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A
Seminar on
CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM OF
AUTOMOBILE
By
KUNAL UGALE
T.E. Mechanical Engineering
(Exam. No.:T120380995)
Guided by
PROF. N. R. ANEKAR
Department of Mechanical Engineering
MIT College of Engineering, Pune
University of Pune
2015-2016
MIT College of Engineering, Pune
Department of Mechanical Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Kunal Ugale., has successfully completed the seminar “Cruise
control system of Automobile” under my supervision, in the partial fulfillment of third
year, second semester - Mechanical Engineering (Branch) of University of Pune for the
academic year 2015-2016.
Date :
Place :
Prof. N. R. Anekar
Seminar Guide External Examiner
Prof. (Dr.) S. B. Barve
Seal Head of Department
MIT College of Engineering,
Kothrud, Pune Vision and Mission
Vision of the Institute
To empower young generation for substantial contribution to economical,
technological and social development of the society.
Mission of the Institute
To be a Globally, Socially conscious institute of research and innovation with an
excellence in professional education and to take up the challenges of change for
benefit of the society.
Vision of the Department
To create dynamic mechanical professionals to meet global technological challenges
through research & innovation for the benefit of society.
Mission of the Department
To empower young mechanical professionals through globally acceptable, effective
education & industrial training with relevant research output.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me great pleasure to present a seminar on “Cruise control system of
Automobile". In preparing this seminar number of hands helped me directly and
indirectly. Therefore it becomes my duty to express my gratitude towards them.
I am very much obliged to subject guide Prof. Anekar N. R., in Mechanical
Engineering Department, for helping and giving proper guidance. Her timely suggestions
made it possible to complete this seminar for me. All efforts might have gone in vain
without his valuable guidance.
I will fail in my duty if I won't acknowledge a great sense of gratitude to the Vice-
Principal Prof. (Dr.) R. V. Pujeri head of mechanical engineering Prof. (Dr.) S.B.
Barve and the entire staff members in Mechanical Engineering Department for their
cooperation.
Kunal Ugale
TE Mechanical
Roll No: 3125002
Exam No: 3125002
ABSTRACT
Seminar gives overview of cruise control system, it’s history, how it works,
requirement, advantages, limitations, and implementation, New development occur in
this system like Adaptive cruise control system, Intelligent cruise control system. This
system gives driver relax in long journey, reduce stress, and reduce the amount of
attention required by the driver. This system consists of several different subsystems.
Different subsystems communicate with each other and existing electronic systems on the
automobile via programmed microcontrollers.
The proposed intelligent cruise control system aims to reduce the number of
highway accidents and help eliminate road rage incidents. To do this, the implemented
system slows down the car or steers away from the obstacle, when it is too late to slow
down the car to a safe stop, to avoid collision. Using some photo voltaic light, fixed small
radar, inexpensive sensors around the vehicle, by using this system can detect when it is
safe to change lanes, or when to take over another car. Therefore, this system can make
driving a safer activity.
CONTENTS
Sr. No. Name of Sections Page No.
List of Figures i
List of Tables ii
Nomenclature iii
Abbreviations iv
1. Introduction
1.1 Field of Invention
1.2 Background of Invention
1.3 Necessity of Cruise Control System
1
1
1
2
2. Cruise Control System
2.1 Basic Feature of Cruise Control System
2.2 Constructional Details of Various Parts of C.C.S.
3
4
5
3. Types of Cruise Control System 10
4. Working Cruise Control System 15
5. Advantages and Disadvantage 16
6. Applications 17
7 Conclusion 18
References 20
i
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No. Name of Figure Page No.
1.1 Backus Gas Engine 9
2.2 Split-Cycle Engine 11
3.1 Strokes of Split-cycle Engine 18
3.2 P-V Curve: Compression 27
3.3 P-V Curve: Power 28
4.1 P-V Curve: Energy 29
4.2 Start of Combustion 30
ii
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Name of Table Page No.
1.1 Types of Engines 9
2.2 Types of Fuels 11
3.1 Types of Curves 18
iii
NOMENCLATURE
P Pressure (Pa)
T Temperature (0C)
V Volume (m3)
iv
ABBREVATIONS
No. Number
e.g. For Example
Cruise Control System of Automobile
MIT-COE, Pune Mechanical Engg. 1
1. Introduction
1.1 Field of Invention
This invention relates to the Internal Combustion Engine. More specifically, to
a split cycle engine having a pair of pistons in which one piston is used for intake and
compression strokes and another piston is used for expansion (power) and exhaust
strokes, with each of four strokes completed in one revolution of crankshaft [1].
1.2 Background of Invention
Internal combustion engine are devices in which reactants of combustion and
products of combustion serves as working fluid of the engine. The basic components
of engine are well known and include the engine block, cylinder head, cylinders,
pistons, valves, crankshaft and camshaft. Such an engine gains its energy from the
heat released during combustion of non reacted working fluids [2]. In all internal
combustion engine useful work is generated from hot, gaseous products of
combustion acting directly on the moving surfaces of the engine. Generally,
reciprocating motion of the pistons is transferred to the the rotary motion of the
crankshaft via connecting rods.
Internal Combustion (IC) engines are categorized as spark ignition (SI) and
compression ignition (CI). SI engines, i.e. typically gasoline engines. Uses spark to
ignite the air/fuel mixture, while the heat of compression ignites the air/fuel mixture
in CI engines, i.e. typically diesel engines. The most common internal-combustion
engine is the four-stroke cycle engine, a conception whose basic design has not
changed for more than 100 years old. In four-stroke cycle engine, power is recovered
from the combustion process in four separate piston movements (strokes) of a single
piston. Accordingly, a four stroke cycle engine is defined herein [3].
1.3 Necessity of Cruise Control System
A good cruise control system accelerates aggressively to the desired speed without
overshooting, and then maintains that speed with little deviation no matter how much
weight is in the car, or how steep the hill you drive up. Controlling the speed of a car
Cruise Control System of Automobile
MIT-COE, Pune Mechanical Engg. 2
is a classic application of Cruise control system. Every year many people die or
injure in car accident on highways. Auto accidents will also injure at least 10 million
people this year around the globe, two or three million of them seriously.
On the other hand, if we think about, the hospital bills, damaged property, and
other costs will add up to 1-3 percent of the world's gross domestic product, according
to the Paris-based Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. For the
United States alone, the tally will amount to roughly US $200 billion. And, of course,
the losses that matters most are not even captured by these statistics, because there's
no way to put a dollar value on them.
So why we need such a system that will provide the safe way of driving and
will probably be reduced the chances of accident. If cruise control systems will faith
to do so, then it is sure that the maximum chances of accident might have been
reduced.
2. Cruise Control System
2.1 Basic Features of Cruise Control System
The cruise control system actually has a lot of functions other than controlling
the speed of your car. For instance, the cruise control as shown in Fig.1 and Fig. 2 can
accelerate or decelerate the car by 1 mph with the tap of a button. Hit the button five
times to go 5 mph faster. There are also several important safety features -- the cruise
control will disengage as soon as you hit the brake pedal, and it won't engage at
speeds less than 25 mph (40 kph).
The system as shown in Fig.1 and Fig. 2 has five buttons: On, Off, Set/Accel,
Resume and Coast. It also has a sixth control -- the brake pedal, and if your car has a
manual transmission the clutch pedal is also hooked up to the cruise control. The on
and off buttons don't actually do much. Hitting the on button does not do anything
except tell the car that you might be hitting another button soon. The off button turns
the cruise control off even if it is engaged. Some cruise controls don't have these
buttons; instead, they turn off when the driver hits the brakes, and turn on when the
driver hits the set button. The basic features provided by this system are,
Cruise Control System of Automobile
MIT-COE, Pune Mechanical Engg. 3
The set/accel button tells the car to maintain the speed you are currently
driving. If you hit the set button at 45 mph, the car will maintain your speed
at 45 mph. Holding down the set/accel button will make the car accelerate;
and on this car, tapping it once will make the car go 1 mph faster.
If you recently disengaged the cruise control by hitting the brake pedal, hitting
the resume button will command the car to accelerate back to the most recent
speed setting.
Holding down the coast button will cause the car to decelerate, just as if you
took your foot completely off the gas. On this car, tapping the coast button
once will cause the car to slow down by 1 mph.
The brake pedal and clutch pedal each have a switch that disengages the
cruise control as soon as the pedal is pressed, so you can shut off the cruise
control with a light tap on the brake or clutch.
Fig. 2.1 Showing the Features of the Cruise Control System on the Steering
Fig. 2.2 A Closure View Showing the Features of The Cruise Control System
Cruise Control System of Automobile
MIT-COE, Pune Mechanical Engg. 4
2.2 Constructional Details of Various Parts of C.C.S.
2.2.1 Servo
The Servo contains a large diaphragm along with two solenoids and a
feedback potentiometer. The diaphragm is attached by a cable to the carburetor or
throttle body linkage. Engine vacuum is supplied to the Servo through a vacuum
check valve which only allows vacuum to go one way. The two solenoids are for
Vacuum and Vent. One side of each solenoid is connected to battery positive with the
key on. To activate a solenoid, the Amp grounds out the other side of it.
Even if the Vacuum solenoid stops applying vacuum, the diaphragm will hold
its position. It won't release the vacuum until the vent solenoid ground is released.
Then the vacuum gets dumped to the atmosphere. If the Amp just wants to let the
throttle go small amount (going too fast for example) it will momentarily ground the
Vent solenoid to dump a small amount of vacuum.
2.2.2 Vehicle speed sensors (VSS)
The VSS is connected to the speedometer cable. Most of the later models had the
Speedo cable plugged INTO the speed sensor. On this type, the gear on the end of the
sensor is driven by the output shaft in the transmission, and the sensor in turn drives
the Speedo cable. The sensor acts as a little generator. A magnet spins in a coil of
wire to generate an AC voltage.
2.2.3 Brake Light Switch
The Cruise Control Computer has a wire coming from the brake lights. It senses the
brake light voltage when the operator steps on the brakes and disengages the cruise
control. If both brake light bulbs are burned out, the cruise won't work.
2.2.4 Clutch Switch
Vehicles with manual transmissions also have a switch that opens when the clutch is
pushed in. This keeps the engine from revving up. The clutch switch is wired in with
Cruise Control System of Automobile
MIT-COE, Pune Mechanical Engg. 5
the brake light switch so that it breaks the circuit to the brake light bulbs. Due to the
safety feature mentioned with the brake lights above, the systems disengages.
2.2.4 Vacuum Dump Valve
Later systems have a vacuum dump valve on the brake pedal. A vacuum line is
connected from the valve to the Servo diaphragm. When the brake pedal is pushed,
vacuum in the Servo is released (dumped). This is another safety feature. In the earlier
models without this valve, when the brake light switch went bad and you were using
the cruise, the more you tried to stop the car the more the Amp tried to accelerate.
3. Types of Cruise Control System .
.
4. Working Cruise Control System .
.
5. Advantages and Disadvantage .
.
6. Applications .
.
7. Conclusion
Since now a day, vehicle owners are curious about the speed of the vehicle but
at the same time they also think about the safety. But a little consideration shows that
as the speed increases, the same result in decrease in the safety, but if we think about
the Cruise Control System it makes the provision for both, i.e. it can cruise the vehicle
whenever required and also controls the speed if it exceed the required one.
It’s not just stop up to speed control Adaptive and intelligent system has more
add on features which can able to reduce the accident and overcome the driver
mistake by taking decision itself, and give freedom to driver to drive vehicle with
Cruise Control System of Automobile
MIT-COE, Pune Mechanical Engg. 6
high speed with proper safety. It will become popular soon in the future throughout
the world.
References
1. Jung, D. S. and Radermacher, R., Transport properties and surface tension of
pure and mixed refrigerants, ASHRAE Trans, 1991, 97 (1), pp. 90 – 98.
2. Bansal, P. K., Rupasinghe, A. S. and Jain, A. S., An empirical correction for
sizing capillary tubes, Int. Journal of Refrigeration, 1996, 19 (8), pp.497 – 505.
3. Colbourne, D. and Ritter, T. J., Quantitative assessment of flammable refrigerants
in room air conditioners, Proc. of the Sixteenth International Compressor
Engineering Conference and Ninth International Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA,
2002, pp. 34 – 40.
4. Bejan A. and Morega A. M., Optimal Arrays of Pin Fins and Plate Fins
inLaminar Forced Convection, Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 115, 1990, pp. 75
81.
5. Poulikakos, A. and Bejan, A., Fin Geometry for Minimum Entropy Generation in
Forced Convection, ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 104, 1990, pp. 616-623.
6. Incropera F. P., DeWitt D. P., Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer, 4th
Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1990, pp.147-172.
7. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022399902003240