Sale, Greater Manchester

Coordinates: 53°25′26″N 2°19′19″W / 53.424°N2.322°WSale is a town in Trafford, Greater Manchester,England.[1] Historically in Cheshire, it is on the southbank of the River Mersey, 1.9 miles (3.1 km) south ofStretford, 2.5 miles (4.0 km) northeast of Altrincham,and 5.2 miles (8.4 km) southwest of Manchester. In2001, it had a population of 55,000.Evidence of Stone Age, Roman, and Anglo-Saxon activ-ity has been discovered locally. In the Middle Ages, Salewas a rural township, linked ecclesiastically with neigh-bouring Ashton upon Mersey, whose fields and meadowswere used for crop and cattle farming. By the 17th cen-tury, Sale had a cottage industry manufacturing garthweb,the woven material from which horses’ saddle girths weremade.The Bridgewater Canal reached the town in 1765, stim-ulating Sale’s urbanisation. The arrival of the railwayin 1849 triggered Sale’s growth as a commuter town forManchester, leading to an influx of middle class resi-dents; by the end of the 19th century the town’s popu-lation had more than tripled. Agriculture gradually de-clined as service industries boomed.Sale’s urban growth resulted in a merger with neigh-bouring Ashton upon Mersey, following the Local Gov-ernment Act 1929. The increase in population led tothe granting of a charter in 1935, giving Sale honorificborough status. Since then, Sale has continued to thriveas a commuter town, supported by its proximity to theM60 motorway and the Manchester Metrolink network.Sale Water Park contains an artificial lake used for watersports. Sale Sharks rugby union and Sale Harriers ath-letics club were founded in Sale, although both have nowrelocated elsewhere.

1 History

A flint arrowhead discovered in Sale suggests a prehis-toric human presence,[2] but there is no further evidenceof activity in the area until the Roman period. A 4th-century hoard of 46 Roman coins was discovered in Ash-ton upon Mersey, one of four known hoards dating fromthat period discovered within the Mersey basin.[3][4] Salelies along the line of the Roman road which runs be-tween the fortresses at Chester (Deva Victrix) and York(Eboracum), via the fort at Manchester (Mamucium);[3]the present-day A56 follows the route of the road through

the town.[2] After the Roman departure from Britain inthe early-5th century, Britain was invaded by the Anglo-Saxons.Some local field and road names,[5] and the name of Saleitself, are Anglo-Saxon in origin, which indicates thetown was founded in the 7th or 8th centuries. The OldEnglish salh, from which “Sale” is derived, means “at thesallow tree”,[6] and Ashton upon Mersey means “villageor farm near the ash trees".[7] Although the townships ofSale and Ashton upon Mersey were not mentioned in theDomesday Book of 1086, that may be because only a par-tial survey was taken.[8] The first recorded occurrences ofSale andAshton uponMersey are in 1199–1216 and 1260respectively.[9] The settlements were referred to as town-ships rather than manors, which suggests further evidenceof Anglo-Saxon origins as townships were developed bythe Saxons.[10]

The dovecote is all that survives of Sale Old Hall.

The manor of Sale was one of 30 held by WilliamFitzNigel, a powerful 12th-century baron in northCheshire. He divided it between Thomas de Sale andAdam de Carrington, who acted as Lords of theManor onFitzNigel’s behalf.[11] On de Sale’s death, his land passedto his son-in-law, John Holt; de Carrington’s land passedinto the ownership of Richard de Massey, a member ofthe Masseys who were Barons of Dunham. Sale de-scended through the Holt and Massey families until the17th century, when their respective lands were sold.[11]Sale Old Hall was built in about 1603 for James Massey,probably to replace a medieval manor house, and was oneof the first buildings in northwest England to be madeof brick.[12][13] It was rebuilt in 1840 and demolished in1920, but two buildings in its grounds have survived: itsdovecote, now inWalkden Gardens, and its lodge, the lat-ter now occupied by Sale Golf Club.[12]

In 1745, Crossford Bridge – which dated back to at least1367 – was torn down.[14] It was one of a series of bridges

1

2 1 HISTORY

1777 map of area around Sale showing the townships of Saleand Ashton upon Mersey and the separate village of Cross Street(Baguley and Wythenshawe Hall are in the southeast)

crossing the River Mersey destroyed by order of the gov-ernment, to slow the advance of Jacobite forces during theJacobite rising. The Jacobites repaired the bridge uponreaching Manchester, and used it to send a small forceinto Sale and Altrincham. Their intention was to deceivethe authorities into believing that the Jacobites were head-ing for Chester. The feint was successful and the mainJacobite army later marched south through Cheadle andStockport instead.[15]

The extension of the Bridgewater Canal to Runcorn wascompleted as far as Sale by 1765, and transformed thetown’s economy by providing a quick and cheap routeinto Manchester for fresh produce.[16] Farmers who tooktheir wares to market in Manchester brought back nightsoil to fertilise the fields.[17] Not everyone benefited fromthe canal however; several yeomen claimed that theircrops were damaged by flooding from the Barfoot Bridgeaqueduct.[18] A 1777 map shows the village of CrossStreet, on the site of the road now of the same name,divided between the townships of Sale and Ashton uponMersey.[19] The village was first referred to in 1586 and isbelieved to have originated around this time.[20] The mapalso shows that Sale was spread out, mainly consisting offarmhouses around Dane Road, Fairy Lane, and Old HallRoad.[19] Sale absorbed Cross Street as it expanded.About 300 acres (120 ha) of “wasteland” known as SaleMoor was enclosed in 1807, to be divided between thelandowners in Sale. This was part of a nationwide ini-tiative to begin cultivation of common land to lessenthe food shortage caused by the Napoleonic Wars.[21]Records of poor relief in the town start in 1808, a timewhen the region was in the grip of an economic depres-sion.[22] Poorhouses, where paupers could stay rent-free,were built in the early-19th century, reflecting the poorstate of the local economy.[23] In 1829, Samuel Brooksacquired 515 acres (208 ha) of land in Sale – about aquarter of the township – from George Grey, 6th Earlof Stamford.[24] The area later became known as Brook-

lands after the land owner.

View of the Bridgewater Canal, looking north towards Stretford.The railway is parallel with the canal.

TheManchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railwayopened in 1849,[25] and led to the middle classes usingSale as a commuter town, a residence away from theirplace of work.[26] This resulted in Sale’s population morethan tripling by the end of the 19th century.[27] The landin Sale Moor was the cheapest in the town because thesoil was poor and difficult to cultivate, which was part ofthe reason the area was common land until the early 19thcentury. However, when the railway opened, Sale Moorwas close to the station and became the most expensivearea in Sale. Villas were built in Sale Moor, and a few inAshton uponMersey as the demand for land increased.[28]They were often decorated with stained glass or differentcoloured bricks in an attempt to make them “mansions inminiature” for the aspiring middle-class.[29]

Pressure from an increasing population led to the townbeing supplied with amenities such as sewers, which werebuilt in 1875–1880;[30] and Sale was connected to thetelephone network in 1888.[31] As in the late-19th cen-tury, the early-20th century saw a great deal of construc-tion work in Sale. The town’s first swimming baths werebuilt in 1914,[32] and its first cinema, The Palace, wasopened during the First World War.[33] The end of thewar in 1918 resulted in a rush of marriages, which high-lighted a shortage of housing.[34] The local councils ofSale and Ashton uponMersey took the initiative of build-ing council housing, and rented it to the local populationat below market rates. By the outbreak of the SecondWorld War in 1939, Sale had 594 council houses.[34] Thebuilding programme was interrupted by the start of thewar.[32] additional private housing development broughtthe total of inter-war houses built in Sale to around 900,including large housing estates like Woodheys Hall estatein Ashton.Sale was never officially evacuated during the war, andeven received families from evacuated areas, although itwas not considered far enough from likely targets to be anofficial destination for evacuees.[35] The town’s proxim-ity to Manchester, an industrial centre directed towards

3

the war effort, did result in a number of bombing raids.Incendiaries dropped on Sale in September 1940 causedno casualties, but did damage a house. In a bombing in-cident the following November, four people were injuredand a school was damaged; on 22 December 1940, twelvepeople were injured by bombs.[35] On the night of 23 De-cember, much of Manchester suffered heavy bombing inwhat became known as the Manchester Blitz. Six hun-dred incendiary bombs were dropped on Sale in threehours. There were no injuries, but Sale Town Hall wasseverely damaged.[35] On 3 August 1943, at 11:50 pm, aWellington Bomber on a training exercise crashed inWal-ton Park in the south-west of the town. Of the six-mancrew, consisting of five members of the Royal AustralianAir Force and one member of the Royal Air Force, thepilot and the bomb-aimer were killed.[36]

Sale’s shopping centre was redeveloped during the 1960s,as part of the town’s post-war regeneration. In 1973, theshopping precinct in the town centre, which had grown upin the mid-19th century, was also redeveloped and pedes-trianised in an attempt to increase trade.[32] The construc-tion of the M63 motorway (subsequently renamed theM60) in 1972 led to the creation of Sale Water Park.To minimise the risk of flooding, the new road was builton an embankment, for which the necessary gravel wasextracted from what is today an artificial lake and water-sports centre.[37] Opportunities for leisure were increasedwhen the old swimming baths, demolished in 1971, werereplaced in 1973 by a new complex built on the samesite.[32]

2 Governance

Further information: Municipal Borough of SaleHistorically, Sale was a township in the ancient parish

The coat of arms on Sale Town Hall are of the former Sale Mu-nicipal Borough Council, which was dissolved in 1974.

of Ashton upon Mersey in the hundred of Bucklow andcounty of Cheshire.[1] Throughout the Middle Ages itwas governed by the Lord of the Manor. Following thePoor Law Amendment Act 1834, Sale was joined withthe Altrincham Poor Law Union, an inter-parish unit es-

tablished to provide social security.[1] The unit changedits name to Bucklow Poor Law Union in 1895.[1] Saleadopted the Local Government Act 1858 in Novem-ber 1866, and Sale Local Board was formed to gov-ern the township at the beginning of 1867.[38] Memberswere elected to the local board by the town’s ratepayers.A household had one vote for every £10 (£800 as of2015)[39] of rateable value.[40] Under the Local Gov-ernment Act 1888 Sale became an urban district of theadministrative county of Cheshire. The local board wasreplaced by Sale Urban District Council in 1894. Theparish of Ashton upon Mersey became an urban districtin 1895.[41] In 1930, the Ashton upon Mersey UD wasmerged into Sale UD under a county review order.[40][41]

In December 1933, Sale Urban District submitted a pe-tition to the Privy Council in an attempt to gain a charterof incorporation. At the time, Sale UD had the largestpopulation and highest rateable value of any urban dis-trict in the country.[42] The petition was successful and on21 September 1935 Sale UD was granted borough status,and became the Municipal Borough of Sale.[41] Follow-ing the Local Government Act 1972, on 1 April 1974the Municipal Borough of Sale was abolished. Sale be-came an unparished area of the Metropolitan Borough ofTrafford, a local government district of the metropolitancounty of Greater Manchester.[32][41] The town’s edu-cation, town planning, waste collection, health, socialcare and other services are administered by TraffordCouncil.[43]

For national elections, Sale was in the parliamentaryconstituency of Altrincham and Sale from 1945 until1997, when it was split between Altrincham and SaleWest and Wythenshawe and Sale East. The Altrinchamand Sale West constituency is one of the ConservativeParty’s two seats in Greater Manchester. The Sale areaconsists of five electoral wards, which between themhave 15 of the 63 seats on the council. The wards areAshton upon Mersey, Brooklands, Priory, Sale Moor,and St. Mary’s.[44] As of the 2012 local elections, theConservative Party held nine of the seats and the LabourParty held six.[45]

3 Geography

Further information: Geography of Greater ManchesterAt 53°25′29″N 2°19′19″W / 53.42472°N 2.32194°W(53.4246, −2.322), Sale lies respectively to the north andsouth of the neighbouring towns of Altrincham and Stret-ford, and 5 miles (8 km) south-west of Manchester citycentre. The district of Wythenshawe is to the southeast.Sale is in the Mersey Valley, about 100 feet (30 m) abovesea level on generally flat ground. The River Mersey,which runs just north of the town,[2] is prone to flood-ing during heavy rains, so the Sale Water Park, closeto the town’s northern boundary, acts as an emergencyflood basin.[46] The man-made, and thus more control-

4 4 DEMOGRAPHY

Shops along Northenden Road in Sale

lable, Bridgewater Canal runs through the centre of thetown.Sale’s local drift geology consists of sand and gravel de-posited about 10,000 years ago, during the last ice age.[47]The bedrock is Bunter sandstone in the west and Triassicwaterstone in the east.[48] United Utilities obtains thetown’s drinking water from the Lake District.[49] Sale’sclimate is generally temperate, like the rest of GreaterManchester. The mean highest and lowest temperatures(13.2 °C (55.8 °F) and 6.4 °C (43.5 °F)) are slightly abovethe national average, while the annual rainfall (806.6millimetres (31.76 in)) and average hours of sunshine(1394.5 hours) are respectively above and below the na-tional averages.[50][51]

The town’s main districts are Ashton upon Mersey in thenorthwest, Sale Moor in the southeast, and Brooklandsin the southwest. The main commercial area is Saletown centre, in the central northern area of the town, butsmaller commercial centres are also found inAshton uponMersey and Sale Moor. Brooklands is the most denselypopulated area. Most of the parks, including Worthing-ton and Walton, are in the central and southern areas,leaving Ashton upon Mersey and Sale Moor with a short-age of accessible green space.[52][53][54]

Sale’s built environment is varied, with a mixture of mod-ern and old buildings. Some terraces, semi-detachedhouses, and villas, survive from the Victorian period,[55]although many of the larger houses have been convertedinto flats.[56] Many semi-detached houses survive fromthe 1930s, when there was a need for new housing in thetown as a result of a growing population and an increas-ingly wealthy middle class.[57] Interspersed with theseolder structures are newer housing developments, such asthe estates built in Ashton upon Mersey and the east ofSale during the 1970s.[32]

4 Demography

Further information: Demography of Greater Manch-ester

As of the 2001 UK census, Sale had a population of55,234. The 2001 population density was 12,727 in-habitants per square mile (4,914/km2), with a 100 to94.2 female-to-male ratio.[60] Of those over 16 years old,30.0% were single (never married), 51.3% married and7.8% divorced.[61] Although the proportion of divorcedpeople was similar to that of Trafford and England, therates of those who were single and married were sig-nificantly different from the national and Trafford aver-ages (Trafford: 44.3% single, 35.6% married; England:44.3% single, 34.7% married).[62] Sale’s 24,027 house-holds included 32.2% one-person, 37.8% married cou-ples living together, 8.3% were co-habiting couples, and8.5% single parents with their children, these figures weresimilar to those of Trafford and England.[63] Of thoseaged 16–74, 22.3% had no academic qualifications, sim-ilar to that of 24.7% in all of Trafford but significantlylower than 28.9% in all of England.[59][64] Sale had amuch higher percentage of adults with a diploma or de-gree than Greater Manchester as a whole. Of Sale res-idents aged 16–74, 26.7% had an educational qualifica-tion such as first degree, higher degree, qualified teacherstatus, qualified medical doctor, qualified dentist, quali-fied nurse, midwife, or health visitor, compared to 20%nationwide.[59][64]

Originally a working class town, there was an influx ofmiddle-class people in the mid-19th century when busi-nessmen began using Sale as a commuter town.[26] Sincethen, Sale has had a greater proportion of middle classresidents than the national average. In 1931, 22.7% ofSale’s population was middle class compared with 14%in England and Wales, and by 1971, this had increasedto 36.3% compared with 24% nationally. Parallel to thisincrease in the middle classes of Sale was the decline ofthe working class population. In 1931, 20.3%were work-ing class compared with 36% in England and Wales; by1971, this had decreased to 15.4% in Sale and 26% na-tionwide. The rest of the population was made up of cler-ical workers and skilled manual workers. The change insocial structure in the town was at a similar rate to that ofthe rest of the nation but was biased towards the middleclasses, transforming Sale into the middle class town it istoday.[65]

4.1 Population change

According to the hearth tax returns of 1664, the townshipof Sale had a population of about 365.[66] Parish registersshow that the area experienced steady population growthduring the 17th and 18th centuries, more so during thelatter half of the 19th century (due to the Industrial Rev-

5

olution). This later growth was less rapid than that seenin neighbouring areas such as Altrincham, Bowdon, orStretford.[67] The increase in growth in the latter half ofthe 19th century also coincides with the arrival of the rail-way, indicative of Sale’s growth as a commuter town.[68]A huge increase in population in 1921–1931 is accountedfor by the administrativemerger of Sale withAshton uponMersey in 1930.[69] Steady growth thereon is evident un-til 1981, when the decline of industry in Trafford and theGreater Manchester area accounts for a reduction in thetown’s population. This follows the general populationtrend for Greater Manchester, with residents relocating tonew jobs.[70] The table below details population changessince 1801, including the percentage change since the lastcensus.

5 Economy

During themedieval period, most of the land was used forgrowing crops and raising livestock such as cattle.[74] Theproduce from arable farming would have been sufficientto support the local population, but the cattle would havebeen sold to the ruling classes.[75] Agriculture providedthe main source of employment for Sale’s residents untilthe mid-19th century. Industry was slow to develop in thearea, as inmost of what would become Trafford. This waspartly because of the reluctance to of the two main landowners in the area, the Stamfords and the de Traffords, toinvest.[76] Although weaving was common in Sale duringthe late 17th and early 18th century, by 1851 only 4% ofthe population was employed in that industry.[77]

Along with the rest of the region, Sale’s economy dur-ing the early-19th century was weak, a state of affairswhich persisted until the arrival of the railway in the mid-dle of the century.[23] Despite the dominance of agri-culture, there was a growing service industry; Sale andAshton upon Mersey experienced a growth in numbersemployed in retail and domestic services in the first halfof the 19th century.[68] By 1901, less than 20% of Saleresidents were employed in agriculture.[68] Employmentwas available in work houses for those who could not findwork elsewhere. Sale was part of the Altrincham Union,which ran the nearest work house in Altrincham.[78]

The main thoroughfare of Sale shopping centre

The main shopping centre in Sale, the Square ShoppingCentre, was constructed in the 1960s. Following theTrafford Centre’s opening in 1998, it was expected thatthe centre would suffer, but it has since prospered.[79] In2003 the Square Shopping Centre underwent a £7 mil-lion refurbishment, a major part of the redevelopmentof Sale’s town centre. It was sold for £40M in 2005,by which time the Square had experienced an increasein trade and demand for tenancy that had led to an in-crease of 70% in rental income.[80] The town’s economyexpanded to the extent that in 2007, at a time when therest of south Manchester was oversupplied with officespace, Sale’s available office and commercial space wasat an all time low because of high demand.[81]

According to the 2001 UK census, the industry of em-ployment of residents aged 16–74 was 18.4% propertyand business services, 15.9% retail and wholesale, 11.1%manufacturing, 10.9% health and social work, 9.1%education, 7.8% transport and communications, 6.1%construction, 6.3% finance, 4.5% public administration,3.8% hotels and restaurants, 0.7% energy and water sup-ply, 0.5% agriculture, 0.2% mining, and 4.7% other.Compared with national figures, the town had a rela-tively high percentage of residents working in property,business services and finance. The town had a relativelylow percentage working in agriculture, public adminis-tration, and manufacturing.[82] The census recorded theeconomic activity of residents aged 16–74, 2.6% studentswere with jobs, 3.3% students without jobs, 4.9% lookingafter home or family, 5.2% permanently sick or disabled,and 2.3% economically inactive for other reasons.[72] The2.4% unemployment rate of Sale was low compared withthe national rate of 3.3%.[73]

6 Culture

6.1 Landmarks and attractions

The artificial lake at Sale Water Park has been used for watersports since 1980.

Sale has three Grade II* listed buildings – two churches(St. Martin and St. John the Divine) and Ashton NewHall – and eighteen Grade II listed buildings.[83] Thecenotaph outside the town hall was designed by Ashtonupon Mersey sculptor Arthur Sherwood Edwards and is

6 6 CULTURE

a Grade II listed building.[83] It commemorates the 400men from Sale who died in the First World War and the300 who died in the Second World War. The memorialconsists of a statue of a mourning Saint George on topof a granite pedestal. Costing £600 (£30 thousand as of2015),[39] it was funded by public subscription and un-veiled in May 1925 in front of a crowd of 10,000.[84][85]

The oldest surviving building in Sale is EyebrowCottage.[86] Built around 1670, it was originally a yeomanfarmhouse and is one of the earliest brick buildings inthe area. Its name is derived from the decorative brick-work above the windows. It was built in Cross Street,which at the time was a separate village from Sale.[19] Ofthe twenty-one conservation areas in Trafford, two are inSale: Ashton upon Mersey and Brogden Grove.[87]

A bronze bust of James Joule, the physicist who gave hisname to the SI unit of energy, is in Worthington Park.Originally a tower was to have been erected in his honour,but lack of donations led to the production of the bust asa substitute; it was unveiled in 1905.[88] Joule moved toSale in the 1870s for his health; he died at his home at12 Wardle Road in 1889, and is buried in BrooklandsCemetery.[89]

The area has several parks and green spaces. Worthing-ton Park, originally called Sale Park, was opened in 1900.It features a bandstand, gardens, play areas, and a skateramp and is maintained by Trafford Council and TheFriends of Worthington Park.[90] Opened in 1939, Wal-ton Park is in the southwest of the town and features aminiature railway.[36] SaleWater Park is an artificial lake,created from a 35-metre (115 ft) deep gravel pit left dur-ing the construction of the M60. It opened in 1980 andis a venue for water sports, fishing and bird watching.The water park is the site of the Broad Ees Dole wildliferefuge, a Local Nature Reserve that provides a home formigratory birds.[91]

6.2 Events and venues

Sale Waterside with the entrance to the Waterside Arts Centre onthe left, the Robert Bolt Theatre in the middle, and offices usedby Trafford council on the right.

Situated next to the town hall, the Waterside Arts Cen-tre houses a plaza, a library, the Robert Bolt Theatre, theLauriston Gallery, and the Corridor Gallery. The centre,which was opened in 2004, regularly hosts concerts, exhi-bitions and other community events. Performers have in-

cluded comedian Lucy Porter, Midge Ure, Fairport Con-vention, The Zombies and Sue Perkins.[92] In 2004, thecentre received the British Urban Regeneration Associa-tion Award for its innovative use of space and for reinvig-orating Sale town centre.[93]

Sale has a Gilbert and Sullivan society, formed in 1972,which performs at the Altrincham Garrick Playhouse.The group is directed by Alistair Donkin, a former prin-cipal comic for the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company. Mem-bers of the group have won several awards at The Interna-tional Gilbert and Sullivan Festival.[94] Sale Brass is a tra-ditional brass band based in Sale, formed in about 1849as the Stretford Temperance Band. Its first recorded per-formance was at the 1849 opening of the railway betweenManchester and Altrincham.[95]

6.3 Sports

The rugby union side Sale F.C. has been based in Salesince 1861 and at its present Heywood Road ground since1905. One of the oldest rugby clubs in the world, its 1865Minute Book is the oldest existing book containing therules of the game.[96] The professional Sale Sharks teamwas originally part of Sale F.C. but split from it in 2003.Sale Sharks now play their matches at Salford City Sta-dium, although they retain the use of the Heywood Roadground for training and for the staging of home games in-volving their reserve team, Sale Jets.[97] The town is alsohome to the Ashton uponMersey and TraffordMetrovickrugby union clubs.[98][99]

Sale Harriers Manchester Athletics Club was formed in1911, but is now based in nearbyWythenshawe. The clubhas produced successful athletes such as Olympic goldmedallist Darren Campbell[100][101] and CommonwealthGames gold medallist Diane Modahl,[102] both formerresidents of the town. Sale Sports Club encompasses SaleCricket Club, Sale Hockey Club, and Sale Lawn TennisClub.[103] The Brooklands Sports Club is home to Brook-lands Cricket Club, Brooklands Manchester UniversityHockey Club, and Brooklands Hulmeians Lacrosse Club.It also provides facilities for squash, tennis, and bowl-ing. Sale United FC plays at Crossford Bridge and wasrecognised as Trafford’s Sports Club of the Year in 2004.Sale Golf Club and Ashton on Mersey Golf Club havecourses on the outskirts of the town,[104][105] and a munic-ipal pitch and putt is based at Woodheys Park.[106] Traf-ford Rowing Club has a boathouse beside the canal.[107]The Sale leisure centre has badminton and squash courts,a gymnasium, and three swimming pools.[108] The Wal-ton Park Sports Centre has a sports hall for activities suchas 5-a-side football.[109] Tennis, crown-green bowls, golfputting, and football facilities are available at the town’sparks. Sale Water Ski Club is based at Sale Water Park.

7

7 Education

Further information: List of schools in Trafford

Sale’s first school was built in 1667 and was used untilthe first half of the 18th century.[110] The second school inSale was built some time in the 18th century, one of about30 non-grammar schools founded in Cheshire around thistime.[110] By 1831, there were two private schools – withthe children’s parents paying fees for their education – inSale and one in Ashton upon Mersey.[111] At the sametime, there were also four Sunday schools in Sale and onein Ashton upon Mersey, operated by various religious de-nominations, including Congregationalists, Methodists,and Unitarians. The first school-chapel built in Sale aspart of a school was constructed by Primitive Methodistsin 1839, and still survives. The second school-chapel inthe town was St Joseph’s Roman Catholic Church, built in1866, and was replaced by the current school in 1899.[112]

Trafford maintains a selective education system assessedby the Eleven Plus exam. Sale has one grammar school,two secondary modern schools and nineteen primaryschools. Sale Grammar School is a specialist school inscience and the visual arts.[113] It consists of two parts,one for 11–16 year olds and 900 pupils, and the other asixth form college with 300 students. The school was de-scribed in its 2006 Ofsted report as “outstanding with anoutstanding sixth form”.[114] Ashton on Mersey Schoolis a foundation secondary modern school and specialistsports college.[115] It has 1,300 pupils aged 11–16 and 80students in its sixth form. In its 2008 Ofsted report itwas rated “outstanding”.[116] Sale High School, formerlyJeff Joseph Sale Moor Technology College, is a founda-tion secondary modern school for 11–16 year olds andspecialist technology college.[117] It has 1,000 pupils andin its 2006 Ofsted report was rated as “satisfactory”.[118]Manor High School provides secondary education topupils with special needs.[119] It has 140 students aged11–16 and 20 members of its sixth form and was rated as“good” in its 2007 Ofsted report.[120]

8 Religion

See also: List of churches in Greater ManchesterSale is a diverse community with a synagogue and Chris-tian churches of various denominations. The churchbuildings were mostly constructed in the late 19th or early20th century in the wake of the population boom cre-ated by the arrival of the railway in 1849,[121] althoughrecords show that the Church of StMartin in Ashton uponMersey dates back to at least 1304.[122] Before the EnglishReformation, the inhabitants of Sale were predominantlyCatholic, but afterwards were members of the Church ofEngland. Roman Catholics returned to the area in the19th century in the form of Irish immigrants.[121] Two

St Martin’s Church in Ashton upon Mersey is the oldest church inthe town.

of the three Grade II* listed buildings in the town arechurches. The Church of St Martin, which was proba-bly originally an early 14th-century timber framed struc-ture, was rebuilt in 1714 after the church had been de-stroyed in a storm.[123][124] The Church of St John theDivine was built in 1868, to the design of Alfred Wa-terhouse.[125] There are three Grade II listed churches inSale: the Church of St Anne; the Church of StMaryMag-dalene; and the Church of St Paul.[83]

As of the 2001 UK census, 78.0% of Sale residentsreported themselves as Christian, 1.4% Muslim, 0.7%Hindu, 0.6% Jewish, 0.2% Buddhist and 0.2% Sikh. Afurther 12.9% had no religion, 0.2% had an alternativereligion, and 5.9% did not state their religion.[126] Sale ispart of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Shrewsbury,[127]and the Church of England Diocese of Chester.[128] Saleand District Synagogue is part of United Synagogue un-der the aegis of the Chief Rabbi of Britain, JonathanSacks.[129] The only mosque in Trafford is the Masjid-E-Noor in Old Trafford, three miles (5 km) away.[130]

9 Transport

Originally built in wood, Sale station was rebuilt in brick in thelate 1870s.

8 11 REFERENCES

The first turnpike road in the area was the latter-day A56Chester Road between Manchester and Crossford Bridge(on the border between Sale and Stretford). Turnpiketrusts collected tolls from road users and used the pro-ceeds to maintain the highway. There was a toll boothon the Sale side of Crossford Bridge. Another sec-tion of road between Altrincham and Crossford Bridgewas turnpiked in 1765.[131] The commencement of “swiftpacket" services on the newly opened Bridgewater Canalin 1776made commuting from Sale intoManchester bothpractical and convenient, with boats travelling at a rela-tively swift 10 mph (16 km/h).[132] However the arrivalin 1849 of the Manchester, South Junction and Altrin-chamRailway[25] sounded a death-knell for both the canalpacket services and turnpike trusts. Many trusts went intoterminal decline, mirroring a national trend. By 1888 al-most all roads and highways were the responsibility ofthe local authority.[131] Sale’s railway station, originallynamed Sale Moor,[25] was renamed to Sale in 1856.[133]Three years later Brooklands railway station was opened,followed in 1931 by the opening of Dane Road railwaystation along with the electrification of the entire line.[134]The line was renovated in the early 1990s and is now partof the Metrolink.[134]

Following the completion of a tramway between Manch-ester and Stretford in 1901, the British Electric Trac-tion Company applied to Parliament for an extension toSale. The proposal was amended to continue the line fur-ther south, into Altrincham. The line through Sale wasowned by Sale Urban District Council and leased to theManchester Corporation. Services to Sale commenced in1907. A branch along Northenden Road from the line toSaleMoor was created in 1912. SaleMoor’s line had onlya single track which in 1925 resulted in a head-on colli-sion between two tramcars, injuring eight passengers.[135]Bus services were first introduced to the area in the 1920s,but became more widespread in the 1930s.[136] The busesdid not suffer the drawback of being limited to tracksand were therefore more practical than the tram services,which from the 1930s went into decline. The tramlinesalong Northenden Road were removed between 1932 and1934, and throughout Sale in the 1940s.[135]

The Metrolink system connects Sale with other locationsinGreaterManchester. Trams depart the town’s three sta-tions at least every 12 minutes between 07:00 and 22:30every day.[137] The nearest main line railway station isNavigation Road in Altrincham, from where trains runto Manchester Piccadilly, Stockport and Chester. Busroutes operated by various companies provide services toManchester and to Altrincham.[138] The A56 road runsbetween Chester and North Yorkshire via Sale, Manch-ester, and Burnley,[2] and the M60 motorway – which en-circles Manchester – can be accessed via junction 7, justto the north of Sale. The M56 and M62 motorways areabout 4 miles (6 km) away, and the M6 motorway, whichruns between Warwickshire and Gretna, is about 7 miles(11 km) to the west. Manchester Airport, the busiest air-

port in the UK outside the London area,[139] is 4 miles (6km) to the south.

10 See also• List of people from Trafford

• Manchester Mummy

11 References

11.1 Notes[1] “Greater Manchester Gazetteer”. Greater Manchester

County Record Office. Places names – S. Archived fromthe original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 24 December2008.

[2] Swain (1987), p. 9.

[3] Nevell (1997), p. 20.

[4] Nevell (1992), pp. 59, 75.

[5] Swain (1987), p. 12.

[6] Dodgson (1970b), p. 4.

[7] Swain (1987), pp. 12–13.

[8] Redhead, Norman, in: Hartwell, Hyde and Pevsner(2004), p. 18.

[9] Nevell (1997), pp. 32, 38–39.

[10] Swain (1987), p. 11.

[11] Swain (1987), p. 20.

[12] Swain (1987), p. 22.

[13] Nevell (2008), p. 61.

[14] Swain (1987), p. 27.

[15] Swain (1987), pp. 42, 44.

[16] Swain (1987), p. 44.

[17] Swain (1987), p. 47.

[18] Swain (1987), pp. 44–45.

[19] Swain (1987), p. 40.

[20] Nevell (1997), p. 56.

[21] Swain (1987), pp. 51–52.

[22] Swain (1987), pp. 61–62.

[23] Swain (1987), p. 68.

[24] Swain (1987), p. 59.

[25] Nevell (1997), p. 97.

11.1 Notes 9

[26] Swain (1987), p. 85.

[27] Nevell (1997), p. 87.

[28] Swain (1987), p. 91.

[29] Swain (1987), p. 98.

[30] Swain (1987), p. 116.

[31] Swain (1987), p. 84.

[32] Swain (1987), p. 134.

[33] Swain (1987) p. 112.

[34] Swain (1987), pp. 119, 123.

[35] Swain (1987), p. 133.

[36] “Walton Park”. Trafford.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2 March2014.

[37] Swain (1987), pp. 135–136.

[38] The London Gazette: no. 23204. p. 24. 1 January 1867.Retrieved on 12 August 2008.

[39] UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available fromGregory Clark (2014), "What Were the British Earningsand Prices Then? (New Series)" MeasuringWorth.

[40] Swain (1987), p. 119.

[41] Youngs (1991), pp. 6, 33, 644–646

[42] “Charters for Two New Boroughs: Celebrations at Saleand Radcliffe”. The Times. 23 September 1935. p. 15.

[43] “Our constitution”. Trafford Council. Retrieved on 2March 2014.

[44] “Wards in Trafford”. Trafford Metropolitan BoroughCouncil. 2007. Retrieved on 17 April 2007.

[45] “Ashton upon Mersey: Councillors in this Ward”. Traf-ford.gov.uk. Retrieved on 8 May 2012.•“Brooklands: Councillors in this Ward”. Traf-ford.gov.uk. Retrieved on 8 May 2012.•“Priory: Councillors in this Ward”. Trafford.gov.uk.Retrieved on 8 May 2012.•“Sale Moor: Councillors in this Ward”. Trafford.gov.uk.Retrieved on 8 May 2012.•“St Mary’s: Councillors in this Ward”. Trafford.gov.uk.Retrieved on 8 May 2012.

[46] “Exploring Greater Manchester” (PDF). Manchester Ge-ographical Society. 1998. Retrieved on 6 May 2007.

[47] Nevell (1997), p. 1.

[48] Nevell (1997), p. 3.

[49] “Drinking water quality report”. United Utilities.Archived from the original on 29 January 2008. Retrievedon 26 December 2008.

[50] “Manchester Airport 1971–2000 weather averages”. MetOffice. 2001. Retrieved 12 August 2008.

[51] Met Office (2007). “Annual England weather averages”.Met Office. Retrieved 23 April 2007.

[52] “Brooklands Ward Profile”. Trafford Council. 2007. Re-trieved on 30 June 2007.

[53] “Ashton-on-MerseyWard Profile” (PDF). Trafford Coun-cil. 2007. Retrieved on 30 June 2007.

[54] “SaleMoorWard Profile” (PDF). Trafford Council. 2007.Retrieved on 30 June 2007.

[55] Swain (1987), pp. 91–93.

[56] Swain (1987), p. 122.

[57] Swain (1987), pp. 124–126.

[58] “Census 2001 Key Statistics – Urban area results by popu-lation size of urban area”. ons.gov.uk. Office for NationalStatistics. 22 July 2004. KS06 Ethnic group . Re-trieved 5 August 2008.

[59] “Trafford Metropolitan Borough key statistics”. Statis-tics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 5 August 2008.

[60] “Census 2001 Key Statistics – Urban area results by popu-lation size of urban area”. ons.gov.uk. Office for NationalStatistics. 22 July 2004. KS01 Usual resident population

. Retrieved 5 August 2008.

[61] “Census 2001 Key Statistics – Urban area results by popu-lation size of urban area”. ons.gov.uk. Office for NationalStatistics. 22 July 2004. KS04 Marital status . Re-trieved 5 August 2008.

[62] “Trafford Metropolitan Borough marital status”. Statis-tics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 5 April 2009.

[63] “KS20 Household composition: Census 2001, Key Statis-tics for urban areas”. Statistics.gov.uk. 2 February 2005.Retrieved on 2 March 2014.•“TraffordMetropolitan Borough household data”. Statis-tics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 5 August 2008.

[64] “Census 2001 Key Statistics – Urban area results by popu-lation size of urban area”. ons.gov.uk. Office for NationalStatistics. 22 July 2004. KS13 Qualifications and students

. Retrieved 5 August 2008.

[65] “Sale social class”. Vision of Britain. Retrieved on 1 Au-gust 2008.•“Percentage of Working-Age Males in Class 1 and 2”.Vision of Britain. Retrieved on 1 August 2008.•“Percentage of Working-Age Males in Class 4 and 5”.Vision of Britain. Retrieved on 1 August 2008.

[66] Nevell (1997), p. 59.

[67] Nevell (1997), p. 85.

[68] Nevell (1997), p. 86.

[69] Swain (1987), p. 139.

[70] “Trafford Metropolitan Borough key statistics” (PDF).audit-commission.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2 March 2014.

10 11 REFERENCES

[71] “Greater Manchester Urban Area”. United KingdomCensus 1991. Retrieved on 30 October 2008.

[72] “Census 2001 Key Statistics – Urban area results by popu-lation size of urban area”. ons.gov.uk. Office for NationalStatistics. 22 July 2004. KS09a Economic activity – allpeople . Retrieved 5 August 2008.

[73] “Trafford Local Authority economic activity”. Statis-tics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 3 November 2007.

[74] Swain (1987), p. 15.

[75] Swain (1987), pp. 14, 16.

[76] Nevell (1997), pp. 85–86, 88–91.

[77] Nevell (1997), pp. 89–90.

[78] Swain (1987), p. 61.

[79] "'Bright future' for town centre”. Manchester EveningNews (M.E.N. Media). 25 September 2002. Retrieved28 August 2008.

[80] Thame, David (22 November 2005). “Sale shops fetch£40m”. Manchester Evening News (M.E.N. Media). Re-trieved 20 August 2008.

[81] “Sale’s sales boom”. Manchester Evening News (M.E.N.Media). 20 November 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2008.

[82] “Census 2001 Key Statistics – Urban area results by popu-lation size of urban area”. ons.gov.uk. Office for NationalStatistics. 22 July 2004. KS11a Industry of employment– all people . Retrieved 5 August 2008.

[83] “Planning and building control: listed buildings” (PDF).Trafford.gov.uk. Retrieved on 31 July 2008.

[84] Wyke (2004), pp. 393–394.

[85] Hulme, Charles. “James Prescott Joule: WorthingtonPark, Sale”. Retrieved 15 February 2010.

[86] Nevell (1997), pp. 2, 77–8.

[87] “Conservation Areas in Trafford”. Trafford.gov.uk. Re-trieved on 23 March 2012.

[88] Wyke (2004), p. 394.

[89] Swain (1987), p. 96.

[90] “Worthington Park”. GreenFlagAward.org.uk. Archivedfrom the original on 7 February 2008. Retrieved on 24December 2008.

[91] “Broad Ees Dole”. Mersey Valley Countryside WardenService. Retrieved on 27 April 2007.

[92] “Take a trip to Sale Waterside”. Trafford.gov.uk. Re-trieved on 2 March 2014.

[93] “Economic regeneration: Trafford Metropolitan Bor-ough” (PDF). Audit Commission. Retrieved on 2 March2014.

[94] “Sale Gilbert and Sullivan Society”. SaleGASS.org.uk.Retrieved on 11 June 2007.

[95] “Sale Brass”. salebrass.co.uk. Retrieved on 28 March2008.

[96] “Sale F.C.”. Sale F.C. Retrieved on 7 May 2007.

[97] John Gardiner. “Sale FC history”. Salefc.com. Retrievedon 2 arch 2014.

[98] “Ashton-on-Mersey RUFC contact details”. Ashton-on-MerseyRUFC.co.uk. Retrieved on 28 August 2008.

[99] “A brief history of Trafford MV”. TraffordMV.co.uk.Retrieved on 7 May 2007.

[100] Rowbottom, Mike (7 August 2006). “An email conver-satiom with Darren Campbell: 'Athletics mattered to mealmost more than life itself'". The Independent (London).Retrieved 5 August 2008.

[101] “About Darren Campbell”. Nuff Respect Sport Manage-ments Agency Online. 2007. Retrieved on 2March 2014.

[102] “Modahl gives BAF ultimatum”. BBC News. 24 August1998. Retrieved 5 August 2008.

[103] “Sale Sports Club”. Sale Sports Club. Retrieved on 7May2007.

[104] Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council. “Sale GolfClub”. Trafford.gov.uk. Retrieved on 28 December2008.

[105] Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council. “Ashton-on-Mersey Golf Club”. Trafford.gov.uk. Retrieved on 28December 2008.

[106] “Woodheys park pitch and putt”. Friends of WoodheysPark. Retrieved on 26 April 2008.

[107] “Welcome to Trafford Rowing Club”. Trafford RowingClub. Retrieved on 7 May 2007.

[108] “Sale Leisure Centre”. Trafford Community LeisureTrust. Retrieved on 28 February 2014.

[109] “Walton Park Sports Centre”. Trafford CommunityLeisure Trust. Retrieved on 28 February 2014.

[110] Swain (1987), pp. 69–71.

[111] Swain (1987), p. 71.

[112] Swain (1987), p. 74.

[113] “Sale Grammar School”. Trafford Family Service Direc-tory. Trafford Council. Retrieved on 2 March 2014.

[114] “Sale Grammar School 2006 Ofsted Report” (PDF). SaleGrammar School. 22 November 2006. Retrieved on 2March 2014.

[115] “Ashton upon Mersey School”. Ashton upon MerseySchool. Retrieved on 2 May 2007.

[116] “Ashton on Mersey School 2008 Ofsted Report”. of-sted.gov.uk. 3 December 2008. Retrieved on 26 Decem-ber 2008.

[117] “Sale High School”. Sale High School. Retrieved on 2May 2007.

11.2 Bibliography 11

[118] “Sale High School 2006 Ofsted Report”. ofsted.gov.uk.23 December 2006. Retrieved on 26 December 2008.

[119] “Manor High School”. Trafford Council. Retrieved on 2May 2007.

[120] “Manor High School 2007 Ofsted Report”. ofsted.gov.uk.30 May 2008. Retrieved on 26 December 2008.

[121] Swain (1987), p. 76.

[122] Nevell (1997), p. 28.

[123] “Church of Martin, Sale”. Images of England. Retrievedon 23 February 2008.

[124] Richards (1947), pp. 22–24.

[125] “Church of John the Divine, Sale”. Images of England.Retrieved on 23 March 2008.

[126] “Census 2001 Key Statistics – Urban area results by popu-lation size of urban area”. ons.gov.uk. Office for NationalStatistics. 22 July 2004. KS07 Religion . Retrieved 5August 2008.

[127] “Catholic Diocese of Shrewsbury”. DioceseofShrews-bury.org. Retrieved on 7 May 2007.

[128] “The Church of England Diocese of Chester”.Chester.Anglican.org. Archived from the originalon 5 February 2008. Retrieved on 11 April 2009.

[129] “List of United Synagogues across the UK”. something-jewish.co.uk. 7 September 2003. Retrieved on 14 August2008.

[130] “Trafford community groups search”. Trafford.gov.uk.Retrieved on 12 August 2008.

[131] Nevell (1997), pp. 96–97.

[132] Swain (1987), p. 46.

[133] Swain (1987), p. 89.

[134] Nevell (1997), p. 100.

[135] Swain (1987), pp. 119–120.

[136] Swain (1987), pp. 129–130.

[137] “Tram Times”. Metrolink. Retrieved on 28 February2014.

[138] “Rail map for Liverpool andManchester” (PDF). NationalRail. Retrieved on 2 March 2014.

[139] Wilson, James (26 April 2007). “A busy hub of connec-tivity”. Financial Times – FT report – doing business inManchester and the NorthWest (The Financial Times Lim-ited).

11.2 Bibliography

• Dodgson, J. McN. (1970b). The place-names ofCheshire. Part two: The place-names of Buck-low Hundred and Northwich Hundred. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-07914-4.

• Hartwell, Clare; Matthew Hyde and Nikolaus Pevs-ner (2004). Lancashire : Manchester and the South-East. The buildings of England. New Haven,Conn.; London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10583-5.

• Kenyon, D (1989). “Notes on Lancashire Place-Names 2, The Later Names”. The English Place-Name Society Journal 21: 23–53.

• Nevell, Mike (1992). Tameside Before 1066. Tame-side Metropolitan Borough Council. ISBN 1-871324-07-6.

• Nevell, Mike (1997). The Archaeology of Trafford.Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council. ISBN 1-870695-25-9.

• Nevell, Mike (2008). Manchester: the Hidden His-tory. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-4704-9.

• Richards, Raymond (1947). Old Cheshire Churches.London: Batsford.

• Swain, Norman (1987). A History of Sale fromearliest times to the present day. Wilmslow: SigmaPress. ISBN 1-85058-086-3.

• Wyke, Terry; Harry Cocks (2004). Public Sculptureof Greater Manchester. Liverpool: Liverpool Uni-versity Press. ISBN 0-85323-567-8.

• Youngs, Frederic A., Jr. (1991). Guide to the LocalAdministrative Units of England, Vol. II: NorthernEngland. London: Royal Historical Society. ISBN0-86193-127-0.

12 External links

12 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

13.1 Text• Sale, Greater Manchester Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale%2C%20Greater%20Manchester?oldid=654674893 Contributors:Gareth Owen, G-Man, Jimmer, Steinsky, Morwen, Warofdreams, Dale Arnett, Pigsonthewing, Ddstretch, Wereon, Marnanel, Lupin,Michael Devore, D3, Rdsmith4, MRSC, John Bracegirdle, Maclean25, Zscout370, Adambro, Circeus, Bitrot, Nk, Redf0x, Voyager, An-thony Appleyard, Saga City, Gene Nygaard, Mindmatrix, Honeybucket, Kafuffle, Jaxhere, Rjwilmsi, Jehochman, Nihiltres, Phoenix2,YurikBot, Wavelength, RussBot, Cpc464, Chensiyuan, Tgsh2005, Anetode, Nick C, Tony1, MSJapan, Tachyon01, Orioane, Nikkimaria,Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Closedmouth, Josh3580, SmackBot, Davewild, Hmains, Colonies Chris, OrphanBot, Lozleader, Olly-hol, Parrot of Doom, Harryboyles, BrownHairedGirl, Microchip08, Euchiasmus, Aquilina, Regan123, RomanSpa, Mr Stephen, Jhamez84,SandyGeorgia, Iridescent, Kirrane, Tawkerbot2, Czachur, TomTomkins, Nick334, Pit-yacker, Richardguk, Amandajm, Twittenham, Ssil-vers, Casliber, Malleus Fatuorum, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Christrafford, Majorly, Yomangani, Kbthompson, Roundhouse0, DShamen, Af-firmationChick, JenLouise, Tomseddon, MegX, Squire4, Slob89, Reece Llwyd, RRJ, Miriam joy, Anaxial, Keith D, Nev1, DrKiernan,Sale-w, RoboMaxCyberSem, Fleebo, Juliancolton, Ozmusicwriter, Spark010, VolkovBot, Philip Trueman, ALexL33, GimmeBot, Bobfos,Someguy1221, Freakypunk rd, Bleaney, Vgranucci, Altyelecy, Pinknoise, Strangerer, Scrawlspacer, SieBot, Tehjustice, Kernel Saunters,Erythromycin, Darrenm540, Editus Reloaded, Oxymoron83, Lightmouse, Msrasnw, Soulrefrain, David m tolan, Jza84, Church, Plastik-spork, Richard1911, Richerman, Kitchen Knife, Thedogsbollox, Paulwatson1, Sofcookies, Dank, Mhockey, Dallan72, Patrick-Ashling,MystBot, Notuncurious, Darkwingduck2008, Felix Folio Secundus, Addbot, DOI bot, LaaknorBot, Epicadam, Lightbot, Legobot, Yobot,AnomieBOT, Jeni, Piano non troppo, Warrior God of WP, Citation bot, Xqbot, Bgmcheshire, Crookesmoor, Fmph, GrouchoBot, Hal-draper, Citation bot 1, J3Mrs, ClickBot, Plasticspork, Crusoe8181, Bobchilts01, RjwilmsiBot, WildBot, DASHBot, EmausBot, John ofReading, K6ka, H3llBot, Coasterlover1994, Petet66, DT Sale, RafikiSykes, Squidrings, Mark Arsten, BattyBot, Khazar2, Jenniferlever,TFA Protector Bot, Eric Corbett, Monkbot, Thecoolllllldudee, Jesmond Devon and Anonymous: 134

13.2 Images• File:1777_Burdett_map_of_Sale.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/1777_Burdett_map_of_Sale.jpgLicense: Public domain Contributors: Swain, Norman (1987) A History of Sale from earliest times to the present day, Wilmslow: SigmaPress, p. 34 ISBN: 1-85058-086-3. Original artist: Burdett

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