RULES AND REGULATIONS - US EPA...1975/02/27 · (2) Summary of conclusions with re-spect to the primary copper smelting subcategory (Subpart D), the primary copper refining subcategory

RULES AND REGULATIONS

lto 40--rotection of the EnvironmentCHAPTER I-ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION AGENCYSUBCHAPTER hf-EFFLUENT GUIDELINES

AND STANDARDS

[PRs 888-41PART 421-NONFERROUS METALS

MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCECAT GORY

Interim'RegulationsNotice Is hereby given that' effluenb

limitations and guidelines for existingsources set forth In interim final formbelow are promulgated by the Environ-mental Protection Agency (EPA). Onfarch 26, 1974, EPA promulgated a reg-

ulation adding Part 421 to Chapter 40 ofthe Code of Federal Regulations (39 FR12822).. That regulation with subseduentamendments established effluent limita-tions and guidelines for existing sourcesand standards of performance and pre-treatment standards for new sources forthe nonferrous --metals manufacturingpoint source category. The regulation setforth below will amend 40 CFR 421-Nonferrous metals manufacturing pointsource category, by adding thereto ef-fluent limitations and guidelines forexisting sources for the primary coppersmelting subcategory (Subpart D), theprimary copper refining subcategory(Subpart E), the secondary copper sub-category,(Subpart F), the primary leadsubcategory (Subpart G) and the pri-mary zinc subcategory (Subpart H)'pursuant to sections 301, 304(b) and (c).of the Federal Water Pollution ControlAct, as amended (33 U.S.C. 1251, 1311,1314 (b) and (c), 86 Stat. 816 et seq.:Pub. L. 92-500) (the Act). Simultane-ously, the Agency is publishing in pro-posed form standards of performance fornew point sources and pretreatmentstandards for existing sources and fornew sources.

(a) Legal authority. Section 301(b) ofthe Act requires the achievement by notlater than July 1, 1977, of effluent limita-tions for- point sources, other thanpublicly owned treatment works, whichrequire the application of the best prac-ticable control technology currentlyavailable as defined by the Administratorpursuant to section 304(b) of the Act.Section 301(b) also requires the achieve-ment by not later than July 1, 1983, ofeffluent limitations for point sources,other than publicly owned treatmentworks, which require the application ofbest available technology economicallyachievable which will result in reason-able further progress toward the.na-tional goal of eliminating the dischargeof all pollutants, as determined in ac-cordance with regulations -issued by theAdministrator pursuant to section 304,(b) of the Act., Section 304(b) of the Act requires the

Administrator to publish regulationsproviding guidelines for effluent limita-tions setting forth the degree of effluentreduction attainable through the appli-cation of the best practicable controltechnology currently available and thedegree of effluent reduction attainable

through the application of the best con-trol measures and practices achievableIncluding treatment techniques, processand procedural Innovations, operatingmethods and other alternatives: Theregulation herein sets forth effluent lim-itations and guidelines, pursuant to sec-tions 301 and 304(b) of the Act, for theprimary copper smelting subcategory(Subpart D), the primary copper refin-ing subcategory (Subpart E), the sec-ondary copper subcategory (Subpart F),the primary lead subcategory (SubpartG) and the primary zinc subcategory(Subpart H) of the nonferrous metalsmanufacturing point source category.

Section 304(c) bf the Act requires theAdministrator to Issue to the States andappropriate water pollution controlagencies information on the processes,procedures or operating methods whichresult In the elimination or reductionof the discharge of pollutants to Imple-ment standards of performance "undersection 306 of the Act. The reports or"Development Documents" referred tobelow provide, pursuant to section 304(c)of the Act, information on such proc-esses, procedures or operating methods.

Section 306 of the Act. requires theachievement by new sources of a Federalstandard of performance providing forthe control of the discharge of pollut-ants which reflects the greatest degreeof effluent reduction which th6 Admin-istrator determines to be achievablethrough application of the best availabledemonstrated control technology, proc-esses, operating methods, or other alter-natives, including, where practicable, -astandard permitting no discharge ofpollutants. Section 307(c) of the Act re-quires the Administrator to promulgatepretreatment standards for new sourcesat the same time that standards of per-formance for new sources are promul-gated pursuant to section 306. Section307(b) of the Act requires the estab-lishnent of pretreatment standards forpollutants introduced into publiclyowned treatment works and 40 CFR 128establishes that the Agency will propose-peclfic pretreatment standards at thetime effluent limitations are establishedfor point source discharges. In anothersection'of the FEDEA REGISTER regula-tions are proposed in fulfillment of theserequirements.

(b) summary and basis of interimfinal effluent limitations and guidelinesfor existing sources and proposed stand-ards of Performance and Pretreatmentstandards for new sources-(1) Generalmethodology. The effluent limitations andguidelines set forth herei were devel-oped in the following manner. The pointsource category was first studied for thepurpose of determining whether separatelimitations are appropriate for differentsegments within the category. This an-alysis included a determination ofwhether differences in raw material used,product produced, manufacturing proc-ess employed, age, size, waste water con-stituents and other factors require devel-opment of separate limitations for differ-ent segments of the point source cate-

gory. The raw waste characteristics foreach such segment were then identified.This included an analysis of the source,flow and volume of water used in theprocess employed, the sources of wasteand waste waters In the operation andthe constituents of all waste water. Theconstituents of the waste waters whichshould be subject to effluent limitationswere Identified.

The control and treatment technolo-gies existing within each segment wereidentified. This included an Identifica-tion of each distinct control and treat-ment technology, including both in-plantand end-of-process technologies, whichis existent or capable of being designedfor each segment. It also Included anIdentification of, in terms of the amountof constituents and the chemical, physi-cal, and biological characteristics of pol-lutants, the effluent level resulting fromthe application of each of the technolo-gies. The problems, limitations and ro-liability of each treatment and controltechnology were also Identified. In addi-tion, the nonwater quality environmentalImpact, such as the effects of the appli-cation of such technologies upon otherpollution problems, including air, solidwaste, noise and radiation were Identi-fied. The energy requirements of eachcontrol and treatment technology weredetermined as well as the cost of the ap-plication of such technologies.

The information, as outlined above,was then evaluated in order to determinewhat levels of technology constitute the"best practicable control technologycurently available." In Identifying suchtechnologies, varous factors were con-sidered. These included the total cost ofapplication of technology In relation tothe effluent reduction benefits to beachieved from such application, the agoof equipment and facilities involved, theprocess employed, the engineering as-pects of the application of various typesof control techniques, process changes,nonwater quality environmental Impact(including energy requirements) andother factors.

The data upon which the aboveanalysis was performed included EPApermit applications, EPA sampling andInspections, consultant reports, and In-dustry submissions.

(2) Summary of conclusions with re-spect to the primary copper smeltingsubcategory (Subpart D), the primarycopper refining subcategory (Subpart E),the secondary copper subcategory (Sub-part F), the primary lead subcategory(Subpart G), and the primary zinc sub-category (Subpart H) of the nonferrousmetals manufacturing point sourcecategory.

(I) Categorization. (1) Subpart D.Primary copper smelting subeategory:Primary copper smelting is a single sub-category for the purpose of establishingeffluent limitations guidelines and stand-ards of performance. The considerationof factors such as manufacturing proc-ess, raw materials, products produced,wastes generated, plant size and ago,.plant location, and air pollution control

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 40, NO. 40-THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 27, 1975


supports this conclusion. This subcate-gory has been defined to include all pri-mary copper smelting operations anddoes not discern among those smelterswhich are integrated with mining and/or milling operations or have on-siteelectrolytic refining operations. One by-drometallurgical primairy copper facility,curiently under construction, is not con-sidered at this time to be a part of thissubcategory, since data are presently in-sufficient for possible categorization.

(2) Subpart E. Primary copper refin-ing subcategory: Primary copper refining

is a single subcategory for the purpose ofestablishing effluent limitations guide-lines and standards of performance. Theconsideration of factors such as manu-facturing process, raw materials, prod-ucts produced, wastes generated, plantsize and age, plant location and air pol-lution control supports thfs conclusion.This subcategory has been defined to in-clude all primary copper refining opera-.tions, which are not locatd on-site witha primary copper smelter. Those remain-Ing primary copper refineries, which arelocated on-site with , primary coppersmelter, are considered as a part of theprimary copper smelting subcategory.The primary copper refining subcategoryis further divided into those facilitiesgeographically located in areas of netevaporation and those facilities geo-graphically located in areas of net pre-cipitatlon. This differentiation is pri-marily based on water usage and wastewater control and treatment technologyas practiced by the currently operatingfacilities. - .

(3) Subpart F. Secondary copper sub-category: Secondary- copper is a singlegubcategory for the purpose of estab-lishing effluent limitations guidelines andstafidards of performance. However, fivepncipal waste streams resulting fromfive distinct water uses within the sec-ondary copper industry have been iden-tified and are subject to individual ef-fluent limitations and standards of per-formance. These are: (a) Waste waterfrom metal cooling, (b) waste water fromslag quenching, and granulation, (c)wastewater from-slag milling and classi-fication, (d) waste water from furnaceexhaust scrubbing, and (e) waste waterfrom -electrolytic- refining operations.Plants using water for metal cooling onlywill be subject to one series of effluentlimitations; plants using water for bothmetal cooling and slag quenching andgranulation will be subject to two seriesof effluent limitations, etc. The consider-ation of such factors as raw materialsprocessed, products produced, processesemployed, plant age, plant size, air pol-lution control techniques, and plant lo-cation supports the conclusion that ef-fluent limitations should be based on thespecific water uses -within a plant.

(4) Subpart G. Primary lead subcate-gory- Primary lead is a single. sbcate-gory for the purposes of establishingeffluent limitations guidelines and stand-ards of performance. The consideration.of factors such as manufacturing proc-ess, age of plant, plant size, raw mate-rials and products, plant location, and

air pollution control techniques supportsthis conclusion. Plant location U con-sidered to have a bearing on specificlimitations and standards for this sub-category. Thus, this subcategory isfurther divided into those facilities geo-graphically located in areas of net evapo-ration and those facilities geographicallylocated in areas of net precipitation. Oneof thb currently operating primary leadindustry facilities, a primary lead rd-finery, not located on-site with a pri-mary lead smelter, is not considered asa part of the primary lead subcategorysince, due to process, no process wastewater (as defined for this subcategory)is produced at this facility.

(5) Subpart H. Primary zinc subcate-gory: Primary zinc is a single subcate-gory for the purposes of establishingeffluent limitations guidelines and stand-ards of performance. The considerationof factors such as processes employed,age and size of plant, plantlocation. rawmaterials, waste characteristics, and by-products and ancillary operations sup-ports this conclusion.

(ii) Waste caracteristics. (I) Subpart.D. Primary copper smelting subcategory:The pollutants contained in the rawwaste water from the facilities of the pri-mary copper smelting subcategory, andoccurring in suff clent quantities to war-rant their control and treatment, Includetotal suspended solids, arsenic, cadmium,copper, lead, selenium, zinc, and acidityand alkalinity. Raw process waste waterfrom the primary, reftning of copper,when such an activity Is conducted on-.site at a primary copper smelter, containssignificant quantities of total suspendedsolids, arsenic, zinc, selenium, copper, andacidity and alkalinity. Raw waste loaddata have been collected on each proc-ess waste stream, and information hasbeen assembled on the treatment proce-dures required for each waste water eflu-ent.

(2) Subpart Z. Primary copper refiningsubcategory: The pollutants containedin the raw waste water from the facilitiesof -the primary copper refining subcate-gory, and occurring in sufficient quanti-ties to warrant their control and treat-ment, include total suspended solids, ar-senic, zinc, selenium, copper, oil andgrease, and acidity and alkalinity.

(3) Subpart F. Secondary copper sub-category: The pollutants contained inthe raw waste water from the facilitiesof the secondary copper subcategory, andoccurring in sufficient quantities to war-rant their control and treatment, includetotal suspended solids, copper; zinc, oiland grease, and acidity and alkalinity.

(4) Subpart G. Primary lead subcate-gory: The pollutants contained in theraw waste water from the facilities of theprimary lead subcategory, and occurringin sufficient quantities to warrant theircontrol and treatment, include total sus-pended solids, cadmium, lead, zinc, and

- acidity and alkalinity.(5) Subpart H. Primary zinc subcate-

gory: The pollutants contained in theraw waste water from the facilities of theprimary zinc subcategory, and occurringin sufficient quantities to warrant their

control and treatment, include total sus-pended solids, arsenic, cadmium, seleni-um, zinc, and acidity and alkalinity.

Other pollutants are found in the proc-ess waste waters of these five subcate-gories and include dissolved solids for allsubcategories; Iron and nickel for theprimary copper smelting and refiningsubcategories; chemical oxygen demand,phosphorus, aluminum, magnesium, andboron for the secondary copper subcate-gory; bismuth, arsenic, 'alcium, andmagnesium for the primary lead subcat-egory; and lead, nickel, and copper forthe primary zinc subcategory. These pol-lutants are not considered, at this time,to be significant, primarily due to theirconcurrent control with the trdatmenttechnologies applied to the significantpollutants, to the lack of sufficient dataon which to base effluent limitations andstandards of performance, to their inter-mittent discharge and small concentra-tion in the process waste water, or to cur-rent economic prohibition of knowntreatment methods for their removalfrom waste waters.

(iWI) Origin of waste water poNutants.(1) Subpart D. Primary copper smeltingsubcategory: Process waste watersevolved from facilities within this sub-category include effluents from slaggranulation; acid plant blowdown; fire-refined copper, anode copper, shot cop-per, and various forms of cathode cop-per casting (metal cooling); refining op-erations, when such operations are con-ducted on-site with a primary coppersmelter, such as the disposal of spentelectrolyte, electrolytic refinery washing,and slimes recovery; and miscellaneousoperations such as dimethylaniline plantblowdown and purge, slurry overflowfrom dust collection systems and wetfluid-bed roaster charge systems, arsenicplant washdown. as well as general plantwashdown, and byproduct scrubbing, asin rhenium recovery from molybdenum.roaster offgases. Dissolved metals, suchas the salts of cadmium, zinc, copper,arsenic, lead, iron, nickel, and selenium,are found in the highiy acidic sulfuricacid plant blowdown and dimethylanilineplant blowdown. Total suspended solidsare readily found in the process wastewater generated during metal coolingand slag granulation. Arsenic concentra-tions are extremely high in arsenic plantwashdown water.

(2) Subpart M Primary copper re-fining subcategory: Process waste wa-ters evolved from facilities within thissubcategory include effluents from thedisposal of spent electrolyte, the directcontact cooling of anode copper andvarious forms of cathode copper, elec-trolytic refinery washing, and slimesrecovery. Oil and grease, as well as totalsuspended solids are constituents of themetal casting water generated at thesefacilities. The dissolved metals ofarsenic, zinc, selenium, and copper areprimary constituents found in the proc-ess waste waters produced in the acidicspent electrolyte and the small volumesolutions from slime recovery.

(3) Subpart F. Secondary copper sub-category: Process waste waters evolvedfrom facilities within this subcategory

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 40, NO. 40-THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 27s 1975

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Include effluents from metal cooling, fromslag quenching and granulation, fromslag milling and classification, from fur-nace exhaust scrubbing, and from elec-trolytic refining operations. The pollut-ants of total suspended solids, oil andgrease, and small amounts of metaloxides are found in metal cooling water.Slag granulation and slag milling andclassification generate waste waters withhigh pH values, high levels of total sus-.pended solids, and the heavy metal com-ponents of the slags such as solubleamounts of antimony, cadmium, copper,chromium,- iron, lead, manganese,nickel, and zinc. Oil and grease is pickedup during the wet milling of slag, but isnot present In slag granulation water.The large volume of water used to op-erate wet air scrubbers contains largeamounts of total suspended solids, mostof which is zinc oxide, and dissolvedsolids of metals. Waste water from elec-trolytic operations contains high acidand copper values. Cementation of thiseffluent reduces -the copper concentra-tion, but increases that of iron.

(4) Subpart G. Primary lead subcate-gory: Process waste waters evolvedfrom facilities within this subcategoryInclude effluents from acid plant blow-down; from slag, speiss, and/or drossgranulation; and from furnace exhaustscrubbing. The acidic waste effluent ofacid plant blowdown contains salts oftrace metals such as lead, zinc, cadmium,and to a lesser extent, mercury. Slaggranulation water contains total sus-pended solids and minor quantities ofmetal oxides. Speiss granulation watercontains copper and arsenic. Metal ox-Ides of cadmium, lead, and zinc areprimarily found In furnace fume scrub-ber waste effluents.

(5) Subpart H. Primary zinc subcate-gory: Process waste waters evolved fromfacilities within this subcategory includeeffluents from acid plant blowdown; re-duction furnace gas cleaning operations;metal casting cooling; cadmium produc-tion; auxiliary air pollution control op-erations; electrolyte purification, washwater, and spills; and preleaching ofzinc concentrates. The major waste ef-fluent, acid plant blowdown, contains,high levels of sulfates, low pH, and highlevels of arsenic, lead, cadmium, sele-nium, zinc, and, depending upon thezinc concentrates used for processing,mercury. Total suspended soils and zincappear as constituents of metal coolingwater. Cadmium, lead, zinc, and dis.solved and suspended solids are collectedIn waste waters from gas scrubbing andreduction furnace gas cleaning opera-tions.

Storm water runoff at all of the facili-ties of the above five subcategories isconsidered as a process waste water onlywhen it commingles with process wastewater, as discussed above, or when it IsIntentionally collected because of pol-lutant pickup on plant property.

(iv) Treatment anZ control technoZ-.ogy. Waste water treatment and con-trol technologies have been studied foreach subcategory of the industry to de-termine what is the best practicable con-trol technology currently available.

(1) Subpart D. Primary copper smelt-ing subcategory: The best practicablecontrol technology currently availablefor the process waste water effluentswithin this subcategory includes the re-cycle and reuse of this waste water after,as needed, neutralization and settling.This technology is primarily based onboth the disposal and reusage sourcesexisting and readily available at the pri-mary copper smelting facilities. Thenumer6us pyrometallurgical processingoperations produce hot offgases, whichcan be used as a disposal source of wastewater through thermal consumption, asa cooling media, and as a reusage sourceof waste water through gas precondition-ing prior to- hot electrostatic precipita-tors. Many of the primary copper smelt-ing facilities are phybically integratedwith, mining and/or milling operations.Reusage of process waste water as a part.of the influent water requirement to themill flotation circuit is chrrently a com-mon practice at many of the integratedprimary facilities. The hydrometallurgi-cal leaching operation, if such an opera-

,tion exists at a primary smelting facility,provides an excellent reusage source ofprocess waste water. Maximization of therecycle of process waste water is achieve-able through the use of well-designedand operated cooling towers and/or cool-ing ponds, both with sufficient retentiontime for the settling of solids, as neededfor recycle. The best practicable controltechnology currently available for thissubcategory also includes, but to a lesserextent, the disposal of process wastewater through impoundment and solarevaporation. This technique could be em-ployed as a disposal method for all proc-ess waste waters or for just a portion ofthese waters. A .discussion of the bestpracticable control and treatment tech-nologies applied to specific process wastewater sources generated within this sub-category follows:.

(a) The best practicable control tech-nology currently available for processwaste water generated during slag granu-lation includes the complete recyce andreuse of this water after treating theeffluent, if'necessary, to reduce suspendedsolids by settling and filtration, as wellas temperature; conversion from slaggranulation to air cooling of slag (I.e.waste dumping); and the impoundmentof this source of waste water with dis-posal by solar evaporation.

(b) The best practicable control tech-nology currently available for the proc-ess waste water source of acid plant blow-down includes the complete recycle andreuse of this water after treating, if nec-essary, to neutralize and settle and theimpoundment of this source of wastewater with disposal by solar evaporation.Minimization of acil plant blowdown canbe achieved by the usage of highy-effi-cient primary particulate control de-vices, as well as efficiently operated cool-ing towers and/or ponds.

(c) -The best practicable control tech-nology currently available for processwaste water generated during the contactcooling of blister copper, shot copper, an-ode cojper, fire-refined copper, and cath-ode-shape copper includes the complete

recycle and reuse of this water aftertreating, if necessary, for solids removaland cooling; the use of air cooling forblister, copper, and the impoundment ofthis source of waste water with disposalbi solar evanoration.

(d) The best practicable control tech-nology currently available for processwaste water generated during the elec-trolytic refining of copper, if such anoperation Is conducted on-site with aprimary copper smelter, includes, forspent electrolyte, the complete recycleand reuse after copper removal by meansof liberator cells, e],ectrowirilning cells,and cementation, recovery of nickelvalues through evaporation, if nickel con-centratidn is sufficient, the sale of spentelectrolyte for commercial recovery ofnickel sulfate, if nickel concentrationwarrants, copper sulfate, and black acid,and the impoundment of this source ofwaste water with disposal by solar evapo-'ration; for electrolytic refining washing,the complete recycle and reuse of thiswash water by collection in a holdingarea, if necessary, and direct reuse aselectrolytic makeup water, or recycle aswash water and the Impoundment of thissource of waste water with disposal bysolar evaporation; for slimes recoverywaste water, the shipment of the slimesto other off-site locations for recoveryof contained elements and the mpound-ment of this source of waste water withdisposal by solar evaporation; and forwaste water generated by the usage ofnickel sulfate vacuum evaporators, theapplication of efficient nist eliminatorsand proper operating and maintenanceprocedures to minimize or eliminate en-trainment, the sale of spent electrolyteto other facilities for nickel sulfate recov-ery, conversion to open evaporators with-out a need for barometric condensers,the use of cooling towers, and the im-poundment of this source of waste waterwith disposal by solar evaporation.

(e) The best practicable control tech-nology currently available for processwaste water generated by nscellaneoussources at primary copper smelting fa-cilities, if such operations are conductedat the primary copper smelter, include,for dimethylaniline plant blowdown andpurge, the complete recycle and reuseof this water after treating, if necessary,to neutralize and settle and the impound-ment of this source of waste water withdisposal by solar evaporation, and forother miscellaneous sources, as definedfor this subcategory, the complete re-cycle and reuse of all waste water after,If necessary, neutralization, settling, andtemperature control and the impound-ment of these sources of waste water withdisposal by solar evaporation.

(f) The best practicable control tech-nology currently available for stormwater runoff which commingles withprocess waste water (as defined by theregulation) is to discharge that volumeof water, after the treatment, if neces-sary, of neutralization and settling, ac-countable to the net precipitation duringeach one month period.

The best available.technology econo-1'-cally achievable and the best availabledemonstrated control technology, pro-



esses, operating methods, or other alter-- natives are identical to the best practica-

ble control technology currently avail-able for those facilities-included In the

. primary copper. smelting subcategory.(2) Subpart E. Primary copper refin-

ing subcategory: For facilities geographi-cally located in areas of net evaporation,the best practicable control technologycurrently available for the process wastewater effluents includes the recycle andreuse of this waste water after, as needed,nedtrilization and settling and disposalthrough impoundment and solar evap-oration. The best practicable controltechnology currently available for stormwater runoff which. commingles withprocess waste water (as -defined by theregulation) isto discharge that volumeof water, after the treatment, if neces-sary, of neutralization and settling, ac-countable to the net precipitation duringeach one month period.

For the remainder of the primarycopper refineries of this subcategory not

. located on-site with a primary coppersmelter, but geographically located in anarea of net precipitation, the best prac-ticable control technology currentlyavailable includes the maximization ofrecycle and reuse of process waste waterto achieve levels of water usage demon-strated by the average of the best of thesesame -facilities. Subsequent liming andsettling of the resultant effluent, withconcentration values for significant pol-lutants and pollutant parameters (asconsidered to be best practicable), re-sults in effluent loadings based upon re-fned onper production.

A discussion of the best practicablecontrol and treatment practices fdr spe-cific process waste water sources gen-erated at facilities geographically lo-cated in areas of net precipitation

,follows:(a) The best practicable control tech-nology currently -available for processwaste water generated during the con-tact cooling of anode, fire-refined, and

- cath6de-shape copper4includes the reuseor Tecycle of at least 90 percent of thiscontact cooling water. The amount ofbleed is determined by the capacity ofthe cooling tower and/or pond and Itssettling and cooling ability. The -dis-charge of the bleed after treatment forsetting suspended solids is consideredas best practicable.

-(b) The best practicable control tech-nology currently available for spent elec-trolyte is the removal of contained ma-terials for byproduct recovery, aswarranted, and the return to the elec-trolytic cell or the reuse of the spentelectrolyte. This is a current practicewithin this industry.

(c) The best practicable control tech-nology currently available for those fewwaste water sources kenerated duringslimes recovery is the discharge of thesmall flow 'volumes, but- only, afterneutralization.

(d) -The best practicable control tech-nology -currently available for elec-trolytic refinery washing water is thereuse and recycle as either electrolyticmake-up or make-up for copper sulfateproduction.

(e) The best practicable control tech-nology currently available for processwaste water generated from the usageof nickel sulfate vacuum evaporators isthe elimination of entrainment by theapplication of efficient mist eliminator.

-and proper operating and maintenanceprocedures. Conversion to open evapoa-tors or the use of cooling towers alsorepresents best practicable control tech-nology for this large source of processwaste water.

The resultant best" practicable flowfrom the above sources of process wastewater averages to about 2000 l/kkg (480gal/ton) of. copper. The treatment ofthis flow of water by liming and settling,considered as the best practicable treat-ment approach, permits the achievementof the Pest practicable pollutant charac-teristic concentration.

The best available technology econom-Ically achievable and the best available'demonstrated control technology, proc-esses, operating methods, or other alter-natives are identical to the best practi-cable control technology currentlyavailable for those facilities of the pri-mary copper refining subcategory whichare geographically located in areas ofnet evaporation.

The best available technology econom-ically achievable for those remainingfacilities of this subcategory, which aregeographically located in areas of netprecipitation, includes a 90 percent re-duction in flow volumes from the 2000l/kkg, (480 gal/ton) best practicablevalue. This best available value is 2001/kkg (48 gal/ton).

The allocation of best available com-ponents to this composite flow includes100 1/kkg (24 gal/ton) as bleed from con-tact cooling; 40 l/kkg (10 gal/ton) fromspent electrolyte and electrolytic refinerywashing; and 60 1/kkg (14 gal/ton) fromslimes recovery. The use of well-designedcooling towers or ponds, and, possibly, theapplication of side-stream filtration willreduce the bleed from contact cooling forthe maintenance of acceptable salt con-centrations. Additional waste water canbe disposed of by using the heat evolvedin cooling elther anode or cathode cop-per as evaporative energy. Conversion ofvacuum evaporators to open evaporators,the application of well operated andmaintained mist eliminators, or the useof cooling towers, would also be required.The treatment technology of lime andsettle, as recommended for the best prac-ticable treatment technology, Is also con-sidered as the best available treatmenttechnology. -

The best available demonstrated con-trol technology, processes, operatingmethods, or other alternatives for thoseprimary copper refineries geographicallylocated in areas of net precipitation areidentical to the best available technologyeconomically achievable as describedabove.

(3) Subpart F. Secondary copper sub-category: The best practicable controltechnology currently available for theprocess waste water effluents generated bythe sources of the secondary copper sub-category include the complete recycleand reuse after settling preceded by pH

adjustment, if necessary. A discussion ofthe best practicable control and treat-ment technology currently available ap-plied to the specific process waste watersources generated within this subcate-

- gory follows:(a) The best pfacticable control tech-

nology currently available for processwaste water generated during the contactcooling of copper ingots. anodes, billets,or shot! is the complete elimination ofwater discharge by the recycling and re-use of all waste waters. With the reuseand recycle of water, the need for solidsand oil removal would be dictated byplant operational procedures. Removal ofsolids such as the charcoal used to covercopper alloy ingots and the oxide scaleand mold wash from anode casting re-quires settling and filtration before thewater Is reused. The pond used for set-tling will provide cooling. Alternatively, acooling tower circuit can provide settlingcapacity. Of the plants within this sub-category, which use water for direct con-tact cooling of metal, 25 percent recyclethis process waste water with no dis-charge, 22 percent recycle with periodicdischarge, and 12 percent recycle with acontinuous discharge. The remaining 41percent of the 37 plants do not recycleany metal casting cooling water.

(b) The best practicable control tech-nology currently available for processwaste water generated from the quench-ing and granulation of copper-rich slagsis the elimination of water discharge bythe recycle and reuse of waste waterafter treating this stream to reduce sus-pended solids by settling and filtration orby air cooling this molten slag after Ithas been cast Into slag pots for subse-quent metal recovery by dry processes.When quenching and granulating de-pleted (waste) slags, the best practicablecontrol technology currently available isthe recycle and reuse of this waste waterafter treatment to reduce suspendedsolids by settling and filtration. Elevenpercent of the 37 copper-alloy producersuse water to quench their copper-richslags; all four of these plants report nodischarge of waste water after settling.The remaining 33 plants air cool thosecopper-rich -slags in slag pots. Of theseven unalloyed copper plants, four usewater to quench depleted slags; three ofthese four plants recycle this water aftersettling.

(c) The best practicable control tech-nology currently available for the proc-ess waste water generated during copper-rich slag milling and classifying is theelimination of this discharge by eitherrecycling and reusing all of this waterafter treatment to reduce solids contentby pH adjustment to between eight andnine, if necessary, and settling, followedby filtation or by melt-agglomerating-the metal in a blast, cupola, or rotaryfurnace. In the former technology, la-goons or settling tanks followed by filtra-tion are used to remove solids. The pH ismaintained near a value of eight withacid to control the extent of hydrolysisof the basic metal oxides of the slag.Twenty-one secondary copper plantsprocess copper-rich slags, sx by wetmilling and classifications and the re-maining 21 by melt-agglqmerating in a


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furnace. Three of the six wet millingoperations have no discharge of processwaste water, while the other three recyclewater and discharge only periodically.

(d) The best practicable control tech-nology currently available for process"faste water from furnace exhaust scrub-bind is the elimination of this dischargeby recycling all of the wastb water fromthis source after pH adjustment to be-tween eight and nine, and renioval ofsolids by settling and filtration or cen-trifugation. The use of cooling towersmay be necessary, depending upon thewaste water storage capacity available,the size of the emission control system,and the period of time that it is operatedper day. Another alternative to theelimination of this waste water effluent isby conversion to dry air pollution controlequipment. Thirteen of the 44 planti use_wet air pollution control; of these 13users, eight recycle all of their water. Allof the remaining plants employ dry airpollution controls on furnace offgases.

(e) The best practicable control tech-nology currently available for wastewater from electrolytic refining is theelimination of this discharge by trdatingthe bleed or breakdown stream fromelectrolytic cell operations, so that it issuitable for reuse in other plant proc-esses. The treatment consists of removalof copper by cementation with ironmetal, line neutralization to a pH ofbetween eight and nine, and sand filter-ing this stream to remove solids beforedischarge into a combined process waterreservoir serving other plant waterneeds. Of the four producers of secondaryunalloyed metal, one employs the abovetechnology, one has a market for thespent electrolyte,' one treats the electro-lyte by cementation and the resultingiron sulfate solution is discharged into aJoint treatment plant, and the last oneevaporates this solution during metal(i.e., nickel) sulfate recovery. Only oneplant is known to recover precious metalson-site, and the small production ofprocess waste water can easily be reusedfor hot offgas cooling prior to baghouseentrance, or for other plant uses, after,as needed, neutralization and precipita-tion.

(f) The best practicable control tech-nology currently available for stormwater runoff which commingles withprocess waste water (as defined by theregulation) is to discharge that volumeof water, after the treatment, if neces-sary, of neutralization and settling, ac-countable to the net precipitation duringeach one month period.- The best available technology eco-

nomically achievable and the best avail-able demonstrated control technology,processes, operating methods, or otheralternatives are identical to the, bestpracticable control technology currentlyavailable for those facilities included inthe secondary copper subcategory.

(4) Subpart G. Primary lead subeate-gory: For those primary lead facilitiesgeographically located in areas of netevaporation, the best practicable controltechnology currently available includesthe recycle and reuse of this waste water


after, as needed, neutralization andsettling and disposal through impound-ment and solar evaporation. The bestpracticable control technology currentlyavailable for storm water runoff whichcommingles with process waste water (asdefined by the regulation) fs to dischargethat volume of water, after the treat-ment, if necessary, of neutralization andsettling, accountable to the net precipi-tation during each one month period.

For the remainder of the primary leadfacilities of this hubcategory, which aregeographically located In areas of netprecipitation, the best practicable con-trol technology currently available in-cludes the maximization of recycle andreuse of process waste water to achievelevels of water usage demonstrated by

-the average of the best of the same facil-ities. Subsequent liming and settling ofthe resultant effluent, with concentrationvalues of significant pollutants andpollutant parameters (as considered tobe best practicable), result In effluentloadings based upon lead bullion pro-duction.

A discussion of the best practicablecontrol and treatment practices for spe-cific process waste water sources gen-erated at facilities geographically locatedin areas of net precipitation follows:

(a) The best practicable control tech-nology currently available for processwaste water generated during wet offgasscrubbing is the elimination of this waterby complete recycle and reuse. The bestpracticable control technology currentlyavailable for process waste water gen-erated during the granulation of slagis the minimization or complete elimi-nation of this water by various recycleand reuse means. One alternate methodof the handling and disposing of slagwithout the use of water would be bytapping the slag into a pot and thenpouring the slag onto the customary slagdisposal site. The Usage of some slaggranulation water as a cooling media forthe hot smelter Qffgases prior to entranceinto baghouse is sonsldered as an excel-lent disposal source for this processwaste water. Cascading of process wastewater, such as the usage of acid plantblowdown as slag granulation water witha resultant effluent from the slag granu-lation--acid plant blowdown circuit, isalso considered as best practicable con-trol technology currently available.

(b) The best practicable control tech-nology currently available for acid plantblowdown is the treatment of this vol-ume, calculated to be 825 l/kkg (200gal/ton) as determined from the filwusage within the current industry, bylime and settle. The resultant effluentpollutant parameter concentrations wereselected from available data on effluentsas contained in documents of record,field analyses, and projected effluent con-centrations as described by informationsubmitted by the industry. The combina-tion of neutralization and clarificationis required to achieve the best practicablecontrol technology currently available.Clarification alone will reduce only totalsuspended solids; neutralization withoutclarification will reduce dissolved metals,

but not suspended ones, and will not pro-vide an effluent of satisfactory quality.Neutralization with lime to a PH in theeight to ten range will reduce the con-centratlons of those metals precipitabloas hydroxides, and with properly de-signed retention facilities will also reducetotal suspended solids to below the rec-ommended effluent limitations guideline.

The best available technology eco-nomically achievable and the best avail-able demonstrated control technology,processes, operating methods, or otheralternatives are Identical to the bestpractical control technology currentlyavailable for those facilities Included inthe primary lead subcategory.

(5) Subpart H. Primary zinc subcate-gory: The best practicable control tech-nology currently available for the processwaste water generated by the facilities ofthe primary zinc subcategory is consid-ered to include measures to achieve thereuse and recycle of these waters to mini-mize discharge, and the treatment of theremaining waste water by lming and set-ting before discharge. A review of wateruse practices in various zinc plant sys-tems has shown that In specific cases,some process waste waters are currentlybeing used on a once-through basis,whereas, In other existing plants, the dis-charge from the same process operationis considerably lower on a unit-productbasis by virtue of recycle. Further, vari-ous examples of reuse of process wastewater (e.g., acid plant blowdown usedfor cadmium leaching) were also identi-fied. Potential reductions in processwaste water volume are given in variousproposed plans for decreased dischargeof process waste waters.

Internal streams In primary znoplants vary considerably with differencesin plant operations, and no specific listof control measures may be presented forall plants, Those measures that havebeen Identified include:

(a) The minimization of acid plantblowdown by appropriate proper opera.;tion of prescrubber gas cleaning facill-ties to minimize particulate loadings intothe wet scrubbers, cooling capacity andprovisions for settling in the scrubberliquor recycle circuit, and, possibly, thereuse of the scrubber bleed stream Inother plant operations.

(b) The minimization of metal castingcooling water discharge by recycling,possibly including provisions In the cir-cult for removal of suspended solids, oiland grease, and thermal load.

(c) The exploitation of the evapora-tive capacity of hot gases or hot metalfor in-plant disposal of waste water.

The flow rates of process, waste Waaterdischarges at the domestic primary zincplants were Inspected to determine thebest practicable water usage rate. Thisvalue was determined to be 8,350 1/kkg(2,000 gal/ton) and was calculated as theaverage value of six primary plants.

The end-of-pipe treatment identifiedas part of the best practicable controltechnology currently available is the limeand settle treatment. Currently, someform of this treatment is being appliedto some portion of process waste water



at five of the six plants in this industry.Current lime and settle treatment facili-ties achieve the concentration of sig-nificant pollutant -parameters for thissubcategory and are considered as bestpracticable values for the calculation ofeffluent limitations. Thus these demon-strated levels of conientrations were ap-plied, together -with .the selected :flowvalue, to derive the recommended efflu-ent limitations based uponthe best prac-ticable control technology currentlyavailable.

The identification of the best availabletechnology economically achievable isanalogous to the best practicable con-trol technology currently available andIncludes control measures to further'minimize the'volume of process wastewater streams by additional recycle, re-use, and segregation, -as well as the ap-plication of chemical treatment toachieve controlled precipitation followedby -sedimentation. As vidth the best prac-ticable techmology, the current and po-tential discharges of process waste waterwere inspected to determine the bestavalable technology ow value.' Thisvalue vas determined to be 5,425 1/kkg(1,300 gal/ton) and was calculated as theaverage of the ive best discharge rates.The same treatment technology pollut-ant concentrations, as were used in thecalculations -of the -best practicable ef-fluent limitations, Iwere -considered asthose achievable through the applica-tion-of the best available-technology eco-nomically achievable. These concentra-tions are achievable by means of limeand -settle technology. Thus, these levels

-of concentritions 'were applied, togetherwith the selected best available .tech-nology f ow value, to derive'the recom-mended effluent limitations based upon

.the best available technology economi-cally achievable.I The-best -available' demonstrated con-trol technology, prooesses,.: peratingmethods, or other alternatives-are Iden-tical to the-best available technologyeconomicallyachievable for thelacilitiesIncludedinthe primary zinc subcategory.-Solid vastcontrolmiust be considered; -

-The treatmenttechnology of -lime -andsettle produces solid waste as an adjunctto its operation. The rsulting soids willcontainprecipitated-Insoluble metal hy-droxides, as -well as calcium- and mag-tnesium sulfate. -- The proper management of solid wastesresulting from-pollution control systemsmustbe practiced. Pollution control tech-nologies generate -many differentamounts and types of solid wastes andliquid concentrates through the removalof pollutants. These substances varygreatly in their chemical and physicalcomposition-and may be either hazardousor non-hazardous. A variety of tech-niques may be imployed to dispose ofthese substances depending on the de-gree ofhazard.

If thermal processing (incineration)is the choice for disposal, provisions mustbe made to ensure against entry of baz--ardous pollutants into the atmosphere.Consideration should also be given to

-recovery of materials- of value in thewastes.

Tbr those waste materials consideredto be zon-hazardous -where land dispoalis the choice for-disposal, practices slmi-lar to properanitary landfill technologymay be followed. The principles set forthin the EPA's L.and Dispoal of SolidWastes Guidelnes 40 CMI. 241 may beused as guidance for acceptable landdisposal techniques.

For those waste materials consideredto be hazardous, disposal will require Bpe-clal precautions. In order to ensure long-term protection of public health and theenvironment, special preparation andpretreatment may be required prior todisposal. If land disposal is to be prac-ticed, these Bites must not allow move-ment of pollutants to either ground orsurface waters. Sites shbuld be selectedthathavenatural soil and geological con-ditions to prevent such contaminationor, if such conditions do not exist, artifi-cial means (e.g. liners) must be providedto ensure long-term protection of the en-vironment from hazardous materials.Where appropriate, the location of solidhazardous materials disposal Bites shouldbe permanently recorded In the appropri-ate office of the legalrJmlsdiction In whichthe site is located. '

.v) Cost estimates for control of wastewater Pollutants. (1) Subpart D. Primarycoppersinelting subcategory: For the ex-isting facilities in the primary coppersmelting subcategory to achieve the levelof control of process waste water pol-lutants, as recommended, would requirean approximated total capital cost andannual operating cos of $1,212,000 and$284,000,-respectvely.

(2) SubpaitE. Primary copper ref ningsubcategory: For the existing plants ofthe -Primary copper refining subcategoryto achieve thelevels of control of processwaste-water pollutants recommended forJuly 1977, the capital costorequlred willapproximate $334,000 and the annual op-erating cost required will, be about$118,000. Incremental control and/ortreatment costs of approximately$1,581,000 capital and $805,000 annualoperating will be required of three plantsto achieve the further reductions in dis-charge of process waste water pollutantsrecommended for the best available tech-nology economically achievable effluentlimitations of 1983. Therefore, the totalestimated capital and annual operatingcostsfor theprimary copperrefining sub-category are $1,915,000 and $923,000, re-spectively.

(3) Subpart-F. Secondary copper sub-category: It has been estimated that forthe existing plants within this subcate-gory to achieve the recommended limita-tion of -no discharge of process wastewater pollutants to navigable waterswould require a capital cost and annualoperating cost of $538,000 and $270,000,respectively. The vast majority of theseebtimated costs have been allocated tothe control of process waste water pol-lutants at one plant.

(4) Subpart G. Primary lead suboate-gory: For the existing facilities withinthe primary lead subcategory to achievethe levels of control of process wastewater pollutants, as recommended, wouldrequire an estimated capital cost and an-

nual operating costs of $1,275,000 and$570,000, respectively, most of which isattributable to additional control andtreatment technology required at oneplant

(5) Subpart H. Primary zinc subcate-gory: It has been estimated that for theexisting plants In the primary zinc sub-category to achieve the levels of controlof process waste water pollutants recom-mended for July 1, 1977, the capital costsrequired will approximate $1,515,000 and -

annual operating costs required will beabout $458,000. Incremental control and/or treatment costs of approximately $1,-054,000 capital and $450,000 annual op-erating will be required of two plants toachl(ie the further reductions in dis-charge of process waste water pollutants-recommended for the best available tech-nology effluent limitations of 1983. There-fore, the total estimated capital and an-nual operating costs to this industry are$2,569,000 and $908,000, respectively.

(vi) Energy requirements and -non-water quality environmentaZ impacts.Specific data on energy requirementswere not available for the vast majorityof the plants surveyed. Electrical energyis consumed In the waste water treat-ment for the operation of process equip-ment; such .as pumps, blowers, centri-fuges, and filters. Mechanical 6perationstotaling 50 horsepower or less would betypical; the required amount of fuel orelectricity consumption for treatment ofprocess waste water would be negligiblewhen compared to the total energy con-sumption In the Industries of this cate-gory. For the secondary copper subcate-gory, energy requirements would amountto only 14.9 kwhr/annual kkg (13-5kwhr/annual ton) (for 7,200 hr/yr and18,000 kkg (19,800 tons) annual second-ary copper production) or $015/kkg.($0.14/ton) (at $0;01/kwhr). Similar es-timates from one primaryzinc producerIndicated a -power consumption of about4.3 kwhr/kkg (3.9 kwhr/ton) of zincproduction, or $0.04/kkg ($0.04/ton) at$0.01/kwhr.

Solid wastes are generated from theneutralization and setling of the processwastewaters of the primary copper, lead,and zinc and the secondary copper indus-trim. The volume of the sludge is princi-pally determined by the desired pH ad-justment. One domestic primary zincplant Is currently investigating treat-ment techniques for Its process wastewaters. One of the design parameters issolid waste generation. The direct treat-ment approach of lime and settle isanticipated to produce about 222 kkg(245 tons)/day (41kkg C45 tons)/day dryweight) of solid waste. This waste willconsist mostly of calcium sulfate andmagnesium sulfate, as gypsum. Basic re-search studies on the usage of differentflocculents indicate the possible usage ofa lower pH and the subsequent genera-,tion of about one-third as much sludge.One currently operating lime and settletreatment facility at a primary zincplant ships Its sludge, after solar drying,to one of its lead smelters for zinc re-covery In a zinc fuming furnace. Adomestic primary copper facility Is cur-rently starting up a lime and settle facH-


8519

8520

ity, which will treat much of the com-mingled plant effluent. Sludge generationis anticipated to be about 36 kkg (40tons) /day and will be. stored in a nearbysite. Generated solid waste from a limeand settle facility at one primary zinc-lead smelting complex will be disposedof by storing in the plant's tailings pond.

(vii) Economic impact lanalysis. Thegeneral conclusion of this study is. thatthe guidelines will have little economicimpact on the nonferrous metals indus-try. In primary copper, fourteen of, theindustry's twenty-two plants already'meet the BPCTCA guidelines. Plants al-ready in BPCTCA compliance account,collectively, for 58 percent of total em-ployment in primary copper, 63 percentof total smelter capacity and 70 percentof total refinery capacity. To achieveBPCTCA compliance, incremental capi-tal costs to primary copper producers willreach only about $1.6 million while in-cremental operating costs will run atabout $0.4 million annually (1972 dol-lars). The increment to operating costsamounts to an increase over base operat-ing costs of less than 0.4 percent or 0.030per pound of metal currently selling for760 per pound. BPCTCA and BATEA areidentical for smelters but not for re-fineries. Hence only three plants, all re-finer es, will confront additional costs tomeet BATEA once the industry hasachieved BPCTCA compliance. For theseplants, incremental capital costs areestimated at $1.6 million and incrementaloperating costs at $0.8 million annually.In both BPCTCA and BAT, analysis in-dicates that cost increments are toomodest to imply significant internal orexternal economic impacts. In particular,it is not expected that l5rimary copperprices will rise as a consequence ofBPCTCA and BATEA implementation.

Of the forty-four plants in the sec-ondary copper industry, all but one_ arealready in compliance with the BPCTCA/BATEA guidelines, which are identical.There are several additional plantswhich will have to make minor wastewater treatment adjustments to achievecompliance with the guidelines, but thecosts involved are trivial. Hence theseplants are treated here as though theywere already in compliance. EstimatedIncremental capital costs for the remain-ing plant to achieve BPCTCA andBATEA are approximately $0.5 millionwhile Incremental operating costs will beabout $0.3 million annually. No signif-icant internal or external economic im-pacts are anticipated. In particular, noincdeases in secondary copper prices areexpected since the market is dominated,in the aggregate, by producers already incompliance with the guidelines.

BPCTCA and BATEA are also identicalIn primary lead. In this industry, five ofthe present seven plants are already incompliance with the guidelines. Theseplants account for 53 percent of the in-dustry's capacity and 70 percent of itstotal employment. Incremental capitalcosts for the remaining plants are esti-mated at $1.3 million while incrementaloperating costs are about $0.6 million an-nually. The increment to operating costs


represents less than 0.14 per pound ofrefined lead, which currently sells for24%0 per pound. Thus no significant in-ternal or external economic Impacts areanticipated In this industry.

In Iarmary zinc, three of the sevenplants in the industry are already in com-pliance with the BPCTCA guidelines.Estimated incremental capital costs-toachieve compliance for the remainingfour plants approximate $1.6 millionwhile incremental operating costs willrun about $0.5 million annually. The in-crement to operating costs is less thanhalf of one percent of 1972 base operat-ing costs for this industry and wouldadd approximately 0.040 per pound to the/cost of producing zinc. Zinc sells cur-rently for 38 to°400 per pound. Accord-ingly, no significant internal or externaleconomic impacts are anticipated to fol-low from BPCTCA implementation inthis industry.

Achievement of the BPCTCA guide-lines would leave only two primary zincplants not in compliance with BATEAguidelines. Total incremental capitalcosts to achieve BATEA compliance forthese plants is estimated at $1.1 millionwhile incremental operating costs willrun to about $0.5 nitlllon annually. Ap-proximately 90% of the incremental cap-ital and operating costs will impact ona single plant. Even so, the increment tooperating costs. adds less than 0.10 perpound to the 1972 base operating costof about 8 to 100 per pound. Analysis in-dicates that, while these costs are notnegligible, th6 plafit in question will notbe threatened with closure or curtail-ment of output. No significant priceincreases are anticipated.

In conclusion, it should be noted thatimpact of the incremental capital costswill probably be minimized by projectexecution over several years. Further, inseveral cases (e.g., zinc) incrementalcosts have been estimated on a "worstcase" basis in situations in which man-agements have several less expensivecompliance options. k

Fdr the industry as a whole, no closuresur curtailments in output or employmentare anticipated as consequences of guide-lines implementation.The reports entitled "DevelopmentDocument for Interim Final EMuentLimitations Guidelines and ProposedNew Source Performance Standards forthe Primary Copper Smelting Subcate-gory and the Primary Copper RefiningSubcategory of the Copper Segment ofthe Nonferrous Metals ManufacturingPoint Source Category", "DevelopmentDocument for Interim Final EffluentLimitations Guidelines and ProposedNew Source Performance Standards forthe Secondary Copper Subcategory of theCopper Segment of the Nonferrous Met-als Manufacturing Point Source Cate-gory," "Development Document for In-terim Final Effluent Limitations Guide-lines and Proposed New. Source Perform-ance Standards for the Lead Segmentof the Nonferrous Metals ManufacturingPoint -Source Category," and "Develop-ment Document for Interim Final Efflu-ent Limitations Guidelines and Proposed

New Source, Performance Standards forthe Zinc Segment of the NonferrousMetals Manufacturing Point Source Cat-egory," detail the analyses undertakenin support of the interim final regulationset forth herein and are available for In-spection in the EPA Freedom of Informa-tion Center, Room 204, West Tower, Wa-terside Mall, Washington, D.C., at allEPA regional offices, and at State waterpollution control offices. A supplementaryanalysis prepared for EPA of the possibleeconomic effects of the regulation is alsoavailable for inspection at these loca-tions. Copies of these documents are be-

-Ing sent to persons or institutions af-fected by the proposed regulation or whohave placed themselves on a mailing listfor this purpose (see EPA's advance no-tice of public review procedures, 38 MR21202, August 6, 1973). An additionallimited number of copies of these reportsare available. Persons wishing to obtaina copy may write the EPA Office of PublicAffairs, Environmental Protection Agen-cy, Washington, D.C. 20460, Attention:Ms. Ruth Brown, A-107. ,

When this regulation is promulgatedin final rather than interim form, revisedcopies of the Development Documentswill be available from the Superinten-dent of Documents, Government Print-ing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.Copies of th., economic analysis doeu-ment will be available through the Na-tional Technical Information Service,Springfield, VA 22151.

(c) Summary of public participation.Prior to this publication, the agenciesand groups listed below were consultedand given an opportunity to partici-pate in the development of effluent limi-tations, guidelines and standards pro-posed for the nonferrous metalsmanufacturing category. All partlolpat-,ing agencies have been informed of proj-ect developments. Initial drafts of theDevelopment Documents were sent to allparticipants and comments were solicitedon those reports. The following are theprincipal agencies and groups consulted:(1) Effluent Standards and, Water Qual-ity Information Advisory Committee(established under section 515 of th0Act) ; (2) all State and U.S. TerritoryPollution Control Agencies; (3) TheAmerican Society of Mechanical Engi-neers; (4) The Conservation Foundation;(5) Environmental Defense Fund, Inc.;(6) National Resources Defense Coun-cil; (7) The American Society of CivilEngineers; (8) Water Pollution ControlFederation; (9) National Wildlife Fed-eration; (10) American Institute ofChemical Engineers; (11) Hudson RiverSloop Restoration, Inc.; (12) U.S. De-partment of Housing and Urban Devel-opment; (13) U.S. Department of theInterior; (14) US. Department of Com-merce; (15) Water Resources Commis-sion; (16) Atomic Energy Commission;(17) U.S. Department of Defense; (18)Office of Management and Budget; (19)Aluminum Smelting and Recycling In-stitute; (20) American Mining Congress;(21) The Aluminum Association; (22)Copper and Brass Fabricators Council;

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 40, NO. 40-THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 27, 1975

(23) Institute -of Trinted Circuits; and(24) Master Electroplating Association.

The following responded with. com-ments: United States Water ResourcesCounil; -American Mining Congress;New York State Department of :nviron-mental Conservation; Parsons, Behle,and Latimer onbehalf of Zennecott Cop--per--Corporation; Anaconda Company.State of Delaware, Def'artment of Na-.tional Resources and EnvironmentalControl; National Zinc Company. Inc.;

* American Institute of Chemical Engi-neers; Fennenore, Craig, Von Ammonand Udai on behalf of Kennecott Cop-per Corporation (Ray Mines Division);Arizona State Department of Health;

- US. Department of the Interior; St. JoeMinerals Corporation; Texas WaterQuality Board; AMAX American Metal-Climax Inc.; -and the -Bunker HillCompany. s

The primary issues raised In the. de-- velopment of the Interim final effluent

limitations and guidelines and the treat-ment of these issues herein are asfollows:-(1) A common criticism was that by-

drometallurgical operations, specifically-leaching, should not be considered -as-part -of the copper segment. The com-menters felt that the discharges fromsuch, - Iydrometallurgical- .operationsshould be regulated as part of the oremining and milling category.

Leaching operations, as discussed inthe contractor's draft report, are notpart- oftheprmary copper smeltlngandreflning industry for the -purpose -ofestablishing effluent limitations. -Thissource-of waste water will be covered bya pending study -of the ore mining anddressing, industry. from -whch effluentlimitations wi-be, derived.

(2) S eve al commentersstated hat thesetting -of- regulations- for waste watereffluents from-the primary copper smelt-ing anaitfining industry shouid be de-layed to coincide with pending regula--tions n ore miningand milling. They In-dicated that the-process flows are cross-connected -and abatement systems arecommon to both -types of discharge.

A building block -approach Is being ap-plied to Tegulate the mining and mllingsources of process waste water and thesmelting and refining sources of thecopper industry. In developing effluent-limitations for -the primary copper in-dustry, there has been a full -warenessof the existence of-the integrated miningand millingoperations.

<3) Many commenters feltthat thegeographical area, specified for CategoryI -ii-the contractor's repof on the pri--mary copper industry and requiring nodiscliarge of process waste water vollut-anti for facilides in this same area, iswater, based upon a state-wide -olarevaporaton rate, Impracticable include(a) nedr-z6ro efatpration rates duringcold tvinefweather -(b) large acreage ofleel lmpoundment -land which is notavaable in- mountainous terrains,, (c)current State law stipulates that, afterusage, water mustot be wasted or inter-dicted,-and (d) nonwater quality prob-lems. related -with- "'huge". evaporationponds.


The development document for the pri-mary copperlndustry has been rewrttenand now places most ofitsemphasis uponrecycle and reuse of process wastewater.The primary copper smelter, whennte-grated with an ora milling or leachingoperation, can reuse much of its smelterwaste water (and refinery waste water, Ifa refinery is located on-slte) within themilling or leaching processes. Tie highprocessing temperatures employed ineach pyrometallurgical operation at theprimary copper smelters produce hightemperature offgases vhich provide a dis-posal route for some waste water. Eachsource of waste water was investigated.and the development document tabulates

'current and anticipated control andtreatment practices for each of thesesources. From these tabulations and theirdiscussion in the text of the document,the conclusion regarding no discharge ofprocess waste water pollutants to naviga-ble vaters was reached. Thus, impound-ment.with solar evaporation is only partof the rationale. In specific reference tothe four subcomments above, the netevaporation-precipitation rain water dis-charge provision, contained in the pro-posed Tegulation, will alleviate problemsassociated- with near-zero evaporationrates during cold weather; the maximiza-tion of recycle and reuse of process wastewater -will produce a minImum-sized"level" impoundment area, so that moun-tainous terraln locations are not adverse-ly affected; current State laws prohibit-ing the "wasting" of water will not beviolated since the regulation places itseniphasis on reuse'and recycle (as shownby the _smelter-operators of the South-west); and, finally, n6nwater qualityproblems related to the application of"huge" evaporation ponds to smelterwaste water effluents will be minlmizedsince disposal by solar evaporation isonlyconsldered as an alternate approachto the achievement of no discharge ofprocess waste water pollutants to navi-gable waters.

14) One commenter stated that thecontractor's primary copper developmentdocument .did not encourage treatment,recycle, and reuseof process wastewaters from category I -(Le. contractor'snomenclature for copper facilities lo-cated in areas of net evaporation).

The rewritten edition of the contrac-tor's document places nearly all of theemphasis on cbntrol and treatment prac-tices used within this industry. Methodsof recycle and reuse have been tabulated.so that the rationale for the best practi-cable control technology currently avail-able of effluent segregation recycle, re-use, and treatment, If needed, supportsa no discharge ofprocess waste waterpollutants to navigable waters limita-tion. Impoundment, with solar evapora-tion,- Is considered as -a disposal meansfor process waste water pollutants wheresuch factors as land avalability, locallaw, and climate permit such an appil-cation as practicable.

-(5) Another common criticism wasthat the contractor's report on primarycopper sneltlng and refinng did not pro-;vide any recommendations for the prob-lem of storm water runofl

8521

opecial provisionsfor storm waterrun-off ave been provided In the proposed -

regulations for all sources in the pri-mary copper- smeltiig subcategory andcertain sources in the prmary copperrefining subcategory.

(6) Several commentersstated that-the contractor's report on primary cOp-per did not provide sufficlent Informationto evaluate whether the reduction in ef-fluent volumetric flow rate, required tomeet the 1983 recommendations, couldbe achieved. 7hey also indicated that ifa large magnitude of recycle is neces-sary and if an ore milling operation ispart of the smelting complex there mustbe further assessment of the effect ofprocess waste water recycleupon the cop-per recovery values in the flotation proc-ess.

For the primary copper refining sub-category, the flow reduction used in thederivation of the 1983 limitations wasbased upon the flov values -discussed inthe development document; the usage ofonce-through contact cooling water willno longer be permitted. For the primarycopper smelting subeategory, the abilityfor integrated sources to reuse processwaste water in miling operations is fac-tual. Firm evidence that the copper -re-covery value of some ores, such as thal-"copyrlte, will be effected if milling ispracticed with "reused" smelter processwaste water, even after treatment, mustbe presented. If such a recovery loss doesexist, Its economic value must be weighedagainst environmental gains.(7) A comment received from several

parties was that the contractor's draftdocuments did not consider the disposalproblems of solids and sludges keneratedby the proposed treatment practices. -

Issues of nonwater quality environmen- -

tal impact, such as sludge generationfrom lime neutralization, have been ad-dressed in the proposed editions of thedevelopment documents. The primarycopper, lead, and zinc industries current-ly use lime treatment. One primary lead-zinc complex is currently in the start-upphase of its new lime treatment plant,which will treat waste water effluents-m its mining, milling, electrolytic zine,and lead smelting operations. This com-plex plans to impound its sludge in itstailings pond. An electrolytic zinc plantin the Southwest, also -operating a limeneutralization facility, currently elimi-nates some contained moisture from Itslime treatment sludge and then shipsthe "dried" sludge to its lead smelter forrecovery of zinc values (the sludge Isreported to contain an average of 25percent zinc). The volume of generatedsludge is very small ncompaxison totheproduct-typesolid-wastes (Le., slags andtailings) produced at these plants. Onenew lime-and settle treatment facility ata domestic copper smelter will produceabout 36 kkg (40 tons) /day of sludgewhich represents about 0.04 percent ofthe total daily production of solid wasteat this plant. The industry is cuirentlyperfonning research on ilocculent addi-tives, which should enable neutralltionat lowerpH and, likewlsea much mal ervolume of generated sludge. The -EPA Is

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 40, NO: 40-THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 27, 1975

8522

aware of land usage and sludge genera-tion; it has found and recommendedmethods of sludge-value recovery andsludge volume minimization:

(8) One commenter stated that arsenicshould be deleted from the list of selectedpollutant parameters for the primarylead Industry since there is insufficientInformation available on which to basean effluent limitation for this'parameter.

Arsenic has been deleted from the sig-nificant pollutant list for the primarylead subeategory. Effluent data regardingarsenic concentrations are Insufficient,and It is believed that most of the ar-senic present in the lead concentratesproceeds with the contained copper toform speilss.

(9) Two parties submitted a commentstating that the contractor's draft docu-ments for the primary lead industry, andthe primary zinc industry listed incor-rect effluent concentration data for spe-cific pollutant parameters as anticipatedfrom the proposed treatment facility ofPlant D. They stated that these incor-rect values were used as a prime con-sideration In thedevelopment of 'the1983, and to some extent the 1977, efflu-ent limitations. Their comments con-tained the correct values. These sametwo commenters also stated that thecontractor had used an incorrect processwaste water discharge rate for Plant D(400 gpm), and that the correct rate(745 gpm) should be used in the zincdocument rationale.

In the case of primary lead, the bestavailable technology has been changedand is now identical to the best practi-cable technology. The resultant 1983 lim-Itations are identical to the 1977 limita-tions. This technology Is based on bestpracticable control practices and a com-posite of data on pollutant concentra-tions from lime and settle treatmentpractice. For primary zinc, the incorrectvalues of both pollutant parameter con-centrations and the process waste waterdischarge rate for Plant D, as used inthe contractor's document, have beendismissed and new 1983 limitations havebeen derived. These new limitations arebased on additional reuse, recycle, andsegregation of process waste water andthe best available treatment technologyof lime and settle, Identical to that usedin the development of the 1977 limita-tions.

(10) Another common criticism wasthat the zinc document rationale for the1983 effluent limitations used the antic-ipated results of a sulfide precipitationtreatment scheme, for possible applica-tion at one domestic electrolytic zincplant, which was not only technicallymisinterpreted by the contractor, but wasalso based on basic research, and should,therefore, not be Considered as best avail-able technology.

After an EPA review of this specificcase, It was found that the contractorhad misinterpreted a proposed treatmentscheme at one domestic zinc plant. A cor-rect narrative of the possible treatmentschemes, which this same facility mayuse, Is contained in the new zinc devel-opment document. The technology dis-cussed in this narrative is presented sole-


ly for possible application after furtherindustry investigation and is not intendedfor use as a basis for either the bestpracticable or the best available tech-nology.

(11) A question was raised concerningthe efficacy of lime and settle treatmentfor the removal of mercury from pri-mary zinc and lead plant wastewaters.

The Agency has determined that nostandards for mercury will be promul-gated at this time and will continue toevaluate all available information onthis pollutant. We therefore solicit anyinformation regarding the importance ofmercury as a pollutant from these plants,the feasibility of removal by lime andsettle or by other treatment, the econom-ics of such treatment, and other perti-nent information which would assist theAgency in making a final decision regard-ing this matter.

,(12) Some commenters felt that theminimum flow requirements for zincplants, as used by the contractor, shouldbe reevaluated, since the contractor usedthe lower pait of several ranges of waterusage, as supplied by the industry. Theyalso stated that by requiring the applica-tion of the lowest water usage value, the'purity of byproduct sulfuric acid wouldbe impaired.

In calculating the best practicable ef-fluent limitations for the primary zincsubcategoiy, the average of the indicatedrange of water usage was used. The waterusage value used in the computation ofthe best available limitations was basedupon the lower part of the range. By1983, the lower values should readily beachievable by the usage of efficilent elec-trostatic precipitators and cooling towersfor acid plant blowdown, as .well as themaximization of recycle and reuse ofother effluents. "

(13) Several commenterg submittedcost dala and stated that the contractor'sdocument on the primary zinc subcate-gory had serious omissions of substantialcost data. .

These cost data have been included inthe new development document for theproposed effluent limitations for the pri-mary zinc subcategory.

(14) Two responders felt that largeclarification areas would be necessaiy forthe 'primary lead and zinc plants tocomply with the effluent limitations ontotal suspended solids and that themountainous terrain of the Coeur d'AleneMining District would prohibit the con-struction of such necessary facilities. Thecommenters stated that special provisionsshould be given to the one plant (PlantD) in this terrain.

Plant D very recently began operationof a new treatment facility, which usesclarifiers to reduce the suspended solidslevel It is well known that clarifiers re-quire minimal land area and much lessland than do settling ponds. The facilitywas designed for an effluent suspendedsolids level over twice that used as thebasis for the'suspended solids limitation;however, 'actual plant experience hasshown effluent values well below 25 mg/LShould any difficulties be encountered incomplying with the regulation, becauseof high flow values counterbalancing the

low concentration, the flow might be re-duced by recirculation of water to theon-site fertilizer plant or to the ore min-ing and dressing operation.

The Agency is subject to an order ofthe United States District Court foi theDistrict of Columbia entered in NaturalResources Defense Council v Train et al.(Cv. No. 1609-73) which requires thepromulgation of regulations for this In-dustry category no later than January 30,1975. This order also requires that suchregulations become effective Immediatelyupon publication. In addition, It Is nec-essary to promulgate regulations estab-lishing limitations on the discharge ofpollutants from point sources in thiscategory so that the process of issuingpermits to individual, dischargers undersection 402 of the Act Is not delayed.

It has not been practicable to developand publish regulations for this. categoryin proposed form, to provide a 30 daycomment period, and to make any neces-sary revisions in light of the commentsreceived within the time constraints Im-posed by the court order referred toabove. Accordingly, the Agency has de-termined pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 653(b)that notice and comment on the interimfinal regulations would be Impracticableand contrary to the public Interest. Goodcause Is also found for these regulationsto become effective immediately uponpublication.

Interested persons are encouraged tosubmit written comments. Commentsshould be submitted in triplicate to theEPA Office of Public Affairs, Environ-mental Protection Agency, Washington,D.C. 20460, Attention: Ms. Ruth Brown,A-107. Comments on all aspects of theregulation are solicited. In the eventcomments are in the nature of c#itiismsas to the adequacy of data which areavailable, or which may be relied uponby the Agency, comments should Identifyand, if possible, provide any additionaldata which may be available and shouldindicate why such data are essential tothe amendment or modification of theregulation. In the event comments ad-dress the approach taken by the AgencyIn establishing an effluent limitation orguideline EPA solicits suggestions as towhat alternative approach should betaken and why and how this alternativebetter satisfies the detailed requirementsof sections 301 and 304(b) of the Act,

A copy of all public comments will beavailable for inspection and copying atthe EPA Freedom of Information Center,Room 204, West Tower, Waterside Mall,401 M Street SW., Washington, D.C. Acopy of preliminary draft contractor re-ports, th6 Development Documents andeconomic study referred to above, andcertain supplementary materials sup-porting the study of the industry con-cerned will also be maintained at thislocation for public review and copying.The EPA information regulation, 40 C1RPart 2, provides that a reasonable feemay be charged for copying,

-Ali comments received within thirtydays of publication of this interim finalregulation In the FtDERAL REcmEt willbe considered. Steps previously taken by


the Envlronmental-Protecton Agency tofacilitate publec response within this timeperiod are outlined in the advance noticeconcern publiceviewprocedures pub-lished -on August 6, 1973 (38 FB 21202).In the event that the final regulationdiffers substantilly from the interimfinal regulation set forth herein theAgency will consider peltions for recon-sideration of any permits issued in ac-co-rdance with the interim final regula-tion.

ln consideration of the foregoing, 40CTS Part 421 Is hereby amended as setforth below.

Dated: February 18, 1975.RussELL E. TRAwN,

Administrator.PART 421-NONFERROUS METALS

POINT SOURCE CATEGORYSubpart D-Prmary Copper Smelting

SSubcategor- -

421.40 Applicability; description of theprimary copper smelting subcate-nology economically achievable.

421.41- Specialized definitions.421.42 Effluent limitations guidelines repre-

senting the degree of effluent re-duction attainable by the applica-tion of the best practicable controltechnology currently available.

421.43 Edluent limitations guidelines repre-senting the degree of effluent re-duction attainable by the applica'-tion of the best available tech-

nology economically achievable.-SubpartE-Pdmary Copper Refining Subcategory421.50 Applicabfity;,- description of the

--primary copper refining subcate-gory.

42V51 Specialized definitions.421.52 Effluent limitations guidelines repre-

senting the degree of effluent re-duction attainable by the applica-tion of the best practicable controltechnology currently available.

421.53 Effluent imitations guldlines repre-senting the degree of effluent re-duction attainable by the applca-tion of the best available tech-nology economically achievable.

Subpart F-Secondary Copper Subcategory421.60 Applic .bTlty; description of the see-

ondary -coppers tbcategory.421.81 Specalized definitions.421.62 Effluent linlta tins guidelines repre-- - senting the degree of effluent re-

duction attainable by the appllca-tion of the best practicable control

. -technology currently available;421.63 Effluent limitations guidelines repre-

senting the degree of effluent re-duction attainable by the applica-tion of the best Available tech-nology economically achievable.

Stibpart G--Primary Lead Subcategory421.70 Applicabillty, description of the

- primary lead subcategory.421.71 Specialized definitions.421.72 ffluent limitations guidelines repre-- senting the degree of effluent re-

- -duction a ttainable by the applica-tlon of the best practicable controltechnology currently available..

421.73 Effluent limitations guidelines repre-senting the degree of -effluent re-duction attainable by the applica-tion of the best available tech-

- - nology economically achievable.


Subpart H-Pmazy Zinc Subcatigory

421.8 Appicabilt descriptin cC Theprimary zino subcsteory.

421381 Specialired definitiocs.4A21. fluent limitations guidelines repro-

senting the degree of eilluent re-duction attainable by the applcw-tion of the best practicable controltechnology currently avallable.

421.83 Effluent limitations guidelines repre-seating the degree of-efluent re-duction attainable bythe applies-tion of the beat available tech-nology eoonomncally achievable.

Subpart D-Primary Copper SmeltingSubcategory

§421.40 Applicability; description ofthe primary copper smelting sub-category.

The provisions of this subpart are ap-plicable to discharges resulting from theprimary smelting and refining, when re-fining Is performed on-site with a pri-mary copper smelter, of copper. Theprimary refining of copper, not per-formed on-site with a primary coppersmelter, is a part of the primary copperrefining subcategory. Facilities recover-ing copper from the ore by hydrometal-lurgical methods are not a part of thissubcategory.§ 421.41 Specialized definiion.

For the purpose of this subpart:(a) Except as provided below, the gen-

eral definitions, abbreviations and meth-ods of analysis set forth in 40 CFR 401'shall apply to this subpart.(b) For all Impoundments constructedprior to the effective date of this regula-tion, the term "within the impound-ment" when used for purposes of calcu-lating the volume of process wastewater which may be discharged shalmean the water surface area within theimpoundment at maximum capacityplus the surface are of the inside andoutside slopes of the Impoundment damas well as the surface area between theoutside edge of the Impoundment damand any seepage ditch immediately ad-jacent to the dam upon which rain fallsand is returned to the Impoundment. Forthe purpose of such calculations, thesurface area allowances set forth aboveshall not be more than 30 percent of thewater surface area within the Impound-ment dam at maximum capacity.

c) For all impoundments constructed.on or after the effective date of this

regulation, the term "within the im-poundment" for purposes of calculatingthe volume of process waste water whichmay be discharged-shall mean the watersurface area within the Impoundlentat maximum capacity.

(d) The term "pond wafer surfacearea" when used for the purpose of cal-culating the volume of waste waterwhich may be discharged shall mean thewater surface area of the pond createdby the impoundment for storage of proc-ess waste water at normal operatinglevel. This surface shall In no case beless than oneLthird of the surface areaof the maximum amount of water whichcould be contained by the Impoundment.

8523

The normal operating level shall be theaverage level of the pond during thepreceding calendar month.§ 421.42 Effluent rimitations guidelnes

representing the degree of effluentreduction attainable by the applica-tion of the best practicable controltechnology currently available. "

In establishing the limitations set forthIn this section, EPA took Into account allInformation It was able to collect, developand solicit with respect to factors (suchas age and size of plant, raw materials,manufacturing processes, products pro-duced, treatment technology available,energy requirements and costs) whichcan affect the industry subcategorizationand effluent levels established. It is, how-ever, possible that data which would af-fect these limitations have not been avail-able and, as a result, these limitationsshould be adjusted for certain plants inthis industry. An individual dischargeror other Interested person may submitevidence to the Regional Adminitrator(or to the State, if the State has the au-thority to issue NPDES permits) thatfactors relating to the equipment or facil-ities involved, the process applied, orother such factors related to such dis-charger are fundamentally different fromthe factors considered in the establish-ment of the guidelines. On the basis ofsuch evidence or other available informa-tion, the Regional Administrator (or theState) wm make a written finding thatsuch factors are or arenot fundamentallydifferent for that facility compared tothose specified in the Development Docu-ment. If such fundamentally differentfactors are found to exist, the RegionalAdministrator or the State shall estab-lish for the discharger effluent limitationsIn the NDPES permit either more or lessstringent than the limitations establishedherein, to the extent dictated by suchfundamentally different factors. Suchlimitations must be approved by the Ad-ministratorof the EnvironmentalProtec-tion Agency. The Administrator may ap-prove or disapprove such limitations,specify other limitations, or initiate pro-ceedings to revise these regulations. Thefollowing limitations establish the quan-tity or quality of pollutants or pollutantproperties, controlled by this section,which may be discharged by a Pointsource subject to the provisions of this4subpart after application of the bestpracticable control technology currentlyavailable:

(a) Subject to the provisions of Para-graphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section,there shall be no discharge of processwaste water pollutants into navigablewaters.

(b) A process waste water impound-ment which Is designed, constructed andoperated so as to contain the precipita-tion from the 10 year, 24 hour rainfallevent as established by the National-Cli-matic Center, National Oceanic and At-mosphbric Administration, for the areaIn which such impoundment is locatedmay discharge that volume of processwaste water which Is equivalent to thevolume of precipitation that falls within



the impoundment in excess of that at-tributable to the 10 year, 24 hour rainfallevent, when such event occurs.

(c) During any calendar month theremay be discharged from a process wastewater impoundment either a volume ofprocess waste water equal to the differ-ence between the precipitation for thatmonth that falls within the impoundmentand either the evaporation from the pondwater surface area for that month, or avolume of process waste water equal tothe difference between the mean precipi-tation for that month that falls withinthe impoundment and the mean evapora-tion from the pond water surface area asestablished by the National Climatic Cen-ter, National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration, for the area il -whichsuch impoundment is located (or asotherwise determined if no monthly datahave been established by the NationalClimatic Center), whichever is greater.

(d) Any process waste. water dis-charged pursuant to paragraph (c) ofthis section shall comply with each of thefollowing requirements:

Effluent limitations

Effluent Average of dailycharacteristic Maximum for values for thirty

any one day consecutive daysshall not exceed-

Metric units (mg/1)

SS.... .....------------- 25A s _ __ = - _.; ... . .. . . ..- 2 0 -- -- -- -- --- -- -- 1 0CU-.. : _. .... - 0.6 -------------- 0.25Ph --- . ............ LID-------------0. 5Cd --------- 1.0 -------------- 0.5

-------------- 10 -. .......... 5pH...------------ Within the - ....----

range 6.0 to0.0.

English units (ppm)

.As _ - ---. ....- 0... . .. 100.25

Pb__ _ .. ------ 0.5

Zn:-'._Z..._-= 10i - - 5p -................ Within the --:-...--

rango 6.0 to

§ 421.43 Effluent limitations guidelinesrepresenting the degree of effluentreduction attainable by the applica.tion of the best available technologycconomically achievable.

The following limitations establish the"quantitor or quality of pollutants or pol-lutant properties, controlled by this sec-tion, which may be discharged by a pointsource subject to the provisions of thissubpart after application of the bestavailable technology economicallyachievable:

(a) Subject to the provisions of para-graphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section,there shall be no discharge of processwaste water pollutants into navigablewaters.- (b) A process waste water impound-

ment which is designed, constructed andoperated so as to contain the precipita-tion from the 25 year. 24 hour rainfallevent as established by the National Cli-matic Center, National Oceanic and At-

mospheric Administration, for the areain which such impoundment is locatedmay discharge that volume of processwaste water which is equivalent to, thevolume of precipitation that falls withinthe impoundment in excess of that at-tributable ta the 25 year,'24 hour rainfallevent, when such event occurs."(c) During any calendar month theremay be discharged from a process wastewater impoundment either a volume ofprocess waste water equal to the differ-ence between the precipitation for thatmonth that falls within the impound-ment and either the evaporation fromthe pond water surface area for thatmonth, or a volume of process wastewater equal to the difference between themean precipitation for that month thatfalls! within the impoundment and themean evaporation from the pond watersurface area as established by the Na-tional Climatic Center, National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration, for thearea in which such impoundment is lo-cated (or as otherwise determined If nomonthly data have been established- bythe National Climatic Center), which-ever is greater.

(d) Any process waste water dis-charged pursuant to paragraph (c) ofthis section shall comply with each .ofthe following requirements:



any one day consecutive dasshall not excee-

Metric units (mg/l)

TSS .. -25As - - 20 . .... 10Cu.-- 0 -- 0.25

1.0 0.5

S ..-.. .. . - 0--= 5Zn - - ---- .--- 5

pH_ _-= Within therne 6.0 to

English units (pPM)

As -- -2 .... . 10

n- 0.5 ;0.25Pb~z== -_0.5

Cd. : 1.0- 0.5Se. ._______........ n 5Zn........... 10. 5

pH-.... -" Within the - ....rane 6.0 to

Subpart E-Primaty Copper RefiningSubcategory

§ 421.5"0 Applicability; description of-the primary copper refining subcategory.

The provisions of this subpart are ap-plicable to discharges resulting from theproduction of copper at primary copperrefineries not located on-site with aprimary copper smelter: Primary copperrefineries located on-site with a primarycopper smelter are a part of the primarycopper smelting subcategory.§ 421.51 Specialized definitions.

For the purpose of this subpart:'(a) Except as provided below, the gen-

eral definitions, abbreviations and meth-

ods of analysis set forth in 40 CFR 401shall apply to this subpart.

(b) For all impoundments constructedprior to the effective date of this regu-lation, the term "within the Impound-ment" when used for purpoes of cal-culating the volume of process Wastewater which may be discharged shallmean the water surface area within theimpoundment at maximum capacity plusthe surface area of the inside and outsidoslopes of the impoundment dam as wellas the surface area between the outsideedge of the impoundment dam and anyseepage ditch immediately adjacent tothe dam upon which rain falls and Isreturned to the impoundment. For thepurpose of such calculations, the surfacearea allowances set forth above shall notbe more than 30 percent of the watersurface area within the Impoundmentdam at maximum capacity.

(c) For all impoundments constructedon or after the effective date of this reg-ulation, the term "within the Impound-ment?" for purposes of calculating thevolume of process waste waterwhich maybe discharged shall mean the water sur-face area within the impoundment atmaximum capacity. -

(d) The term "pond water sUrfacearea" when used for the purpose of cal-culating the volume of waste water whichmay be discharged shall mean the watersurface area of the pond created by theimpoundment for storage of processwaste water at normal operating level,This surface shall in no case be less thanone-third of the surface area of the max-imum amount of'water which could becontained by the impoundment. The nor-ma operating level shall be the averagelevel of the pond during the precedingcalendar month.

(e) The term "product" shall meanelectrolytically refined copper.

f) 'The term "net evaporation" shallmean that the evaporation rate exceedsthe precipitation rate during a one yearperiod.

(g) The term "net precipitation" shallmean that the precipitation rate exceedsthe evaporation rate during a one yearperiod.§ 421.52 Effluent limitations guldclinet

representing the degree of effluentreduction attainable by the applicn-tion of the best practicable controltechnology currently available."

In establishing the limitations set forthin this section, EPA took into account allinformation it was able to collect, developand solicit with respect to factors (suchas 'age and size of plant, raw materials,manufacturing processes, products pro-duced, treatment technology available,energy requirements and costs) whichcan effect the industry subcategorizationand effluent levels established. It Is, how-ever, possible that data which would af-fect, these limitations have not beenavailable and, as a result, these limita-tions should be adjusted for certainplants in this industry. An individual dis-charger or other interested person maysubmit evidence to the Regional Admin-istrator (or to the State, if the State hasthe authority to issue NPDES permits)


8524


that factors relating to the equipmentor facilities involved, the processapplied,or other-suchfactors relatedto such dis-charger are fundamentally differentfrom the factors considered in the estab-lishment of the guidelines. On the basisof such evidence or other available in-formation, the Regional Administrator(or the State) will niake a written find.ing that such factors are or are not fun-damentally different for that facilitycompared tothose specified in the Devel-opment Document. If such fundamen-tally different factors are found to exist,the Regional Administrator or the Stateshall establish for the discharged efuentlimitations in the NPDES permit eithermore or less stringent than the limita-tions established herein, to the extentdictatedby such fundimentally differentfactors. Such limitations must be ap-proved by the Administrator of the En-vironmental Protection Agency. The Ad-ministrator may -approve -or disapprovesuch limitations, specify other limita-tions, or initiate proceedings to revisethese Tegulations. The following limita-tions establish the quantity or quality ofpollutants or pollutant properties, con-trolled by this section, which may be dis-charged -by apoint source subject to- theprovisions. of this subpart, which is geo-graphically located in an historic areaof net evaporation, after application ofthe best practicable control technologycurrehtly available:(a) Subject to the provisions of para-

graphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section,there shall be -no discharge of processwaste -water pollutdnts into navigablewaters.

-(b) A-process waste water impound-ment-which s desigiied, constructed andoperated so as to contain the precipita-tion fromnthe -10-year, 24-hour rainfallevent as established by the NationalClimatic Center, National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration, for thearea in which such impoundment is lo-cated may discharge that volume ofprocess waste, water which is equivalentto the volume of precipitation that fallswithin the impoundment in excess ofthat attributable to the 10 year, 24 hourrainfall event, when such event occurs.(c) During any calendar month there

may be discharged from a process wastewater impoundment either a volume ofprocess waste water equal to the differ-ence between the precipitatiofi for thatmonth -that falls within the impound-ment and either the evaporation fromthe pond' water surface. area for thatmonth, or u volumd of process wastewater equal to -the difference betweenthe mean precipitation for that monththat falls within -the impoundment andthe mean evaporation from the pondwater surface-area as established by theNational Climatic Center, NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administza-tion, for the area in which -such im-pound is located (or as otherwise deter-mined if no monthly data have beenestablished" Iy the Natlonpi ClimaticCenter), whichever Is greater.

(d) Any process waste water dis-charged pursuant to paragraph Cc) ofthis section shall comply with each ofthe following requirements:

Effluentt mltattoem u cn t A e a s t a l

chateristlo MI-tinum fie z vr-e f thryany one d y zff=1o=

aMetric units (mg-

S .. _ 10- " - SZI..... . .... 10 5

Oil and Zrcas- 10p1. .11Ithlm the - --

r (LO to

9.0

Ea,12r unlt3 (PPin)

25,.. . O. . . 10

Zn_____ in*Oil and grax_ 20-_ __z 10pH. ............ Within thevan-o 0.0 to

9.0.

The following limitations establish thequantity or quality of pollutants or pol-lutant properties, controlled by this sec-tion, which may be discharged by a pointsource subject to the provisions of thissubpart, which Is geographically locatedin an historical area of net preclpita-tion, after application of the best prac-ticable control technology currentlya~vailable:

" mueEt Aun zk-atofa

characterdstle 1Meitami fr vat=e for thirtyay ano day conseutl.

Mietric units O(dkj © produtt)

TB - 0.00- XGAs 0.0.. ------ 1; 0.

I . . ... .. 0.0 , .......... 0.0Mot

pH. . Within the

vt1.0. t

ZngMlLh unlts b00 lb alproduct)

TSL.____ .10 -O_ _ 0.6sA ........ 0.OL.._____ 0.00Zn-..--._. . 0.O ___ _ 0.01c

0 .nd grease... 0.0---- - 0.0Cu . Withi........ OitI_ the

rae .0 to9.0.

§ 421.53 Effluent limitations guidelinesrepresenting the degree of cfllucntreduction attainable by the applica-tion of the hest available technologyIconomically achievable.

The following limilations establish thequantity or quality of pollutants or pol-lutant properties, controlled by this sec-tion, which may be discharged by a point

source subject to the provisions of thissubpark which is geographically locatedin an historical area of net evaporation,after application of the best availabletechnology economically achievable:

(a) Subject to the provisions of para-graphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section,there shall be no discharge of processwaste water pollutants Into navigablewaters.

(b) A process waste water Impound-ment which Is designed, constructed andoperated so as to contain the precipita-tion from the 25 year, 24 hour rainfallevent as established by the NationalClimatic Center, National Oceanic andAtmospheric Admlnistratonfor the areain which such impoundment is locatedmay discharge that volume of processwaste water which is equivalent to thevolume of precipitation that falls withinthe Impoundment in excess of that at-tributable to the 25 year; 24 hour rainfallevent, when such event occurs.

c) During any calendar month theremay be discharged from a processwaste water Impoundment either a voI-tume of process waste water.equal to thedifference between the precipitation forthat, month that falls within the im-poundment and either the evaporation-from the pond water surface area for-that month, or a volume of process wastewater equal to the difference betweenthe mean precipitation for that monththat falls within the impoundment andthe mean evaporation from the pondwater surface area as established by theNational Climatic Center, NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administra-tion, for the area in which such im-poundment is located (or as otherwisedetermined If no monthly data have beenestablished by the National ClimaticCenter), whichever is greater.

d) Anyprocesswaste water dischargedpursuant to paragraph c) of this sec-tion shall comply with each of the fol-lowing requirements:

Efuent numitatlons

zettcn Averagef dallycharactezlts Maztmu &iv values for thirty

ayon- day dcecuta

As 2D - -10CIL.__.__ . 0.25Ot a............. 20hr .......... 10.zn A.. .l

Oll and g 20 ... ... 10pH................. Wtthtnzthsrango.-

0. to 0.0.

7Er.lf-h units (pp=)

TS .. 0 25

Ca. 0.5.. 0.25so - -- 10 5Zn. ... . 1 " 5/Oil and grce.. n~ . 10p1 .......... Withinthemnago...

6.0 to 92

The following limitations establish thequantity or quality of pollutants or pol-lutant properties, controlled by this sec-

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 40, NO. 40-THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 27, 1975-

8525


tion, which may be discharged by a pointsource subject to the provisions of thissubpart, which is geographically locatedin an historical area of net precipitation,after application of the best availabletechnology economically achievable;


'Effluent Average of dailycharocteristlc Maximum for values for thirty

any one day consecutiv daysshall not exceed-

Metric units (kg/kkg of product) /

TSS ----------... --- 01 ....... 1 0.005As --------------- 0.004 ------------ 0.002Zn --------------- 0.002 ------------ 0.001So ----------------- 0.002 ------------ 0.001Cu --------------- 0.0001 0 0. 0005O11 and grease ---- 0.004 ------------ 0.002pH --------------- Within therango ----------------

6.0 to 9.0.

English units Ob/lO0O lb of product)

TSS -------------- 0.01 ------------- 0.005As ---------------- 0.004 ------------ 0.002Zn --------------- 0.002 ------------ 0.001So --------------- 0.002 ------------ 0.001Cu --------------- 0.0001 ----------- 0.00005011 and greaso --- 0.004 ------------ 0.002pH --------------- Withintherango -------------

6.0 to 9.0.

Subpart F-Secondary CopperSubcategory

§ 421.60 Applicability; description ofthe secondary copper subcategory.

The provisions of this sublpart are ap-plicable to discharges resulting from therecovery, processing, and remelting ofnew and used copper scrap and residuesto produce copper metal and copperalloys.

§ 421.61 Specialized definitions.For the purpose of this subpart:(a) Except as provided below, the

general definitions, abbreviations andmethods of analysis set forth in 40 CFR401 shall apply to this subpart.

(b) For all impoundments constructedprior to the effective date of thisregulation, the term "within the im-poundment" when used for purposes ofcalculating the volume of process.wastewater which may be discharged shallmean the water surface area withinthe impoundment at maximum, capacityplus the surface area of the inside andoutside slopes of the impoundment damas well as the surface area between theoutside edge of the impoundment damand any seepage ditch immediately ad-Jacent to the dam upon which rain fallsand is returned to the impoundment. Forthe purpose of such calculations, thesurface area allowances set forth aboveshall not be more than 30 percent of thewater surface area within the impound-ment dam at maximum capacity.

(c) For all Impoundments constructedon or after the effective date of thisregulation, the term "within the im-poundment" for purposes of calculat-ing the volume of process waste waterwhich may be discharged shall mean thewater surface area within the impound-ment at maximum capacity.

(d) The term "pond water surfacearea" when used for the purpose of cal-culating the volume of waste waterwhich may be discharged shall meanthe water surface area of the pondcreated by the impoundment for storageof process waste water at normal oper-ating level. This surface shall in no casebe less than one-third of the surfacearea'of the maximum amount of waterwhich could be contained by the im-poundment. The normal operating levelshall be the average level of the pondduring the preceding calendar month.§ 421.62 Effluent limitations guidelines

representing the degree of effluentreduction attainable by the applica-tion of the best practicable controltechnology currently avaihble.

In establishing the limitations set forthin this section, EPA took into account allinformation it was able to collect, developand solicit with respect to factors (suchas age and size of plant, raw materials,manufacturing processes, products pro-duced, treatment technology available,energy requirements and costs) whichcan affect the industry subcategorizationand effluent levels established. It is, how-ever, possible that data which wouldaffect these limitations have not beenavailable and, as a result, these limita-tions should be adjusted for certainplants in this industry. An individual dis-charger or other interested person maysubmit evidence to the Regional Admin-istrator (or to the State, ,if the Statehas the authority to issue NPDES per-mits) that factors relating to the equip-ment or facilities involved, the processapplied, or other such factors related tosuch discharger are fundamentally dif-ferent from the factors considered inthe establishment of the guidelines. Onthe basis of such evidence or other avail-able information, the Regional Admin-istrator (or the State) will make a writ-ten finding that such factors are or arenot fundamentally different for that fa-cility compared to those specified in theDevelopment Document. If such funda-mentally different factors are found toexist, the Regional Administrator or theState shall establish for the dischargereffluent limitations in the NPDES per-mit either more or less stringent thanthe limitations established herein, to theextent dictated by such fundamentallydifferent factors. Such limitations mustbe approved by the Administrator of theEnvironmental Protection Agency. TheAdministrator may approve or dis-approve such limitations, specify otherlimitations, or initiate proceedings torevise these regulations. The followinglimitations establish the quantity -orquality of pollutants or pollutant prop-'erties, controlled by this section, whichmay be discharged by a point source sub-ject to the provisions of this subpart afterapplication of the best practicable con-trol technology currently available:

(a) Subject to the provisions of para-graphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section,there shall be no discharge of processwaste water pollutants into navigablewaters.

(b) A process waste water Impound-mentwhch Is designed, constructed andoperated so as to contain the precipita-tion from the 10 year, 24 hour rainfallevent as established by the NationalClimatic Center, National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration, for thearea in which such impoundment Is lo-cated may discharge that volume of proc-ess waste water which Is equivalent tothe volume of precipitation that fallswithin the impoundment in excess ofthat attributable to the 10 year, 24 hourrainfall event, when such event occurs.

(c) During any calendar month theremay be discharged from a process wastewater impoundment either a volume ofprocess waste water equal to the differ-ence between the precipitation for themonth that falls within the impound-ment and either the evaporation fromthe pond water surface area for thatmonth, or a volume of process wastewater equal to the difference between themean precipitation for that month thatfalls within the impoundment and themean evaporation from the pond watersurface area as established by the Na-tional Climatic Center, National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration, for thearea in which such impoundment s lo-cated (or as otherwise determined If nomonthly data have been established bythe National Climatic' Center), which-ever is greater.

(d) Any process waste water, dis-charged pursuant to paragraph (o) ofthis section shall comply with each ofthe following requirements:

Effluent lifltatilons

Effluent Average of dallycharacteristic Maximum for value for thirty

any one day cons utlve daysshall not exceed

Metric units (mg/i)

TS -------------- 60 ............. zCu ................ o.6 .............. o,24Zn .................. 10 ...............Oil and grease ...... 20 ............... 10pH ................. Within the ................. J

range 0.0 to

English units(ppm)TSS .---------.- .............. 25Ca ............... 0.5 .............. 0.2Zn .................. 10 ............... 5Oil and grease ...... 20 ............... 10pH ................. Within the ..................

range 0.0 to9.0.

§ 421.63 Effluent limitations guidelinesrepresenting the degree of effluentTeduction attainable by the applica.tion of the best available teclsiologyeconomically achievable.

The following limitations establish thequantity or quality of pollutants or pol-lutant propertles, controlled by this sec-tion, which may be discharged by a pointsource subject to the provisions ofthis subpart after application of thebest available technology economicallyachievable: *

(a) Subject to the provisions of para-graphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section,there shall be no discharge of process

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 40, NO..40-THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 27, 19751S-

8526


waste water'pollutants Into navigablewaters.

(b). A pfoc6ss waste water impound-ment which is designed, constructed andoperated so as to contain- the precipita-tion from the-25 year,.21-hour rainfallevent as established by the National Cli-matic Center, National Oceanic and At-mospheric Administration, for the areain which such impoundment is locatedmay discharge that volume of processwaste water which is equivalent to the'volume of pirecipitation that falls withinthe impoundment in excess of that at-tributable to the 25 year, 24 hour rain-fall eventwhen such event occurs.(c) During any calendar month there

may be dischargedfrom a process wastewater impoundment either a volume ofprocess waste water equal to the differ-ence between the precipitation for thatmonth that falls within the impound-ment and either the-evaporatiori from.the pond -water surface area for thatmonth, or a volume of process wastewater equal to the difference betweenthemean precipitation for that monththat falls within the impoundment andthe mean evaporation from the pondwater surface area as established by theNational Climatic Center, National Oce-anic and Atmospheric, Administration,for the area in-which such impoundmentis located (or es otherwise determined Ifno monthly data have been establishedby the National Climatic Center), which-ever is greater.

(d) Any process-waste water dis-charged pursuant to paragraph (c) ofthis section shall comply with each ofthel6ilowirig requirements:

EfflneiitlizaltatlonsEffluent " A.xerao of daily

char cterist o aximum for val "es for thirtaty one day tinsecavo days

shall not eMced-

Metnic units ong

C - -a~ 0.25"Zn ~ .= ,5

Ollandgreas_._-: 2D-7 - 10PH __ - thlnthe --

range 6.0

011i and gre _ _. 2 _D ' - .......--- 10pH_ _ within the .. ,._

range 6-9to 9.0.

SubpartG-Prnary Lead Subcategory§4210. ALp.. ca._t_; _escrpOn ofSathe pi-iraiy iea bcat tegory.

The provisions of this subpart are ap-plicable -to discharges resulting from theproduction of - lead at- prlmiary leadsmblters and refineries: Primary lead re-fineries, -mot located on-site with a pri-marylead smelternre ot-a part of thisscboategory. .-

§ 421.71 Specialized definltions..For the purpose of this subpart:(a) Except as provided below, the gen-

eral definitions, abbreviations and meth-ods of analysis set forth In 40 CFP 401shall apply to this subpart... (b) For all mpoundments constructed

prior to the effective date of this regula-tion, the term "within the impoundment"when used for purposes of calculatingthevolume of process waste water which maybe discharged shall meanthe water sur-face area within the impoundment atmaximum capacity plus the surface areaof the inside and outside slopes of theimpoundment dam as well as the surfacearea between the outside edge of the im-poundment dam and any seepage ditchimmediately adjacent to the dam uponwhich rain falls and is returned to theimpoundment. For the purpose of suchcalculations, the surface area allowancesset forth above shall not be more than30 percent of the water surface area

-within the impoundment dam at maxi-mum capacity;

(c) For all Impoundments constructedon or after the effective date of this reg-ulation, the term "within the Impound-ment" for purposes of calculating thevolume of process waste water which maybe discharged shall mean the water sur-face area within the impoundment atmaximum capacity.

d) The term '!ond' water surfacearea" when used for the purpose of cal-culating the volume of waste water whichmay be discharged shall mean the watersurface area of the pond created by theimpoundment for storage of processwaste water at normal operating levelThis surface shall in no case be less thanone-third ol the surface area of the max-imum amount of water 'which could becontained by the impoundment. Thenormal operating level shall be the aver-age level of the pond during the preced-ing calendar month.

(e) The term "'product" shall meanlead bullion.

(f The term "net evapomUon" shallmean that the evaporation rate exceedsthe precipitation rate during a one yearperiod.

g) The term "net precipitation" shallmean that the precipitation rate exceedsthe evaporation rate, during a one yearperiod..§ 421.72 Effluent limitations guidelines

representing the degree of effluentreduction attainable by the applica-t ion oE the best practicable controltechnology currently available.

In establishing the limitations setforth in this section. EPA took into ac-count all Information It was able tocollect, develop and solicit with respectto factors (such as age and size of plant,raw materials, manufacturing processes,products produced, treatment technologyavailable, energyrequirements and costs)which can affect the industry subcate-gorlzation and efiluent levels established.It. is, however, possible that data whichwould affect these limitations have not

been available and, as a result, theselimitations should be adjusted for certainplants in this industry. An individualdischarger or other interested personmay submit evidence to the RegionalAdministrator (or to the State, If theState has the authority to Issue NPDESpermits) that factors relating to theequipment or facilities involved, theprocess applied, or other such factorsrelated to such discharger are funda-mentally different from the factors con-sldered in the establishment of theguidelines. On the basis of such evidenceor other available information, the Re-gional Administrator (or the State) willmake a written finding that such factorsare or are not fundamentally differentfor that facility compared to those speci-fied in the Development Document. Ifsuch fundamentally different factors arefound to exist, the Regional Admfnistra-tor or the State shall establish for thedischarger effluent limitations -in theNPDES permit either more or lessstringent than the limitations estab-lished herein, to the eitent dictated bysuch fundamentally different factors.Such limitations must be approved bythe Administrator of the EnvironmentalProtection Agency. The Administratormay approve or disapprove such lmita-tions, specify other limitations, or initiateproceedings to revise these regulations.The following limitations establish thequantity or quality of pollutants or pol-lutant properties, controlled by this sec-tion, which may be discharged by a pointsource subject to the provisions of thissubpart, which Is geographically locatedin an historical area of net evaporation,after application of the best practicablecontrol technology currently avalable.(a) Subject to the provisions of para-

graphs Cb), Cc), and (d) of this section,there shall be no discharge of processwaste water pollutants into navigablewaters.

(b) A process waste water impound-ment which Is designed, constructed andoperated so as to contain the- precipita-tion from the 10 year, 24 hour rainfallevent as established by the NationalClimatic Center, National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration, for the areaIn which such impoundment Is. locatedmay discharge that volume of processwaste water which is equivalent to thevolume of precipitation that falls withinthe impoundment in excess of that at-tributable to the 10 year, 24 hour rain-fall event, when such event occurs.

c) During any calendar month theremay be discharged from a process -wastewater Impoundment either a volume: ofprocess waste water equal to the differ-ence between the precipitation f6r thatmonth that falls within the impoundmentand either the evaporation from the pond'water surface area for that month, or avolume of process waste water equal to-the difference betw, een the mean precipi-tation for that month that fals -withinthe impoundment and themean evapora-tion from the pond water surface areaas established -by the National Climatic

FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 40, NO. 40-THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 27, 1975C

8527

Center, National Oceanic and Atmos- -after application of the best availablepheric Administration, for the area In technology economically achievable:which such impoundment Is located (or (a) Subject to the provisions of para-as otherwise determined If no monthly graphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section,data have been established by the Na- there shall be no discharge of processtional Climatic Center), whichever Is waste water pollutants Into navigablegreater. waters.

(d) Any process Waste water dis- (b) A process waste water Impound-charged pursuant to paragraph (c) of ment which is designed, constructed andthis section shall comply with each of the operated so as f0 contain the preclpita-following requirements: tion from the 25 year, 24 hour rainfall

event as established by the NationalEffluent limitations Climatic Center, National Oceanic and

Effluent Average of daily Atmospheric Administration, for thecharacteristlo Maximum for values for thirty area in which such impoundment is 10-

any one day consecutive days cated may discharge that volume ofshall not exceed- process waste water which is equivalent

to the volume of precipitation that fallsMotrlunits (mal/) within the' impoundment in excess of

that attributable to the 25 year, 24 hourCds-- 1..... --------------. rainfall event, when such event occurs.Pb ------------- 1.0 0.5 (c) During any calendar month thereZn --------------- 10 --------------- 5 may be discharged from a process wastepH --------------- Within the

range 6.0 o water impoundment either a volume of9.0. process waste water equal'to the differ-

ence between the precipitation for thatEnglish units (ppm) month that falls within the impound-

ment and either the evaporation fromTSB ------------- SO ------------- 2 the pond water surface area for thatCd --------------- 1.0 -------------- - 0-5 month, or a volume of process wastePh _ - -- -- -- -- 1.0 -------- -----...

Zn ---------------. 10 :. . water equal to the difference betweenpH --------------- Within the ------------------- the mean precipitation for that month

range 6.0 that falls within the impoundment andthe mean evaporation frQm the pond

water surface area as established by theThe following limitations establish the National Climatic Center, Nationalquantity or quality of pollutants or Pol- Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra-lutant properties, controlled by this section, for the area in which such im-tion, which may be discharged by a point poundment ,is located (or as otherwisesource subject to the provisions of this determined if no monthly data havesubpart, which is geographically located been established by the National ClimaticIn an historical area of net precipitation, • Center), whichever is greater.after application of the best practicable (d) Any process waste water dis-control technology currently abailable: charged pursuant to paragraph (c) of

this section shall comply with each ofEffluent limitations the following requirements:


any one day consecutive daysshall not exceed-

Metric units (kg/kkg of product)

T8 ------------ 0- 0.042 ------------ 0.021Cd ------------- 0- 0.0003 ----------- 0.0004Pb --------------- 0.0008 ----------- 0.0004Zn_.4------------0.008------- 0.00NpH1--------------- Within the 0.--

range 6.0 to-0.0.

English units (lb/10DO lb of product)

TOO- -----------. 042 - 0.021Cd . . O.O0 -----------. . 0.0004Pb ------------ 0.0003 ----------- 0. 0004Zn ------ 0.008-------------- 0.004pH --- Within --------------Wthin the

range 6.0 to0.0.

§ 421.73 Effluent limitations guidelinesrepresenting the degree of effluentreduction attainable by the applica-tion of the best available technologyeconomically achievable.

The following limitations establish thequantity or quality of pollutants or pol-lutant properties, controlled by this sec-tion, which may be discharged by a pointsource subject to the provisions of thissubpart, which is geographically locatedin an historical area of net evaporation,


Effluent Average or dailycharacteristic Maximum for values for thirty

any one day consecutive daysshal not exceed-

Metric units (mg/i)

TOO--------------s-0--------------- 25Cd --------------- 1.0 -------------- 0.5Pb ---------------- 1.0 -------------- 0.5Zn --------------- 10 ----------... OpH ---------------- Within the ----------------

.nge 6.0 to

English units (ppm)

TSS ------------ o- 50 --------------- 25Cd --------------- 1.0 -------------- 0.6Pb 1.0----------- 0.5Zn ------------- 1- 10 --------------- 5pH --------------- Within the ------------------

ranag 6.0 to9.0!~

The following limitations establish thequantity or quality of pollutants or pol-lutant properties, controlled by this sec-tion, which may be discharged by a pointsource subject to the provisions of thissubpart, which Is geographically locatedIn an historical area of net precipitation,after application of the best availabletechnology economically achievable:


Effluent. Average of dailycharacteristic Maximum for values for thirty

any one day consecutive dshall not cxcu -

Metric units (kglkkg of product)

T S -........ .0.012. 0. Q21Cd................ 0.008::......... 0.0001Pb ------------- 0-- 0.0008 ........... 0.0001Zn ................. 0.008 .0.1pH -------------- Within the ..................

range 6.0 to9.0.

English units (lb/1000 lb of product)

TSS ................ 0.0M ............ 0.021Cd -------------- 0.000 8 ........... 0. 000Pb------------0. 6.08----------------0.0001Zn. ...------- 0(8 ............ 0.00pH ---------------- Within the ............... I

range 6.0 to9.0.

Subpart H-Primary Zinc Subcategory§ 421.80 Applicability; description of

the primary zinc subcategory.The provisions of this subpart are ap-

plicable to discharges resulting from theproduction of primary zinc by either elec-trolytic or pyrolytic means.§ 421.81 Specialized definitions.

For the purpose of this subpart:(a) Except as provided below, the

general definitions, abbreviations andmethods of analysis set forth in 40 CFi401 shall apply to this subpart.

(b) The term "product" shall moanzinc metal.§ 421.82 Effluent limitations guidelines

representing the degree of effluentreduqtion attainable by the applica.tion of the best practicable controltechnology currently available.

In establishing the limitations set forthin this section, EPA took into accountall information it was able to collect,develop and solicit with respect to factors(such as age and size of plant, raw mate-rials, manufacturing processes, productsproduced, treatment technology avail-able, energy requirements and costs)which can affect the industry subcate-gorization and effluent levels established.It is, however, possible that data whichwould affect these limitations have notbeen available and, as a result, thesolimitations should be adjusted for cer-tain plants in this industry. An Individualdischarger or other interested personmay submit evidence to the RegionalAdministrator (or to the. State, If theState has the authority to issue NPDESpermits) that factors relating to theequipment or facilities involved, theprocess applied, or other such factorsrelated to such discharger are funda-mentally different from the factors con-sidered in the establishment of the guide-lines. On the basis of such evidence orother available information, the RegionalAdministrator (or the State) will makea written finding that such factors areor are not fundamentally different forthat facility compared to those specifiedin the Development Document. If suchfundamentally different factors are found


8528 RULES AND REGULATIONS


to exist, the Regional Administrator orthe State shall establish for the dis-charger effluent limitations' in the,NPDES permit either more or lessstringent than the limitations establishedherein, to the extent dictated by suchfundamentally different factors. Suchlimitations must be approved by the Ad-ministrator of the Environmental Pro-tection Agency. The Administrator mayapprove or disapprove such limitations,specify other limitations, or initiate pro-ceedings to revise these regulations. Thefollowing limitations establish the quan-tity or quality of pollutants or pollutant-properties, controlled- by this section,which may be discharged by a pointsource subject to the provisions of thissubpart after application of the best prac-ticable control technology currentlyavailable:

Eflluent limitations

Airup of dailyebAMctirsl Alaximum for values far thirty

any one day ouvd

Mettlcunlts (kg/klg of product)

§ 421.83 Effuent limitations guidelinesrepresenting the degree of effluentreduction attainable by the applica-tion of the best available technologyeconomically achievable.

The following limitations establish thequantity or quality of Polutanta or pol-lutant properties, controlled by this sec-tion, which may be discharged by a pointsource subject to the provisions of thissubp rt after application of the bestavailable technology economicallyachievable:

Efluentlmictations

Zffucnt Average oldallyeharutexil M&ximum for values far thirty

any ono day QFAId=

Mfetric units ft~kkgof product)

As. . A10 ..... * 4-Cd.._o -- - - .4X10. ...... 7XI0-9

.0..0.PHL .. ........... . Within tho - -............ --

SS- ..-------- -0.42-..... 0. En&lsh units (Iblo lb of product)As--- ....-.. 0X ---- 8xIO-.ICd------------ 0.008...... a00

. 0.08 -0.0 04 s- . ........------- - 0.iZn- ------.... - .... 0.04 As-.... .iaxi0- . &4X10'P13 --. .Within the- .................. Cd ..... . 5.4X10 - 07X10-1

&0 t0.o 0. ... .. " 0.027

plL ------------- Withinthe ------------------u9n.O 0to

TS-- - ------- 0.42 -------- 0.21ASd. ...... . X10......... S X.04Cdo 0.088 ... 0.004

00 ------ 0.01Zn - "-- ...... O.--- .. ------ -;.0(.. 0.04-H.- ..... .... Within the ...... -

range 0.0 to- 9.0. -

(Sees. 801, 3B4 (b) and (c), 806 (b) and (o)and 307(o) of the Federal Water PolnutionControl Act as amended, (the Act); (3U.S.O. 1251, 1311, 1314 (b) and (0). 1316 (b)and (o) and 1317(c)); 88 Stat. 816 et seq;.-Pub. L. 92-600)

[JR Doc.15-284 Plied 2-2G-75;8:45 am]


8529