ikrunCxeboda spazmebiT. misi xma tkivilisa da
tanjvis dros daunawevrebel yvirilad iqceoda. is aRar iyo
adamiani. is cxoveli iyo, romelic mZimed sunTqavda.
1965 wels e. grotovskim Tavisi dasi vroclavSi gadaiyvana da
Tavis Teatrs `Teatri-laboratoria” daarqva. maT daiwyes muSaoba
am Teatris yvelaze cnobil speqtaklze `udreki ufliswuli”.
premiera Sedga 1968 wels. speqtakls bevri XXs-is erT-erT yvelaze
mniSvnelovan Teatralur movlenad miiCnevs. mTavar rolSi riCard
Ceslakis TamaSi iyo reJisorisa da msaxiobis TanamSromlobis
srulyofili gamoxatuleba. Tavis erT-erT bolo eseSi e.
grotovski werda, rom sanam mTavari gmiris rolis Semsrulebels
danarCen monawileebs SeuerTebda, is r. CeslakTan
individualurad erT welze metxans muSaobda, rom msaxiobs
rolisaTvis saWiro fizikuri gamomsaxveloba srulyofilebamde
mieyvana. p. kalderonis piesa `udreki ufliswuli” gadaakeTa
polonelma iuliuS slovackim. riCard Ceslaks Tavisi Tavi
fizikuri simrTelis dazianebis zRvramde mihyavda. Sedegi iyo is,
rom suli sxeulidan `anaTebda~. kalderonis piesa portugaliis
princ fernandos istoriul gmirobasa da alJiris dapyrobas
eZRvneba. tyved Cavardnilma fernandom uari Tqva, rom is
qristianebiT dasaxlebul qalaq seutaSi gaecvalaT. uaris gamo
man udidesi tanjva daiTmina da wamebiT aResrula. piesa aris
kvleva imisa, Tu rogor aRwevs adamiani siwmindesa da wmindanobas.
piesa samaradiso da saero Rirebulebebis simbolizirebas axdens.
aq aris dapirispireba suliersa da fizikurs, qristianulsa da
warmarTul samyaroebs Soris. piesis centrSi protogonistis
simamacea moqceuli, romelic naCvenebia mZime gansacdeliT,
degradaciiTa da SimSilobiT. sulieri potencialis sxeulis
gvemiT gamovlena pirdapir ukavSirdeboda sakuTari Tavis
57
sazRvris gadalaxvis grotovskiseul ideasa da teqnikas. teqsti
ufro radikalurad gadaakeTes, vidre `doqtor faustusSi”.
TiTqmis 2/3 amoiRes da personaJebs Soris gadaanawiles. sakvanZo
wertilebSi polonuri liturgiidan fragmentebi Caemata. piesis 14
mTavari roli, romlebsac monebi da samefo karis wevrebi
ematebodnen, 7-mde Semcirda. speqtaklSi sul 6 msaxiobi
TamaSobda. moqmedebis centri feniqss - alJiris princesasa da
fernandos Soris erotiuli urTierToba gaxda. TiTqmis yvela
miTiTeba qalaq seutaze brZolis scenebTan erTad amoiRes. amave
dros, mavri da qristiani personaJebi erT jgufSi gaaerTianes.
gaaTavisfles ra moqmedeba misi istoriuli konteqstidan, is
individsa da sadist, sulierad kastrirebuli sazogadoebas
Soris arqetipul konfliqtad aqcies. aqcenti keTdeboda sam
monologze. TiToeul monologSi r. Ceslaki (princi fernando) .
transiluminaciis maRal dones aRwevda.
speqtakli Svid musikalur `moZraobaze~ iyo agebuli.
`uvertiura” pirveli tusaRis mis mdevrebs damsgavsebis procesis
demonstracias warmoadgenda. es damsgavseba imitom xdeboda
SesaZlebeli, rom tusaRi dapirispirebas daprispirebiT pasuxobda,
Zalas ZaliT ebrZoda. is maTTan sulierebis Tanabar safexurze
idga. fizikuri sikvdilis Semdeg, tusaRs simbolurad
asaWurisebdnen da Tavisi jalaTebis Sav samxedro mosasxamsa da
botebs acmevdnen. igive ver xerxdeboda princis mimarT, radgan
Zaladobas is mxolod pasiurobiTa da sikeTiT pasuxobda. maRali
sulierebis registrs amjobinebda da winaaRmdegobas principulad
ar swevda. speqtaklis am nawilSi koridis elementi Seitanes,
samefo karis moxeleebi imavdroulad xarebi iyvnen. don
fernandos qristes eZaxdnen. amas mohyveboda princis pirveli
`solo” - monologi `mokvdi rwmenisTvis~, romelSic msaxiobi .
transiluminaciis da eqstazis mdgomareobas aRwevda. monologs
mosdevda `rondo”, romelic Sedgeboda menuetisa da polkisgan.
isini erTdroulad warmoadgendnen litaniasa da galobas `kravi
58
RvTisa~ (agnus dei), romelSic sasaxlis kari Tavis mrisxanebas
gamoxatavda. Semdeg modioda meore monologi fizikuri tanjvisa
da Seuracxyofis Temaze, e.w. `alegro”, sadac sasaxlis karis
TiToeuli moxele princs uaxlovdeboda da kbenda. am dros sxvebi
mlocvelebiviT galobdnen. Semdeg ki iyo bolo `solo”,
romelSic princis sxeuls mowowebiTa da gloviT mihyvebodnen,
mis sikvdilsa da msxverpls adidebdnen, kultad aqcevdnen, rac
sxvebs saSualebas aZlevda misi saxeliT momkvdariyvnen.
kulminaciuri transiluminaciis eqstazi fizikur arsebobaze
sulis triumfs warmoadgenda. p. kalderonis gmiri Tavs `nebas
aZlevda~, rom mimdevrebis sulier keTildReobas Seswirvoda.
grotovski-Ceslakis princs ar hqonda obieqturi TviToba. is
moxalise mowamed iqceoda, Tavis wamebas akontrolebda da Tavis
jalaTebs Tavisi sxeulis gasanadgureblad iyenebda, raTa Tavisi
suli ganewminda. protogonistze es eqskluziuri koncentrireba
misi ukiduresi emociiT, sxeulis winaaRmdeg misi mZvinvarebiT iyo
gaZlierebuli, ramac Zaladoba TviTgvemad aqcia. r. Ceslakis
sxeuli mis fsiqologiur mdgomareobas fizikuri reaqciebiT
gamoxatavda, romlebsac, Cveulebriv, uneblie reaqciebad miiCneven.
mas uxvad sdioda ofli, uwiTldeboda kani, daxuWuli Tvalebidan
sdioda cremlebi. es moqmedebis sruli namdvilobis efeqts qmnida
speqtakli `udreki ufliswuli”, praqtikulad, r. CeslakiT
iyo STagonebuli. is grotovskis Teatraluri ideebis srul
realizaciad aris miCneuli. esaa msaxiobis mier Semakavebeli
fsiqologiuri blokebis daZlevis, sakuTari gankerZoebuli
arsebobis gadalaxvis ukiduresi magaliTi. am speqtakls iseTi
cnebebis realizaciad miiCnevdnen, rogorebicaa ganwmenda,
morCilebis aqti, saero siwminde, romelTac Tanamedrove
sazogadoeba skeptikurad uyurebs. `udreki ufliswulis”
momzadebisas e. grotovskim aRniSna, rom Teatri - laboratoria
mayurebel-mowmes eZebda, magram mayureblis damowmeba SesaZlebeli
iyo mxolod maSin, Tu msaxiobi `namdvil TamaSs~ miaRwevda. Tu
59
namdvili TamaSi ar Sedgeboda, maSin arafers dasWirdeboda
damowmeba.
speqtakli `apokalipsi”45 e. grotovskim 1968 wels dadga. is
kargi magaliTi iyo imisa, Tu rogor eqceodnen teqsts Teatr-
laboratoriaSi. es speqtakli avtonomiuri Teatris reJisoriseul
ideals miuaxlovda, sadac peripetia teqsts ar Seesabameboda,
wminda Teatralur fenomenad iqceoda. grotovski speqtaklis
literaturul-dramaturgiuli safuZvlebidan abstragirebas
eswrafvoda. speqtaklis Tema iyo `meored mosvla~. moqmedeba
xdeboda religiur dResaswaulze. vaWrebi da maTxovrebi Rames
taZarTan aTevdnen. maT Soris speqtaklis mTavari figura miamiti
adamiani, loTi saimon piteri ikveTeboda, romelmac daijera, rom
is iyo qriste. igi ambobda, rom nazareTSi daibada da jvarze
aResrula adamianebisTvis, romlebmac masSi RmerTi ver Seicnes. is
asaxelebda sxvebsac - maria magdalinels, ioanesa da iudas.
warmoadgenda arqetipul scenebs qristes wamebisa. Tumca,
TandaTan, saimon piteris qmedebaSi, Tavad speqtaklSi Temis
karnavaluri amoyiraveba ikveTeboda. saimon piteri qristes
arqetips Sordeboda, Tavis sadistur instiqtebs gamoxatavda.
siwmindis gamasxaraveba, groteskuli da goTuri karnavaluri foni
speqtaklSi gamoyenebul xerxs `kontrkulturaze~ mixeil baxtinis
Sexedulebebs uaxlovebda. dasasrul, saimon piteri - miamiti
qriste, zekacs uaryofda. is sanTlebs aqrobda, romlebic
taZarTan Semdgar barbarosul garTobas anaTebdnen da miamit
mlocvel adamians, romelic sibneleSi locvebs butbutebda,
ubrZanebda, rom wasuliyo da ukan aRarasodes dabrunebuliyo.
rogorc mTlianoba, `apokalipsi” SeiZleba danaxul iyos, rogorc
ritualuri xilvis Teatris ganxorcieleba. religiis Temis
profanacia grotovskis kulturologiur refleqsiis
45
Apocalypsis cum Figuris
60
gamoxatuleba da dasavleTis kulturis degradaciis, siwmindeTa
da RirebulebaTa amoyiravebis procesis demonstracia iyo.
e. grotovskisa da Teatris mravali mkvelvaris mosazrebiT,
primitiuli martivi ritualebi dramis uadres formas
warmoadgenda, romelTa meSveobiTac pirvelyofili adamianebi
aracnobierSi dagrovili energiisgan Tavisufldebodnen. amasTan,
rituali xSirad iyo erTaderTi gza tabus dasarRvevad. tabus
ritualuri rRveva yoveldRiurobaSi balansis aRdgenas
emsaxureboda. gavrcelebuli azriT, grotovskis Teatri erTgvar
ritualur religiur Teatrs warmoadgenda, Tumca arsebobs
sapirispiro mosazrebebic, romelTa Tanaxmadac es koleqtiuri
Terapiis inteleqtualuri aqtebi iyo.
1986 wels roberto baCim eJi grotovskis Tavisi saTeatro
Ziebebis italiaSi, pontederaSi gadatana SesTavaza. iq mas
SeeZleboda Tavisi kvlevis mixedviT imden xans emuSava speqtaklze
da manamde ar eCvenebina is mayureblisTvis, sanam Tavad ar
moisurvebda. grotovski SeTavazebas daTanxmda.
piter brukis azriT, e. grotovski gviCvenebda raRacas iseTs,
rac warsulSi arsebobda, magram saukuneebis manZilze daiviwyes.
reJisori fokusirebas axdenda energiis transformirebaze,
romelic SeiZleboda amoqmedebuliyo Cveuli vibraciuli
simRerebiT, romlebic iyvnen ritualur tradiciebSi, ganwyobiT
muSaobaSi, zust da ganmeorebad msaxiobur struqturaSi.
grotovskisTvis speqtakli sakuTar arsTan da sxvebTan
siRrmiseuli komunikaciis saSualeba iyo.
e. grotovskisTvis yvelaze mTavari mizani is iyo, rom Zieba,
romelsac man mTeli sicocxle miuZRvna, masTan erTad ar
momkvdariyo da misi codna sxvasac gadascemoda. amitom man Tomas
riCards saSemsrulebelo xelovnebis praqtikis gadacemis
xelmZRvaneloba daakisra. 1983 wels e. grotovski kaliforniis
universitetis irvingis institutis xelmZRvaneli gaxda da
fizikuri, vokaluri, fsiqologiuri da sanaxaobrivi
61
disciplinebis sferoSi Tavisi kvlevebi gagrZela. 1984 wels
polonuri `Teatri laboratoria” daixura.
1996 wlidan daarsda damoukidebeli kvleviTi centri,
romelsac erqva `eJi grotovskis da Tomas riCardsis samuSao
centri” da aq Tomas riCardsi monawileebs da swavlis msurvelebs
msoflios yvela qveynidan iRebda. T. riCardsi gaxda grotovskis
mniSvnelovani damxmare da isini erTad 13 weli muSaobdnen. am
centrSi muSaoba efuZneboda k. stanislavskis Teoriebs fizikuri
moqmedebis Sesaxeb. am centris muSaoba T. riCardsis
xelmZRvanlobiT pontederaSi grZeldeba.
e. grotovski xangrZlivi avadmyofobis Sedegad 1999 wels
gardaicvala.
grotovskis saTeatro eqsperimenti msaxiobTan muSaobis
universalur meTodologias emyareboda. es meTodologia
dasavlur-aRmosavlur teqnikebs efuZneboda. msaxiobTan muSaobaSi
grotovski iogas elementebs, transul teqnikebs, stanislavskis
sistemis elementebs, meierholdis biomeqanikasa da individualur
gamocdilebas iyenebda. grotovskis Teatris religiur-ritualuri
elementi Sua saukuneebis polonuri kaTolikuri tradiciis
esTetikasac efuZneboda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Teatri-
laboratoriis praqtika Teoriuli kvleva-Ziebis samecniero
safuZvlebs emyareboda. aq Cven saqme gvaqvs msoflio praqtikebis
universalur sinTezTan da sxvadsxva kulturaTa iSviaT
Tvisobrivad axali tipis integraciasTan. dasavleT-aRmosavleTis
daaxloebis istoriul-kulturuli procesi aq kulturuli
sferodan anTropologiur sferoSi gadainacvlebs.
62
$2. paraTeatri
1970 wels e. grotovskim gamoacxada, rom Cven postTeatralur
epoqaSi vcxovrobT. `paraTeatraluri~ etapi misi saTeatro
Ziebebis logikuri gagrZeleba iyo. reJisori, romelic sul ufro
amcirebda speqtaklze damswreTa raodenobas da speqtaklis
atmosferos TviTmiznur intimurobas eswrafvoda, TandaTan
msaxiobsa da mayurebels Soris gansxvavebis gabaTilebisken
wavida. misi azriT, sityva `mayurebeli” iyo Teatralur realobaSi
mkvdari cneba. is gamoricxavda Sexvedras, is gamoricxavda
urTierTobas _ kaci-kaci. Tumca, mayureblis uaryofa, TviTon
speqtaklis mitovebas niSnavda. aman reJisori 1970-ianebis Sua
wlebSi scenisgan daSorebamde miiyvana.
e. grotovskis evolucia dramis farglebidan im saqmianobamde,
romelsac cota rama aqvs saerTo TeatrTan, motivirebuli iyo im
rwmeniT, rom ritualebi da miTebi koleqtiuri aracnobieris
meSveobiTYmemkvidreobiT miiReba. is mivida `sawyisebis TeatrTan”,
romelic verafers miaRwevda scenuri speqtaklebiT. amis nacvlad,
is im moqmedebebs mieZRvna, romlebic adamianebs sicocxlis
sawyisebTan miiyvanda. `namdvili monawileobis~ fenomenis Zieba
sagangebod arCeul da Zalian mcire jgufebTan grZeldeboda.
1973 wlidan e. grotovski sxvadasxva proeqtebs axorcielebda.
eseni iyo `mTis proeqti”, `dedamiwis proeqti” da sxv. maTi
saSualebiT reJisori moqmedi kulturis koncefciamde mivida,
romelsac is mistikuri terminebiT aRwerda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
am etapze grotovski Tavis adrindel Sexedulebebs daupirispirda
kidec. Tavis adreul namuSevrebSic reJisori Teatrs
gansazRvravda, rogorc elitarul xelovnebas, gamorCeul moments,
romelic iseT mayurebels moiTxovda, romelsac marTla surda
speqtaklTan SepirispirebiTa da konfrontaciis gziT
gaeanalizebina Tavisi Tavi. paraTeatralur etapze misTvis e.w.
63
primitivizmis politika gaxda ganmsazRvreli. Teatri ritualad
iqca, romelSic sxvadsxva raodenobis adamiani monawileobda da
mayurebeli aRar arseboda.
1975 wels Teatr laboratoriam Camoayaliba kvleviTi
institutebi pitsburgsa da vroclavSi, sadac postTeatraluri
proeqtebi xorcieldeboda. laboratoriis praqtikidan SeirCa
fizikuri savarjiSoebi, romlebic safuZvlad daedo vorqSofebs
saxelwodebiT `xmamaRali meditaciebi” da `Cemi simRera”.
vorqSofebi ori specialuri proeqtis mosamzadeblad gamoiyenes.
erT proeqtSi didi jgufi - 75-dan 200-mde adamiani monawileobda.
jgufi mogrovda bnel SemosazRvrul sivrceSi, romelic mxolod
naxSiriani spilenZis sanaTebiTa da CiraRdnebiT iyo ganaTebuli.
vorqSofebs msaxiobebi uZRvebodnen. adamianebi jgufur
impovizaciebSi monawileobdnen. gitarasa da primitiul lerwmis
fleitaze Sesrulebuli improvizirebuli musikaluri
akompanimenti imwuTier ganwyobas pasuxobda da monawileebs
ritmulad aerTianebda. isini eZebdnen gzebs yoveldRiurobis
dasaZlevad da dasaviwyeblad. surdaT Tavi daeRwiaT im SiSisgan,
rac adamianis arss yoveldRiur arsebobaSi anawevrebda.
meore specialuri proeqti monawileTa ufro viwro wrisaTvis
iyo gamiznuli da miznad isaxavda gaeSiSvlebina individualuroba
da monawileebi TavianTi fizikuri sawyisebisTvis daebrunebina.
maT surdaT SeeqmnaT jgufi, romelic adamiansa da bunebriv
samyaros Soris primitiuli, pirvelqmnili urTierTobiT
individis cnobierebis amaRlebas daisaxavda miznad. jgufi RamiT
Ria cis qveS Seikriba. pirveli nawili iyo gaziareba mZime
gansacdelis, martoobisa da izolaciis gancdis. amis Semdeg
monawileebs mosTxoves, rom xeebs Soris fexSiSvelebs erbinaT
srul sibneleSi. garemosTan pirdapiri kavSiris ideaSi
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda Sexebis SegrZnebebsa da
ynosvas. monawileebi Tavs mentaluri Cvevebisgan
gaTavisuflebulad grZnobdnen da veluri arsebis
64
civilizaciamdel mdgomareobas ubrundebodnen. Semdegi etapi
nakadulSi naTloba iyo. amis Semdeg tamtamebis xma monawile
individebs cecxlisken miuZRvoda. mTeli darCenili Ramis
ganmavlobaSi isini cecxlis garSemo cekvavdnen, rogorc ukve
Semdgari jgufi. cekvavdnen tamtamebis ritmze. es yovelive mkacri
monastruli sauzmiTa da relaqsaciuri TamaSebiT mTavrdeboda,
romelsac jgufi improvizaciulad akeTebda mzis Suqze. aseTi
specialuri proeqtebis xangrZlivoba iyo erTi kvira. am
moqmedebaTa TanamimdevrobaSi mkafiod ikiTxeba iniciaciisa da
samyaros ganaxlebis ritualebis krebiTi elementebi.
erT sezonze TiToeul monawiles ormoSi Cawola mosTxoves.
jgufi maT sxeulze miwas ayrida. es iyo simboluri damarxva,
romelsac ritualuri dabadeba mohyveboda. saboloo sauzmisTvis
puri mzis amosvlisas cxveboda. monawileebi aRniSnavdnen
halucianciur efeqtebs, mgrZnobiarobis daqveiTebas,
disorientacias, fizikur gadaRlas. es proeqtebi Zalian hgavda
afrikul, melaneziur iniciaciis ritualebs, elevsinebis
misteriebs. amasTan, ar SeiZleba ar davinaxoT kavSiri brukis
`orgastis~ zogad miTologiur principebTan.
1975 wlis zafxulSi mTeli msofliodan, daaxloebiT 500-ma
adamianma monawileoba miiRo `kvleviTi universitetis” proeqtSi,
romelic grotovskim `xalxTa Teatris” dafinansebiT varSavaSi
moawyo. jgufi Sedgeboda studentebisgan, maswavleblebisgan,
Jurnalistebisgan da cnobili reJisorebisgan. maT Soris iyvnen
piter bruki, Jan lui baro, luka ronkoni, jozef Caikini.
zogierTi aqtivoba jgufebis 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi tyeSi yofnas
moicavda, sadac monawileebi ecnobodnen ritualur miTebsa da
arqetipul gamocdilebas cecxlis, haeris, miwis, wylis, Wamis,
cekvis, TamaSis, dargvis, banaobis saSualebiT. am procesSi
monawileebs moeTxovebodaT aRmoeCinaT Teatraluri fesvebi
wminda ritualebsa da ritualur gamocdilebaSi da aseve, maT
unda aRmoeCinaT maTi yofierebis namdvili arsi.
65
reJisoris muSaobis am etapma anTropologebis
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daimsaxura. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
grotovskim sanaxaoba adamianis kvlevad aqcia.
eJi grotovskis uamravi mimdevari da epigoni gamouCnda. maT
Soris is bevrs ar aRiarebda. mis aRiarebul mowafeTa da
gamgrZelebelTa Soris aris eujenio barba.
66
Tavi V
eujenio barbas `evraziuli Teatri” da
`Teatraluri anTropologiis saerTaSoriso skola”
`Teatraluri anTropologiis saerTaSoriso skola”
msaxiobebis, reJisorebisa da Teatris mkvlevarebis
multikulturuli gaerTianebaa. am organizaciis mTavari kvlevis
sagania samsaxiobo teqnikebis Seswavla. is Seiqmna `odin Teatris~
bazaze da Seqmna italielma reJisorma eujenio barbam. is iyo
poloneli reJisoris eJi grotovskis mowafe da damxmare.
erTaderTi reJisori-avangardisti, romelic grotovskim Tavis
mowafed aRiara. barba Teatralur anTropologias gansazRvravda,
rogorc adamianis qcevis Seswavlas saTeatro qmedebis procesSi,
maSin, roca adamiani Tavis fizikur da sulier arsebobas
organizebul, warmodgeniT, speqtaklur, situaciaSi iyenebs.
`Teatraluri anTropologiis saerTaSoriso skolaSi” reJisorma
Sekriba sxvadasxva tradiciebis mqone ostatebi. es mas saSualebas
aZlevda maTi xelovneba erTmaneTisTvis Seedarebina.
`odin Teatri~ 1964 wels osloSi daarsda. dasi
dainteresebuli iyo primitiuli ritualebis SeswavliT. isini
komunikaciis martivsa da gasageb saSualebebs eZebdnen. amisTvis
Teatrma imogzaura samxreT italiaSi, Soreul aRmosavleTsa da
samxreT amerikaSi. Teatri eZebda iseT adgilebs, sadac saerTod
ar iyo Teatri. maT Seqmnes `barteris~ sistema. sistema saTeatro
gamocdilebis gacvlas gulisxmobda. isini TavianT xelovnebas
aCvenebdnen da amis sanacvlod adgilobriv mcxovreblebs raime
organizebuli sanaxaobis Cvenebas Txovdnen. `odin Teatris~
mesveurebma erTi nabijiT win waswies avangardisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli primitivizmis kulti. msaxiobebi iqcnen
anTropologebad. p. brukis msgavsad, mogzaurobisas maT Tan
axldaT gadamRebi jgufi, rogorc italiaSi, ise samxreT
67
amerikaSi. masalis miRebis maTi meTodi obieqtur kvlevas
emyareboda.
moqmedebis fsiqo-fiziologiuri safuZvlebis
grotovskiseuli kvlevis barbaseuli gagrZeleba, axali
Teatraluri enis Camoyalibebamde mivida. praqtikaSi es Zalian
hgavda adreuli eqspresionistuli munji filmebis ikonografiul
stils. iyenebdnen arqetipul Jestebs, pozebs, saxis mimikas, rom
spontanuri emociebi _ SiSi, tkivili an survili e.w. sufTa saxiT
warmoedginaT.
Tavis mier Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad e. barbam ganacxada,
rom sazRvrebi evropul da aziur Teatrebs Soris ar arsebobs.
man wamoayena evraziuli Teatris cneba. evraziuli Teatri
Tanamedrove Teatralur kulturaSi moqmed sulier da teqnikur
saSualebebs gvTavazobda. evraziuli Teatri moicavs im TeatrTa
nakrebs, romlebic koncentrirebulni iyvnen samsaxiobo,
saSemsruleblo problemebze da es problemebi aqcies kvlevis
sagnad. pekinis operidan _ brextamde, fizikuri mimikidan _ nomde,
kabukidan _ meierholdis biomeqanikamde, delsartedan _
katakalimde, baletidan _ butomde, artodan _ balimde _ es aris
is, rasac barba evraziul TeatrSi aerTianebda.
e. barba Tavis wignSi `Teatraluri anTropologia” wers, rom
yoveli mcdeloba TeatrSi anti-tradiciuli formebis Seqmnisa,
amoRebuli iyo tradiciebis tradiciebidan. evropelma
swavlulebma XV-XVI saukuneebSi miatoves TavianTi sanaxaobrivi
kostumebi, qalaqebi, soflebi da aTenisa da Zveli romis Teatrebi
daviwyebisgan ixsnes. Semdeg axalgazrda romantikosebma Tavi
daanebes tradiciebs da maTi STagonebis wyarod raRac axali,
Soreuli Teatrebi iqca. isini dainteresdnen elizabeTuri
TeatriT46, espaneTis oqros saukuniT47, xalxuri sanaxaobebiT,
46
elizabeTuri Teatri _ igulisxmeba inglisis renesansis periodi. 47
oqros saukune _ igulisxmeba espaneTis renesansis periodi.
68
komedia del arteTi, primitiuli ritualebiT, Suasaukuneebis
misteriebiTa da aRmosavluri TeatriT.
dasavleTs Surda azielebis Teatraluri codnisa da
gamocdilebis. azielTa Teatraluri xelovneba Taobidan Taobas
gadaecemoda. azielebi iyeneben dasavleTisTvis damaxasiaTebel
tradiciuli teqstebis sakuTar interpretaciebs.
evraziuli Teatri saWiroa XXI saukuneSi. amaSi barba ar
gulisxmobs aziuri ambebis dasavlur yaidaze interpretirebas,
axali kodebis Seqmnas, teqnikis reproducirebas, aramed
auTenturi tradiciebis Seswavla-SenarCunebas, radgan bevri
Zveli kodi aRmosavluri sanaxaobisa kvlavac ucnobia da saWiroa
maTi farTo masebisTvis gacnoba.
TviTon es termini - `evraziuli Teatri” zustad gamoxatavs
XX saukuneSi da dResac mimdinare Teatralur procesebs.
69
d a s k v n a
rogorc xedavT, zemoTxsenebulma reJisorebma didi
Teoriuli da praqtikuli samuSaoebi Caatares saTeatro
komunikaciis Zirebis aRmosaCenad. maTi zogierTi cda warmatebuli
iyo, zogierTi _ ara. maT ise itacebdaT axali enis Seqmnis
survili, rom martivis nacvlad, rTul konstruqciebsac qmnidnen,
romlebic zeinteleqtuali mayureblisTvis iyo mxolod gasagebi.
msoflo kulturaSi uamravi cvlileba xdeba. icvleba
faseulobebi, Rirebulebebi, Sexedulebebi. maT Soris, rogorc
naxeT, erTi mniSvnelovani saTeatro tendenciis farglebSi,
Teatris sazrisisa da daniSnulebis specifikuri xelaxali
gaazreba moxda - sanaxaobrivi warmodgenidan komunikaciis
universalur saSualebamde, anTropologiur fenomenamde dayvana.
swored am mimarTulebiT warmoebda praqtikul-eqsperimentuli da
samecniero-kvleviTi saqmianoba.
naSromis Sesajameblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saTeatro
sanaxaobisa da saTeatro anTroplogiis sferoSi dasavleTisa da
aRmosavleTis daaxloebis procesi XX saukuneSi Zalze
sainteresod ganviTarda. am process tradiciaTa daaxloebis,
gacvlisa da sinTezis tendenciebi axasiaTebs. aracnobieri
fsiqikisa da anTroplogiis sferoSi mimdinare kvlevebma
dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis dapirispirebis anTropologiur
doneze gaerTianebas Cauyara safuZveli. kulturaTa komunikacia
koleqtiuri aracnobieris doneze xdeba. zemoTxsenebuli
reJisorebic xom nacnob arqetipebsa da stereotipebs mimarTavdnen.
karl gustav iungs komunikaciis martivi elementebis SeswavlaSi
lomis wvlili miuZRvis. swored man wamoayena piradi
aracnobierisa da koleqtiuri aracnobieris cnebebi. manve gamohyo,
aseve, ZiriTadi stereotipebi da arqetipebi.
rac Seexeba msoflio globalizaciisa da mcire erebis
kulturis gaqrobis safrTxes, naSromidan naTlad ikiTxeba, rom
70
ama Tu im xalxis mier Seqmnili WeSmaritad faseuli kultura
arsadac ar qreba. mas arc romelime sxva kulturis mier STanTqma
da asimilireba ar emuqreba. amas mowmobs induri, Cinuri, iaponuri
sanaxaobebi, romelTac TviTmyofadoba SeanrCunebuli aqvT.
dRevandel dRes SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Teatraluri
moRvaweoba ori kuTxiT warmoebs, komerciuli da
anTropologiuri. sanaxaoba da kvleva harmoniulad Tanaarseboben.
eujenio barbam zustad Seafasa Teatraluri procesebi da
Camoayaliba `evraziuli Teatris” cneba. am TeatrSi aziasa da
evropas Soris sazRvari ar arsebobs. dasavleTma da aRmosavleTma
am terminiT kvlav erTi mTlianoba Seqmnes.
XXI saukune evraziuli Teatris saukunea.
71
r e z i u m e
XX saukune mravalferovani, datvirTuli, aqtiuri da
daZabuli iyo. aqtiurobam adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sferoSi
erTgvar piks miaRwia, politikaSi, mecnierebaSi, xelovnebaSi. me
mxolod xelovnebas, kerZod ki Teatrs Sevexebi. Teatraluri
saqmianoba moedo mTel planetas. scenismoyvareTa dasebma
yuradReba miipyres. am dasebidan zogi faseul sanaxaobas qmnida,
zogi _ ara. TeatrSi esTetikuri revolucia moxda. XIX saukuneSi
damkvidrebul naturalizmsa da realizms artistuli sazogadoeba
aujanyda. maT surdaT axali formebi. am formebs simbolizmSi
xedavdnen.
XIX-XX ss. moxda aRmosavluri kulturis xelaxali
`aRmoCena~. mxatvrebi, musikosebi, msaxiobebi, reJisorebi
dainteresdnen maTTvis ucnobi teqnikiT, msoflmxedvelobiT,
filosofiiT.
Teatralur xelovnebaSi, erT-erTi pirveli reJisori,
romelmac aRmosavluri dramatuli xelovneba Tavis idealad
gaixada, iyo frangi Teatris reformatori, novatori, antonen
arto. misi saxeli dakavSirebulia moyirWebuli Teatraluri
formebis gauqmebasTan, TeatrisTvis pirobiTi bunebis
dabrunebasTan. man siRrmiseulad Seiswavla aRmosavluri Teatris
formebi da isini Tavis Teatralur esTetikaSi gamoiyena. misi
STagonebis wyaro iyo baliuri cekva. balieli mocekvaveebis
SemoqmedebaSi man Tavisi Teatraluri ideali dainaxa. man Seqmna
sisatikis Teatri, romelsac aranairi kavSiri ar hqonda fizikur
ZaladobasTan. es Teatri yurdaRebas amaxvilebda cnobil
tragikul Temebze, cnobil damnaSaveebze. a. artos surda Teatri
dasabamTan, ritualebTan, misteriebTan daebrunebina. is aseve did
yuradRebas uTmobda primitiuli kulturebis, ritualebis
Seswavlas. misi Teoriebi ufro mniSvnelovania vidre praqtika. es
Teoriebi Semdgomi drois moRvaweebisTvis STagonebis
72
mniSvnelovan wyarod iqca. am reJisors ar dautovebia speqtaklis
dadgmis mza receptebi. artos mimdevrebi misi mosazrebebis
interpretirebas da individualur amokiTxvas axdendnen.
piter bruki erT-erTi iyo a. artos TeoriebiT STagonebulTa
Soris. is a. artos msgavsad, aseve aqtiurad ikvlevda primitiul
sanaxaobebs afrikaSi da maT sakuTar speqtaklebSi integrirebas
cdilobda. p. bruki aseve cdilobda enobrivi barierebis gauqmebas.
amisTvis man speqtaklSi `orgasti”, specialurad, axali enac ki
Seqmna. is cdilobda speqtaklSi gamoeyenebina arqetipebi,
romlebic yvelasTvis gasagebi iqneboda. man Cauyara safuZveli
Teatraluri teqnikebis kvlevas. Tanamedrove dramaturgiaze
muSaobis paralelurad, is aseve muSaobda klasikur nawarmoebebze.
speqtaklSi `mahabxarata” man organulad moaxerxa aRmosvlur-
dasavluri Teatraluri teqnikebis Serwyma.
ritualebTan dabrunebis kuTxiT, poloneli reJisori, eJi
grotovski ufro Sors wavida. man Tavisi speqtaklebi iniciaciis
ritualebs daamsagavsa. is artistebs aRmosavluri stiliT
wvrTnida. mas surda Tavisi msaxiobebi azieli kolegebiviT
moqnilni, daxvewilni, plastiurni yofiliyvnen. zog SemTxvevaSi,
misi savarjiSoebi meditacias hgavda. man savarjiSoebis
universaluri sistema Seqmna. saTeatro moRvaweobis paralelurad,
is awyobda masterklasebsa da treningebs. am treningebis mizani
iyo monawile studentebi, maswavleblebi, Jurnalistebi TavianT
TavSi CaeRrmavebina, raTa maT TavianTi cxovrebis sazrisi
aRmoeCinaT. man Teatraluri xelovneba adamianis Semsawavlel
mecnierebad aqcia. man Seqmna `Raribi Teatri” da Tavis esTetikaSi
uaryo yvelaferi is, rac msaxiobis mier ar iqmneboda. man Tavis
`Rarib TeatrSi~ datova ori aucilebeli elementi, ris gareSec
Teatri ar iarsebebda, msaxiobi da mayurebeli.
eujenio barba eJi grotovskim Tavad aRiara Tavis namdvil
mowafed da mimdevrad. e. barbam ganagrZo maswavleblis mier
dawyebuli anTropologiuri kvlelvebi, ramac is Teatraluri
73
anTropologiis Seqmnamde miiyvana. Teatraluri anTropologia
Seiswavlis adamianis qcevas organizebul, xelovnurad Seqmnil
situaciaSi. is aseve dainteresebuli iyo kathakalis TeatriT da
uamravi naSromi miuZRvna mas. e. barbam Semoitana `evraziuli
Teatris~ cneba.
am oTxma reJisorma sxva mimdevrebTan erTad, srulad axali
Teatraluri esTetika Seqmnes. maT Teatri 1800 gradusiT
Semoabrunes. Tanamedrove Teatris gageba maT mier Seqmnili
tendenciebis gareSe Znelia.
74
R e s u m e
The twentieth century was multiform, loaded, active and exerted. The
highest point of activity was reached in every sphere of human activities,
politics, science, art. I’m going to speak about the art and especially the theatre.
Theatre activities were spread all over the Earth. Little theatre troupes attracted
attention. Some of these troupes created valuable performances, others – not.
Esthetical revolution happened in the theatre. Spectators didn’t like accepted
naturalism and realism. They wished new forms. In symbolism these new forms
were seen.
In this century oriental culture was rediscovered. Artists, musicans, actors,
directors interested in unknown technique, outlook, philosophy.
One of the first innovator theatre director was Antoine Artaud. He
idealized oriental dramatic art. He was a reformer of French theatre. He
abolished old dramatic forms. He returned conditionality to the theatre. Antoine
Artaud studied oriental theatrical forms and used them in his theatrical
esthetics. He was inspired by Balinese dance and dancers. In the art of
Balinese dancers he saw his own ideal of theatre. Antoine Artaud created
Theatre of Cruelty. This theatre had no connection with violence. This theatre
paid attantion to famous tragic themes, well-known culprits. A. Artaud wished to
return the theatre to it’s inception, rites, mysteries. He studied primitive cultures
and rites. A. Artaud’s theories are more important, than his practice. His
theories inspired subsequent directors. A. Artaud didn’t leave ready recipes of
performance making. His followers interpreted his ideas.
Peter Brook also was inspired by A. Artaud. P. Brook also studied
primitive performances in Africa. He tried to integrate them in his performances.
He also tried to abolish language barrier. In the performance “Orghast”, he
specialy created new language. He tried to use well-known archetypes in
performances. He began studing theatrical techniques. He worked on classic
and modern drama at the same time. P. Brook connected oriental and western
theatrical techniques in “Mahabkharata”.
Jerzy Grotowski went far in returning theatre to rites. His performances
were like on iniciation rites. He trained his actors with oriental techniques. He
75
wished his actors be as flexible, delicate and plastic as eastern ones. J.
Grotowski created system of exercises. Also he organized trainings and
workshops. Students, teachers, juranlists took a part in it. Participants sank in
their mind. They were searching what they wanted from life. J. Grotowski
transformed the theatre in antropological study of human. He created Poor
Theatre. He denied visual effects. In his theatrical asethetics he left only two
essential elements, actor and spectator. Without these theatre can’t exist.
J. Grotowski admited Eugenio Barba as his real disciple. E. Barba
continued antropological studies. He created theatre antropology. Theatre
antropology studies human’s conduct in some kind organized situations. He
also studied Kathakali theatre. He created concept of Eurasian Theatre.
These four directors created absolutely new theatre aesthetics. They
turned theatre in 1800 grade. We must know their art to understand nowadays
theatre.
76
gamoyenebuli literatura
1. bruki p. `carieli sivrce”, Tbilisi, `xelovneba” 1984. 150
2. gvarjalaZeebi T. da i. `qarTul-inglisuri, inglisur-qarTuli leqsikoni”, Tbilisi, `axali saqarTvelo”, 2005. 1050
3. grotovski e. Tbilisi, `kentavri”, 2008. 320
4. kinwuraSvili q. `XX saukunis xelovneba (avangardi)”, saxelmZRvanelo samxatvro saswavleblebis studentebisa da maswavleblebisaTvis, Tbilisi, `Tbilisi” 2005. 199. gv. 69-73.
5. samuSia S. `rusul-qarTuli leqsikoni gramatikuli cnobariT”, Tbilisi, `saqarTvelos macne”, 2006. 907.
6. Арто A, `Театр и его двойник”, с приложением текста `Театр Серафима”, перевод с
французского и комментарии Сергея Исаева, Москва, ”Мартис”, 1993. 191.
7. Арто A, `Манифесты, Драматургия, Лекции, Философия Театра”, Санкт-
Петербург Москва `Симпозиум” 2000. 443. ст 5-34.
8. Barba E, Savarese N, `A Dictionary Of Theatre Anthropology”, Second Edition, `The
Secret Art Of The Performer”, Translated by Richard Fowler, London And New York,
`Routledge, Taylor & Franch Group”, 1990. 320 pg102-111
9. Brockett O. G. Franklin J. H. `History Of The Theatre” Ninth edition, United States of
America, `Allyn and Bacon”, 2003. 692 pg 490-497; 512-514; 526-529; 555-558. 10. Innes C. `Avant Garde Theatre 1892-1992”, London and New York `Routledge” 1993.
262. pg125-173.
NnaSromebi:
1. gordaZe n. saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatrisa da
kinos saxelmwifo instituti, Teatrmcodneobis fakultetis V kursis studenti, sadiplomo Sroma Temaze `sanskrituli drama”, (kalidasas Semoqmedeba), xemZRvaneli _ guliko mamulaSvili, Tbilisi, 2001.
2. kokaia g. saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti, humanitarul socialur mecnierebaTa, biznesisa da marTvis fakultetis, Teatrmcodneobis specialobis sabakalavro naSromi, `dasavluri da aRmosavluri Teatrebis integraciis formaTa Zieba”, xelmZRvaneli _ maia goSaZe, Tbilisi, 2010
internet resursebi:
1. http://culture-world.ucoz.com/publ/vlijanie_na_evropejskuju_kulturu/1-1-0-19 ukanasknelad
iqna gadamowmebuli _ 12.05.2012
2. ka. wikipedia.org ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli _ 12.05.2012
3. www.lexicon.ge ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli _ 12.05.2012
4. www.translate.ge ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli _ 12.05.2012
5. www.lang.ge ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli _ 12.05.2012
6. www.google.ge ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli _ 12.05.2012
7. http://morkov.net/velikie/teatrlaboratoriya-ezhi-grotovskogo.html ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli _ 12.05.2012