97

Słupskie Prace Biologiczne

Nr 13 ss. 97-112 2016

ISSN 1734-0926 Przyjęto: 7.11.2016

© Instytut Biologii i Ochrony Środowiska Akademii Pomorskiej w Słupsku Zaakceptowano: 16.01.2017

ECOLOGICAL AND HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT

OF HUMIC ORGANIC AND MINERAL FERTILIZER,

POULTRY MANURE + GLAUCONITE

Natalia Khopyak1

Alek Manenko1

Halyna Tkachenko2

Kateryna Khopyak1

Olha Kasiyan1

1 Danylo Halytskyy Lviv National Medical University

Lviv, Ukraine

e-mail: alek_manenko@i.ua 2 Pomeranian University in Słupsk

Institute of Biology and Environmental Protection

Arciszewski St. 22b, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was the evaluation of accelerated neutralization of

fresh poultry manure by using ecologically clean natural mineral glauconite and re-

ceipt of this organic and mineral fertilizer. In the performance of this study follow-

ing methods were used: 1) expert method for hygienic and environmental analysis of

technological requirements; 2) calculation method to determine the amount of in-

come from neutralization raw poultry manure with glauconite; 3) chemical methods

for determining the useful components per 1 ton of organic fertilizers and integrated

indicators Biochemical oxygen consumption (BOC20) and chemical oxygen con-

sumption (COC) in the aqueous extract (1 kg of poultry manure per liter of water).

The humic complex, granular organic-fertilizer “poultry manure + environmental

sorbent glauconite” does not contain active weed seeds, pathogenic microorganisms,

causes the increase convergence and growth of roots; contains biological substrates,

auxin – catalysts for the formation of chlorophyll and enzymes that enhance the cre-

ation of green mass of plants, and accumulates the B vitamins, causes an increase in

humus and total nitrogen in the soil, increases its buffering and absorption capacity,

causes to improve the structure and stability of nutrients that leaching improves the

carbon plant nutrition, reduces the content of heavy metals, increases content of mo-

bile forms of N, P, K in soil, restores soil-formed microorganisms, while actinomy-

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cetes (percent nitrogen) act as a reducing agents of natural soil. With environmental

and hygiene items, there are no objection to the use of chlorine-free, environmental-

ly friendly humic fertilizer “poultry manure + environmental sorbent glauconite” in

agricultural production. Investing financial resources in the organization of produc-

tion of organic fertilizer from poultry manure will improve the economic efficiency

of enterprises in a comprehensive profile of poultry, and in terms of agriculture. It is

known that a combination of organic (poultry manure) and mineral (ecological

sorbent glauconite) compounds can be obtained organic and mineral, or as they are

called humic fertilizer. This type of fertilizer combines the advantages of organic

and mineral types. Content in the composition of mineral salts of humic fertilizer

helps detect early action, and combined with the organic component – to provide the

full range of plant nutrients. Moreover, humic fertilizer significantly improve the

physical and chemical properties of the soil, allowing it to maintain the fertility and

strengthen its activities in various microbiological processes.

Key words: motor and industrial scavenge oils, oil products, regeneration, specifi-

cation, glauconite

INTRODUCTION

Epidemiological studies show that poultry meat and eggs are important sources for

consumers’ exposure to pathogens. There is a focus in many countries to reduce the

level of human illness from food-borne pathogens (Luber 2009). Extended-spectrum

β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli has been documented in food-produ-

cing birds, including chickens, and for unknown reasons the prevalence has increased

significantly during the last decade. With E. coli as a major opportunistic pathogen in

chickens and with a potential for zoonotic transfer to human beings, ESBL-producing

E. coli represents a major risk both to poultry production and to human health (Olsen

et al. 2014). For example, the prevalence, diversity, and antimicrobial resistance

(AMR) profiles of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and associated risk factors on 341

pig, chicken, and duck farms in Dong Thap province (Mekong Delta, Vietnam) were

investigated by Tu and co-workers (2015). The unusually high prevalence, the pre-

dominance of mixed-species farming without adequate biosecurity, and the abundance

of vectors (rats) suggest that control of NTS on farms in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

will be particularly challenging. These researchers have demonstrated an exceptionally

high prevalence and high diversity in NTS serovars across farms. Of the three species

investigated, ducks had the highest NTS prevalence although pigs were associated

with the highest levels of MDR. Levels of AMR were considerably high for most an-

timicrobials investigated, except for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin and

third-generation cephalosporins (Tu et al. 2015).

Blaak and co-workers (2015) have discerned the contribution of poultry farms to the

contamination of the environment with ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and there-

with, potentially to the spread of these bacteria to humans and other animals. ESBL-

producing E. coli were detected at all investigated laying hen farms (n = 5) and broiler

farms (n = 3) in 65% and 81% of poultry faeces samples, respectively. They were de-

99

tected in rinse water and run-off water (81%), other farm animals (79%), dust (60%),

surface water adjacent to farms (57%), soil (55%), on flies (15%), and in barn air (6%).

The highest prevalence and concentrations in the outdoor environment were observed

in soil of free-range areas at laying hen farms (100% of samples positive, geometric

mean concentration 2.4 × 104 CFU/kg), and surface waters adjacent to broiler farms

during, or shortly after, cleaning between production rounds (91% of samples positive,

geometric mean concentration 1.9 × 102 CFU/l). The diversity of ESBL-producing E.

coli variants with respect to sequence type, phylogenetic group, ESBL-genotype and

antibiotic resistance profile was high, especially on broiler farms where on average 16

different variants were detected. At laying hen farms on average nine variants were de-

tected. Sixty percent of environmental isolates were identical to flock isolates at the

same farm. The highest proportions of ‛flock variants’ were observed in dust (94%),

run-off gullies (82%), and barn air (67%), followed by surface water (57%), soil (56%),

flies (50%) and other farm animals (35%).The introduction of ESBL-producing E. coli from poultry farms to the environment may pose a health risk if these bacteria reach

places where people may become exposed (Blaak et al. 2015).

In the outdoor farm environment, ESBL-producing E. coli were frequently de-

tected in soil and surface water. Other farm animals when present at the poultry

farms, as well as flies, were also shown to carry ESBL-producing E. coli. Overall,

the prevalence in soil was higher at sites that were visibly influenced by poultry fae-

ces, e.g. free-range areas, sites near manure transport belts, near manure storage

sheds, near dung heaps and near a rinse water storage container. Both the detection

frequency and the average concentrations in soil were higher at laying hen farms

compared to broiler farms, which was largely attributable to the inclusion of free-

range areas at laying hen farms (which were not present at the broiler farms). Broiler

but not laying hen farms significantly contributed to the contamination of surface

water, as evidenced from the statistically significant higher prevalence and average

concentrations in water adjacent to broiler farms compared to remote sampling sites.

This difference appeared largely associated with the cleaning of broiler farms be-

tween two production rounds (i.e. every six to seven weeks). The high prevalence of

ESBL-producing E. coli in free-range areas suggests that run-off from such areas

represents a source of surface water contamination as well. This is supported by the

observation that one of the three positive surface water samples obtained in the vi-

cinity of laying hen farms was adjacent to a free-range area. In this water, ESBL-

producing E. coli was detected with the same identity with respect to phylogenetic

subgroup, sequence type, ESBL-genotype, and ABR profile, as isolates detected in,

amongst others, free-range soil and poultry faeces. The other two positive surface

water sites were in the proximity of a barn ventilation fan and a manure storage

shed, and also these waters contained isolates that were present in poultry faeces and

other environmental matrices at the corresponding farms (Blaak et al. 2015).

Moreover, Sasaki and co-workers (2014) have confirmed that poultry products

packed at poultry processing plants have already been contaminated with Listeria

monocytogenes and that poultry products contaminated with L. monocytogenes are de-

rived from broiler flocks infected with L. monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes was iso-

lated from 16.8% of chicken breast products and 2.3% of chicken liver products. In

contrast, L. monocytogenes was isolated from the pooled fecal content sample from

100

only 1 (4%) of 25 flocks and was never isolated from any pooled dropping samples

collected from 25 farms (Sasaki et al. 2014).

Heyndrickx and co-workers (2002) have collected on the prevalence of salmonel-

la at different stages during the life cycle of 18 broiler flocks on different farms as

well as during slaughter in different poultry slaughterhouses. A clear decrease of the

relative importance of the first production stages was demonstrated for the salmonel-

la contamination of the end product, whereas horizontal transmission of salmonella

to broilers during rearing and to broiler carcasses in the slaughterhouse was shown

to be the main determinative factor. Ten of the 18 flocks received a salmonella-

positive status with the highest shedding occurring during the first 2 weeks of rear-

ing. The shedding of the animals was significantly negatively influenced by the use

of subtherapeutic or therapeutic doses of antibiotics. The intake of portable material

in the broiler house was identified as the most important risk factor for horizontal

transmission. Significant associations were found between the contamination level

of a flock and hygiene of the broiler house, feed and water in the broiler house and

both animal and non-animal material sampled in the environment. No correlation

was found between contamination during the rearing period and contamination

found after slaughtering. The presence of faecal material in the transport crates and

predominantly the identity of the slaughterhouse seemed to be the determining fac-

tors for carcass quality (Heyndrickx et al. 2002). Moreover, no slaughterhouse was

able to avoid contamination of carcasses when Campylobacter-positive animals

were delivered (Herman et al. 2003).

The purpose of this study was the evaluation of accelerated neutralization of

fresh poultry manure by using ecologically clean natural mineral glauconite and re-

ceipt of this organic and mineral fertilizer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The chemical formula of glauconite is K (Fe3+, Fe2+, Mg, Al+)(OH)2(AlSiO10) · nH2O.

The composition of glauconite also includes P, Ca and a wide range of trace elements.

Features of the structure provide a large active surface area (96-140 m2/g) and high cation

exchange capacity (26-41 mEq/100 g). The contents of major oxides in glauconite (%):

K2O – 4.0 ÷ 6.4; P2O5 – 1.3 ÷ 2.4; CaO – 2.0 ÷ 5.0; MgO – 0.5 ÷ 1.5; SiO2 – 75.5 ÷ 92.0;

Al2O3 – 1.5 ÷ 6.5; Fe2O3 – 1.5 ÷ 6.5 (Manenko and Khopyak 2001, Manenko et al. 2007,

2009, 2010).

The adsorptive properties of glauconite raw (greensand) from deposits of

Khmelnitsky region were used in our study. Glauconite raw (greensand) presented

loose natural mixture of glauconite (50-80%), quartz (10-25%) and montmorillonite

(5-25%). Quartz grains in glauconite raw serve as the mechanical filter. Sorption

properties of montmorillonite are not inferior glauconite (Manenko et al. 2007,

2009, 2010).

In the performance of this study following methods were used: 1) expert method

for hygienic and environmental analysis of technological requirements; 2) calcula-

tion method to determine the amount of income from neutralization raw poultry ma-

nure with glauconite; 3) chemical methods for determining the useful components

101

per 1 ton of organic fertilizers and integrated indicators, i.e. Biochemical oxygen

consumption (BOC20) and Chemical oxygen consumption (COC) in the aqueous ex-

tract (1 kg of poultry manure per liter of water).

The obtained results were analyzed statistically using the STATISTICA 8.0 soft-

ware package (StatSoft, Poland). In order to find significant differences (significance

level, p < 0.05), Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to the data (Zar 1999).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In fresh poultry dung is contained (%): water 50 ÷ 76 nitrogen 0.7 ÷ 1.9, phos-

phoric acid in terms of P2O5 1.5 ÷ 2.0, potassium oxide 0.8 ÷ 1.0, lime 2.4, magnesi-

um 0.8, sulfur 0.5. After heat-dried process, the content of these macronutrients may

slightly increase, sometimes twice, rarely more. Apart macroelements, the poultry

manure also contains some microelements. Thus, 100 g of dry poultry manure con-

tains (mg): Mn – 15-38; Zn – 12-39; Co – 1-1.2; Cu – 1-2.5; Fe – 300-400; as well

as protein – 37%, carbohydrates – 34%, lipids – 13% and amino acids – 9.6%. In

general, with the carbohydrates in the litter can contain 62-75% pectin, cellulose and

similar substances.

Fresh poultry manure is characterized by: 1) low concentrations of nutrients and

high initial moisture content and requires, in the case of its use as a fertilizer, to use

a large volumes; 2) the availability of nutrients in soluble form and low molecular

weight compounds, leading to their rapid decomposition to simple elements.

Humidity of the fresh litter reaches 73-76%. However, the output of poultry litter,

humidity and its chemical composition in modern poultry farms with cage keeping

laying hens largely depend on the technology content, giving water device and

method of removing excrement. The density of manure was 1.75-1.85 t/m3, pH 6.9-

7.4, the ratio of C : N equal to 8 : 12; BOC20 – 30-35,000, COC – 150-160,000 (wa-

ter extract). Fresh manure can quickly dry and could get 300-350 kg of powdered or

granular organic fertilizer from 1 t of dry poultry manure with humidity of 10-20%.

The dried manure largely is decontaminated and is biologically inactive, allowing

you to keep it for a long time. For six months of storage, the manure has nitrogen

losses (reach 50% or more). To conserve nutrients in manure, for improving its

physical and mechanical properties, thermal drying in excrement carrier at 600-

800°C was used. When drying to a moisture content of 10-20%, manure weight is

reduced compared to the original about 3 times, and nutrient content is increased

almost threefold (Table 1).

Therefore, the main task is to search for options of organic-mineral fertilizers,

which when mixed with the raw manure and mineral supplements, results to lower-

ing humidity, to disappear of organoleptic effects, to store of nutrients in the soil,

and strengthened the processes that contribute to the formation of humus, to get

comprehensive, chlorine-free and clean fertilizer. Equally important is not only ag-

ronomic, but also an economic component. One option of line for processing of

poultry manure is shown in Fig. 1.

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Table 1

Effect of heat treatment on the chemical composition of poultry manure

Type of the

poultry manure

Number

of samples

Humidity,

%

Nitrogen

Phosphorus Potassium

total ammonium

Raw manure 16 62 2.08 0.58 1.44 0.65

Dry manure 16 10 4.74 0.38 3.47 1.63

Source: own research

Figure 1. One option of line for processing of poultry manure

Source: own research

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Today-existing technology of neutralization of poultry manure, it can transform it

into waste of V hazard class at less than 1 day. At the same time, the manure is odor-

less technical product. The technology is simple to use, does not require significant

capital costs and additional space, and integrated into any production process. Ex-

penses for disposal of 1 ton even taking into account transport costs are insignificant

compared to the purchase of the same quantity of any mineral fertilizer production

proposed technology based on organic fertilizer application, glauconite. It was estab-

lished that adding only 2% glauconite concentrate to mixture can get the gaseous

ammonia, urea evaporation, leading to the complete disappearance of the smell.

Chemical analysis indicated that accumulation of free ammonia in poultry manure

was an important factor in inactivation of the pathogens.

After the adding about 10% of poultry manure (by weight of the dry weight of

manure), the positive role of glauconite is as follows:

– it binds heavy metal ions to moving forms which transform toxic manure into un-

toxic form;

– it normalizes pH, which allows bacteria to multiply that finally decompose the organ-

ic residues from feed (amount can reach 40% of the dry weight of the manure).

Ultimately, a mixture of chicken manure + glauconite (sorbent) immediately after

granulation stabilized manure turns into ecological organic-mineral fertilizer that meets

the complex nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer enriched with micronutrients.

Similar technology is already used on poultry farms in Japan and the US. Raw chicken

manure were selected on the farm. The poultry manure was sampled in poultry farm.

Glauconite with essential mixed montmorillonite was dried and sieved (fraction < 0.25

mm). This mineral is naturally determined associative admixture which enhances ab-

sorption properties of the glauconite. Stages experiment included: sampling of five fresh

poultry manure in chemically inert plastic ware (samples 1-5). Sample 1 – control (raw

poultry manure). In 2-5 samples , glauconite was added in amounts listed in the table 2.

The resulting mixture was mixed to homogeneous mass during 2-3 minutes. Immediate-

ly following the addition and mixing manure with glauconite, smell completely disap-

peared, humidity of the received mix also was reduced significantly.

After stirring the sample left for one day for stabilization. One day later, samples

were passed through filters for the granulation and dried in the oven at 100 ± 5°C. In

the control sample, sharp unpleasant smell was intensified, while in samples with

glauconite smell is not felt. Initial data and results of this phase of the experiment

are shown in Table 2.

The results from the experiments and laboratory testing of the final product are

showed the following: immediately after mixing, stabilization of the raw poultry ma-

nure is started and passed quickly as evidenced by the disappearance of the odor and

a consequence – loss of nitrogen stops. There is no need to maintain raw poultry ma-

nure for a long time for its stability connected with significant losses of valuable com-

ponents, particularly nitrogen. Mixing raw manure with a relatively small number of

the glauconite resulted to reduce of humidity by 27%. The resulting mix is a visco-

plastic mass and in accordance with existing technologies can immediately be provid-

ed to final drying and granulation to obtain the final product. Taking into account the

percentage of main chemical elements, we get positive trend to increased concentra-

tions of mineral components in all tested samples compared to control (Table 3).

104

105

Table 3

The content of useful components (kg) per 1 ton of organic fertilizers poultry manure + glau-

conite

Number

of samples

Weighing content of useful components (kg) per 1 ton

N P K Ca Mg

Control 1 51.5 41.2 20.0 11.8 7.9

Sample 2 59.0 33.7 58.1 47.3 37.0

Sample 3 56.9 32.1 38.8 36.0 22.5

Sample 4 65.4 44.1 42.5 37.2 37.2

Sample 5 44.7 45.1 45.1 26.9 19.7

Source: own research

Fertilizer “glauconite + poultry manure” has an important agro-ecological functions:

– Does not pollute the soil and groundwater unlike unprocessed organic fertilizers;

– Contains high-class biological compounds auxin that accelerate the formation of

plants in a number of necessary structures, such as chlorophyll and biological

catalysts enzymes that enhance the formation of green mass of plants and photo-

synthesis area;

– Accumulates in the soil biologically important and necessary for rizosfera (fungi

around the roots) microorganisms and plant compounds, including essential ami-

no acids, all B vitamins and a large group of compounds of vitamin B12.

In carrying out of experiments on effect on the vigor, seed germination and de-

velopment of stems and roots of wheat the following data are noted:

– Seed germination was increased to 99%; roots growth was increased by two

times than control seeds;

– Seed germination occurs already on the second day of the experiment, and on

the fifth day wheat seeds have time to develop a strong root system.

The lack of organic matter in the permanent fallow soil cuts down the humus ac-

cumulation ratio and the counts of microorganisms. The soil cultivation intensifies

the humus synthesis processes and changes the composition of microorganisms in

the soil. Algae which are mainly represented by green and blue-green species are an

additional source of organic substance in the soil. Decomposition of organic sub-

stances in the soil proceeds with an active participation of cellulose decomposers

which are mainly represented by fungal and bacterial flora. In rare cases actinomy-

cetes can be found. Application of mineral fertilizers intensifies the humus accumu-

lation process and improves the qualitative and quantitative composition of micro-

flora in all the plots (Kislitsina et al. 1978).

In addition, there is evidence of the use of fertilizers as re-cultivating agent: it

was received 35 c/ha of wheat after fertilizers using against 10.7 c/ha, obtained ear-

lier. Using of organic-mineral fertilizers in the cultivation of vegetables and maize

for silage leads to an increase yields of about 47-49%. A reduction in the potato

106

growing season by about two weeks was observed. The productivity was increased

at 1.5-2 times. The utilization of natural fertilizers on the basis of glauconite increas-

es crop: buckwheat – 3 kg/ha, potatoes – 18 kg/ha, tomatoes – 100 kg/ha, grain – 15-

20 c/ha, increasing the yield of green mass of corn by 46.5%, the amount of dry mat-

ter, protein, fat, increased by 73-75%, the intensity for reproduction Azotobacter –

by 50-120%, actinomycetes – to 25-100 grams, content of mobile forms of nitrogen

– by 6-8%, phosphorous – by 7-25% , potassium – to 31-53% compared with control

plots.

Advantages of granulated organic-mineral fertilizers are: does not change its

properties during prolonged storage; resistant granules, in contact with water, swell,

increasing in size about twice that helps them store water in arid periods; in case of

shortage of water in the soil they prefer moisture slowly, providing the plant roots

and microorganisms better conditions of existence; with granulation disappear path-

ogens; storage granular fertilizer, even after opening the package, its chemical pa-

rameters remain unchanged for 6-8 months. BOC20 and COC are < 300 mgO2/dm3

and < 3000 mgO2/dm3, respectively.

In our previous study, natural ecological sorbent glauconite was proposed for neutral-

ization of contaminated objects (Manenko and Khopyak 2001, Manenko et al. 2007,

2009, 2010, Khopyak et al. 2010, 2014). Glauconite is a greenish mineral of the mica

group, a hydrous silicate of potassium, iron, aluminum, and magnesium, found in sedi-

mentary rocks as an accessory mineral. When in quantities over about 50%, the rock is

no longer a glauconitic sandstone or mudstone, it is called a greensand. These rocks have

been used historically as fertilizers, water softeners, and artist’s pigments. Greensand is

a naturally occurring mineral mined from ocean deposits from a sedimentary rock

known as “Glauconite”. It is often an olive-green colored sandstone rock found in layers

in many sedimentary rock formations. Greensand forms in anoxic (without oxygen) ma-

rine environments that are rich in organic detritus and low in sedimentary inputs. Some

greensands contain marine fossils (i.e. New Jersey Greensand). Greensand has been

found in deposits all over the world (Abudelgawad et al. 1975, El-Amamy et al. 1982,

Rabenhorst and Fanning 1989).

The greenish color comes from the mineral glauconite and iron potassium silicate

that weathers and breaks down releasing the stored minerals. The color may range

from a dark greenish gray, green-black to blue-green depending on the minerals and

water content. It often weathers easily and forms nodules that have been oxidized

with iron bearing minerals that has a reddish brown or rust color (Abudelgawad et

al. 1975, El-Amamy et al. 1982, Rabenhorst and Fanning 1989).

Glauconite is the name given to a group of naturally occurring iron rich silica

minerals that may be composed of pellets or grains. When glauconite is mined the

upper layers that have weathered and become oxidized and minerals are released.

These sometimes form pyrite an iron sulfide (FeS2) when oxygen is absent. In the

deeper layers or reduced zone pyrite crystals often form. Other minerals found by

magnetic separation are Zn, Ni, Cu, and many trace minerals and micronutrients.

The potassium (K) is often found in potassium saturated layers of mica, vermiculite

and montmorillonite. Greensand is often considered a clay mineral due to the pres-

ence of chlorite, kaolinite, vermiculite, and other clay minerals that may be present

(Abudelgawad et al. 1975, El-Amamy et al. 1982, Rabenhorst and Fanning 1989).

107

Greensand is a very heavy mineral with a density of approximately 90 pounds

per cubic foot (over 1 ton per cubic yard). The minerals are normally released slowly

over time but occur much faster in organic rich soils full of beneficial microbes (mi-

crobes produce organic acids as they break down organic matter which facilitates the

release of the minerals for plant absorption). The pH of greensand varies from

slightly acidic to slightly alkaline depending on the source and has little effect on

soils (Abudelgawad et al. 1975, El-Amamy et al. 1982, Rabenhorst and Fanning

1989).

Greensand has been used for over 100 years as a natural source of slow release

fertilizer and soil conditioner. The slow release of potash and phosphate does not

burn plants and the minerals improve the moisture holding properties of soil. The

best deposits of greensand contain at least 90% of the mineral glauconite and less

than 2-3% clay minerals. The cation exchange capacities (CEC) of soils were found

to increase as the weathering of the greensand increased. The mineral glauconite is

used as a water softener and it very beneficial to fight chlorosis in iron deficient

soils (Abudelgawad et al. 1975, El-Amamy et al. 1982, Rabenhorst and Fanning

1989).

Greensand often has the consistency of sand but is able to absorb 10 times more

moisture which makes it a good amendment for use in agriculture and horticulture

for many soils types. Greensand does not burn plants and helps for beneficial mi-

crobes to grow in the soil. It also has been found to be a good conditioner to help

loosen heavy and tight soils and help bind loose soils. Greensand is often used in

compost piles to increase the nutrient content and diversity of beneficial microbes.

A field test by Rutgers University in a sandy loam soil with greensand applied in the

row at the time of planting, found that the application of greensand increased

the yield of potatoes by 16%. The benefits of greensand, largely unexplained by sci-

entific research are far more than a laboratory analysis would indicate. However

numerous greenhouse and field studies have shown significant improvement in the

growth of plants. Other studies have shown that the use of greensand improves

the taste, color, nutritional value, the health of plants and the health of soils (Ab-

udelgawad et al. 1975, El-Amamy et al. 1982, Rabenhorst and Fanning 1989).

Glauconite – a green silicate mineral found in sedimentary rocks and formed on

continental shelves characterized by slow sedimentation and organic matter, such as

fecal pellets, present in an oxidizing environment. In sufficient quantity, it can form

a sandy, green deposit (Courbe et al. 1981).

Originated from the Greek word “glaukos” (green sound), it is an autogenic

monodomatic mineral of aluminum silicate group with high absorption and cation-

exchange properties. Сation exchange capacity is 390-550 mg equivalent for 1 gram

of batch. Specific surface area totals 120-160 m2, 0.09-0.65 mm of size. Concentrat-

ed glauconite intergranular porosity makes 40-45%, and 68-72% for the granulated

material. This natural agent consisting with quartz, montmorilonite, phosphorylates

and other minerals. Chemical composition of glauconite is as follows (in %): phos-

phorus – 2.2, calcium – 2.72, magnesium – 2.0, iron – 11.65, sodium – 1.66, potas-

sium – 5.2, aluminium – 7.15, titanium – 0.15, and also elements – manganese, cop-

per, zinc, bor, fluor, cadmium, lead, mercury, cobalt, chrome, nickel, arsenic etc.

(Buckley et al. 1984, Hao et al. 1987).

108

Among the natural mercury adsorbents currently used only Transcarpathian zeo-

lite (clinoptilolite). However Transcarpathian clinoptilolite contains almost no clay

component. However, glauconite is clay mineral that makes it, unlike zeolite, more

compatible with the soil. In addition, glauconite is an ideal environment for the de-

velopment and activity of microorganisms – decomposers that clean soil of many

organic pollutants.

CONCLUSIONS

The humic complex, granular organic-fertilizer “poultry manure + environmental

sorbent glauconite” does not contain active weed seeds, pathogenic microorganisms,

causes the increase convergence and growth of roots; contains biological substrates,

auxin – catalysts for the formation of chlorophyll and enzymes that enhance the cre-

ation of green mass of plants, and accumulates the B vitamins, causes an increase in

humus and total nitrogen in the soil, increases its buffering and absorption capacity,

causes to improve the structure and stability of nutrients that leaching improves the

carbon plant nutrition, reduces the content of heavy metals, increases content of mo-

bile forms of N, P, K in soil, restores soil-formed microorganisms, while actinomy-

cetes (percent nitrogen) act as a reducing agents of natural soil. With environmental

and hygiene items, there are no objection to the use of chlorine-free, environmental-

ly friendly humic fertilizer “poultry manure + environmental sorbent glauconite” in

agricultural production.

Investing financial resources in the organization of production of organic fertilizer

from poultry manure will improve the economic efficiency of enterprises in a compre-

hensive profile of poultry, and in terms of agriculture. It is known that a combination

of organic (poultry manure) and mineral (ecological sorbent glauconite) compounds

can be obtained organic and mineral, or as they are called humic fertilizer. This type of

fertilizer combines the advantages of organic and mineral types. Content in the com-

position of mineral salts of humic fertilizer helps detect early action, and combined

with the organic component – to provide the full range of plant nutrients. Moreover,

humic fertilizer significantly improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil,

allowing it to maintain the fertility and strengthen its activities in various microbiolog-

ical processes.

REFERENCES

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SUMMARY

Natural ecological sorbent glauconite was proposed for neutralization of contami-

nated objects. The purpose of this study was the evaluation of accelerated neutraliza-

tion of fresh poultry manure by using ecologically clean natural mineral glauconite

and receipt of this organic and mineral fertilizer. The adsorptive properties of glauco-

nite raw (greensand) from deposits of Khmelnitsky region were used in our study. In

the performance of this study following methods were used: 1) expert method for hy-

gienic and environmental analysis of technological requirements; 2) calculation meth-

od to determine the amount of income from neutralization raw poultry manure with

glauconite; 3) chemical methods for determining the useful components per 1 ton of

organic fertilizers and integrated indicators Biochemical oxygen consumption (BOC20)

and chemical oxygen consumption (COC) in the aqueous extract (1 kg of poultry ma-

nure per liter of water). Ultimately, a mixture of chicken manure + glauconite (sorbent)

immediately after granulation stabilized manure turns into ecological organic-mineral

fertilizer that meets the complex nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer enriched

with micronutrients. The results from the experiments and laboratory testing of the fi-

nal product are showed the following: immediately after mixing, stabilization of the

raw poultry manure is started and passed quickly as evidenced by the disappearance of

the odor and a consequence – loss of nitrogen stops. There is no need to maintain raw

poultry manure for a long time for its stability connected with significant losses of

valuable components, particularly nitrogen. Mixing raw manure with a relatively small

number of the glauconite resulted to reduce of humidity by 27%. The resulting mix is

a visco-plastic mass and in accordance with existing technologies can immediately be

provided to final drying and granulation to obtain the final product. Taking into ac-

count the percentage of main chemical elements, we get positive trend to increased

concentrations of mineral components in all tested samples compared to control. The

humic complex, granular organic-fertilizer “poultry manure + environmental sorbent

glauconite” does not contain active weed seeds, pathogenic microorganisms, causes

the increase convergence and growth of roots; contains biological substrates, auxin –

catalysts for the formation of chlorophyll and enzymes that enhance the creation of

green mass of plants, and accumulates the B vitamins, causes an increase in humus

and total nitrogen in the soil, increases its buffering and absorption capacity, causes to

improve the structure and stability of nutrients that leaching improves the carbon plant

nutrition, reduces the content of heavy metals, increases content of mobile forms of N,

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P, K in soil, restores soil-formed microorganisms, while actinomycetes (percent nitro-

gen) act as a reducing agents of natural soil. With environmental and hygiene items,

there are no objection to the use of chlorine-free, environmentally friendly humic ferti-

lizer “poultry manure + environmental sorbent glauconite” in agricultural production.

Investing financial resources in the organization of production of organic fertilizer

from poultry manure will improve the economic efficiency of enterprises in a compre-

hensive profile of poultry, and in terms of agriculture. It is known that a combination

of organic (poultry manure) and mineral (ecological sorbent glauconite) compounds

can be obtained organic and mineral, or as they are called humic fertilizer. This type of

fertilizer combines the advantages of organic and mineral types. Content in the com-

position of mineral salts of humic fertilizer helps detect early action, and combined

with the organic component – to provide the full range of plant nutrients. Moreover,

humic fertilizer significantly improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil,

allowing it to maintain the fertility and strengthen its activities in various microbiolog-

ical processes.

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