113

Słupskie Prace Biologiczne

Nr 13 ss. 113-130 2016

ISSN 1734-0926 Przyjęto: 7.11.2016

© Instytut Biologii i Ochrony Środowiska Akademii Pomorskiej w Słupsku Zaakceptowano: 16.01.2017

THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC

ISSUES ABOUT THE PHYSIOLOGY OF GASTRIC

DIGESTION IN PIGS: HISTORICAL ASPECTS

Victoria Kunets

Vitaliy Kosov

Institute of Animal Scienсe

National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine

7 Gvardeyskoi Armii St., 3, Kharkiv, Ukraine

e-mail: victoriya.viva@ukr.net

ABSTRACT

The article is devoted to the establishment and development of research on the

physiology of gastric digestion in pigs at the end of XIX – the first half of the ХХ cen-

tury. Some aspects of this problem, in particular, the effect of different feed on the di-

gestive organs, the study of gastric secretion and gastric digestion pigs were analyzed.

The main achievements of foreign and Soviet physiologists study period were also

noted. The first works initiated by German scientists were not systematic. Only widely

used the classical Pavlov’s fistula technique made it possible to obtain more objective

data. The first Ukrainian scientist who studied in detail the physiology of digestion in

pigs was A.V. Kvasnytsky. The results of experiments obtained with the help of their

own original techniques (abdominal fistula, method polizonda etc.) made a theoretical

framework for future research in the rearing and feeding pigs. The results of works by

German and Soviet scientists on the study of motility of the gastrointestinal tract as

part of the process of digestion in pigs were demonstrated. The initial milestone in the

development of research achievements of German scientists in nineteenth century was

noted. Results of the study showed where the food are transported and how the food

moved through the intestine. This also showed the speed of a different foods flow

through the pig’s system. Later, in the first half of the twentieth century, the Soviet sci-

entists used the experience and research from foreign researchers. But the imperfection

of existing methods has caused an acute need for a new progressive methods. This

would provide an opportunity for long-term monitoring of the motor function of the

digestive tract in an animal’s life. So the next step was a study of the movements

of the stomach on an empty stomach at pigs. A majority of the knowledge of the laws

of these processes belongs to Soviet scientists. The possibility of purposeful influence

114

on the animal caused the next cycle of experiments on the motor activity of the stom-

ach, depending on the age of pigs. This scientifically based knowledge has become the

theoretical and methodological basis for further development of the soviet physiologi-

cal science. In this work, we aimed to analyze the long-creative quest of scientists re-

sulted in numerous issues with the digestive physiology of pigs are now the theoretical

and practical basis for a rational system of feeding and rearing.

Key words: physiology of gastric digestion, pigs, piglets, history, research, food, the di-

gestive organs, gastric secretion, digestive tract, gastric motility, age-related changes

INTRODUCTION

The increase in animal productivity and yields are closely linked with knowledge

of digestion in their body. Feeding is one of the most important methods by which we

can directly influence the growth, development, and improve hereditary qualities of

animal productivity. On the other hand, the food is the one of factors relating closely

the body and environment. So, it is quite clear how important the digestive organs are

for the body reconstruction to a higher level of performance. Study of growth, size and

function of the digestive organs and metabolism in pigs feeding at different condition

of feeding, as well as in different periods of ontogeny occupied an important place in

the theory of feeding. It allowed scientists and professionals to accelerate significantly

the solution of the problem connected with young animals rearing and breeding of

highly productive animals. Accordingly, the study of the history of research on the

physiology of gastric digestion is still relevant today.

Effect of different feed on digestive organs

The first studies on the effect of different feed on digestive organs of pigs were ini-

tiated by German scientists. It should be noted that while many experiments have been

conducted on a small number of animals and, in most cases, on flawed methodology, it

led to contradictory conclusions. Thus, according to F. Lehmann (1919), bulk feeds

help to increase the feed volume capacity of the digestive tract. The author assumed

that if to feed pigs with volumetric feed, it may be possible to breed animals that can

eat large amounts of food. However, L. Hessling (1922) and V. Schröder (1929), based

on their works and studies by other authors, completely denied the impact of feed on

the size of the digestive organs. Instead, K. Häesler (1930), according to the results of

his own research conducted on 9 pigs of the same afterbirth, has proved that feeding

pigs by bulk feeds caused the increase of weight and capacity of the stomach. The sci-

entist believed that one can achieve arbitrary change of the digestive organs sizing, but

the possibility of such effects is negligible.

For the first time in the USSR, a lot of works to clarify the effect of different feed

on the size of the gastrointestinal tract were made by O.V. Kvasnytsky. In researches

conducting in 1938-1939 were proved impact of different effects of feed on the post-

embryonic development of the digestive organs (Kvasnytsky 1951).

115

O.I. Ovsyannikov (1945) has studied the effect of different types of forage in

dairy period on the growth, development and functional activity of the digestive or-

gans in pigs. There were two groups of animals in the experiment. The difference in

feeding was from 2.5 to 7 months of age. Volumetric feed (hay and root vegetables)

with few concentrates was prevailed in the diets of pigs in the first group; on the

contrary, concentrated feed was dominated in the diets of the second group. The rea-

son for this difference is in the ability to use different types of fodder to animal cul-

tivation. According to scientists, it is necessary to look for varying structure of the

digestive organs, and in other peculiarities of metabolism.

Data obtained by O.I. Ovsyannikova (1945) were confirmed by observations

of V.F. Zakharova (1954), who found out that the highest rates of weight, volume

and length of the intestine were observed in pigs treated with potato silage (71.7%)

and concentrated forage (28.3%). These indices were a few less, but relatively high

in animals receiving concentrated forage (40.3%), green clover mass (14.9%) and

potato silage (44.8%). All indices, except for the stomach capacity, were minimal in

pigs feeding with concentrated forages (90%). Thus, it was shown that the size of

the digestive organs of 2.5-month-old and older pigs were changing under the influ-

ence of different kind of feeding. Rough and succulent feed increase the size of the

stomach and colon. Small intestines are less stable to changes, but some tendency to

increase in size under prolonged feed was noted.

Gastric secretion

The study in pigs began by examining extracts obtained from mucosa from dif-

ferent parts of the stomach. Based on similar experiments concluded that pеpsin and

chymosin were in the gastric juice of pigs and produced by fundic glands of the

stomach (Ellenberger 1884, Ellenberger and Hofmeister 1885, Bengen and Haane

1905). In addition, the authors noted that the mucosa from different areas of the

stomach including cardiac parts, contained amylase. However, A. Sheunert who ob-

served intestine juice secretion in pigs with isolated stomach (for Geidengain) cut-

ting from the cardiac region, not found the amylase in intestinal juice (quoted by

Krshivanek 1937).

After A. Sheunert, the issue about mucosa from different parts of the stomach in

pigs was devoted in works by E.N. Bakeeva (1934). She has proved that the mucosa

from different parts of the pig stomach contained amylase and steatolytic enzyme.

However, according to the control experiments with mucous membranes from the

esophagus, these enzymes were also found.

Direct study of gastric secretion in pigs was also launched by the German scien-

tist A. Sheunert using fistula method for the first time. He has found that the secre-

tion of juice in isolated ventricle laid in cardiac part of the stomach (Geidengain’s

method) takes place continuously in these animals; the act of eating and irritation of

the stomach, according to the author, does not influence on the secretion (quoted by

Krshivanek 1937).

A more objective data on gastric acid secretion in pigs were obtained by N.А.

Popov and A. Kudryavtsev (1931, 1937), who’s observed it in pigs with isolated

116

ventricular laid in the fundus of the stomach. Studying the effects of various food

stimuli on the secretion demonstrated that bread, meat and meat water have allocat-

ed more water compared to milk. The acidity of the gastric juice often does not ex-

ceed 0.35%, but occasionally reached 0.79%. Digestible strength of juice was less

than 8 mm per day (according to Matt). It should be noted that the gastric secretion

indices were obtained on the same animals, which, according to the authors, lived

two months.

The presence of continuous gastric acid secretion in four gastroesophagostomia-

sis grown-up 5-12 months aged sucking pigs was observed by P.N. Kratinova and

A.G. Krasnov (1932) at the first time, later by A. Kvasnytsky (1940b, 1951), who

noted that it may vary reflexively under the influence of impulses with receptors

from the eye, nose, ears, mouth and pharynx. Scientists have observed complete co-

incidence of motor and secretory apparatus reactions of the stomach in pigs. The en-

hancement of the motility of the stomach was always accompanied by a strengthen-

ing of juice secretion (Kratinova and Krasnov 1932).

At the same time, N.F. Popov (1931) has disagreed with this conclusion of the

authors, indicating that the movement of the stomach in these experimental condi-

tions cannot affect the juice leaking from fistula mechanically. While strengthening

leakage of gastric juice coincides with increased motion, but relaxation – with de-

creasing of it, that’s why it’s so difficult to establish whether the secretion changed

or only draining juice under the influence of mechanical reasons.

N.B. Belenkov and G. Losev (1939) have studied the influence of mechanical

stimulus of the mucous membrane of the stomach in pigs with gastric fistula using

as a mechanical stimulus usual and rubber tubes wrapped with gauze, rubber rings,

strung on a thread and gauze bandages of different lengths. According to these au-

thors’ data, mechanical stimuli of the stomach mucosa in pigs caused the increase in

secretion of gastric juice, increase in the composition of free HCl and increase in its

digestible force. The kind and amount of gastric secretion in pigs depended on the

nature and strength of the mechanical irritation.

O.D. Sineschekov (1936, 1937, 1940, 1965), summarizing many years of study

of gastric digestion in pigs concluded that they lack stereotype glands in the stom-

ach. According to the author, for the same amount of one and the same feed, on dif-

ferent days, gastric glands secrete different amounts of juice. Such fluctuations of

gastric glands secretion were found by the author in the hungry pigs.

As found in the works of A. Kvasnytsky “Juice secretion and gastrointestinal di-

gestion and pigs” (1940b) and N.Y. Gridin “Gastric secretion in pigs and feed on vari-

ous substances” (1956), the pigs compared with carnivorous animals, had a number of

features in the stomach secretion. For example, the presence of continuous secretion in

swine, which not only from day to day, but at different times, prone to volatility. Ac-

cordingly, in different periods the original functional state of the stomach secretory

apparatus cannot be the same as one and the same food can hardly get the same

amount of juice (Serebryakov 1950, Gridin 1957). At the same time, the general pat-

terns of gastric juice secretion in pigs when fed a certain amount of the same feed are

similar.

O.D. Sineschekov (1940) believed that the higher level of gastric secretion was

in an empty stomach, while the more intense juice secretion was observed after feed-

117

ing animals. The very existence of juice secretion and its dependence on the initial

functional state of glandular tissue caused no doubt. According to the view of N.E.

Vvedensky (1935), depending on the functional state of glandular tissue, one and the

same stimulus can have a different effects.

If the activity of glandular cells is reaches above optimum condition, further irri-

tation can cause counterproductive. A similar phenomenon was observed by P.N.

Kratinova and A.G. Krasnov (1932), A.V. Kvasnytsky (1940b) in experiments with

imaginary feeding pigs during increased secretion of gastric glands. Therefore, to

position expressed by O.D. Sineschokov stating that if the higher level of fasting se-

cretion, the more the juice secretion after feeding animals is observed, additional re-

search are required.

N.Y. Gridin (1957) in own research has indicated on the dependence between the

level of gastric secretion from the background of fasting and its change after feed-

ing. The scientist has argued that when feeding on a background of moderate fasting

of gastric juice secretion was increased, and against a background of increased of

secretion of gastric juice on an empty stomach or slightly increased in the presence

of a sharp rise in the background, decreased, starting with the first hour after feed-

ing.

A.V. Kvasnytsky (1951) firstly has established the presence of reflex and chemi-

cal regulation of gastric juice secretion in pigs with isolated ventricular (by Pavlov)

and confirmed the presence of continuous secretion of gastric glands. The author has

observed that in adult animals receiving normal diet, gastric juice allocated more

during a day, and the piglets receiving only breast milk, however, at night. The se-

cretion of gastric glands in piglets after weaning, receiving concentrated feed and

cows’ milk occupied average, transitional place. Scientists have discovered the peri-

od of achlorhydria (absence of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice) in the stomach of

pigs lasting two and sometimes more ten-day periods.

Great work on the study of gastric secretion in pigs during sucking period was

made by R.B. Aleksandrovа (1955). According to the researcher, the free hydrochlo-

ric acid in the gastric juice of pigs appears in the second week of life. During the

suckling period, the amount of gastric juice, total acidity, free hydrochloric acid, to-

tal HCl and digestible force were increased wavily. All changes in the glandular ap-

paratus of pigs, the author explained by the age-related peculiarities of growing

stomach and in glandular system, and its operation under influence of the feed.

It should be noted that data obtained by R.В. Aleksandrova on the increase

of free hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice of pigs do not coincide with the data of

O.V. Kvasnytsky (1951), who pointed the appearance of free HCl from the third ten-

day period of animal life. Scientist has also found that the adding of silage to the diet

of adult pigs caused to increase abdominal juice secretion and acidity of the juice

with a simultaneous decrease of digestible ability (Kvasnytsky 1934с). Yeast feeds

caused more energy reflex phase of juice secretion compared to those without yeast,

and gastric acidity thus was more higher while digestible capability was lower

(Kvasnytsky 1940а).

The stimulator of gastric secretion and causative agent of аppetite was the ensi-

laged potato (Fediy 1954). On the fact of influence of different rich fodders, E.N.

Bakeeva (1957) has specified on the amount of the distinguished gastric juice. So,

118

the increase of secretion in digestive glands was noticed at feeding by grass of alfal-

fa, while less secretion was observed at feeding with corn leaves and the least secre-

tion was caused by a pumpkin.

The study of digestive processes in pigs fed liquid feed devoted to works by

Е. Тkаchev and А. Grigorieva (1971). Feeding of the mixed fodder as liquid mash

(80% moisture) caused the considerable decline of gastric juice secretion, acids and

pepsin secretion as well, as compared to a feed containing 75% moisture. Besides, the

especially fall-off of secretion of juice was observed at first o’clock after feeding.

In experiments with fistula’s animals, the sexual recurrence has influenced on the

activity of digestion organs. The sharp decrease of secretion in digestive glands, re-

duction of enzyme hydrolysis of nutritive in a stomach and delay of evacuation of

the forage masses in bowels during estrus pigs were observed (Utekhin and Bakeeva

1953, Bakeeva 1957, Gridin 1957, Bakeeva 1963).

The scientists studied the effect of temperature on the quantitative and qualitative

indicators of gastric secretion in pigs. Animal studies with duodenal anastomosis and

gastric fistula 3-10-month-old gilts has been found that the watering of animals with

cold water (5-6°C) caused a sharp temperature decrease in the stomach and the subse-

quent delay in gastric emptying from the stomach, and reducing the intensity of gastric

juice secretion (Utekhin and Bakeeva 1953a,b, Kvasnytsky and Bakeeva 1940).

Considering experience of colleagues, I.I. Zabolotniy and Yu.D. Janusz (1971)

put to define activity of gastric digestion at various temperature conditions of a for-

age, water and rooms in pigs. The influences of forage and water temperature which

are carried out experiments on studying at air temperature 16-20ºС and its relative

humidity 5-8ºС on activity of gastric digestion at growing a young animals showed

that the maximum general and free acidity of gastric juice falls on the first hours af-

ter feeding. The highest secretion of gastric juice was when feeding a forage with the

temperature of 25-30ºС, minimum – at a temperature of 5-10ºС and 35-40ºС.

The environmental conditions at birth were also important in determining the

ability of the enzymes and gastric flora. If lactic acid was produced in large quanti-

ties in the stomach, it may partially or completely inhibit oxidation of HCl (Cranvell

et al. 1979).

Gastric digestion

Gastric digestion in pigs in studies of W. Ellenberger and V. Hofmeister (1888,

1889, 1890) by feeding oats to pigs, from the very beginning of digestion in the fun-

dus of the stomach and pyloric part of the stomach hydrochloric acid was found, but

most of it is bound to proteins from feed. In the cardiac part of stomach, it’s ap-

peared much later. Acidic reaction of contents in the cardiac part of stomach initially

driven by the presence of lactic acid; hydrochloric acid was secreted here only 8-9

hours later from the moment of initial phase of food consumption. After feeding, the

amount of hydrochloric acid in animal stomach was increased gradually, but never

higher than 0.3% (quoted by Starovoytov 1965).

The fact that the prevalence of lactic acid in cardiac and salt in the fundus area of

the stomach shortly after feeding were confirmed by F. Bengen and K. Haane (1905),

119

and E. Lötscha (1908). Later, by summarizing the data of all authors, F. Krshivanek

(1937) has suggested that pyloric area has a special place in the process of gastric di-

gestion, because the pH level and amount of degradation products reached the highest

rate here. The author has proposed 4 stages of digestive processes that occured in pigs

stomach: 1) pure amylolytic process that begins immediately after feed coming to the

stomach; 2) the amylose prevailing period lasted 1-2 hours after the start of feeding;

3) mixed amylase-proteolytic period; 4) purely proteolytic process starting at the end

of the 11th or at the beginning of the12th hour after feeding.

New methodological approaches to the study of digestive processes in the stom-

ach of pigs were developed by A. Kvasnytsky (1934a,b, 1951): the polysonds meth-

od for obtaining of the liquid contents from the different areas of the stomach and

method for determining the digestive strength of gastric juice in the stomach directly

by entering Matt sticks in the cavity. With these methods, the author has confirmed

the results of the previous studies according the presence of age-inferiority of stom-

ach in pigs, in which free hydrochloric acid in the stomach appeared no earlier than

the 28th day of life only in samples of juice, which were taken 60 minutes after

feeding when there was a small amount of feed remained in the stomach of piglets.

Hence, the period of age achlorhydria has been changed by period of lower acidity.

Motility of the gastrointestinal tract

An important element of the research is to study the motility of the gastrointestinal

tract in animals. At the same time, the ability of a stomach and reduced around the con-

tents were repeatedly noted. Peristola gave this movement the name (Poensgen 1882,

cited by Edelman 1906, Braeuning 1909, Groedel 1909). There were some points of

view, but all groups of researchers have admitted that there is a typical peristaltic course

of a wave in fundus area (Hofmeister and Schütz 1886, Cannon 1898, Rossbach 1890,

Roux and Balthazard 1898, Kästle et al. 1909, Brody 1940). In the same time, some

types of a peristalsis in different animals and at the same animals were observed (Cole

1916-1917, McCrea et al. 1924, Alvarez and Zummermann 1928).

Initially similar works were devoted to studying of movements in digestive tract at

dogs and cats (Shemyakin 1903, Cannon 1898, 1911, Carlson 1916, Anichkov 1925,

Kravitskaya and Kryuchkov 1951). On this occasion, the assistant professor F.V.

Krshivanek (1937) wrote in 1937 that the mechanical movement in the stomach of

pigs had not been studied directly, owing to the great difficulties encountered in meth-

odological analysis of these movements in pigs.

A. Scheunert and F. Kyok (1910, 1921), studying gastric motility in pigs indirect-

ly, i.e. by a stomach’s servings of food consumed. German scientists have found that

peristaltic movements of the stomach cannot mix its contents, it is only in the pylo-

ric area of the stomach using energetic movements and deep pylorus. Analysis

placed portions of food in the stomach has proved that the surface peristaltic move-

ments of the stomach do not mix the its contents.

Later V. Borovsky and Kvasnytsky (1932) and A.V. Kvasnytsky (1940b) have

studied the motility of the stomach in the pig by the same method that was used by

A. Scheunert and F. Kiok. Slaughter of animals was performed after 1, 2 3, 4, 5, 8,

120

10, 12, 15 and 24 hours after feeding; stomach was sprayed and frozen. According to

these authors, originally filled with food were fundus and pyloric region of the

stomach, and cardiac as well. Consistently portions of food that fell into the stomach

of the pig, not mixed in it. Only the adding of several portions of the liquid led to

mixing. If you enter the liquid at 3-5-hour intervals, mixing well is not observed.

Supply of water after feeding is necessary to maintain the location of food layers.

Liquid feeds quickly lost the water and became thick consistency.

Established facts certainly have theoretical and practical importance but to con-

clude the true gastric motility in pigs from these data was difficult because required

is the development of methods that would provide long-term monitoring of this

function of the digestive tract.

Movements of the stomach in pigs on an empty stomach

Given that comprehensive physiological assessment of motor activity in the gas-

trointestinal tract, including the stomach, may be given taking into account the state

of this activity not only during the digestive process, but also outside it (Ketscher

1890, Sanotsky 1892, Pavlov and Shulimova-Simanovskiy 1890, Pavlov 1897,

Boldyrev 1904, 1921, Hirschberg 1927, Kratinov 1929). Scientists began experi-

ments to study the movements of the stomach on an empty stomach. A.G. Kratinov

and P.N. Kratinova (1932) done gastroesophagic operation on gilts aged 5-10

months. The existence of periodic fasting stomach was established. According to

these data, “hungry” movements of the stomach in gilts were occurred, in the form

of continuous emission of different intensity, many times, either as periodically

damped cuts. In experiments with imaginary feeding was found that it is “hungry”

medium intensity movements are often not provided any effect on weak contractions

always reinforced, and intense contractions always hampered the movements of the

stomach. These results indicated about reflex regulation of motor activity in the pigs’

stomach, the effect is depended on the initial state of the device motor.

L.V. Makov (1935) has confirmed the presence of “hungry” contractions of the

stomach in pigs and proved their connection with feeding. In his experiments, he

gave to piglets a 300 g silage juice in relative calm the stomach, causing a strength-

ening of its motor activity. However, the same effect was obtained with the direct

input of silage juice into the stomach through the fistula. Increased rate, according to

the scientist, leads to a more rapid transition silage juice into the duodenum than wa-

ter. But the full relationship between increased motor activity of the stomach and its

contents evacuation time was demonstrated.

V.F. Zakharova (1954) has observed that feeding animals during the reduction of

the stomach caused a decrease of force reductions. If start feeding of pigs coincides

with the “resting” period, a strong and frequent contractions of the stomach were ob-

served. A concentrated feeding always caused strong contractions, but rarely reduce

stomach. Ration with a large amount of bulk feed caused an increase in frequency,

but at the same time decrease the force of contraction in pigs’ stomach.

According to G.G. Stepanyan (1957), “hungry” movements in stomach were ac-

companied by increased release of acid to gastric juice. Turning off the cerebral cor-

121

tex using hydrochloride in most cases led to the disappearance of the movements of

the stomach.

Experiments of A. Starovoytov (1965) have proved that the movements of the

stomach in fasting pigs proceeding to waves of cardiac fundus and pyloric parts;

they occur earlier in the cardiac part extending towards the pyloric. But despite the

fact that the wavely movements of “hungry” stomach were occurred, the “resting”

periods of advancing simultaneously in all its parts are observed.

Interestingly, scientist observed an interesting phenomenon in study the periodic

motor activity of the stomach in pigs. Periodic motor activity in animals occurred

even in the presence of a small amount of food. However, typical periodic motor ac-

tivity appeared only when the contents of the stomach tissue and digestible protein

were found. Even a small amount of digestible protein prevented the appearance of

the last periodic motor activity in the stomach. Thus, the emergence of periodic mo-

tor activity of gastrointestinal tract in hungry animals associated with endocrine pro-

tein metabolism between blood and digestive apparatus. The stomach plays a special

role in this exchange (Starovoytov 1965).

Nature of the mass evacuation of food from the stomach to the intestine

One indicator of digestive system in general affecting on the flow of digestive

processes are rate and nature of the mass evacuation of food from the stomach to the

intestine.

German scientists W. Ellenberger and V. Hofmeister (1888, 1889, 1890), study-

ing gastric emptying on the slaughtering pigs through different periods of time after

feeding, have found that conversion of stomach contents to the intestines begins 30

minutes after end feeding with finely chopped meat, while only at 2-3 hours after

feeding oats. Fastest depletion of stomach was observed after feeding pigs by meat,

slowly – in the case of fed by potatoes and more slowly – after fed by oats.

The duration stay of a forage in a stomach and fluctuations of duration at various

diets of feeding pigs have both scientific and practical interest. Extensive materials

were presented by Müller (1905) and to Schneyderneize (1910) pointing to borders

within which in practice the weight of the gastrointestinal channel at pigs of various

weight at various feeding can fluctuate.

By studying this issue and using the methods of predecessors, A.V. Kvasnytsky

(1951) concluded that determine the speed of evacuation of food from the stomach

to the intestine by slaughter ineffective. Scientist tried to speed the evacuation of

food from the stomach to the intestine in piglets-suckling adult animals, and the dif-

ference of dry matter contained in feed consumption and in remote through gastric

fistula was estimated. The author found that the piglets fed by sows milk from the

stomach to the intestine gets 35% of milk, per hour – up to 60%, and for two hours –

to 90%. An hour after fed piglets by grain mixed with milk, evacuation of food from

the stomach to the intestine in a 30-day-old piglets was 35% of feed used.

B.P. Utekhin and O.M. Bakeeva (1953) have reported the results of their research

input to the diet of a large number of succulent fodder that significantly alter the

character of forage mass evacuation from the stomach toward strengthening.

122

The motility of a stomach in pigs provides rather fast evacuation its volume to

the intestines though under usual conditions of feeding at pigs till morning of the

next day always contains in a stomach from 13% to 22% of the forage eaten in days

(Kvasnytsky 1971). Thus, a variety of forages is a factor causing the most uniform

functioning of all parts of the digestive system.

Holland scientists pointed to influence of diet structure and conditions of keeping

on digestibility and speed of passing of a chyme in a digestive tract of the growing

pigs (Metz et al. 1985). The animals were fed a grain diet or diet extracted from corn,

coconut waste dry potato pulp, dry potato protein . When the content of animal cells in

the exchange rate of passage of chyme, defined by PEG, by an average of 20% more

than the content of the machine tool.The rate of passage of chyme in the gastrointesti-

nal tract was significantly increased with an increase in body weight of animals.

Age-dependent motor activity of the stomach

In 1958, academician A.V. Kvasnytsky at the session of the Ukrainian Academy

of Agricultural Sciences emphasized that age physiology of farm animals in soviet

science is developed, because only in growing can successfully change of organism

activity to the right direction. For the first time a detailed study of age-dependent

motor activity in the stomach of pigs has dedicated his thesis A.M. Starovoytov

(1955, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1965). Scientist has established that with age ampli-

fied “hungry” stomach movements in 20-30-day-old piglets were interrupted by

“resting” periods, lasting 2-4 minutes. After weaning duration periods “resting” pe-

riods were increased, but no more than 15-35 minutes, and the duration of move-

ment periods in the stomach were reduced and varied from one hour to ten minutes.

According to the scientist, despite the strong influence feed factor for periodic

motor activity in the stomach of pigs before the 120th day aged, age changes were

dominated depending on the protein metabolism during ontogeny. In the 180-day-

old and older gilts, there is strong variability “hungry” motor periodicals stomach

depending entirely on the level and quality of protein feed (Danilenko et al. 1971).

Gastric movements occurred not only full of food but also “hungry” stomach of

piglets at an early age, only during the act of eating or reflex when playing environ-

ment feeding. With age, the instantaneous deceleration movements of the stomach

during feeding of piglets by skimmed or whole milk was gradually decreased, re-

placed by a period of inhibition, occurring only in reducing the amplitude of the pre-

liminary short contractions of increased tone. In turn, grains, green and juicy fodder

or mixtures caused the enhance of gastric motility by direct mechanical irritation and

by stretching its walls.

According to А.М. Starovoitov (1965), patterns of the age-dependent stomach

evacuation were following: the pigs were fed different feeds for suckling period,

complete emptying of the stomach was by 1.5 hours in 3 days aged and by 16-21

hours after weaning piglets. G.V. Golubev (1971) has pointed on the age characteris-

tics of the digestive system in pigs. With increasing age and weight of the animal,

nature of their digestive activity also was varied.

123

Experiments with fasting gilts found the frequency of stomach movements. De-

pending on the functional state of the stomach motor unit at the time of feeding ani-

mals gain or inhibition observed his movements. Food in the stomach of pigs are not

mixed. Speed of evacuation of stomach contents to the intestines of the animal de-

pends on the type of food. Adding to the diet juicy fodder is accelerated this process.

Motor-evacuation activity of the stomach is enhanced with age, but occurred in waves-

dependent ways, due to biological characteristics and ontogenesis animal feeding and

its impact morphological and functional formation of postembryonic period.

The end of the twentieth century marked by the emergence of post-nonclassical

paradigms of social science with the main trends of globalization, integration, mathe-

matization, industrialization, informatization, etc. It is worth noting that by combining

existing knowledge, a common object of study became interdisciplinary communica-

tion to enhance interaction between fundamental and applied research. By analyzing

the problems of the international scientific symposium «Digestive physiology of

pigs», it can be argued that the priority today are studies aimed the optimizing the sup-

ply of pigs and prevention of gastrointestinal disorders. For example, the impact of

very early weaning piglet on digestive function; active influence of biological addi-

tives on the digestion of pigs; effect of dietary fiber on the process of gastric emptying

in sows etc. (Marion et al. 2001, De Schrijver 2001, Miquel et al. 2001). These fruitful

discussions contribute to the development of science and create a platform for future

research.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Analysis of the literature confirmed that the early works according to physiology

of gastric digestion in pigs were conducted by German researchers in the late

nineteenth century. Using the method of foreign colleagues and academician

Pavlov, Soviet scientists have advanced significantly in addressing this problem

in the twentieth century. The patterns of growth and development of the digestive

organs and the effects of feeding conditions on them, impact of feed on function

and anatomical development of the digestive system, the phenomenon of age on

achlorhydria of piglets, the gastric secretion in pigs and pronounced reflex and

reflex phases were founded and discussed during last century.

2. The development of the research study according gastric motility in pigs was

studied on the following aspects: the location in the stomach servings of food

consumed; study the movements of the stomach in pigs on empty stomach; the

speed and nature of the mass evacuation of food from the stomach to the intes-

tine; age-dependent motor activity of the stomach in pigs.

3. The patterns of periodic stomach motor activity in pigs fasting was one of the

main conditions for the proper analysis of these movements during the digestive

process. This led to the next stage of development patterns of gastric motility –

the study of the digestive process during feeding by different foods. In turn, the

study of the movements of the stomach outside the period of digestion allowed to

the knowledge of patterns of motor activity in ontogenesis and phylogeny.

124

REFERENCE

Alexandrova R.B. 1955. Gastric secretion in piglets in the suckling period: Abstract. dis.

Cand. biologist. Sciences. All-Union Institute of Animal Husbandry, Moscow (in Rus-

sian).

Alvarez W.C., Zimmermann A.R. 1928. Movements of the stomach. Amer. J. Physiol., 84:

261.

Anichkov S.V. 1925. The action of the sympathetic and parasympathetic poisons on an empty

stomach movement. Russ. J. of Physiol., 8(1-2): 67-69 (in Russian).

Bakeeva E.N. 1934. About a pig stomach enzymes. Proceedings of the Research Institute of

pig, Poltava, 8: 166 (in Ukraine).

Bakeeva E.N. 1957. Effect of feed rations and the physiological state of the body to the activi-

ties of the digestive apparatus in pigs. In: Questions physiology of agricultural animals,

works first and second meetings. АN USSR, Institute of Physiology them. I.P. Pavlova (ed.).

Publisher Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow-Leningrad: 208-215 (in Russian).

Bakeeva E.N. 1963. Physiological basis of feeding pigs, Kiev (in Ukraine).

Belenkov N., Losev G. 1939. The value of the mechanical factor in gastric secretion in pigs.

Physiol. J. of the USSR, 27(1): 95-100 (in Russian).

Bengen F., Haane K. 1905. Üder den Enzymgehalt der Magenschieimhaut des Schweines und

den Wechsel desselben während der Verdauung. Pflügers Arch., 106: 267.

Boldyrev V.N. 1904. Intermittent operation of the digestive apparatus with an empty stomach:

dissertation of Doctor of Medicine (in Russian).

Boldyrev V. 1921. The self-regulation of the acidity of the Gastric content. Bull. of the Battle

Creek Sanitarium, XXII: 65.

Borovsky V.V, Kvasnytsky A.V. 1932. On the motor activity of pig stomach. Proceedings of

the Res. Institute for pig breeding, Poltava, 8: 172 (in Ukraine).

Braeuning H. 1909. Die Entfalten des Magens. Műnch. Med. Wchschr, 56: 277.

Brody D.A., Werle J.M., Meschan, Quigley P. 1940, Intralumen pressures of the difestive

tract, especially the pyloric region. Amer. J. Physiol. 130: 791.

Cannon W.B. 1911. The mechanical factors of digestion. “Longmans, Green & C.”, London.

Cannon W.B. 1898. Тhe movements of the stomach studied by means of the röntgen rays.

Amer. J. Physiol., 1: 359.

Carlson A.I. 1919. The control of hunger in health disease, Chicago.

Cole L.G. 1916-1917. Motor phenomenon of the stomach, pylorus and cap observed roent-

genographically. Amer. J. Physiol., 42: 618.

Cranvell P.D, Noakes D.E., Hill K.J. 1979. Gastric secretion and fermentation in the suckling

pig. Br. J. Nutr., 36: 71-86.

Danilenko I.A., Starovoytov A.P., Bogdanov G.A. 1971. Physiology and biochemistry of di-

gestion and metabolism of substances. In: W. Drochner. Digestion and metabolism in

pigs. All-Union Academy of Agriculture Moscow. Kolos, Moscow: 9-23 (in Ukraine).

De Schrijver P. 2001. Dietary Oligosacharide supplements effect digestive in pigs. In: Diges-

tive physiology of pigs: proceedings of the 8th Symposiym. Department of Anim. Nutri-

tion and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sci., Uppsala, Sweden.: 121-

124. Edelman I.A. 1906. Movement of the stomach and move the contents of the stomach into the

intestine, St. Petersburg (in Russian). Ellenberger W.J. 1884. Handbuch der vergleichenden Histologie und Physiologie Heussäuge-

tiere, Berlin: 134. Ellenberger W.J., Hofmeister V. 1888. Darmkanal der Schweine. Deutsch Tiermedizin Patho-

logie, 14: 137.

125

Ellenberger W.J., Hofmeister V. 1885. Der Magensaft und die Histologie der Magenschleim-haut der schweine. Аrch. Tierheilk, 11: 61.

Ellenberger W.J., Hofmeister V. 1890. Die Verdauung von Fleisch bei Schweinen. Deutsch Tiermed. Pathol., 2: 280.

Ellenberger W.J., Hofmeister V. 1889. Űber die Verdauung des Schweinen. Arch. fl. Anat. Abs., 11: 137.

Ellenberger W.J., Szejnert A. 1933. Manual of Comparative Physiology of domestic animals. “Sel’khozgiz”, Moscow-Leningrad, (in Russian).

Fediy E.M. 1949. Age-related morphological and functional changes of the gastric glands of pigs in the embryonic period, and milk: Abstract. dis. cand. biologist. Sci. Moscow (in Russian).

Fediy E.M. 1954. The secretory activity of the stomach of pigs when fed silage potato. In: Рroceedings of the Al-Union Institute of feeding agricultural animals. “Sel’khozgiz” A.A. Zubrilin, Moscow, II: 312-315 (in Russian).

Golubev G.V. 1971. Age features pigs digestion. In: Digestion and metabolism in pigs. Pro-ceedings of the All-Union Academy of Agriculture. Kolos, Moscow: 56-61 (in Russian).

Gridin N. 1957. Effect of different feed and substances on gastric secretion of pigs. In: Рro-ceedings. Kharkov Zootechnical Institute. M.J. Kniga, P.E. Bozhko, T.V. Gorb et al.,

Kharkov, IX: 111-119 (in Ukraine). Gridin N. 1956. Gastric secretion in pigs feed on various substances and substances: abstract

dis. Cand. biologist. Sciences, Kharkiv: 14 (in Ukraine). Groedel F. 1909. Die peristaltische function des Magens in Röntgenbilde. Münch. Med. Wch-

schr., 56: 567. Häesler K. 1930. Der Einfluss verschiedener Ernährung auf die Glössenverhaltniesse des

Magendarmkanals bei Säugentiren. Zeitschr. F. Zuchtung., XVII (3): 139.

Hessling I. 1922. Über die Beziehungen zweischen Darmvolume und Nährunf: diss., Gottingen. Hirschberg L.S. 1927. New materials to the issue of the periodic motor activity of the intesti-

nal tract. Russ. J. of Physiol., Х (6): 497 (in Russian). Hofmeister F., Schütz E. 1886. Ueber die automatischen Bewegungen des Magens. Arch.

f. exp. Pathol. u. Pharmakol., 20: 1. Husvéth F. Physiological and reproductional ashects of animal production: digestion in the

monogastric stomach. 2011. www.tankonyvtar.hu/en/tartalom/tamop425/0010_1A_Book _angol_05_termeleselettan/ch03s03.html (16.09.2016).

Kästle C., Rieder H., Rosental J. 1909. Ueber kinematographische aufgenommene Röntgeno-gramme Bio-Röntgenographie der innneren Organe des Menschen. Münch. Med. Wch-schr., 56: 280.

Ketscher N.Y. 1890. Reflex from the mouth to the stomach department: dis., St. Petersburg (in Russian).

Kratinоv A.G. 1929. The effect of choline on the hungry stomach movement. J. of Exper. Bi-ol. and Medic., ХІ (29): 57 (in Russian).

Kravitskaya P.S., Kryuchkov A.P. 1951. Periodic stomach digestive activity is at different ag-es. Physiol. J. the USSR, 37(3): 329-335 (in Russian).

Kratinova P.N., Krasnov A.G. 1932. Materials on the physiology of motor activity of the di-gestive tract of pigs. Messaging. I. About reflex phase motor activity of pig stomach. Physiol. J. the USSR, 15(6): 492-501 (in Russian).

Krshivanek F.V. 1937. Digestion is a pig. In: Manual feeding and metabolism in farm ani-mals. ІІ Digestion and excretion. N.A. Popow, I.N. Chukichev (eds.). “Gossel’khozgiz”,

Moscow (in Russian).

Kvasnytsky A.V. 1934a. А new instrument for measuring metta sticks. Laboratory practice,

12: 21-22 (in Russian). Kvasnytsky A.V. 1934b. New in the physiology of gastric digestion in pigs. All-Union Live-

stock Research Institute of pig, Kharkov, ІХ-Х: 91-228 (in Ukraine).

126

Kvasnytsky A.V. 1934c. New on the silo. Pig-breeding, 2: 42-43 (in Russian).

Kvasnytsky A.V. 1940a. Effect of yeast feeds on gastric digestion of pigs. In: Proceedings of

the All-Union Livestock Research Institute of pig. P.K. Reshetniak, Ya.J. Shkarupa, V.T.

Levitskiy et al. (eds.), ХV: 129-143 (in Ukraine).

Kvasnitsky A.V. 1940b. Juice secretion and gastrointestinal digestion and pigs: abstract. dis.

cand. biologist. Sci., Poltava (in Ukraine).

Kvasnytsky A.V. 1951. Digestive Physiology in Pigs. “Sel’khozgiz”, Moscow (in Russian).

Kvasnytsky A.V. 1971. Results of research on the physiology and biochemistry of digestion

and metabolism. Digestion and metabolism in pigs. In: Proceedings of the All-Union

Academy of Agriculture. A.I. Ovsiannikov, A.T. Mysik (eds.). Kolos, Moscow: 3-8 (in

Russian).

Kvasnytsky A.V., Bakeeva E.N. 1940, О желудочной секреции и пищеварении у поросят

в подсосный период. Труды Всесоюз. НИИ свиноводства. НКЗ СССР, ХV: 3-42.

Lehmann F. 1919. Die Emährung der Schweine durch Weidengand und Voluminose Futter-

mittel. Jahrbush d. Deutschen L.C., 34: 23

Lötsch E. 1908. Zur Kenntnis der Verdauung von Fleisсh in Magen und Dänndarm des

Schweine: Inaug. disser. Dresden-Leipzig.

Makov L.V. 1935. On the effect of silage feed on the motor activity of the stomach pigs. In:

Physiology of digestion of farm animals. All-Union Institute of Animal Husbandry Agri-

cultural Academy they Sciences. J.P. Chukichev (ed.). “Sel’khozgiz”, Moscow-Leningrad

(in Russian).

Marion J., Huërou-Luron I., Thomas F., Rome V., Devidich J. 2001. Weaning of supernumer-

ary piglets at 7 days of age: effects a digestive function – preliminary results. In: Diges-

tive physiology of pigs: proceedings of the 8th Symposiym. Department of Anim. Nutri-

tion and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sci., Uppsala, Sweden: 34-37.

McCrea E.D., МcSwiney B.A., Morrisona J.W., Stopford J.S. 1928. The normal movements

of the stomach. Quart. J. Exher. Physiol., 18: 379.

Мetz S.Y.M., Dekker R.A., Just A., Joergensen H., Fernandez J.A. 1985. Effect of housing on

gastrointestinal transit time and digestibility of feeds in growing pigs. In: Proceedings of

the 3rd International Seminar on digestive physiology in the pig. Beretning fra staters

huedyrbrugsfersog, 16th-18th May 1985, A.H. Jorgensen, J.A. Femandez (eds.), Capanha-

gen: 369-372.

Miquel N., Back Knudsen K.E., Jorgensen H. 2001. Dietary fibrt: effect of gastric Emptying

in Pregnant Sows. In: Digestive physiology of pigs: proceedings of the 8th Symposiym.

Department of Anim. J.E. Lindberg, B. Ogle (eds.). Nutrition and Management Swedish

University of Agricultural Sci., Uppsala, Sweden: 139-142.

Müller K. 1905. Bestimmungen des Gewischts des Magens und Darms usw: іnaug. disser.,

Bern.

Ovsyannikov A.I. 1945. Change pigs organism under the influence of different types of feed-

ing at a young age. Bulletin of animal husbandry, 2: 3-17 (in Russian).

Pavlov J.P. 1897. On the Separative Work of the Stomach Fasting. In: Proceedings of the So-

ciety Russian doctors in St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, 65 (Sept.): 25-30 (in Russian).

Pavlov I.P, Shulimova-Simanovskaya E.O. 1890. The innervation of gastric glands in dogs.

Doctor, 41: 929-934 (in Russian).

Popov N.A., Kudryavtsev A.A. 1931. By the physiology of gastric secretion of juice in the

pig. In: Proceedings of the National Inst. of Exper. Vet. Med. Moscow, 7(2): 44-47 (in

Russian).

Popov N.A., Kudryavtsev A.A. 1937. The achievements of Soviet physiology in the field of

digestive problems in farm animals. Digestion in pigs. In: Manual feeding and metabo-

lism in farm animals. ІІ Digestion and excretion. “Gosselhozgiz”, Moscow (in Russian).

127

Rossbach M.J. 1890. Beiträge zur Lehre von den Bewegungen des Magens Pylorus und Duo-

denum. Arch. f. klin. Med., 46: 296.

Roux J.S., Balthazard V. 1898. Etude des fonctionnement moteur de Lestomac. Arсh. Physiol.

Norm. et Path., 10: 85.

Sanotsky A.S. 1892. Pathogens Branch of the gastric juice: dis. MD. Imper. Military Med.

Academy, St. Petersburg (in Russian).

Scheunert A., Kiok F. 1910. Über die Aufenthalt und Durchganszeir der Nahrung intre Reste im

Vagendarmkanal speciell im Magen des Schweines. Schneider Heize Inaug. Diss., Bern.

Scheunert A., Kiok F. 1921. Zum Meсhanismus der Magenverdauung beim Omnivoren. Pflü-

gers Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., 16: 193.

Schneiderheize J. 1910. Über die aufenhalts- und Durchgangszeit der Nahrung bzw. Ihrer

Resta im Magen-Darm-Kanal, speziell im Magen des Schweines: Inaug. disser., Bern.

Schröder W. 1929. Über die Bodeutung des Schweinendarms für den individuellen guantita-

tiven Fütter u Nahrstoffverzehr. Wissensch. Arch. F. Landvirt., 1: 3.

Serebryakov P.N. 1950. Fundamentals of physiology of farm animals. “Sel’khozgiz”, Moscow

(in Russian).

Shemyakin A.I. 1903. Specific excitability alimentary canal mucosa. Physiology of the pylo-

ric part of the stomach of the dog. Archive biolog. Sci. 10(2): 89-170 (in Russian).

Sineschekov A.D. 1965. Biology nutrition of farm animals. In: The biological basis for the ra-

tional use of feeds. V.M. Balakin (ed.). “Kolos”, Moscow (in Russian).

Sineschekov A.D. 1940. New data on the digestive physiology of pigs. In: Feeding of agricul-

tural animals and foraging: rewarded: the works of young scientists on animal and forag-

ing. E.F. Liskun, Ya.M. Berzin (eds.). All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mos-

cow: 175-188 (in Russian).

Sineschekov A.D. 1936. Some patterns of the secretory activity of the gastric glands of pigs

and calves: Abstract. Candidate. agricultural Sciences, Moscow (in Russian).

Sineschekov A.D. 1937. Some patterns of the secretory activity of the gastric glands of pigs

and calves. Successes zootechnical Sciences, 3(3): 321-344 (in Russian).

Starovoytov A.M. 1955. About the age peculiarities of digestion in pigs. In: VIII All-Union.

Congress of physiologists, biochemists and pharmacists: abstracts. A.M. Vorobiov, V.N.

Orehovich, Moscow (in Russian).

Starovoytov A.M. 1960. Age changes of gastric motility in piglets. Physiol. J. of the USSR,

ХLVI (5): 572-577 (in Ukraine).

Starovoytov A.M. 1956. Age laws of digestion in pigs. In: V Congress of Ukraine. society of

physiologists, pharmacologists and biochemists: abstracts. I.M. Bulankin, R.V. Chago-

vets, V.M. Nikitin et al. (eds.), Kharkоv: 290-291 (in Ukraine).

Starovoytov A.M. 1959. Age laws of secretory and motor activity of the stomach in piglets. In:

Collection of scientific papers Research Institute of Animal forest-steppe and Polesye Ukraini-

an SSR. D.A. Volkov, S.I. Kutikov, L.V. Lebedev et al. (eds.). 28: 65-87 (in Ukraine).

Starovoytov A.M. 1958. Age-related changes of gastric juice secretion and digestion in ask-

ing: Abstract. Dis. cand. biologist. Sciences, Kharkiv (in Ukraine).

Starovoytov A.M. 1965. Gastric secretion of gastric juice, digestion and protein metabolism

in pigs, Kharkiv (in Ukraine).

Stepanyan G.G. 1957. On a periodic activity of the stomach at pigs. News of the Academy of

Sciences of the Armenian SSR. Series: Вiology and agricul. sci., 10(1): 3-13 (in Russian).

Tkachev E., Grigorieva A. 1972. Physiological substantiation consistency of feed for pigs.

Рig-breeding, 6: 39-40 (in Russian).

Utekhin B.P., Bakeeva E.P. 1953a. Digestive processes in pigs when fed coarse and succulent

fodder. In: Questions of feeding and breeding pigs. Рroceedings Research Institute pig.

A.I. Mihalin (ed.), Poltava, XVII-XVIII: 25-41 (in Ukraine).

128

Utekhin B.P., Bakeeva E.N. 1953b. The digestion and absorption of nutrients in the different

sections of the digestive apparatus pigs. In: Questions of feeding and breeding pigs: pro-

ceedings Research Institute of Pig. A.I. Mihalin, Poltava, XVII-XVIII: 5-24 (in Ukraine).

Vvedensky N.E. Excitation and inhibition of anesthesia. www.info-library.com.ua/libs/serija-

klassiki-nauki/52-vvedenskij-ne-izbrannye-proizvedenija-ch2/548-vozbuzhdenie-tormozhe-

nie-i-narkoz-glava-i-iv.html (3.09.2016).

Zabolotniy I.I., Janusz Y.D. 1971. Some indicators of the state of gastric secretion in young

pigs, depending on the feed temperature and water. In: Digestion and metabolism in pigs.

All-Union Academy of Agriculture. A.I. Ovsiannikov, A.T. Mysik (eds.). “Kolos”, Moscow:

77-83 (in Russian).

Zakharova V.F. 1954. Effect of diets with different combinations of bulky and concentration

feed on the size and activity of the digestive tract fattening pigs. In: Proceedings of the

All-Union. Inst feeding agricultural animals. K.S. Skriabin (ed.). “Kolos”, Moscow, 2:

257-278 (in Russian).

SUMMARY

The content and dynamics of development of fundamental directions, studies and

theories, united in the system on the system on the basis of methodological principles,

their place in forming of modern knowledge of the physiology of gastric digestion in

pigs were analyzed. The important contribution of outstanding scientists in its for-

mation was revealed. Study of the physiology of gastric digestion in pigs includes sev-

eral research areas. Taking into account the development of some of them, such as the

effect of different feed on digestive organs of pigs, studying of gastric secretion and

gastric digestion of animals the following was found. Namely, the first works were

conducted by German researchers in the late nineteenth century (F. Lehmann), which

were continued in the twentieth century (Hesslinh, Schroeder, Hesler, Kvasnytsky,

Ovsyannikov, Zakharova). Throughout the period of formation of knowledge a pre-

requisite for the development of science were the creative discussions of scientists. Us-

ing the method of foreign colleagues and academician Pavlov, Soviet scientists have

advanced significantly in addressing this problem. In the course of investigations it has

been established patterns of growth and development of the digestive organs and the

effects on them of feeding conditions (Kvasnytsky, Ovsyannikov, Zakharova). Dis-

playing a huge impact on feed function and anatomical development of the digestive

system. Phenomenon of age-related achlorhydria in the piglets, which has sharply re-

duced when fed vegetable feed was studied by Kvasnitsky. Studies were continued by

R. Alexandrova. It is proved that the gastric secretion of gastric juice in pigs flows

constantly and is characterized by a pronounced reflex and reflex phases. Secretion of

gastric juice has sharply specific and is depending on the type of feed (Fediy, Bakeeva,

Тkаchev, Grigorieva). The physiological of significance positive action proofing and

silage feed was elucidated by O. Kvasnytsky. In experiments with fistula’s animals, the

sexual recurrence has influenced on the activity of digestion organs (Utekhin,

Bakeeva, Gridin). The scientists studied the effect of temperature on the quantitative

and qualitative indicators of gastric secretion in pigs (Utekhin, Bakeeva, Kvasnytsky,

Zabolotniy, Janusz). The development of the research on gastric motility pigs was

studied on the following aspects: the location in the stomach servings of food con-

129

sumed (Sheynert, Kyok, Borovsky, Kvasnytsky); study the movements of the stomach

in pigs on an empty stomach (Kratinov, Kratinova, Macov, Zakharova, Stepanyan,

Terteryan, Starovoitov); the speed and nature of the mass evacuation of food from the

stomach to the intestine (Ellenberger, Hofmeister, Müller, Shneyderneize, Kvasnytsky,

Utehin, Bakeeva, Metz, Dekker); age-dependent motor activity of the stomach in pigs

(Starovoytov, Golubev, Marion, De Schrijver, Miquel). It was established that the mo-

tility of the stomach is insufficient for mechanical mixing feed, but it provides a rela-

tively quick evacuation of the intestines. The patterns of periodic stomach motor activ-

ity in pigs fasting was one of the main conditions for the proper analysis of these

movements during the digestive process. This led to the next stage of development

patterns of gastric motility – the study of the digestive process during feeding by dif-

ferent foods. In turn, the study of the movements of the stomach outside the period of

digestion allowed to the knowledge of patterns of motor activity in ontogenesis and

phylogeny. According to the results of scientific researches were made conclusions

that are important in the practice of pig farming. They are as follows: 1) the earliest

suitable feeding pigs, because it accelerates physiological and anatomic development

of the digestive organs; 2) when feeding piglets should consider the following three

functional period of the digestive organs, and in compliance with them to cook food

for feeding; 3) age-related achlorhydria and functional immaturity of the digestive

glands (20-30 days after birth); 4) low acidity and functional maturation of the diges-

tive glands (the second month of life of the piglets); 5) the final formation of neural

connections of the digestive organs, and almost normal (in adults) reactivity of gastric

glands, while the period of intense morphological formation of the digestive organs;

6) relatively quick evacuation of feed from the stomach of suckling piglets in the intes-

tine leads to the need for more frequent feeding than adults.

130