GIO VIN HNG DNTin s: Chim TiSINH VIN THC HINL Th HngChu Anh KhoaPhan Thanh TonNguyn Minh TunPhm Quyt TngB Ra, Ngy 5 thng 5 nm 2015TRNG I HC DU KH VIT NAMKHOA DU KHBI TPSN PHM DU M

MC LCCu 1: Xng ng c l g? Thnh phn ha hc ca xng ng c? Phn loi xng ng c?4Cu 2: Mt s tnh cht k thut c trng ca xng ng c? Cc phng php sn xut xng ng c?6Cu 3: Tr s octane l g? Nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng kch n? S ph thuc ca tr s octane vo thnh phn nhin liu? Phng php xc nh tr s octane? Phng php tng tr s octane?7Cu 4: Ph gia cho xng ng c: ph gia oxygenate, ph gia cha kim loi, ph gia h amine? Mi h ph gia cho mt vi v d? Nh my Lc ha du Dung Qut ngi ta s dng ph gia no?9Cu 5: Cng ngh sn xut MTBE: lch s pht trin, mc ch v ngha s dng MTBE, c s l thuyt cng ngh sn xut MTBE v cc cng ngh sn xut MTBE (nguyn liu, phn ng ha hc, s cng ngh).10Cu 6: Nhin liu phn lc l g? Cc yu cu cn phi m bo i vi nhin liu phn lc? Hy cho bit cc tiu chun k thut i vi nhin liu phn lc? Hy cho bit phng php xc nh chiu cao ngn la khng khi ca nhin liu phn lc? ngha ca i lng chiu cao ngn la khng khi?17Cu 7: Du ha l g? Thnh phn ha hc ca du ha? Cc yu cu c bn ca du ha un nu?21Cu 8: Diesel l g? Thnh phn ha hc ca diesel? S khc bit v c im chy ca nhin liu trong ng c diesel so vi trong ng c xng? Ch tiu cht lng ca diesel?22Cu 9: Tr s cetane l g? ngha ca tr s cetane? S ph thuc ca tr s cetane vo thnh phn ca nhin liu diesel? Cc phng php xc nh tr s cetane?25Cu 10: Hy trnh by cc ch tiu cht lng quan trng ca nhin liu diesel?27Cu 11: Cc loi nhin liu t l? Thnh phn ha hc ca nhin liu t l?Cc ch tiu cht lng quan trng ca nhin liu t l?29Cu 12: Khi nim du nhn? Cng dng ca du nhn? Thnh phn ha hc ca du nhn? Cc loi ph gia dng cho du nhn?34Cu 13: Trnh by cng ngh sn xut BTX: UOP Parex TM process for p-xylene production (lch s pht trin, ngha ca qu trnh, nguyn liu, c s l thuyt, quy trnh cng ngh).37Cu 14: Tnh hnh s dng ethanol sn xut xng sinh hc Vit Nam v trn th gii.40Cu 15: Quy trnh cng ngh phn xng CDU? Cc sn phm thu nhn c t CDU?44Cu 16: Quy trnh cng ngh phn xng NHT (naphtha hydrotreating)? Mc ch ngha ca cm phn xng NHT? Nguyn liu, c s l thuyt, s cng ngh? Cc tnh cht c trng ca sn phm t phn xng NHT?48Cu 17: Quy trnh cng ngh phn xng CCR (Continuous Catalytic Reforming)? Mc ch ngha ca cm phn xng CCR? Nguyn liu, c s l thuyt, s cng ngh? Cc tnh cht c trng ca sn phm t phn xng CCR?52Cu 18: Quy trnh cng ngh phn xng IZOM (isomer ha) ? Mc ch ngha ca cm phn xng IZOM? Nguyn liu, c s l thuyt, s cng ngh? Cc tnh cht c trng ca sn phm t phn xng IZOM?56Cu 19: Quy trnh cng ngh phn xng alkyl ha? Mc ch ngha ca cm phn xng alkyl ha? Nguyn liu, c s l thuyt, s cng ngh? Cc tnh cht c trng ca sn phm t phn xng alkyl ha?62Cu 20: Quy trnh cng ngh phn xng cracking xc tc (FCC, RFCC)? Mc ch ngha ca cm phn xng cracking xc tc? Nguyn liu, c s l thuyt, s cng ngh? Cc tnh cht c trng ca sn phm t phn xng cracking xc tc?65Cu 21: Cc loi ph gia cho sn phm du kh72

Cu 1: Xng ng c l g? Thnh phn ha hc ca xng ng c? Phn loi xng ng c?Tr li:1. Khi nimXng ng c l hn hp hydrocacbon th lng, d bay hi, khng mu. Xng ng c khng phi n thun ch l sn phm ca mt qu trnh chng ct t mt phn on no ca du m hay mt qu trnh chng ct c bit khc. N l mt sn phm hn hp c la chn cn thn t mt s thnh phn, kt hp vi mt s ph gia nhm m bo cc yu cu hot ng ca ng c trong nhng iu kin vn hnh thc t v c trong cc iu kin tn cha, d tr khc nhau.V bn cht ha hc, xng ng c l mt hp cht bo hydrocacbon vi cu trc phn t c t 7 n 11 nguyn t cacbon (C) trong mch lin kt hydrocacbon.2. Thnh phn ha hc ca xng ng cXng ng c l mt loi nhin liu, l mt hp cht ha hc v cng phc tp. Trong thnh phn ha hc ca xng c khong 500loi hydrocacbon khc nhau (no v cha no) v c thnh phn phi hydrocacbon.- Thnh phn hydrocacbon: Cha hm lng ln t C4n C10, C11 Nhit si thay i t 30 2000C Gm: Paraffin, Naphthenic, Aromatic, Olefin Tuy nhin trong , 3 dng hydrocacbon chnh thng c dng pha ch xng thng phm l paraffin,aromatic v olefin. y l thnh phn ha hc c bn ca xng. Paraffin: l cc hydrocarbon no mch h c cng thc tng qut CnH2n+2 Naphthenic: l cc hydrocarbon no mch vng c cng thc tng qut CnH2n Aromatic: l cc hp cht thm c ch s octane cao nhng ang c gim dn v thnh phn do yu t mi trng, sc khe. Olefin: l cc hydrocaron khng no mch nhnh, sinh ra trong cc qu trnh ch bin th cp.- Thnh phn phi hydrocacbon chim mt hm lng nh gm: Hp cht ca lu hunh: ch yu l mercaptan (RSH) khi chy to ra SOx gy ra tnh n mn v nhim mi trng. Hp cht ca nit: khi chy to ra sn phm kh l NOx gy nh hng ti mi trng. Hp cht ca oxy: gy nn hin tng n mn v tnh km n nh ca xng.3.Phn loi xng ng ca. Xng chng ct Chim khong 15% khi lng du th ban u Xng chng ct c ch s octane thp 30 - 65b. Xng cracking nhit Xng cracking nhit c tr s octane cao hn xng chng ct (60 68) nhng cha t chun xng thng. Cha nhiu olefin, bn km, d gy ngng t Cha lng lu hunh cao (0.5 1.2%)c. Xng cracking xc tc Cha hm lng olefin thp hn so vi cracking nhit Hm lng hydrocacbon phn nhnh cao hn Ch s octane 87 92 Hm lng olefin 9 13% lm mt tnh n nh ca xngd. Xng reforming - reformate C c tnh thm cao Ch s octane cao 95 102 e. Xng isomerate Xng cha hydrocacbon phn nhnh C tr s octane cao hnf. Xng alkylate Xng cha nhiu hydrocacbon phn nhnh Ch s octane caog. Xng cc ha Hm lng cc hp cht phi hydrocacbon ln Km n nh v cha lng ln cc hp cht khng no

Cu 2: Mt s tnh cht k thut c trng ca xng ng c? Cc phng php sn xut xng ng c?Tr li: ng c hot ng tt v c hiu sut cao, xng phi tng thch vi ng c, ngha l phi c phm cht p ng c mt s yu cu sau: C kh nng bay hi tt Chy iu ha C nhit chy ln Khng to cn Khng n mn ng c D lu chuyn Kh thi c t thnh phn c hi vi mi trng v con ngiV vy, nh gi kh nng lm vic v chy ca xng ngi ta thng cn c vo mt s tnh cht ha l c trng ca chng. Kh nng bay hi ca xng Kh nng chy kch n Tr s octan bn ha hc ca xng Hm lng lu hunh tng Hm lng benzen Hm lng photphoy l nhng tnh cht ha l c trng cn xt n nh gi phm cht xng Cc phng php sn xut xng ng c: xng ng c l hn hp phi trn bi cc ngun: Xng ca qu trnh cracking (FCC) Reformate Xng chng ct trc tip Xng ca qu trnh isomer ha Alkylate Xng ca qu trnh cc ha, cc qu trnh x l bng hydrogen Cc ph gia: Methanol, ethanol, MTBE.

Cu 3: Tr s octane l g? Nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng kch n? S ph thuc ca tr s octane vo thnh phn nhin liu? Phng php xc nh tr s octane? Phng php tng tr s octane?Tr li:Tr s octan (Octan number)l mt i lng quy c c trng cho kh nng chng kch n ca nhin liu v c o bng % th tch ca iso-octane (2,2,4-trimetylpentan) c trong hn hp ca n vi n-heptan (C7H16)v c kh nng chng kch n tng ng kh nng chng kch n ca nhin liu th nghim iu kin chun.Nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng kch n ng c t trong?Hin tng kch n bt ngun t vic s dng nhin liu c kh nng chng kch n qu thp, khin cho hn hp kh - nhin liu khng c t chy mt cch iu ho to ra ngun nng lng ti a. C th l qu trnh chy iu ha sinh ra cc bc x nhit t nng vng nhin liu cha chy pha trc v nu nh nhin liu c tnh chng kch n tt n s khng chy trc khi ngn la lan ti. Chng s chy mt cch tun t cho n khi hn hp nhin liu ht v cung cp mt cng ti a ln piston. Thc t, c nhiu phn ng tin kch n xy ra trong vng hn hp nhin liu cha chy trong bung t trc khi b mt ngn la t bugi p n. Cc phn ng to ra cc phn t hot ng ha hc nh cc peroxide c kh nng t bc chy bi cc bc x nhit trong khi ngn la cha lan n. Cc phn ng ny c tc khong 1500-2500 m/s, nhanh gp hng trm ln tc chy bnh thng. Vi tc chy nh vy chng s gy ra s tng t ngt p sut trong xi-lanh, gi tri p sut tc thi ngay ti thi im xy ra s kch n ln ti 160 atm-170 atm, cao hn nhiu ln so vi p sut hot ng bnh thng. Tuy nhin p sut tc ng ln thnh piston li khng khc my so vi p sut hot ng n nh khi khng c kch n. Nguyn nhn l do s b tr p sut ca hai dng kh ngc nhau: Mt dng sinh ra do b mt la lan truyn cn dng kia sinh ra t cc im kch nS ph thuc ca ch s octane vo thnh phn ca nhin liu nh th no?Xng cha cng nhiu hydrocacbon thm hoc iso-paraffin th cho ch s octane cng cao. C th ta c kh nng chng kch n ca cc hydrocacbon nh sau? Hydrocacbon thm Olefin mch nhnh Paraffin mch nhnh Naphthene mch nhnh Olefin mch thng Naphthene Paraffin mch thng Paraffin mch thng ln

Cc phng php xc nh tr s octane: c 2 phng php chnh Phng php RON Research Octane Number (ASTM D 2700)y l phng php thng dng nht, o 490C (120F), xc nh tc quay ca ng c 600 vng/pht v ph hp vi xe chy trong thnh ph, thng xuyn thay i tc v ti trng nh. Phng php MON Motor Octane Number ( ASTM D 2699)Phng php xc nh tc quay ca ng c 900 vng/pht, o 1490C, c gi tr thp hn RON v ph hp vi loi xe vn ti ng trng, tc vn hnh cao v n nh. Ngoi ra, da trn RON v MON ngi ta cn a ra PON (popular octane Number), RdON (observed Road Octane Number) ch tr s octane ca xngCc phng php tng tr s octane: c 2 phng php thng dng tng tr s octane l: Dng ph gia: Ph gia h c kim (Pb, Mn, Fe), ph gia cha oxy, ph gia amine thm, Phng php ha hc: s dng cc qu trnh ch bin th cp nh isome ha, reforming xc tc, FCC, alkyl ha,

Cu 4: Ph gia cho xng ng c: ph gia oxygenate, ph gia cha kim loi, ph gia h amine? Mi h ph gia cho mt vi v d? Nh my Lc ha du Dung Qut ngi ta s dng ph gia no?Tr li:Ph giaTc dngV dGii hnTc hi

Ph gia Oxygenation Tng ON Cung cp oxy cho phn ng chy hon ton Methanol, Ethanol, MTBE, ETBE, TAME Hm lng Oxy: 2%). C cha lu hunh l iu cc k nguy him bi sn phm chy ca n gy ra nhiu vn trong c nhim mi trng, sc khe con ngi, n mn my mc, Hm lng lu hunh cng cao cng lm gim nhit tr ca nhin liu FO. Hm lng lu hunh trong FO thng c xc inh bng phng php ASTM D129. Ti Vit Nam quy nh hm lng lu hunh trong FO khng qu 3.5%Hm lng cn Carbon: l lng cn cn li sau khi cho bay hi v nhit phn nhin liu. Ga tr ny ca FO thng nm trong khong 5-10% khi lng FO, c khi ln n 20% khi lng. Cn carbon gy ra hin tng bm trn thnh bung t dn n gim kh nng trao i nhit. Chng lm cho khi thi c mu en, tng hm lng bi, cc cht thi rn trong kh thi. Gi tr ny thng c o bng phng php ASTM D189.Hm lng tro: L sn phm ca qu trnh t chy FO, cc sn phm c kim v mui c trong du m u tp trung a phn du cn v khi t chng c to ra tro. Tro l cc ht mui c Tnc thp bm vo thnh l thit b phun du, lm tc vi phun. Tro bm vo thnh ng gia nhit s lm gim kh nng truyn nhit ca l. nhit cao mt s kim loi nh vanadi c th kt hp vi st to ra cc hp kim tng ng c nhit nng chy thp gy thng l.Quy nh hm lng tro trong FO ti a l 0.15% khi lng. Hm lng tro c o theo phng php ASTM D482.Hm lng nc v tp cht: nc v cn trong FO c ngun gc t trong du th ban u nhng khng tch loi ht, do s th ca bn cha v do li cc ch ni. Nc v tp cht gy ra nhiu tc hi nh: C th gy tc cc ng dn nhin liu Gy cn tr trong qu trnh t Tp cht c th ng li trong cc b cha hoc cc mng lc gy cn tr s tip nhin liu cho l t Nc c trong du FO c th gy r cho b cha v cc thit b lin quan To nh vi du FO lm to cc lp keo ly nhy ng di y b, khi tn cha lu ngy s to bn

Cu 12: Khi nim du nhn? Cng dng ca du nhn? Thnh phn ha hc ca du nhn? Cc loi ph gia dng cho du nhn?Tr li:Khi nim du nhn: Du nhnl loi du dng bi trn cho cc ng c. Du nhn l hn hp bao gm du gc v ph gia, hay ngi ta thng gi l du nhn thng phm. Ph gia thm vo vi mc ch l gip cho du nhn thng phm c c nhng tnh cht ph hp vi ch tiu ra m du gc khng c c.Cng dng ca du nhn: Bi trn cc b mt c chuyn ng trt gim ma st, gim mi mn, tng tui th ca chi tit. Ra sch b mt ma st ca cc chi tit.Thnh phn ha hc ca du nhn:Du nhn thng phm bao gm hai hp phn l du gc v ph gia. Du gc c s dng nhiu nht l cc phn on du khong gc du m, c ch bin theo cng ngh truyn thng. Ngoi ra cn c th dng mt s loi du gc tng hp hay du gc ng thc vt.1. Du gc ch bin t du mDu gc ch in t du m c nhiu chng loi. Tuy vy chng c sn xut t quy trnh pha trn trn c s bn loi nguyn liu l: Phn on du nh: si trong khong 350oC 400oC Phn on du trung bnh: si trong khong 400oC 450oC Phn on du nng: si trong khong 450oC 500oC Phn on du cn: si khong trn 500oCThng thng c bn loi du gc tng ng vi bn phn on chng ct ni trn l: du gc SN 150, du gc SN 300, du gc SN 450 v du gc cn BS 150. Trong SN: ch du trung tnh lm sch bng dung mi, BS: du cn v 150, 300, 450 ch nht quy c 100oF. Thnh phn hydrocacbon ca du gcThnh phn ch yu ca du bi trn l cc hp phn hydrocacbon, bao gm cc nhm khc nhau: Nhm hydrocacbon naphtalen parafin l nhm ch yu c trong du bi trn, hm lng ca chng khong 40 80% ty thuc loi du m. Nhm ny c cu trc c yu l hydrocacbon vng naphtalen c kt hp vi nhnh alkyl hoc iso-alkyl. Trong phn t c 20 70 nguyn t cacbon. Loi hydrocacbon ny c tnh bi trn tt, c tnh n nh ha hc tt. Ngoi ra cn c cc hydrocacbon dng n-parafin v iso-parafin nhng hm lng khng ln. Nhm hydrocacbon thm v naphtalen thm: nhm hydrocacbon ny d b oxy ha to ra cc hp cht keo nha, ng thi c tnh bi trn thay i nhiu theo nhit do chng l hp phn lm gim cht lng du thng phm. Nhm hydrocacbon rn (40 50%): phn ln nhng hp cht ny c loi khi du bi trn nh quy trnh tch lc paraffin. Tuy nhin chng vn cn vi hm lng nh s dn n lm tng nhit ng c, gim kh nng s dng du nhit thp nhng lm tng tnh n nh ca nht theo nhit v tnh n nh chng oxi ha. Ngoi ra trong du bi trn cn c cc hp cht cha lu hunh, nit, oxy tn ti cc hp cht nha, asphalten. y l nhng thnh phn lm gim cht lng ca du bi trn lm chng c mu sm, d b bin cht to cn trong du khi lm vic nhit cao v p sut cao. Tuy nhin s c mt ca chng vi hm lng nh s lm tng tnh bm dnh ca du nhn i vi b mt kim loi gip cho kh nng chng n mn, mi mn cc chi tit my tt hn.2. Du nhn tng hpC ngun gc l sn phm ca nhng phn ng ha hc. Loi ny khc phc nhc im ca du khong gc nh tnh n nh ha hc, tnh n nh nhit khng cao, kh nng lm vic nhit thp khng tt, khng p ng i hi bi trn tt trong phm vi nhit rng.( u im: phm vi nhit rng hn, tr v mt ha hc, t tiu hao, tit kim nng lng, khng gy c hi). Thnh phn bao gm: Nhm hydrocacbon tng hp: sn xut nh qu trnh polymer ha cc olefin, alkyl ha cc olefin hay clo-parafin bng benzene, ngng t - kh clo cc dn xut clo-parafin, trn thc t thng dng cc cht nh polyisobuten, cc oligomer ca cc olefin, cc polyalkylbenzen. Nhm cc ester hu c: gm cc ester diaxit v cc ester polyol Du tng hp gc ester diaxit c nhit ng c rt thp, c bn nhit cao v kh nng ty ra tt. Du tng hp gc ester polyol c nhit ng c -30 n -70oC, ch s nht 120 160, bn nhit kh cao Nhm ester photphat: c u im l tnh chu nhit cao hn nhiu so vi du khong v tnh bi trn cng tt hn. Nhm polyalkyl glycol: Polyalkyl glycol tan trong nc c dng rng ri lm du phanh thy lc, lm cht lng thy lc chu la trong gia cng ct gt kim loi, trong ch bin cao su tng hp Polyalkyl glycol khng tan trong nc dng pha ch cc loi du thy lc cng nghip, du bi trn cc my nn lnh kiu trc vt Chng c s dng tt nhit mi trng thp, ng thi cng m bo bi trn nhit rt cao.Cc loi ph gia dng cho du nhn: Ph gia ci thin ch s nht: l cc polymer tan c trong du c tc dng lm tng ti thiu nht ca du nhit thp nhng li tng ng k nhit cao. Trng lng phn t ca cc ph gia tt nht thng nm trong khong 50.000 n 150.000 Ph gia chng n mn: cc cht c ch n mn to thnh mt mng bo v trn b mt kim loi, ngn cn s tip xc gia cc tc nhn n mn nh axit, peoxyt v cc cht khc vi kim loi nn. Cc cht c ch c s dng rng ri nht trong du bao gm: Dithiophotphat kim loi Diankyldithiophotphat Cc anken sunfua ha Cac terpen sunfua ha nh limonene sunfua Pinen photphosunfua Cc cht c ch r: cc cht c ch r ngn nc thm qua mng hu c bo v. Cc phn t ph gia hp th tt trn b mt st v to mt mng bo v bn vng. C nhiu hp cht dng c ch r nh: axit ankylsuxinic, cc amin hu c, amin photphat chng thng pha vo du theo t l 0,1 1%. Cht kh hot tnh kim loi: mt s kim loi nh ng, coban c th xc tin phn ng oxy ha gc t do. Cc cht ph gia lm nn cn hoc lm chm tc ng xc tc c gi l cc cht kh hot tnh kim loi hoc th ng ha kim loi. Cc cht kh hot tnh kim loi chung nht l cc dn xut etylendiamin v propylendiamin ca aisalixiden.Ph gia chng chu iu kin khc nghit: gm cc cht ty ra v phn tn c chc nng lm sch. Mc ch ca ph gia ny l: ngn cho du v cc sn phm chy khng tan trong trng thi l lng; ngn cn cc sn phm oxy ha nh nha atphan kt t thnh cc ht. Ngoi ra ph gia HD tc nhn kim a vo trung ha cc axit pht sinh. Nhm ph gia ny ngn chn: to cn trn b mt kim loi, to cn bn trong ng c, m mn kim loi.

Cu 13: Trnh by cng ngh sn xut BTX: UOP Parex TM process for p-xylene production (lch s pht trin, ngha ca qu trnh, nguyn liu, c s l thuyt, quy trnh cng ngh).Tr li:1. Lch s pht trinTrc khi quy trnh Parex ra i, p-xylene c sn xut c quyn bng phng php kt tinh phn on. Trong s kt tinh, hn hp xylene feed c lm lnh n -75C (-100F), lc ny cc ng phn p-xylene kt ta nh mt tinh th rn. Cht rn sau c tch ra bng cch ly tm hoc lc. Sau cng lm sch bng cch ra tinh th p-xylene vi toluene hoc mt phn p-xylene sn phm.Chng bao lu sau khi c gii thiu vo nm 1971, quy trnh UOP Parex nhanh chng tr thnh cng ngh a thch ca th gii vi mc ch thu hi p-xylene. K t thi im , hu nh tt c cc qu trnh sn xut p-xylene mi u da trn qu trnh UOP Parex. Trong nm 1997, UOP, Washington Group International, v Niro Process Technology thng nht kt hp hn 80 nm qu trnh thit k ca h v nh gi li vic sn xut p-xylene t mt quan im a ngnh. Trong nm 1998, lin minh ny gii thiu qu trnh HySorb XP, n gin, mt bung t. 2. ngha ca qu trnhUOP Parex c thit k thu hi hn 97% trng lng ca para-xylene t u vovi tinh khit sn phm ca 99,9% hoc hn th na. Cc thit k Parex tit kim nng lng, my mc n gin, v tin cy caoQuy trnh Perex ca UOP sn xut 250000 MTA para-xylene chim 69% tng cng sut sn xut para-xylen trn th gii.3. Nguyn liuHu ht cc hn hp xylene s dng sn xut para-xylene c sn xut t naphtha bng reforming xc tc. Phn xng UOP CCR Platforming hin i vn hnh mc nghim ngt cao, phn tch C8 ca reformate hu nh khng c tp cht nonaromatic. Do , cc cht thm C8 c th c a trc tip vo thu hi xylene. Trong nhiu cht thm phc hp, c ti mt na trong tng shn hp xylen c sn xut t vic chuyn i toluene v C9 thm trong mt thit b UOP Tatoray.Nguyn liu cho quy trnh Parex phi c phn on trc c lp cc C8 aromatic v x l t st bo v cc vt liu hp ph. Mt hn hp xylen c mua v vn chuyn n cc v tr sn xut, trc tin n phi c stripped, x l t xt v chy th trc khi c cho vo Parex unit. Ni chung, feed chomt n v Parex phi p ng cc thng s k thut c nu trong Bng 2.6.1.

4. C s l thuytHn hp xylenes bao gm cc ng phn nh ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene v p-xylene. Cc ng phn ny c nhit si gn ging nhau, do tch chng bng phng php chng ct truyn thng l khng thc hin c. Quy trnh Parex cung cp mt cch thc thu hi p-xylene bng cch dng mt cht hp ph zeolite rn m n ch c tnh chn lc i vi p-xylene.5. Quy trnh cng nghThe flow diagram cho mt Parex unit in hnh c th hin trong hnh 2.6.4. S tch din ra trong adsorbent chambers. Mi bung hp ph c chia thnh mt s adsorbent beds. Mi internals asembly c kt ni vi cc rotary valve bi mt bed line. The internals gia mi adsorbent bed c s dng tim hoc rt cht lng t chamber v ng thi thu thp cc cht lng t bed pha trn v ti phn phi li cc cht lng bed bn di. Mt Parex unit in hnh c 24 adsorbent beds v 24 bed lines kt ni cc beds vi van quay. Hu ht cc Parex unit bao gm hai adsorbent chamber vi chui 12 beds trong mi chamber.Qu trnh Parex c bn dng chnh c phn phi cho cc adsorbent chambers bi cc rotary valve(van quay). Nhng dng ny gm c: Feed in: hn hp xylene Dilute extract out: sn phm para-xylene long vi desorbent Dilute raffinate out: ethylbenzene, meta-xylene, ortho-xylene long vi desorbent. Desorbent in: recycle desorbent t fractionation section.Ti bt k thi im no, ch c bn bed lines thc hin vic mang cc net streams vo v ra khi adsorbent chamber. Rotary valve c s dng chuyn i nh k v tr ca cc liquid feed. Mt my bm cung cp cht lng tun hon t y adsorbent chamber u tin n nh ca ci th hai. Mt my bm th hai cung cp lu thng t y adsorbent chamber th hai ln nh ca ci u tin. Bng cch ny, hai bung hp ph c chc nng nh mt, lin tc vng lp n ca adsorbent beds.Cc chit xutlongt rotary valve c chuyn n extract column phn tchphn chit t desorbent. Phn nh ca extract column c chuyn ti finishing column tch para-xylene tinh khit ra khi cc toluene c mt trong dng feed.Cc raffinate long c chuyn n raffinate column tch raffinate t desorbent. Sn phm nh ca raffinate column cha cc thnh phn C8 aromatic: ethylbenzene, meta-xylene, ortho-xylene, cng vi cc thnh phn khng thm c mt trong feed. Sn phm raffinate sau c gi n phn xng isomerization. , para-xylene c hnh thnh v tun hon vphn xng Parex.Cc desorbent t y ca c extract column v raffinate column c tun hon qua Rotary valve. Bt k cht gy nhim nng trong feed s tch t trong desorbent. ngn chn s tch t ny, S d phng c thc hin a mt slip-stream ca recycle desorbent vo small desorbent rerun column, cc cht thi b loi b.

Quy trnh sn xut para-xylene

Parex flow diagram Cu 14: Tnh hnh s dng ethanol sn xut xng sinh hc Vit Nam v trn th gii.Tr li:1. Tnh hnh sn xut ethanol Vit NamC nc c 6 nh my sn xut ethanol sinh hc t sn lt vi tng cng sut 535 triu lt mi nm. Tuy nhin, cc nh my ny hin sn xut cm chng v cng sn xut cng l, c mi lt ethanol l khong 434 ng.Hin nay, ngoi ba nh my m tp on Du kh quc gia (PVN) tham gia u t gm nh my sn xut ethanol Ph Th (hin tm ngng), nh my ethanol Bnh Phc v nh my ethanol Dung Qut, c nc cn bn nh my sn xut ethanol khc ang hot ng vi cng sut 335 triu lt ethanol/nm, gm nh my ng Xanh (Qung Nam), Tng Lm (ng Nai), i Vit (k Nng), Bioethanol k T (Kon Tum).Tuy nhin, vic pht trin mng li phn phi xng sinh hc cn chm, khng theo kp vic u t sn xut ethanol. Nguyn nhn: do kh khn v th trng tiu th trong nc, cc nh my phi xut khu vi gi thp, khng b chi ph, nhiu nh my phi hot ng cm chng, thm ch ngng sn xut. Ngoi l do gi thnh sn xut cn cao, tc pht trin mng li phn phi cn chm, khng p ng c tc pht trin ca cc d n sn xut nhin liu sinh hc, th tm l ngi tiu dng vn cn t thng tin v u im ca xng E5 v vn u tin la chn nhin liu truyn thng, gy tr ngi nhiu cho vic tiu th sn phm.Theo quyt nh ca Th tng,i vi loi xng E5, t ngy 1/12/2014, xng c sn xut, phi ch, kinh doanh s dng cho phng tin c gii ng b tiu th trn a bn 7 tnh, thnh ph: H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh, Hi Phng, Nng, Cn Th, Qung Ngi, B Ra - Vng Tu l xng E5.T ngy 1/12/2015 xng c sn xut, phi ch, kinh doanh s dng cho phng tin c gii ng b tiu th trn ton quc l xng E5.i vi xng E10, t ngy 1/12/2016, xng c sn xut, phi ch, kinh doanh s dng cho phng tin c gii ng b tiu th trn a bn 7 tnh, thnh ph: H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh, Hi Phng, Nng, Cn Th, Qung Ngi, B Ra - Vng Tu l xng E10.T 1/12/2017 xng c sn xut, phi ch, kinh doanh s dng cho phng tin c gii ng b tiu th trn ton quc l xng E10.2. Tnh hnh sn xut Ethanol trn th gii

Nhng nm 1970, cng nghip sn xut ethanol pht trin Brazil v M nn ethanol s dng trong xe li c quan tm, nhng ch thc s pht trin trong 10 nm va qua trc nguy c du m cn kit v c nhng chnh sch h tr ca chnh ph cc nc. Hn 50 nc trn th gii s dng ethanol pha xng chy xe, dn u l M (trn 90% ethanol nhin liu c pha xng E10) v Brazil (bt buc s dng E22 n E25), n s dng ti a E5, Thi Lan bt buc s dng E5, E10 v E85 c gii thiu t 2008...M tr thnh nh sn xut nhin liu ethanol ln nht th gii vo nm 2005. Nm 2011, M sn xut c 13,9 t gallon (52,6 t lt) ethanol vo nm 2011, tng t 13,2 t gallon (49,2 t lt) nm 2010, v tng t 1,63 t gallon vo nm 2000. Brazil v M chim 87,1% sn lng ethanol ton cu vo nm 2011.Trn thc t, ngha ln nht ca xng sinh hc l n gip gim s ph thuc vo nhin liu ha thch cng nh gim tiu th nhin liu ha thch. Vi nhng nc phi nhp khu du m th xng sinh hc gip gim ph thuc ngun du m nc ngoi.Hin nay nguyn liu sn xut Ethanol ch yu c sn xut t cc sn phm nng nghip nh ng, khoai, snKhi nhu cu nng lng v nhu cu ethanol tng cao, xu hng m rng din tch t nng nghip sn xut nguyn liu cho sn xut ethanol c th dn ti nhiu vn v an ninh lng thc, nhim t trng, ph rng.. l nhng mt tri ca sn xut nhin liu sinh hc.

Cu 15: Quy trnh cng ngh phn xng CDU? Cc sn phm thu nhn c t CDU?Tr li:1. Quy trnh cng ngh phn xng CDUPhn xng CDU l phn xng chng ct du th, CDU vit tt Crude Distillation Unit.Phn xng CDU c th xem l phn xng ca ng ca nh my lc du vi nhim v phn tch du th thnh nhng phn on nh hn theo nhng khong nhit si khc nhau.

M hnh 3D ca phn xng CDU nh my lc du Dung Qut theo hng ng

S quy trnh phn xng CDU

S quy trnh phn xng CDU c thm thp n nh ha phn sn phm nha. M t qu trnh cng ngh:Qu trnh phn tch thc hin trong thp chng ct kh quyn, c thit b ngng t nh nhng khng c thit b un si li y thp, hot ng di p sut t 1 3 (bars).Du th c nng nhit s b thng qua cc thit b trao i nhit s dng nhit thu hi t cc sn phm v t cc dng hi lu tun hon n nhit khong 140OC, ti nhit ny du th c kh mui. Cng on ny c thc hin p sut ln nhm mc ch gi cho hn hp du th v nc tn ti trng thi lng ti nhit mong mun. Du th sau khi tch mui s tip tc c nng nhit thng qua cc thit b gia nhit khc nhm thu hi ti a lng nhit t cc dng sn phm c nhit si cao hn v sau a vo l t nhm nhm tng nhit ca du th ln n nhit mong mun (khong 340-360oC) trc khi a vo thp phn tch chnh. Hi ti nh thp c ngng t thng qua h thng lm ngui ri vo bnh hi lu. Ti y dng naphtha ly ra s c a qua thp n nh xng nhm loi b cc thnh phn nh v nc. Naphtha sau khi x l s c a trc tip sang phn xng NHT hoc qua b cha trung gian. Cc dng sn phm tch cnh sn s qua cc thit b strippers loi b cc thnh phn nh (dng hi nc hoc thit b un si li). Phn nh tch ra s quay v thn thp (y c coi l dng hi lu trung gian), cn phn nng c xem l sn phm ca phn xng.Trc khi i n b cha, cc dng sn phm c cho qua thit b thu hi nhit tn dng lng nhit tha, ng thi lm gim nhit ca sn phm trc khi vo b cha.Sn phm y mang mt lng nhit kh ln c em i trao i nhit vi dng nguyn liu.b. Chng ct du th:Nguyn liu du th ha hi mt phn i vo Thp chng ct chnh (Main Fractionator), ti vng np liu ni m xy ra qu trnh phn tch gia hai pha lng v hi. Dng lng ri khi vng np liu c strip bi dng hi qu nhit nhm thu hi nhng cu t nh t y thp. Dng hi ri khi vng np liu v c chng tch thnh cc sn phm nh hn v 3 dng sn phm cnh sn: Heavy Gas Oil (HGO), Light Gas Oil (LGO) v Kerosene.Cc sn phm nh hn (Gas, LPG va Naphtha) t phn nh ca thp chng ct c ngng t, dn n bnh tch 3 pha (Accumulator) tch dng Naphtha ra khi nc v kh, sau Naphtha c lm cho tinh khit hn ti thp n nh xng v dng LPG c thu hi phn nh thp. Cc sn phm nng hn c ly ra bn cnh sn thp bi qu trnh hi lu ni xy ra bn trong thp v dng hi qu nhit c s dng tch cc thnh phn nh ti cc thp stripper.c tnh ca mi phn on c th c thay i theo yu cu nhng s lm nh hng n phn on lin k n. V c bn, hu ht cc tiu chun v sn phm chng ct du th xut pht t phng php ASTM. Phng php ny cho bit nhit v thnh phn cu t bay hi tng ng. Mt cch khc nhm iu chnh cc ch tiu ca sn phm l xc nh im si cui ti a cho php (ASTM End Point) i vi mi phn on.im si cui ca mi phn on ph thuc nhiu vo khi lng dng c ly ra t thp chng ct. Thay i lu lng sn phm ly ra l mt phng thc nhm gi cho im si cui ca sn phm t tiu chun. Nhit ca a m ti dng sn phm bn c rt ra hin th im si cui ca sn phm v ngi vn hnh c kinh nghim s thay i lu lng dng sn phm c rt ra nhm gi nhit ti a rt sn phm l khng i v v th sn phm s t tiu chun.Nhm gim lu lng hi v lng lu thng trong thp, tn dng thu hi nhit cng nh tng hiu sut tch, c 4 dng hi lu tun hon c s dng n: dng hi lu tun hon nh, dng hi lu tun hon Kerosene, dng hi lu tun hon LGO v dng hi lu tun hon HGO.c. Cm thp n nh xng (Stabilizer Section)Xng cha n nh (Unstabilised Naphtha) t bnh tch 3 pha c tin gia nhit ti thit b trao i nhit trc khi i vo thp n nh xng (Stabilizer Column), l ni m LPG, Fuel Gas c tch ra t dng Naphtha.2. Cc sn phm thu nhn c t CDUDu th sau khi i qua phn xng CDU thu c cc sn phm nh sau:a. Vng sn phm nhDng sn phm nh sau khi i qua cc thp n nh ha thu c sn phm nh sau: Fuel Gas Propane Butane Light gasoline Heavy gasolineb. Vng sn phm cnh sn Kerosene Light gas oil (LGO) Heavy gas oil (HGO)c. Vng sn phm y Cn chng ct kh quyn (RA)

Cu 16: Quy trnh cng ngh phn xng NHT (naphtha hydrotreating)? Mc ch ngha ca cm phn xng NHT? Nguyn liu, c s l thuyt, s cng ngh? Cc tnh cht c trng ca sn phm t phn xng NHT?Tr li:

Hnh 16.1. S cng ngh quy trnh cng ngh phn xng NHT (naphtha hydrotreating)

1. Mc ch ngha ca cm phn xng NHTPhn xng Naphtha Hydrotreating (NHT Unit) c chc nng x l naphtha (loi b tp cht gy u c xc tc Reforming) t straingt-run naphtha hoc cracked naphthas trc khi a vo quy trnh Reforming xc tc.2. Nguyn liu ca qu trnh NHT lStraingt-run naphtha t phn xng chng ct kh quyn, v naphtha nguyn liu t qu trnh FCC, cracking nhit, Coking, Visbreaking.3. C s l thuyt ca qu trnh NHT:Naphtha Hydrotreating process l qu trnh xc tc trong nh my lc du s dng mt cht xc tc chn lc v mt dng giu kh hydro kh cc hp cht ca lu hunh, nit, oxy, lm no olefin v loi b hp cht kim loi c trong nguyn liu naphtha to thnh cc hp cht hydrocarbon v cc cht thi di dng kh d tch, p ng yu cu lm nguyn liu cho phn xng Reforming xc tc do xc tc Platin trong Reforming rt t v d b u c bi cc hp cht ca S, N, OTt c cc phn ng hydro ha u l cc phn ng ta nhit, v vy qu trnh naphtha hydrotreating l qu trnh ta nhit mnh.Qu trnh NHT bao gm 6 loi phn ng c bn:a. Cc phn ng loi b lu hunh Mercaptan C-C-C-C-C-C-SH + H2 C-C-C-C-C-C + H2S Sulfides C-C-C-S-C-C-C + 2H2 2C-C-C + H2S Disulfide C-C-C-S-S-C-C-C + 3H2S 2C-C-C + 2H2S Cyclic sulfide Thiophenic b. Cc phn ng loi b nitrogen Pyridine

Quinoline Pyrrole

Methyl amine

c. Cc phn ng loi oxygen d. Phn ng loi b Clo C-C-C-C-C-C-Cl + H2 C-C-C-C-C-C + HCle. Phn ng no ha Olefin C-C-C-C=C-C + H2 C-C-C-C-C-C f. Loi b kim loiQu trnh Naphtha Hydrotreating khng x l tch c cc tp cht kim loi c trong dng nguyn liu nh: Ni, V, Hg, Fe, Pb, nhng n lm cho cc kim loi ny bm vo xc tc ca Naphtha Hydrotreating v tch t li trn , qua thi gian ta c th loi b xc tc tch t qu nhiu kim loi v thay xc tc mi. Do gi thnh xc tc ca qu trnh Naphtha Hyhrotreating (Mo, Ni based) r hn rt nhiu so vi Reforming xc tc (Pt-based) nn qu trnh ny tng hiu qu ca qu trnh Reforming xc tc.S cng ngh qu trnh x l naphtha hydrotreating gm cc thit b chnh l l gia nhit, thit b phn ng, hai bnh tch ti p sut cao v p sut thp, my nn dng kh tun hon.Trong qu trnh naphtha hydrotreating, dng feed naphtha c trn vi dng kh tun hon giu hydrogen, sau i qua thit b trao i nhit v l t t c n nhit yu cu ca thit k (khong 315 340oC) dng naphtha nng i ra c a vo thit b phn ng. Ti thit b phn ng cc phn ng hydro ha xy ra ta nhit mnh nn cn phi c qu trnh lm gim nhit m bo qu trnh phn ng xy ra ng trong khong nhit thit k. gim nhit thit b phn ng, reactor c chia ra lm 3 bed ring bit qua mi bed dng sn phm li c lm mt bng dng naphtha v dng kh hydrogen ngui b sung. Dng sn phm i ra khi reactor c b sung nc ra kh chua v lm ngui bng thit b trao i nhit vi dng feed v cooler s dng cooling water, sau hn hp c tch pha ti hai thit b tch p cao v p thp. Ti thit b tch p cao kh thot ra ch yu l hydrogen c tun hon tr li gip thit b phn ng gi n nh p sut, dng lng tip tc i vo thit b tch p thp, ti y cc kh hydrocarbon nh (Off Gas), LPG tch ra v sn phm lng c a vo fractionator tch hn hp thnh cc phn on thch hp cho qu trnh x l downstream: phn on Light Naphtha cho phn xng Isomerization, phn on Heavy Naphtha cho phn xng Reforming xc tc, v Sour Water c x l ti Water Stripper.4. Sn phm ca qu trnh Naphtha HydrotreatingLight Naphtha, Heavy Naphtha v sn phm ph l LPG, Off Gas. Do cc sn phm ny c dng lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh Isomerization v Cat. Reforming nn chng phi m bo yu cu hm lng S, v N < 0.5 ppm wt v hm lng Olefin < 0.1% wt

Cu 17: Quy trnh cng ngh phn xng CCR (Continuous Catalytic Reforming)? Mc ch ngha ca cm phn xng CCR? Nguyn liu, c s l thuyt, s cng ngh? Cc tnh cht c trng ca sn phm t phn xng CCR?Tr li:Quy trnh cng ngh phn xng CCR:Naphtha sau khi c loi b cc tp cht thng qua qu trnh hydrotreating c cung cp nhit thng qua thit b trao i nhit. Sau ngun nguyn liu ny c a qua h thng l t tng n nhit cn thit cho phn ng chnh xy ra trc khi a vo tng phn ng th nht. Thit b phn ng gm c 4 tng xc tc. Sn phm sau khi ra mi tng u c gia nhit trc khi vo tng tip theo. Sau khi qua thit b phn ng sn phm c a qua thit b trao i nhit v cp nhit cho dng nguyn liu. Sau sn phm c lm mt trc khi a vo thit b phn tch. Ti y dng hi c chia ra lm 2 phn: mt phn dng hi lu li cho qu trnh phn ng, mt phn c ly ra a vo cc qu trnh khc. Dng sn phm tip tc a qua thp n nh ha. Ti y sn phm nh dc ngng t v a qua thit b phn tch tch ra thnh cc dng fuel gas v thnh phn light end. Dng sn phm y chnh l sn phm xng c tr s octan cao c a qua thit b ngng t ri sau dn v b cha.

Mc ch ngha ca cm phn xng CCR: Sn xut xng c tr s octan cao. Sn xut hydrocarbon thm l ngun nguyn liu qu cho tng hp ha du (BTX). Thu kh H2 dng cho cc qu trnh lm sch du m, ch bin du v cc qu trnh khc ca cng nghip ha hc. Sn phm ph LPG.Nguyn liu: heavy naphtha t phn xng NHT (Naphtha Hydrotreating). S,N < 0.5ppmC s l thuyt:; Qu trnh Reforming xc tc l qu trnh chuyn i naphtha nng thnh cc sn phm thm ha c ch s octan cao v cung cp ngun kh hydro cho cng ngh lm sch du m. Bao gm cc phn ng: Paraffin isomerization:

R-C-C-C-C R-C-C-C C

Phn ng thun li nhit thp, din ra trn tm axit Naphthene isomerization:

Phn ng thun li nhit thp, din ra trn tm axit Naphthene dehydrogenation:

Phn ng thun li nhit cao, p sut thp; din ra trn tm kim loi Paraffin dehydrocyclization:

R-C-C-C-C

Phn ng thun li nhit cao, p sut thp; din ra trn c tm kim loi v tm axit. Hydrocracking:Phn ng thun li nhit cao, p sut cao; din ra trn tm axit Demethylation:

Phn ng thun li nhit cao, p sut cao; din ra trn tm kim loi Aromatics dealkylation:

Phn ng thun li nhit cao, p sut cao; din ra trn c tm kim loi v tm axitS cng ngh

Cc tnh cht c trng ca sn phm t phn xng CCR: Xng c tr s octan cao: Ty thuc vo nguyn liu ban u v ch cng ngh qu trnh, c th nhn c xxa8ng c tr s octan cao, c th t t 100 n 105. Thnh phn xng CCR: aromatics (50-58%), paraffins (10-40%), olefin (550oC) Qua cc cng trnh nghin cu ch ra: Nguyn liu l nhng phn ct nh s cho sn phm c hiu sut C3, C4 tng cn H2 v cc gim. Nhng phn on nh (200 360oC) nhn c t chng ct trc tip l nguyn liu tt nht sn xut xng t v xng my bay. Nguyn liu t cc phn on nng (cc gasoil) chn khng l ph bin nht trong qu trnh cracking xc tc. Nhm ny cho sn phm l xng v cc phn on sn phm trng, qua chng ct chn khng lm gim nhng cu t v hp cht c hi cho qu trnh cracking. Thc t l thnh phn nhng kim loi nng lm nhim c xc tc nh vanadi, niken thng c trong cc hp cht c kim, trong thnh phn ca nha, asphalten l nhng phn t ln, c nhit si cao khi chng ct chn khng nhng cht ny s li phn cn ca chng ct chn khng, chnh v vy m cc phn ct c lm sch, c loi v c gim cc cht gy nhim c xc tc. Cng chnh cc hp cht nha, asphalten khng nhng cha cc kim loi nng m chng cn l ngun chuyn thnh cc nhiu nht, lm gim hat tnh ca xc tc. Thnh phn ha hc ca nguyn liu nh hng rt ln n hiu sut ca qu trnh. Vi nhm hydrocacbon parafin s cho hiu qu chuyn ha cao nht.Nhm hydrocacbon thm cho hiu sut xng km hn v li tng mc chuyn ha to cc. Nhng cht phi hydrocacbon l c hi cho qu trnh cracking xc tc, chng gy ng c cho xc tc v cn chuyn vo sn phm lm gim cht lng sn phm nh cc hp cht lu hynh.Trong thc t vi s tin b ca cng ngh, qu trnh cracking xc tc c th s dng cn chng ct kh quyn lm nguyn liu trc tip cho qu trnh m khng phi qua chng ct chn khng. Qu trnh ny gi l qu trnh cracking xc tc cn (RFCC).Nhng loi du th parafin, t lu hynh thng c t cc cht gy nhim c xc tc v ch s cc Conradson thp rt thun li cho vic dng thng cn chng ct kh quyn lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh RFCC. tng ngun nguyn liu, ngay c cn chng ct chn khng cng c lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh cracking xc tc sau khi kh nha v asphalten.5. Cc loi sn phm thu c t qu trnh cracking xc tc Cht lng ca sn phm cracking xc tc thay i trong phm vi rt rng ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh nguyn liu, loi xc tc v cc thng s cng ngh ca qu trnh.Hn hp sn phm ca qu trnh cracking c chuyn tip n thit b chng ct phn ra cc phn on sn phm: - Sn phm kh- Cc phn on xng, du ha- Cc phn on gasoil nh v nng- Phn on cn dng lm nhin liu t l... Bng: nh hng ca nguyn liu i vi cht lng v s phn b sn phm

6. c im cc sn phm kh v lng thu c t qu trnh cracking xc tc a. Kh hydroccbon Hiu sut kh c th t 1025% nguyn liu ph thuc vo nguyn liu v iu kin cracking. Trong iu kin nhit cao, tc nguyn liu nh, bi s tun hon xc tc ln th hiu sut sn phm kh s ln v ngc li th hiu sut kh nh.Nguyn liu c hm lng lu hynh cao th sn phm kh c nhiu kh H2S v khi nguyn liu c nhiu nit th sn phm kh cracking c nhiu NH3.Sn phm kh, kh kh c dng lm nhin liu kh, etylen v propylen l nguyn liu cho sn xut nha polyetylen (PE) v polypropylen (PP), Propanpropen lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh polyme ha v sn sut cc cht hat ng b mt v lm nhin liu t (LPG). Propanpropen, butanbuten cn lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh alkyl ha nhn cu t c tr s octan cao pha vo xng, v lm nguyn liu cho cc qu trnh tng hp ha du.b. Phn on xng Phn on xng thng c nhit 40200oC, phn on ny l cu t c bn pha trn vi nhng cu t khc t cc qu trnh Reforming, alkylha, v cc phn on naphta t qu trnh chng ct trc tip sn xut cc loi xng t, xng my bay. Phn on xng t qu trnh cracking xc tc khc vi cc phn on c cng khong nhit si t qu trnh chng ct trc tip l c tr s ctan cao hn v cc bit l c thm thnh phn hydrocacbon olefin.c. Cc phn on 200350oC Phn on 200280oC dng lm du ha v phn on 200350oC c dng pha trn v sn xut nhin liu diezen Cc phn on > 350oC c dng lm nhin liu t l FO hay c dng lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh cc ha.

Cu 21: Cc loi ph gia cho sn phm du khTr li: