First published in Great Britain in 1994 byOsprey, an imprint of Reed Consumer Books Ltd.Michelin House, 81 Fulham Road,London SW3 6RBand Auckland, Melbourne, Singapore andToronto

© Copyright 1994 Reed International Books Ltd.

All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing forthe purpose of private study, research, criticism orreview, as permitted under the Copyright Designsand Patents Act, 1988, no part of this publicationmay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted in any form or by any means,electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical,optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,without the prior permission of the copyrightowner. Enquiries should be addressed to thePublishers.

ISBN 1 85532 388 5

Filmset in Great BritainPrinted through Bookbuilders Ltd, Hong Kong

Author's dedicationTo Penny and Imogen.

AcknowledgementsGrateful thanks to Lee Johnson and Iain MacGregor ofReed International for their support and encourage-ment in the production of this book.

Publisher's noteReaders may wish to study this title in conjunction withthe following Osprey publications:

MAA 65 The Royal NavyMAA 112 British Battledress 1937-61MAA 132 The Malayan CampaignMAA 133 Battle for the Falklands (1) Land ForcesMAA 156 The Royal MarinesMAA 174 The Korean War 1950-53Elite 44 Security Forces In Northern Ireland

Artists's noteReaders may care to note that the original paintingsfrom which the colour plates in this book were pre-pared are available for private sale. All reproductioncopyright whatsoever is retained by the publisher. Allenquiries should be addressed to:

Paul Hannon90 Station Road,King's Langley,Hertfordshire,WD4 8LB

The publishers regret that they can enter into nocorrespondence upon this matter.

For a catalogue of all books published by Osprey Militaryplease write to:

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London SW3 6RB

ROYAL MARINES 1939-93

INTRODUCTIONOn 28 October 1664, the newly-raised Duke of Yorkand Albany's Maritime Regiment, which was alsoknown as the Admiral's Regiment, paraded on theCity of London Artillery Ground 'to be in readinessto be distributed in His Mat's Fleet prepared for seaservice'. This marked the formation of the RoyalMarines who served with the Royal Navy as snipers,landing parties, discouragers of mutinies, ceremonialguards and later gun turret crews and bandsmen.Two hundred and seventy-five years later, at theoutbreak of the Second World War on 3 September1939, the Royal Marine strength stood at about15,000. However, apart from ship's detachments andaircrew with the Fleet Air Arm, the Corps contrib-uted little in the first years of the war. In 1942, theformation of a Royal Marine 'A' Commando, whichparticipated at Dieppe, was significant and within ayear nine more Royal Marine Commandos had beenraised and joined the Special Service Group. 4thSpecial Service Brigade which landed at D-Day wasentirely Royal Marine and in Burma 3rd Commando

Brigade (3 Cdo Bde) fought the Japanese. Those notrequired for commando service re-mustered to themassive landing craft fleet in Europe and the FarEast. Demobilisation commenced after the defeat ofJapan in August 1945. The Royal Marine strengthdropped from its wartime 70,000 to 13,000 andsettled into three broad functions of Sea Service,Commandos and Amphibious. 3 Cdo Bde basedaround 40, 42 and 45 Cdos retained the green beret.

The Commandos served, usually under Armycommand in Palestine, Malaya and Korea. In 1952, 3Cdo Bde moved to Malta and was assigned to theMiddle East Strategic Reserve, which saw service inthe Canal Zone, Cyprus, where 45 Cdo developed skitechniques, and Suez, where 45 Cdo carried out thefirst heliborne assault. In 1959 National Serviceceased, establishment dropped to 9000 men but allmembers of the Royal Marines became commandotrained.

In 1960 the Landing Platform Helicopter (LPH)HMS Bulwark embarked 42 Cdo which gave theRoyal Marines a strategic role; this was tested whenIraq threatened Kuwait and the Commando waslanded to reinforce the local garrison. Three more

41 RM Cdo land inBuffalos launched from anLCT at Westkapelle Gap,Walcheren, 1 November1941. (RM Museum)

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carriers were converted to LPH and participated inthe confrontation with Indonesia. 45 Cdo went toAden in 1960 and stayed seven years, 45 went toSingapore and stayed eleven. 41 and 43 Cdos re-mained in UK for overseas operations. In 1962 HQ 3Cdo Bde and 40 Cdo moved to the Fleet AmphibiousBase Far East in Singapore where the helicopter 3Cdo Bde Air Squadron (3 Cdo BAS) was formed. InSeptember 1969 41 Cdo was the first RM united tobe drafted to Northern Ireland. Army Commandosjoined 3 Cdo Bde as gunners, engineers, specialistsand technicians.

In 1971 as part of the defence re-organisationwith greater commitments to NATO, 3 Cdo Bde leftthe Far East and was assigned an independent role inNorway with Allied Forces Northern Europe. In1971 the Commando Logistic Regiment (Cdo LogRegt) was formed. Operations in Northern Irelanddelayed deployment to Norway, but in 1973 the 45Cdo Group began the first of many annual winterexercises. Royal Marine establishment was about8000.

The launch of two Landing Platforms Dock(LPD) gave the Royal Marines an extensive amphibi-ous capability, which proved invaluable in 1982 when3 Cdo Bde landed on the Falkland Islands and playeda major part in the defeat of the substantial Argentinegarrison. The Royal Marines had a relatively minor

role in the Gulf War, but played a significant part inKurdistan in 1991.

The several Second World War amphibiousraiding units eventually became the Special BoatSquadron (SBS), which is integral to the Corps.Mountain, winter and cliff assault was evolved into aRoyal Marine speciality and resulted in the formationof the Mountain and Arctic Warfare Cadre (M&AWCadre).

The Green Beret

In late 1942 No 1 (Army) Cdo had 79 different capbadges and a variety of headgear in its ranks. Theofficers decided on a uniform head-dress and en-gaged a local tam-o'-shanter firm to design a beret

Above: 26th RM Bn repairbomb damaged houses insouth London, 1944-45.(RM Museum)

Marines of 45 RM Cdodisplay captured Germanflags and Nazi trophiesafter crossing the Wesel,March 1945. (RM Museum)

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using the now familiar lovat green. When the ArmyCommandos were disbanded in 1946, senior Com-mando officers wanted the green beret to also bedropped, however Lord Louis Mountbatten insistedthis distinctive head-dress should be awarded tothose who had passed the commando course andwere serving with the Royal Marines. Lovat green isnow accepted as the formal head-dress for mostamphibious troops, an exception being the SovietNaval Infantry who wear black berets. Individual capbadges continue to be worn.

Why an Elite?

What distinguishes the Royal Marines from theFrench Fusilier Marines, the US Marine Corps andthe Soviet, now Russian, Morskaya Pekhota (NavalInfantry)? One word - Commandos. This role,which they inherited from World War II Armycommandos, have ensured they have a distinctiverole, and organisation, within the British ArmedForces. They are the one formation that is trained tobe delivered to battle by helicopter, or landing craftfrom ships, perhaps to spearhead a landing or tocarry out a raid. Their strategic role demands theRoyal Marines must be familiar with all types ofterrain ranging from amphibious operations to jun-gle, desert and arctic warfare. In 1982, a veteranNorwegian major who fought throughout the 1940Norwegian campaign and witnessed French, Soviet,German and Austrian mountain troops, describedthe Royal Marines as the best. However, unlike theArmy, Royal Marines are not trained in the intrica-cies of armoured and mechanised warfare. They maybe required to mount rapid-response deployments orfight as conventional troops in campaigns suitable fortheir role and organisation, although it is importantto acknowledge that Royal Marines rarely operate inisolation. Their methods demand the Royal Navy,Army and RAF provide air, artillery, engineer andtechnical support to ensure that 3 Cdo Bde is a self-supporting formation.

The Royal Marines set themselves high stand-ards in the selection of those who wish to serve withthem. Those that wear the green beret do so in theknowledge they were selected members of an elite.Royal Marine officers and other ranks undergo iden-tical training at the Commando Training Centre(CTC) at Lympstone, although timings set for offi-

Marine W.K. Lawlorhoists B Troop, 45RMCdo's 'Bash on

Regardless' flag inOsnabruck, 4 April 1945.(RM Museum)

cers are more rigorous. Inheriting the World WarTwo army commando philosophy evolved at thecommando training centre at Achnacarry, CTC is a'microcosm of war' and teaches basic and someadvanced military skills; including company supportweapons, section and troop communication. Thecourse tests stamina and strength and emphasisesteamwork.

After the Royal Marine has been awarded hisgreen beret, he must then select his Specialist Quali-fication (SQ). The options are wide and varied:sniper, air defence, divers, mechanics, signallers,writers, illustrators, small boat and landing craftcrews, and pilots. For many Royal Marines, attend-ance at SQ courses will be their first exposure toother elements of the Armed Forces. They willrecognise him to be a Royal Marine. When he hasaccrued sufficient experience, he may choose to 'go

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BRIGADES DURATION SERVICE HISTORY

RM BDE (Converted to 101 RM Bde 1940)

1 RM Bn 1939-402 RM Bn 1939-403 RM Bn 1939-405 RM Bn 1939-40

101 BDE

1 RM Bn 1940-43 Dakar: Converted to 42 (RM) Cdo/42 Cdo.2 RM Bn 1939-40 Iceland & Dakar: Converted to 43 (RM) Cdo/43 Cdo.3 RM Bn 1939-32 Dakar: Converted to 44 (RM) Cdo/40 Cdo.

102 RM BDE 1940-43 DAKAR: HQ CONVERTED TO HQ 3 SS BDE/3 CDO BDE RM2 RM Bn 1939-43 Iceland & Dakar: Converted to 43 (RM) Cdo/43 Cdo.3 RM Bn 1939-43 Dakar: Converted to 44 (RM) Cdo/40 Cdo.5 RM Bn 1940-43 Dakar: Converted to 45 (RM) Cdo/45 Cdo.

RM DIV 1940-43 TRAINING & AMPHIBIOUS EXPERIMENTAL FORMATION: CONVERTED TO HQ SS GROUP/HQ CDO FORCES

15 RM Bn 1940-43 Machine gun coys RM Div & landing craft.18 RM Bn 1940-44 Bren gun carriers & motor cycle mobile coys.20 RM Bn 1940-42 RM Div Reinforcement Depot/Training.21 RM Bn 1942 Holding Bn for Royal Marines who could not be posted to operational units. Merged

with 20 RM Bn.

ARTY HQ RM DIVRM Fd Regt 1942-43RM A/Tank Regt 1942-43RM Light AA Regt

103 RM BDE 1940-428 RM Bn 1941-42 Converted to RM B Cdo & then 41 (RM) Cdo/41 (Indep) Cdo/41 Cdo.9 RM Bn 1941-43 Converted to 46 (RM) Cdo.10RMBn 1941-43 Converted to 47 (RM) Cdo.

104 RM BDE 1942-43 RM Div TRAINING BDE22 RM Bn 1942-44 Training Bn under 19 years old.23 RM Bn 1943-44 Training Bn merged with 22 RM Bn to become RM Training Group Wales.

116 RM BDE 1945-46 NORTH-WEST EUROPE UNDER ARMY COMMAND27 RM 1944-46 Raised from LC crews.28 RM Bn 1944-46 Beach Group.30 RM 1945-46 Raised from LC crews.

117 RM BDE 1945 OCCUPIED GERMAN BASES UNDER RN COMMAND31 RM Bn 1945 Joined 116 RM Bde to accept surrender of the German fleet.32&33 RM Bn 1945 Occupied German bases.11 RM Bn 1940-44 Land Defence Force MNBDO 1.12 RM Bn 1942-44 Land Defence Force MNBDO 2 Mobile coys.19 RM Bn 1940-44 Defence coy at Scapa Flow (MNBDO 1).24 RM Bn 1943-45 MNBDO 1 in Ceylon.26 RM Bn 1944-46 UK bomb damage repair unit.29 RM Bn 1944-46 Formed 34 Amph Assit Regt RM.

SB' and join the Special Boat Squadron (SBS). Thissmall Special Forces unit is an elite within an elite; aparachute trained, swimmer-canoeist, an expert inbeach reconnaissance, sabotage, intelligence gather-ing and anti-terrorist operations. Other Royal Ma-rines may be drafted to Commachio Group, which istasked with protecting offshore oil rigs from attack by

terrorists and hostile forces.In terms of firepower and numbers the Royal

Marines are no match to the USMC. Royal Marineschuckle when comparisons are drawn and emphasisethat firstly, quantity does not equate with quality,and secondly, age before beauty. Moreover they are'Royals' while the USMC are Marines.

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ROYAL MARINEUNITSThe MNBDOs

The 1920 Madden Report suggested the creation of aRoyal Marine infantry brigade to defend bases andanchorages seized by the Royal Navy. Amphibioustechniques to identify tide states, beach compositionand shore logistics were deemed essential but unfor-tunately available funds allowed only for limiteddevelopment. The Army had forgotten most lessonslearnt at the 1915 Gallipoli landings and thus whenthe Second World War broke out, the limitedamount of amphibious experience entirely restedwith the Royal Marines. In 1939, the Hostilities Only(HOs) Royal Marines joined the military formationsand were drafted to either the MNBDO, nicknamedby some as 'Men Not To Be Posted Overseas', or theRoyal Marine Brigade (RM Bde).

MNBDO 1 was formed in UK in September1939 and from 12 April-27 May 1940 providedFaroes Force, which occupied the Faroes againstunenthusiastic Danish objections. By December

MNBDO 1 had expanded into a 4500-strong unitdivided into an Air Defence, which was employed inhome defence operations during the Battle of Britainand subsequent Blitz, a Land Defence, a Coast De-fence and a Landing and Maintenance Group. InMarch 1941, MNBDO 1 deployed to the MiddleEast expecting to be employed with the Mediterra-nean Fleet. However, in May elements were sent toCrete to reinforce the Army. During the German 7Parachute Division's (7 Para Div) parachute andglider attack, its two 2 RM AA Regt batteries retiredin good order after Maleme airfield was captured on20 May. 11 RM Searchlight Bn fought as infantryand 1 RM Coast Bde helped Australians defend theevacuation areas at Suda-Canea and Heraklion,which allowed the 18,000 British, Australian andNew Zealanders to escape. MNBDO 1 lost twelvehundred men, mostly captured. Two LC Coy/MNBDO 1 boats were sailed under jury rigs toNorth Africa by evading soldiers and included RoyalMarines.

TobrukThe Landing Defence Force/MNBDO 1, 11 RMBn, was practised in amphibious landings and on 15

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Guards from 27th RM Bnon board a surrenderedGerman U-Boat at

Wilhelmshaven, 1945.(RM Museum)

April 1942, elements rowed ashore and raided a radarsite on Crete. On 14 September 1942, the Battalionwas nominated for a raid on the much-contested portof Tobruk to destroy enemy installations and releaseprisoners of war. Unfortunately, the planning wascomplicated, rehearsals too few, and security non-existent. Elements of the Middle East Commando,the Long Range Desert Group (LRDG) and thecovert Special Identification Group, entered Tobrukfrom the desert without arousing suspicion, but thecross-decking from destroyers by inexperiencedArmy and Royal Marines was chaotic. The flimsywooden LCAs were unreliable, the troops heavilyladen and the sea choppy. The destroyers then re-tired out of range and returned later expecting todisembark the second assault waves into emptyLCAs, but found instead several broken down andwaterlogged ones, some still loaded with Royal Ma-rines. As HMS Sikh manoeuvred to recover the wetand cold men, she came under intense fire whicheventually sank her. Several landing craft did makethe shore, although some were smashed on rocks.Two Royal Marine platoons and some Army unitsassembled on the beaches east of Tobruk and during

Royal Marines of 3 Cdo Bde jungle training in Ceylon.(RM Museum)

a bid to reach the desert lost more men eliminatingenemy positions; they also had the misfortune toshoot up a tented military hospital before they real-ised its actual use. The survivors sheltered in cavesused by the Australians in 1941 but were capturedthe following day. Raids the same night by theSpecial Air Service (SAS) on Benghazi were de-feated, although the LRDG successfully raidedBarce.

Force 'Viper'106 volunteers from the 1st RM Coast Regt/MNBDO 1 joined some Burma Naval VolunteerReserves and civilian engineers in Rangoon in Febru-ary 1942 and formed Force 'Viper', named after theonly British snake to have a nasty bite. Their first jobwas to patrol Rangoon port, using Irrawaddy FlotillaCompany boats. General William Slim's BurmaCorps left Rangoon on 6 March on the long retreat toIndia. The left flank along the Irrawaddy andChindwin rivers was protected by Force 'Viper', whosoon became adept at demolition, improvising thebuilding of booms, and ambushing Japanese riverpatrols. Reinforced by Burma Commando II, the

8

Royal Marines and ArmyCommandos from theRoyal West Kent Regtmaking up charges, Burma1943. (RM Museum)

force attacked Japanese positions at Henzada on 17March but on 26 March was ambushed at Padaung,losing several men; replacements were drafted fromthe Army's Inland Water Companies. Toward theend of the retreat the surviving Royal Marines andthe remnants of 1 Gloucesters formed a rearguard atMonya, but were too few to delay the Japanese 215Regt from capturing the vital town. On 30 AprilForce 'Viper' sank their boats across the Irrawaddyand the 48 survivors walked into India. MNBDO 1remained in the Far East until 1944 when it wasdisbanded on its return to UK, although its 1 and 2RM AA Bde transferred to 5 AA Bde.

MNBDO 2 was formed in January 1941 fromelements of MNBDO 1 in UK. They also wereactively involved in air Home Defence until 1943when the unit was drafted to the Middle East, whereunits were detached to serve with 8th Army. Its 3RM(Heavy) and 4(Light) AA Regts defendedAugusta port in Sicily. MNBDO 2 returned to UKin 1944 and was disbanded, its two defence units alsojoining 5 AA Bde.

The Royal Marine Division

The RM Bde, which was about half the size of anArmy brigade, was formed in 1939 for a role thatincluded operations against Italy in the Mediterra-nean. In August 1940, it expanded into 101, 102 and103 RM Bdes to create the RM Div, which included

an RM artillery brigade; it was commanded by Maj.Gen. Robert Sturges. Its deployment was difficultbecause it lacked sufficient combat arms and supportservices and there was a reluctance by the Admiraltyto place it under Army command; it spent most of itsexistence on amphibious training. Nevertheless inSeptember 1940, 101 and 102 RM Bdes sailed withForce 110 to Dakar to be ready to invade the SpanishAtlantic Islands in the event that Spain sided withthe Axis. In 1942 104 RM(Training)Bde joined theDivision but in 1943, the RM Div was disbanded, itspersonnel being remustered commando or landingcraft. Maj.Gen. Sturges converted its HQ to HQ SSGroup, when he took command of the formation.HQ 101 RM Bde was converted to HQ 4 SS Bde, theonly entirely Royal Marine formation in the SS Gp.

In January 1945, many demustered Royal Ma-rine landing craft crews transferred to 116 and 117RM Bdes. Although intended for Far East opera-tions, 116 RM Bde was committed to 21st ArmyGroup command in Belgium and for several weekshad 41 and 48(RM)Cdos under command manningobservation posts along the River Maas. In April, 116RM Bde was placed under 4(Canadian)Armd Divand took part in the battle for Oldenburg; they werethe first Allied troops to enter Wilhemshaven. When117 RM Bde, which was under Royal Navy com-mand, arrived after the German surrender, bothBrigades set about accepting the surrender of the

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German Navy and occupied captured ports andharbours. Other Royal Marine wartime expansionsincluded the Royal Marine Siege Regiment, whichmanned huge static and railway guns that fired acrossthe Channel.

Ships' DetachmentsTraditionally the first need of the Royal Marines wasto provide men for the Fleets. In 1939 senior RoyalMarine officers declared their preference for navaloperations by drafting recalled fully trained reserv-ists and pensioners for Sea Service. The early policyof the Sea Service would lead to the Royal Marinesseeing little action, compared to their counterparts inthe Army. It was not until the formation of theCommandos in 1942 that this would change, andthey could take an active role. There is some evi-dence that after the war, the rigours of commandoservice were more popular. Even in the mid-1950s, aformer Royal Marine recalls astonishment when hedecided to go on Sea Service. Royal Marines mannedat least one main turret, usually the After X turret,and some of the secondary weapons. A band wasoften found on board. The entire detachment alsoprovided sentries and the bulk of the ceremonialcontingent.

Royal Marines saw extensive action in all opera-tional theatres and were present at all the Fleetactions. None survived the sinking of HMS Hood(150 strong) although those on board HMS KingGeorge V (350 strong) had the satisfaction of witness-

ing the sinking of the Bismarck. In the Far East,survivors from HMS Prince of Wales and Repulsewere formed into a Special Service Platoon andraided Japanese positions and protected demolitionsquads during the withdrawal to Singapore. Theywere then attached to the decimated 2nd Argylls as Cand D Coys and were known as the 'Plymouth-Argylls'. During the Madagascar operation in May

Above: Japanese soldiershand over their arms toRoyal Marines of either 42or 44 RM Cdos, HongKong, 15 September 1945.(RM Museum)

Gun detatchment of RMSiege Regt run to reload13.5-ins railway gun whichhas just fired across theEnglish Channel, 19November 1941.(RM Museum)

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1942, a fifty-strong HMS Ramillies (147 strong)detachment landed from the destroyer HMSAnthony on a key jetty, which precipitated the sur-render of the Vichy French naval base of DiegoSuaraez. Royal Marine gunners also manned guns onboard Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships(DEMS) in the Battle of the Atlantic.

Ships' Detachments also provided shore parties.The Royal Navy spearheaded the Allied response tothe German invasion of Norway and on 14 April1940, 300 sailors and Royal Marines from two cruis-ers landed to defend Namsos and were relieved bythe Army. On 17 April 'Primrose' Force, a battaliongroup of Royal Marines from ships' detachments andMNBDO 1 air defence and artillery, sailed from UKand after landing at Aadalsnes, was placed underArmy command to defend the port and form therearguard for the withdrawal of Allied forces. From10-17 May detachments from three capital shipslanded in Iceland as Force Sturges and handed overto an Army infantry brigade. The Chatham GrandDivision provided several Royal Marine units tocover the withdrawal from Europe. From 12-14

Left: A commandotraining in cliff assault-he appears to be a memberof No 6 (Polish) Troop, 10Inter-Allied Commando,not RM. (RM Museum)

Commandos practice cliffassaults, possibly nearDundonald or atAchnacarry, c. 1943.(RM Museum)

May, 'Hook of Holland' Coy defended the portdemolition parties. On 23 May 'Boulogne' Coyhelped to organise the evacuation of military andcivilian personnel and prepared the port for demoli-tion. 'Calais' Coy landed on 25 May and fought with30 Bde at Calais, losing over 50% killed, woundedand captured, including all the officers, when theformation surrendered on 27 May.

During the Korean War, the first Royal Marinesin the theatre were ten Far East Fleet volunteers,known as 'Poundforce', who were attached to the USRaider Coy and took part in several raids. After thedeparture of 41(Indep)Cdo in December 1950, ships'detachments continued to raid north of the 38thParallel.

In 1955, two Royal Marines from the survey shipVidal abseiled onto Rockall and annexed this rockyoutcrop, arguably the last time Britain claimed terri-tory. By 1956, there were about 2000 Royal Marines

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on ships in about 30 detachments, such as HMSBelfast which had one hundred. The appearance ofmissile weapon systems led to the closure of theGunnery Wing at Eastney and by 1959, with thedemise of large ships and the ending of NationalService, detachment establishments were reduced toa Royal Marine officer and 20. In 1965, the last majordetachment was withdrawn from the aircraft-carrierHMS Centaur and thereafter were deployed only forspecific commissions such as the 'Cod Wars' withIceland and the restoration of order in British Guianain 1964. In 1966, a detachment from the polar shipHMS Protector was involved on the Falkland Islandswhen enthusiastic Argentinian activists hijacked anaircraft to Stanley. Naval Party (NP) 8901 was subse-quently installed in Moody Brook Barracks. By 1978,to account for less accommodation on board, ships'detachments were reduced further to a SNCO,normally known as the Detachment Sergeant Major,a JNCO and eight Royal Marines in their ownbarracks and commanded by a ship's officer, who isknown as OC Royal Marines. In April 1982, theHMS Endurance expanded detachment fought theunsuccessful action at Grytviken against an Argen-tinian 1 Mne Inf Bn platoon and elements of theBuzo Tactico (tactical divers), during which theyshot down a Puma helicopter and severely damagedthe frigate Granville with a 66mm Light Anti TankWeapon (LAW). With little hope of relief, the de-tachment surrendered. Detachments took part in thePersian Gulf Armilla Patrols in the 1980s, boardedIraqi ships during the Gulf War and inspectedFrench trawlers off the Channel Islands in 1993.

Detachments are all commando-trained anddrafted for sea service as part of their normal careerpatterns, although volunteers are always welcome.Draftees undergo seamanship courses before joiningtheir ships. Their role is to provide helicopter andboat boarding parties, watchkeeping and manningsecondary weapon systems.

Naval PartiesThe Royal Marines had a significant role in manningshore-based Naval Parties (NP). These included the1500 series which from 1944-45 provided Port Par-ties and Beach 'Bricks' in Europe to clear obstruc-tions, carry out bomb disposal, provide boats' crewsand salvage equipment. NP 2512 had a Royal Marine

landing-craft flotilla to support the testing of H-bombs on Christmas Island and in 1982 NP 8901 wasforced to surrender to the Argentinian Amph CdoCoy when it unsuccessfully defended Stanley. Itreturned with 3 Cdo Bde as J Coy 42 Cdo (J/42 Cdo)and took part in the battle for Mt Harriet.

The Royal Marine CommandosDuring the Norwegian campaign, the War Officeneeded an amphibious striking force to harry theGerman coastal flank. Although the MNBDO andthe RM Bde were the ideal choice, the Admiraltywould not release them. The Army's Military Intelli-gence (Research) seized the initiative and formed tenIndependent Companies (Indep Coys) from Territ-orial Army Divisions. Soon after Dunkirk, PrimeMinister Winston Churchill issued a directive 'toorganise small self-contained, thoroughly-equippedraiding units' to '. . . strike terror down the enemycoast (of Europe)'. This led to the first raid by No 11Indep Coy against occupied France on 25 June 1940.Meanwhile the Army were in the process of raisingten Commandos to complement the Indep Coys andon 15 July, No 11 Indep Coy and No 3 (Army)

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Commando (No 3 Cdo) raided Guernsey Island.Gen. Sir Alan Bourne RM was appointed the firstDirector Combined Operations to co-ordinate ir-regular operations. Although the Commandos wereprimarily Army, Royal Marines did join No 8 Cdo asindividuals. In November, these forces were groupedinto the SS Bde of five SS battalions. They quicklyestablished themselves as the spearhead unit andevolved raiding techniques, skills and equipmentsusing increasingly larger unit strengths.

In 1941, Lord Louis Mountbatten was appointedas Chief Combined Operations and identified theneed for more Commandos to replace several ArmyCommandos which had been disbanded after beingmauled in Crete. HQ Home Forces however opposedthe raising of more Commandos, claiming that divi-sions were needed to be trained for the invasion ofEurope. Despite objections from within Royal Ma-rines that the Corps was more suited to serving theFleet and on coastal batteries, Mountbatten per-suaded the Admiralty to authorise the raising of theRoyal Marine Commando (RM Cdo) from the RMDiv to serve alongside the Army Commandos. Thevolunteers assembled at Deal North Barracks on 14February 1942 well aware they would have to fightnot only the enemy but also for the right to callthemselves Commandos. The Achnacarry com-mando course was not yet mandatory for the RoyalMarines but the 250 who volunteered were survivorsof a rigorous weeding process. Commanded byLt.Col. Joseph Picton-Phillips RM, the unit movedinto billets on the Isle of Wight and was renamedRoyal Marine 'A' Commando (RM 'A' Cdo).

Left: A young officer intraining in command ofmarines embarked on anLCA at the AmphibiousSchool RM, Poole, c. 1960.(RM Museum)

DieppeBy 1942, the invasion of Europe had become a toppriority for Combined Operations. Although the aimof the Dieppe attack has never really been stated, thelessons learnt proved invaluable for D-Day two yearslater. The attacking force was the 2(Canadian)Div,1st US Ranger Battalion (1 US Rangers) and fourCommandos including RM 'A' Cdo. Armour, engi-neers, offshore fire support and fighter ground attackwere available. Although the below-strength 302 InfDiv defended the Dieppe sector, the element ofsurprise was lost when the convoy encountered asmall German patrol. Nevertheless early on 19August, the assault forces landed across eightbeaches in and around Dieppe. The Canadian battal-ions immediately suffered casualties and reports gaveno clear idea of the situation. Originally assigned tocut out coastal craft and barges in Dieppe harbour,the 17 officers and 350 other ranks of RM 'A' Cdoreceived instructions 'to support the Canadian RoyalHighland Light Infantry on WHITE beach, skirt thetown and attack gun batteries on the east cliff', adistance of two and a half miles, over ground whichno-one had yet advanced twenty yards. RM 'A' Cdotransferred to landing craft and as the Commandoneared the beaches, Lt.Col. Picton-Phillips saw theappalling situation on the beaches; pulling on whitegloves, he successfully signalled the second wave togo about but was then killed. His LCM and twoLCAs beached and most of the Royal Marines tookcover behind abandoned Calgary Regiment Church-ill tanks where most were killed or captured. SomeRoyal Marines from sunken landing craft swam to

Marines practice landingfrom a Dory, c. 1950s.(RM Museum)

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Royal Marines prepare toland from an LCP (alsoknown as R-boat,Eureka boa t, or Higgins

boa t) during training inthe 1950s.(RM Museum)

the beach, while others were rescued two or threemiles out to sea. 76 RM 'A' Cdo failed to make rollcall, but those that survived owed much to thegallantry of Lt.Col. Picton-Phillips. Valuable lessonswere learnt, not the least of which was swimming as ameans of survival, which now forms an essentialelement of training. Canadian losses were grievous.

In August 1942, RM 'A' Cdo was renamed 40(Royal Marines) Commando (40(RM)Cdo). In Octo-ber 1942 8 RM Bn was converted to RM 'B' Cdo, andunderwent a weeding-out programme that reducedthe 1000-strong unit to about 450 and was renamed41(RM)Cdo. Both units joined the SS Bde.

By May 1943, the SS Bde prepared for its role inthe Allied offensive strategy to defeat the Axis. ItsAdvanced HQ of Nos 2, 3, 40 and 41 (RM) Cdosdeparted for the Mediterranean theatre. The remain-ing Commandos that were all from the Army, andother specialist raiding units, including the RMBPD,were grouped into Rear HQ which was based in theUK. The War Office calculated that for the invasionof Europe, nine Army Commandos would be re-quired to support the assaulting divisions, and addedto this an SS brigade was also needed for operationsin the Far East. However, with the departure ofAdvanced HQ and HQ Home Forces still objectingto raising more from their divisions, there was ashortfall of at least three Commandos. Mountbattenagain proposed to the Admiralty the Royal Marinescould fill the void. In July, the Chiefs of Staffauthorised the disbandment of the RM Div and

MNBDO infantry elements and on 1 August 1943,six RM battalions were converted:

1 RM Bn to 42(RM)Cdo,2 RM Bn to 43(RM)Cdo,3 RM Bn to 44(RM)Cdo,5 RM Bn to 45(RM)Cdo,9 RM Bn to 46(RM)Cdo,

10 RM Bn to 47(RM)Cdo.The commando course became mandatory for theRoyal Marines and 43(RM)Cdo went to Achnacarryon 7 August, which entitled those who passed thecourse to wear the green beret which is now so closelyassociated with the Corps. Those not required forcommando duty were drafted to the landing-craftfleet.

Maj.Gen. Robert Sturgess, appointed byMountbatten to command the SS Group, convertedthe RM Div into HQ SS Gp to join the two Armyand two Royal Marine Special Service brigadeswhich would be committed to foreign theatres of warand the invasion of Europe respectively. But thisorder of battle did not remain for long due to theArmy Commandos resenting the conscripted RoyalMarine battalions being converted to a role devel-oped by Army volunteers. The Army believed theyhad enhanced the raiding tradition and that the RoyalMarines were now attempting to usurp their role.The latter argued that raiding from the sea hadtraditionally been their area of operations and theArmy Commandos were gifted amateurs. Sturgessrecognised that the inter-service rivalry had to bedealt with, and by the end of 1943 the four SpecialService Brigades emerged thus:

1 SS Bde - Nos 3, 4, 6 and 44(RM)Cdos for theEuropean theatre.2 SS Bde - Nos 2, 9, 40 and 43(RM)Cdo for theMediterranean theatre.3 SS Bde - Nos 1, 5, 42 and 44(RM)Cdo for theFar East.4 SS Bde - No lO(Inter-Allied), 41, 46 and47(RM)Cdo for the European theatre.

This was a Royal Marine formation and was initiallycommanded by Brig. 'Jumbo' Leicester. RM No10(Inter-Allied)Cdo consisted of troops from coun-tries overrun by the Axis, such as Belgium and theNetherlands.

Although most combat and service support wasavailable through the Army, several Royal Marine

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specialist units were formed, for instance, the RMEngineer Commando Company (RM Engr Cdo Coy)expanded into a Commando (RM Engr Cdo). InFebruary 1944, 71 commando sappers joined theLanding Craft Obstruction Clearance Unit(LCOCU), who were swimmers trained to clearfloating obstructions. The Royal Marine ArmouredSupport Group (RMASG) was also formed andconsisted of 1 and 2 RM Support Regts. Followingthe Royal Marine artillery tradition, each regimentconsisted of two batteries of four troops each withone Sherman and four 95mm Centaurs. In March1944 7 RM Bn was summoned to UK from Italy and,much to their surprise, formed into 48(RM)Cdo andslotted into 4 SS Bde. 7 RM Bn had been raised in1941, been sent on garrison duties to South Africaand went to Egypt as No 31 Beach Brick. It took partin the invasion of Sicily and was then hurriedlycommitted to support the 51 (Highland) Div againstthe Herman Goering Div from which it gained anunwarranted poor reputation.

Raiding and Special ForcesRaiding ForcesThroughout the war, most cross-Channel small-scaleraiding was carried out by RN special units andArmy Commandos, although there is some evidencethat individual Royal Marines were involved. In May1944, Cpl. King participated in the No 10 (Inter-Allied) Cdo Op 'Tarbrush 10' recce of the invasionbeaches.

In October 1942, the Royal Marine Boom PatrolDetachment (RMBPD) carried out the legendary'Cockleshell Heroes' raid on Bordeaux harbour, thecanoeists being drafted from RM Small Arms Schooland RM Auxiliary Bn and trained to use the collaps-ible Cockle Mk 2 canoe. Two crews planted limpetmines on targeted blockade runners taking war goodsto Japan. The captured crews were shot under Hit-ler's Commando Order. In 1942, the RMBPD trans-ferred to Raiding Forces Middle East where severaldetachments parachuted on to Aegean and Adriaticislands to coastwatch. In June 1944, its 'Earthworm'Section entered Porto Lago naval base on Leros and

RM gun crew of HMSCairo's twin 4-ins guns,

off Narvik, Norway 1940.(RM Museum)

placed limpets on several Axis ships. The RMBPDwas prominent in developing small raiding craft.

In 1944 in the Far East, Lt.Col. 'Blondie' Hasler,Norway landing craft and Cockleshell leader, formedthe Special Operations Group (SOG), which in-cluded Royal Marine Detachment 385 (RM Det385). Operational by January 1945, its first raid wasdisastrous but subsequent operations were successfuland included raiding the coast of Thailand andrecovering parties operating behind Japaneselines. It perfected a technique of launching canoesfrom flying boats. Group X was an Australia-basedcanoe raiding unit that first penetrated Singaporein October 1943. Returning a year later, all werecaptured and executed including Royal MarineMaj. M.J. Ingleton.

Operations room of theRM Siege Regt,Lt.Col. L.L. Foster

standing over the plottingtable with his stop watch.(RM Museum)

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The Special Boat SquadronAt the cessation of hostilities, the newly-establishedAmphibious School Royal Marines included theSmall Raids and Small Boat Wings from the swim-mer-canoeist Combined Operations Beach and BoatSection (COBBS), RM Det 385 and RMBPD.Swimmer—canoeists operated in the Malayan Emer-gency and in Korea Poundforce helped to survey theInchon beaches for the l(US)Mne Div landings. In1951 Special Boat (SB) Sects were formed for Euro-pean operations. In 1957, the Small Raids/SmallBoat Wing was renamed the SB Unit and the follow-ing year SB Coy. During Confrontation, SB Sectsoperated closely with 3 Cdo Bde and Army units andtook part in operations to intercept, ambush andharry Indonesian Army patrols attempting to pen-etrate the states. On occasion teams crossed theborder to disrupt Indonesian infiltration. In 1975, SBCoy was retitled the Special Boat Squadron (SBS)and thus assumed the initials of the wartime SASSpecial Boat Section; the SAS have retained theirBoat Troops. In the Falklands campaign, the SBSwere involved in operations to recapture SouthGeorgia, landed on the Falklands to gather intelli-gence, captured an Argentinian surveillance ship andneutralised an enemy OP during the San Carloslandings. Operating ahead of 3 Cdo Bde, the SBS lostan NCO killed in a 'blue on blue' with the SAS.During the 1991 Gulf War, the SBS carried outseveral operations with Allied Special Forces behindthe Iraqi lines.

The SBS is administered by HQ Training, Re-serve and Special Forces. Much of their work is of aclassified nature but includes intelligence-gathering,

sabotage, navigation marking for amphibious forces,recce and counter-terrorism; they remain veryclosely integrated with their Corps. Entry is open toRoyal Marines, who must pass the rigorous Swim-mer/Canoeist III selection course. The traditionalcraft now used is the Klepper Mk 2 canoe; the Mk 13is collapsible.

Mountain and Arctic WarfareCliff assault has always been prominent in RoyalMarine Commando operations; on D-Day,46(RM)Cdo was held in readiness for a cliff assault.The Army's Commando Mountain and Snow War-fare Training Camp with Norwegian Tp Nos 10(In-ter-Allied), 12 and 14 Cdos pioneered winter warfare

Above: Troops embarkfrom an LCA onto adestroyer following theDieppe raid.(RM Museum)

Royal Marines of ForceViper on the Irawaddyriver — launch 'Stella',February 1942.(RM Museum)

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techniques for operations in occupied Norway; itssuccessors are the SAS Mountain Tps. The RoyalMarine Cliff Assault Wing (CAW) trained troops toget off beaches situated next to high cliffs. In the1950s, 42 Cdo made further cold weather develop-ments although the clothing was considerably in-ferior to that issued today. In 1962, the CAW becamethe Cliff Assault Troop, which in 1965 became theRecce Leader troop from which the Mountain andArctic Warfare Cadre Royal Marines (M&AWCadre) was formed in 1970. Operating in teams ofabout four, the unit is 3 Cdo Bde's speciality reccetroops; on the Northern Flank they tend to workabove the tree line. In 1982, a M&AW Cadre sectiondefeated an Argentinian 602 Cdo Coy section at TopMalo House. All entrants must pass the tough Moun-tain Leader 3 (ML 3) course. After a tour, MLs areusually drafted to a Commando Recce Troop.

Raiding Squadrons1 RSRM is one of two small boat units attached to 3Cdo Bde HQ and Signal Sqn, the other being 2RSRM (V). In 1980 3 RSRM was raised specificallyfor anti-illegal immigrants operations in Hong Kongand was disbanded in 1988. Currently equipped withDell Quay Rigid Raiders and Avon Gemini, theRSRM role is to provide a fast inshore capability forsmall patrols and raiding parties for all units withinthe Brigade.

Comacchio GroupIn July 1977, L/42 Cdo took part in the 'Oil Safe'programme to protect Britain's offshore oil reservesagainst attack. In 1980, Comacchio Coy Royal Ma-rines (named after the action in which Cpl TomHunter won the VC) was formed with the specificrole of responding to military action against oil rigs.There are now two components namely P Coy,which has a RN nuclear escort role, and O Coy foroil-rig protection: Both company designations origi-nated from 43 Cdo. The organisation is now knownas Comacchio Group and is based at Arbroath inclose proximity to the North Sea oilfields, thoughdetails of their operations are not widely known.

AirFixed WingDuring the Second World War, Royal Marine pilotsserved with the Fleet Air Arm (FAA). During theNorwegian campaign, Capt. R.J. Partridge, CO theSkua equipped 803 NAS, led the attack which sankthe cruiser Konisberg in Bergen. Three Royal Marinepilots are believed to have fought in the Battle ofBritain while others flew with Coastal Command.Capt. Oliver Patch, flying a Swordfish torpedo-bomber, participated in the famous Taranto attackon 11 November 1940 which shattered the ItalianFleet. 821 NAS Albacores commanded by Maj. AlanNewson became adept at pathfinding in the Western

9 (Army) Commandoaboard a motor launch inthe Adriatic, 9 August 1944.(RM Museum)

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45 RM Cdo leave theircamp near Horndean toembark at Warsash for thepassage to Normandy.(RM Museum)

Desert and later helped defend Malta while Capt.R.C. Hay led a Fulmar-equipped Army Co-opera-tion unit in the Italian theatre. In the Far East, RoyalMarine aircrew flying Avengers and Corsairs fromaircraft-carriers operating in the Sumatra Sea, andthen with the British Pacific Fleet attached to the USSixth Fleet, were prominent in raiding Japaneseinstallations. After the war, Royal Marines continuedflying fixed-wing aircraft until training ceased in1959.

Support HelicoptersDuring the 1956 Suez landings, 45 Cdo, some REsand RAF carried out the first helicopter assault onenemy positions. At 08.00 on 6 November 1956 ten845 NAS Whirlwinds on the aircraft-carrier HMSOcean and six Experimental Helicopter Unit Whirl-winds and six Sycamores on HMS Theseus lifted the415-strong 45 Cdo and 22 tons of stores in four wavesin 90 minutes to a secondary LZ near the de Lessepsstatue. Several aircraft were damaged by ground fireincluding one Whirlwind carrying wounded forcedto ditch. This action began a very close associationbetween the Royal Marines and the FAA supporthelicopter units and by 1961 Royal Marines wereflying helicopters. In 1962, 845 and 846 NAS,equipped with Wessex Mk7s and Whirlwind Mk7s,supported 3 Cdo Bde operations from the commandocarriers in Confrontation. The two Commando Heli-

copter Support Squadrons proved their value inAden, the evacuation of British and Commonwealthcitizens from Cyprus in 1974 and UN operations inthe Gulf and Bosnia. During the Falklands cam-paign, 845, 846, 847 and 848 NAS supported landoperations, although D/848 NAS lost its aircraftwhen the Atlantic Conveyor was sunk. 845 and 846NAS are now equipped with the Sea King HC Mk 4support helicopters, popularly known as SeaJunglies, which have a lift of twenty-eight troops.

Light HelicoptersIn 1963, 40(Dieppe) and 42(Kangaw) Air Tps wereformed to support the Commando Recce Troops, aswas 29(Brunei) Air Tp to provide air observation for29 Cdo Light Regt RA. A close relationship soonevolved with the Army Air Corps (AAC). As part ofthe 3 Cdo Bde rationalisation for independent opera-tions, 3 Commando Brigade Air Squadron (3 CdoBAS) was formed in Singapore in 1968 from anamalgamation of the existing Commando AirTroops. It was then equipped with Agusta-BellSioux AH 1 helicopters and had, and still has, astandard role of a light helicopter unit to provideliaison, casevac, recce, a small troop taxi service andanti-tank support. Two years later 41 (Salerno) and45(Montforterbeck) Air Tps were absorbed into theSquadron. In 1970, four Westland Scouts were intro-duced to give a combined SS-11 anti-tank and

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48 RM Cdo advance fromSt Aubin-sur-Mer toLangrune, D-Day 1944.Most are wearing greenberets under their steelhelmets. (RM Museum)

casevac capability. After returning from the Far East,3 Cdo BAS spent several years in Plymouth and in1975 was re-equipped with 12 Aerospatiale SA341Gazelles AH 1 to replace the Sioux. During theFalklands campaign, 3 Cdo BAS was reinforced byS/656 Sqn AAC. The Scouts and Gazelles provedmost valuable although several were lost, includingtwo Gazelles shot down by a retreating Argentiniancombat team on 21 May at Port San Carlos; twoScouts were lost during the Battle of Goose Greenand a 656 Sqn Gazelle was mistakenly shot down by aBritish ship. In 1983, already the largest light heli-copter unit in the Armed Forces, 3 Cdo BAS movedto Royal Naval Air Station Yeovilton. The Scoutshave been replaced by six Westland Lynx AH 1 fittedwith TOW anti-tank missile variants. The two Ga-zelle flights of four aircraft principal role is recce insupport of the Lynx anti-armour operations. M Flt is

absorbed into the 45 Cdo Gp. HQ Flt is responsiblefor the daily management of the Squadron and a fifthflight provides all aspects of ground support. REMEpersonnel maintain and repair the aircraft. The or-ganisation is geared solely to provide anti-tank andrecce support to 3 Cdo Bde, which includes opera-tions from many types of warship and merchantmen.

Air OperationsGround control for all helicopter operations isthrough the Commando Helicopter Operations andSupport Cell (CHOSC) controlling RN and RMMobile Air Operation Teams (MAOTs). The Tacti-

3-ins mortar of 7th RM Bn,Sicily, 21 July 1943.(RM Museum)

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cal Air Control Parties (TACP) 605, 611 and 612Sects provide forward air control for close air sup-port. Generally consisting of Royal Marines but theTACPs have included commando-trained RAF. Theteams are administered by 3 Cdo Bde HQ and SignalSqn.

Air defenceThe MNBDOsBoth MNBDOs had an Air Defence Bde, whichconsisted of two Anti-Aircraft Regts and a Search-light Regt. MNBDO 1 were involved in Home De-fence during the Battle of Britain and the Blitz andthen in early 1941 departed for the Middle Eastwhere 'C' Bty and 23 LAA Tp took part in the battlefor Crete. In 1941, it was deployed to the Far East. In1943, MNBDO 2 moved to Italy, where its 3RM(Heavy) and 4(Light)AA Regts served with 8thArmy and defended Augusta port in Sicily. BothMNBDOs were disbanded in 1944, their air defenceunits joining 5 AA Bde.

5 AA Bde5 AA Bde was formed in March 1944 and during thedefence of southern England was credited with onehundred and twenty V-1 rockets. In September, itassumed responsibility for the defence of the Scheldtestuary and had several Army AA units under com-mand. Its 1, 2, and 3 RM(Heavy)Regts 3.7" howit-zers often fired in the ground support role.

AD TpOn the disbandment of 5 AA Bde in April 1945, theRoyal Marines' direct association with air defenceceased until the late 1970s when the Air Defence Tp3 Cdo Bde HQ and Signal Sqn was formed to protect3 Cdo Bde units. Equipped with Shorts Blowpipewith the shoulder-launched surface to air missile(SAM), it is credited with one Argentinian 1 AttackSqn Navy MB-339 shot down during the Battle ofGoose Green in 1982. In the mid-1980s, sectionswere also deployed on British merchant ships in thePersian Gulf to deter Iranian attacks. The Troop isnow equipped with the Shorts Javelin surface to airmissile. To supplement this light air defence, ArmyAD units are attached to 3 Cdo Bde, such as theRapier-equipped T (Shah Shujah's) Bty, 12 AD Regtin the Falklands campaign.

Artillery

Although the Royal Marines had a long tradition inartillery, during the Second World War this waslargely confined to the provision of coastal and airdefence by the MNBDOs. In 1940, 41 RM QuickFiring Regt, equipped with 12pdrs, was formed for ashort time to support 'Boulogne' and 'Calais' Coysbut did not land. The RM Div Artillery Bde con-sisted of a field regiment, an anti-tank regiment and alight AA regiment. 102 RM Bde also formed the RMFd Arty Regt, which was sub-divided into a batteryof 3.7" howitzers, a battery of Oerlikons and BoforsAA guns, a battery of 2pdr anti-tank guns, whichwere replaced by 6pdr and a field artillery battery of18pdrs. The Brigade also formed the RM Anti-TankRegt between 1942-43, which was a four-gun batteryequipped with 2 and 6pdrs anti-tank guns and 3.7"howitzers. Otherwise the Royal Marines were reliantupon the Army to provide artillery support.

Trainee marines on anLCA in Poole harbour,

probably in the early1960s. (RM Museum)

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Royal Marines andmembers of 1st US MarineCorps land from an LCVPon the Shetland Islands,Exercise NorthernWedding, August 1978.(RM Museum)

In 1962 Army commandos reappeared when 29Regt RA was converted into commando gunners.Equipped with the Italian 105mm Pack Howitzer, itsoon developed into a flexible unit that can deployanywhere in support of 3 Cdo Bde. 29 Cdo LightRegt RA then consisted of 7(Sphinx)Cdo Bty, whichis now with the 45 Cdo Gp; 8(Alma)Cdo Bty, whichis known as Black Eight; 79(Kirkee)Cdo Bty and145(Maiwand)Cdo Bty, the latter soon in action inBorneo. In 1963, 95 Cdo Light Regt RA with itsforward observation expertise joined 3 Cdo Bde.29(Brunei) Air Tp was formed to provide air obser-vation for 29 Cdo Light Regt RA and joined 3 CdoBAS. In September 1965, 95 Cdo Light Regt de-ployed to the Far East, relieving 29 Cdo Light Regt,which deployed detachments to the Radfan, wherethe gunners taught themselves mule-packing thePack Howitzers. In 1968 except for 148(Meik-tila)Bty, which was converted into forward observa-tion, 95 Cdo Light Regt RA was disbanded althoughby 1977, 289 Cdo Bty RA(V) joined 29 Cdo Regt,which in 1980 re-organised into three batteries, los-ing 145(Maiwand)Cdo Bty, and was re-equippedwith the 105mm Light Gun. Two years later, theRegiment played a significant role in the Falklandscampaign.

Forward ObservationPart of the Combined Operations organisation were

Army and RN Dundonald Bombardment Units,whose role was to direct naval fire support. In 1943Carrier Borne Air Liaison Teams (CBALs) wereformed also to direct naval gunfire support for theground forces. Although the Army were in the ma-jority, Royal Marines were evident until 1961 whenthe Corps felt they were unable to provide sufficientofficers and the role passed entirely to the Army.The role is now taken on by 148(Meiktila)CdoForward Observation Bty and 3 Cdo BAS heli-copters. When 95 Cdo Light Regt RA was dis-banded, 198(Meiktila)Cdo Forward Observation Btyremained to provide Naval Gunfire Forward Obser-vation teams to control naval gunfire support fromthe offshore gun line, call up field artillery andcontrol strikes from the air. Highly trained on Spe-cial Forces techniques and able to work closely withthe SBS, teams are numbered Forward ObservationTeams (FO) and typically consist of a RA captain, aRA bombardier second-in-command, a RN radiooperator, a lance bombardier and a gunner. Insertionis usually by parachute, boat or helicopter.

Amphibious WarfareLanding CraftFrom their earliest days the Royal Marines have along association with landing craft. That associationcontinued during the Second World War when bothMNBDOs each had a LC Coy. Although some

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landing craft were used in Norway, most of thelandings were by ships' detachments using cuttersand whalers.

The major expansion occurred in 1943 when theRM Div was disbanded and about 13,000 RoyalMarines not required for commando services werere-mustered to the amphibious assault training cen-tres and then drafted to the expanding landing craftfleet; by 1944 crews numbered 49,000 servicemen.Records suggest that four LC Support (Medium),three LC(Hedgerow (mortars)), 28 LCM and 57LCA flotillas were manned by Royal Marines. LCAsdelivered first wave assault troops to the beaches andwere often skippered by Royal Marine Corporalcoxswains. Royal Marine also provided gun crews forthe major fire support landing craft, such as theLanding Craft, Flak (LC(F)) which carried 50 anti-aircraft gunners. Royal Marines landing craft crewsmanned vessels at all the main landings in Sicily,Italy and Normandy, Walcheren and Arakan, not-withstanding the many raids and outflanking opera-tions. At Walcheren 27 major fire support landingcraft drew enemy fire to cover the 4 SS Bde landings.By late 1944, the need for landing craft had lessenedand the crews were remustered to 116 and 117 BdesRM. In preparation for operations in the Pacific,several Mobile Landing Craft Advanced Bases(MOLCABs) were formed in 1945 to provide minor

landing craft shore-based and maintenance facilitieswhen operating independent of their parent ships.

In 1946 the Royal Marines established RhineSqn to support l(BR)Corps river operations in WestGermany until the role was handed over to 28 AmphRegt RCT in 1960. In October 1947, AmphibiousWing Royal Marines was formed at Eastney andconsisted of LC, Beach Control and Small RaidsWings and the LC Obstruction Clearance and LCRecovery Units. In December 1954, the units movedto Poole and in 1980 became Royal Marines Poolewith a LC Branch supported by training and techni-cal facilities. Poole's activities are controlled by HQTraining, Reserves and Special Forces.

Amphibious WarfareIn the 1950s, the Mediterranean Amphibious War-fare Sqn was formed to support 3 Cdo Bde and Armyoperations, including the Suez and Kuwait crisis.The Squadron consisted of an HQ ship,LSTs(Asslt), each with a Royal Marine Assault Sqn,and LSTs, which delivered second echelon armour.The arrival of commando carriers in the 1960s andtheir ability to loiter below the horizon became afeature of Confrontation. The 7 Asslt Sqn RM onboard HMS Bulwark manned four LCVP, which arestill irrelevantly known as 'rubbish skips' by theEmbarked Force, and formed Beach Units. With at

Left: Royal Marinespractise landing from anLCA during wartimeexercises in Scotlandwatched by KingGeorge VI. (RM Museum)

Right: An officer of 41(Independent) Cdo RMpassing a radio messageduring the Sorye DongRaid, Korea, 10 April 1951.Note the Americanuniform, kit and M3'Grease Gun'.(RM Museum)

Far right: Sgt. Gates ofLeeds, and Cpl. Greenwoodof Halifax both of 41(Independent) Cdo RM,fire a 2-ins mortar duringa raid in Korea, June 1951.(RM Museum)

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least one helicopter NAS on board, the principalmeans of disembarkation was by helicopter. Thearrival of the two LPDs saw the disbandment of theAmphibious Warfare Sqn and the decommissioningof the commando carriers although HMS Hermesreverted to an aircraft-carrier. The Asslt Sqns ofHMS Fearless 4th and HMS Intrepid 6th crew thefour LCUs and four LCVPs on each LPD and arealso trained in beach assault using the Centurion-based Beach Armoured Recovery Vehicle (BARV)and Bedford Mk 4 tonne trucks that rolls out Class 40trackway.

Largely as a result of inshore amphibious defi-ciencies encountered during the Falklands, 539 AssltSqn was formed in 1984. A specialist unit, it hasdeveloped techniques from World War II and ex-panded upon them, such as 'Black Pig' which in-volves towing a string of 'Rigid Raiders' near theobjective, and 'Brown Sow' which is the concept ofconcealing landing craft in small bays and inlets fromwhich to launch raids and patrols.

ORGANISATIONLogistics

Prior to 1939, the Royal Marines developed a logisticorganisation to support amphibious operations whichthe MNBDOs expanded into Group Supply Units.This experience was not tapped until January 1943when the luckless 7 RM Bn, on arrival in Egypt, wasordered to structure an organisation to transfer menand material for further distribution across unse-cured beaches to and from landing craft of all sizes.Retitled 'No 31 Brick', the battalion, after someexperimentation, found an efficient method, whichbecame the model for future operations. The originof the word 'Brick' is not known, but it is now widelyused to denote packets of men, typically a four-manpatrol.

Throughout the war the Commandos reliedupon their formation HQ or the provision of storesand equipment. The introduction of the commandocarriers saw no great change in logistics becauseresupply was available from Fleet auxiliaries. In 1971the Cdo Log Regt was formed to support the deploy-ment of 3 Cdo Bde with AFNORTH as a selfsufficient and independent formation operating onNATO's extreme northern flank and relatively di-vorced from support, other than from the Norwe-gians. It was eleven years until the Regiment wasfully tested when it proved that it could support theBrigade during the Falklands campaign. The unitconsists of several squadrons.

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HeadquartersThe Headquarters commands the activities and de-ployment of the Cdo Log Regt in accordance withHQ 3 Cdo Bde orders. On deployment, elementsincludes a Field Record Office, a Pay Office for Armyranks, a Royal Logistic Regiment postal and courierofficer and a Force Reinforcement Holding Unit forbattle casualty replacements.

MedicalOn the formation of the SS Bdes in 1943, each wasallocated a RAMC and RN Field Ambulance forsecond line medical cover. The Commando used itsown personnel for the provision of stretcher bearers,although each had a MO and a RAMC and RNmanned RAP. Evacuation was by any means, forinstance jeep ambulance in Europe, mules in Italyand Yugoslavia and men in the Far East. This systemcontinued until Medical Sqn was formed. Medicaland dentistry support is still supplied by RN medicalteams from the first-line Commando RAPs to Surgi-cal Support Teams at HQ Medical Sqn in the Bri-gade Maintenance Area (BMA). Casualty evacuationis organised by the Commando Forces Band.

OrdnanceBoth MNBDOs had RN supplied Ordnance Depots,although in Italy MNBDO 2 was reinforced byRAOC, which allowed the organisation to draw offthe Army rather than the Royal Navy. The RM Divdid not have a dedicated ordnance organisation,although the Beach Units controlled supply anddistribution when the formation landed. Until 1971,Commando echelons were reliant upon the Army forthe provision of much of their ground equipment.Ordnance Sqn maintains links with the RAOC andmanages the combat supplies distribution normallywith at least two months stocks in reserve. In supportthere is a Petroleum Coy RAOC (V). Local ResourceTeams locally purchase or acquire items that are notavailable through the Squadron.

TransportThe MNBDOs, RM Div and Second World WarCommandos had a relatively small number of veh-icles on establishment. In 1943, a typical CommandoMT pool was 25 bicycles, one staff car, 18 5cwt, eight15cwt, three 3 ton trucks and one water bowser. By1944, this had risen to 60 bicycles and at least 2515cwt trucks. Transport requirements, until the for-mation of Transport Sqn, was dependent on role,although the Commandos retained MT Tps. By1980, a Commando had an average allocation of 70wheeled and 30 Bandwagon BV 202Es oversnowvehicles. Close links with the RCT are retained.

WorkshopsBoth MNBDOs had a Workshop Coy/Group tomaintain and repair the considerable array of artil-lery. The RM Div also had a Workshop Coy as didthe RM Bdes. When MNBDO 2 arrived in theMiddle East in 1943, a small number of REME wereassigned to maintain equipment. On the formation ofthe SS Bdes in 1943, each was allocated a REMEmanned LAD to maintain the small number of veh-icles, equipment and cycles, a concept that has re-mained. After the war, the Commandos retainedtheir Royal Marine-manned LADs although some

A Royal Marine primingan anti-tank grenadebefore the Suez landings.(RM Museum)

Right: 45 Cdo RM onHMS Theseus await thehelicopter airlift to PortSaid, 6 November 1956.(RM Museum)

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REME filled specialists appointments. WorkshopSqn has the major task of ensuring that 3 Cdo Bde'svehicles, weapons, electronic instruments and radiosremain operational. This is particularly hazardous inArctic conditions where sub-zero temperatures affectthe operation of sophisticated equipment. The con-cept is to take the repair teams to the equipment introuble, which proved its worth during the FalklandsWar, particularly in supporting the vehicle-boundBrigade HQ.

CommunicationsOn the outbreak of war, the priority was to reinforcethe Fleet Royal Marine signallers and to equip theRM Signals Coys, in the Royal Marine units, withexperienced signallers. Tradesmen passed throughthe Signals Training Wing, some of whom joined theCommando Signal Sections. A Royal Marine andRoyal Navy battalion-sized group, known as Party'Funshore', landed in Normandy to man telephoneexchanges and communication centres, provide des-patch-riders, repair damaged German networks andprovide signallers for HQ Allied Naval Forces. Com-mandos Signals Sections were typically 30-strong,which has remained reasonably constant to this day.

3rd Commando Brigade Headquarters and Sig-

nal Squadron Royal Marines (3 Cdo Bde HQ andSigs Sqn) is a 300-strong unit which once ashoreoperates from either Land-Rovers or oversnow vehi-cles, the current mode being the Swedish Bandvagn206s (BV 206). On board the LPDs, an AmphibiousOperations Room is available. Manpacking is notuncommon. Administration Tp looks after the needsof the Sqn and includes a Quartermaster element,which manages the Officers Mess, known as the'Greasy Spoon'. The Royal Navy provides a com-mando-trained chaplain and a medical team. Com-munications Tp provides secure radio, teleprinterand line upwards, downwards and sideways commu-nications for Brigade HQ. The signallers are allRoyal Marines who have attained a specialist qualifi-cation in communications, although the techniciansare usually commando-trained Royal Signals. A 30Signals Regt Satellite Communications detachmentis sometimes assigned to the Brigade to provide longrange rear link communications. Y(ElectronicWarfare)Tp RM provides electronic warfare sup-port. Motor Transport Tp (MT Tp) provides spe-cialist transport, including the Swedish BandvagnBV 206 (BV 206) oversnow tracked amphibiousprime mover and passenger unit. During the Falk-lands campaign the skill, high standard of driving,

25

45 Cdo RM search anEOKA store cave duringOperation Turkey Trot,

Cyprus, November 1955.(RM Museum)

repair and maintenance by the Troop helped tominimise vehicle losses. Defence Tp provides localground defence of the Brigade HQ. Air Defence Tp,Royal Marine Police Tp (RMP Tp), the RSRMs andthe TACPs are also Brigade assets administered bythe Squadron.

IntelligenceIn September 1942, Director of Naval Intelligence(DNI) authorised the formation of the Special Intel-ligence Unit (SIU) with No 33(RM), No 34(Army)and No 36(RN)Tp. SIU is more commonly known as30 Cdo or 30 Assault Unit, its role being to gatherintelligence, and it was designed to operate with theforward troops often working closely with the Intelli-gence Corps' Field Security sections. No 33(RM)Tpconsisted of 22 Royal Marines, most of whom wereDieppe veterans, and their training included com-mando and parachute training, enemy booby-traptechniques, uniform recognition, prisoner handlingand safe cracking.

33(RM)Tp was present in all theatres and usu-ally operated independently gathering informationfrom captured facilities. In November 1943, 30 Cdoreturned to UK to prepare for the Normandy land-ings, which was welcomed by some in the MiddleEast, who found the unit's unconventional methods

irksome. In 1944, 33(RM)Tp was renamed RMWing and consisted of fifty Royal Marines. Duringthe capture of Cherbourg, a patrol was ambushedand two survivors captured. While one Royal Marineconveyed surrender terms, the other was locked up inthe garrison main baggage store, where he continuedto collect intelligence. The acceptance of the surren-der of the Bremen naval base in 1945 was perhaps theRM Wing's most successful operation. A 30 CdoRoyal Marines detachment was sent to the Far Eastbut the Japanese surrender precluded operations.Subsequent activities in Singapore, Indo-China andHong Kong eventually provided much useful infor-mation.

Post-1945, the Intelligence Corps continued theclose links with 3 Cdo Bde, providing, for instance,an Intelligence Section to HQ 3 Cdo Bde in the FarEast. In the late 1970s, although Intelligence was,and is, not a Specialist Qualification, the Section wasreplaced by Royal Marines and one commando-trained Intelligence Corps SNCO. Intelligence Sec-tions have supported the Commandos since theirinception in 1943, one of their original tasks being tofind billets. The role of all Intelligence Sections is toconvert information into intelligence from a varietyof sources including the interrogation of prisoners ofwar, document translation and patrol reports.

EngineersIn March 1940, the Royal Marine Engineers (RMEngrs) was formed with technical responsibility tothe Admiralty and administrative to the Royal Ma-rines. One battalion was allocated to MNBDO 1building Scapa Flow defences. For the invasion ofEurope, Naval Port Parties were assigned a 500-strong RM Engr company, which included divers,dock and wreckage clearance and bomb disposalteams. When Cherbourg was captured on 12 Sep-tember, G/RM Engrs cleared the port in seven daysinstead of the projected three weeks. By early 1945with the prospect of a need for amphibious and portengineers in the Pacific theatre, a Royal Marinegeneral was appointed to enlarge RM Engrs from7000 to 20,000 into companies numbering 1500,although the ending of the war precluded enhance-ment.

The RM Engr Cdo was formed in 1943 and by1944 consisted of an HQ and two troops. For the D-

26

42 Cdo Sinals Station atKuwait airport, 2 July 1961.(RM Museum)

Day landings, 1 and 4 SS Bde were each allocated asection and LC Obstruction Clearance Units. InNovember 1943 a RM Engr Cdo section joined 3 SSBde in Arakan to hack roads and tracks out of thejungle and prepare landing points in appalling condi-tions.

After the war, apart from the Asslt Engr Tp ineach Commando, the Royal Marines were reliantupon the Army for specialist sapper support. In1971, 59 Field Squadron RE was converted to 59Independent Commando Engineer Squadron RE (59Indep Cdo Sqn RE) and absorbed into the 3 Cdo Bdeorder of battle; attached is 131 Indep Cdo SqnRE(V). Both units provide Recce and several FieldTps and played a prominent role in sapper tasksduring the Falklands campaign.

ProvostBoth the MNBDOs and the RM Div had a ProvostCoy (Provo Coy) in their HQ elements. A sectionlanded with RM 'A' Cdo at Dieppe, another servedwith 7 RM Bn in Italy and another landed with 4 SSGroup on D-Day. Wearing the traditional red caps ofBritish military police, they carried out the tradi-tional duties of civil and military law enforcement,running PoW cages, traffic control and VIP escort-ing. The Provo Coy was disbanded after the war,

although the Commandos have always retained Regi-mental Police (RP) detachments. The Royal MarinePolice Tp (RMP Tp) was reformed with the reor-ganisation of 3 Cdo Bde in the late 1960s and hascontinued ever since. Its role is little different to thatof the wartime RM Provo Coy, although there is nowa small Special Investigation Branch (SIB). TheTroop retains close links with the Royal MilitaryPolice, one of whose members often serves with theTroop. The commando-trained Cpl Dean RMP wasBrig. Julian Thompson's personal protection duringthe Falklands campaign.

OPERATIONSWWII

The Mediterranean

SicilyIn June 1943, the SS Bde Advanced HQ sailedfrom Liverpool and on 10 July landed withl(Canadian)Div against very light opposition west ofPunta Castellazzo. By 16 August, Sicily had fallen tothe Allies and on 3 September Italy capitulated. Onthe same day, 40(RM)Cdo crossed the Straits ofMessina and landed at Porto San Venere to spear-head 8th Army's crossing into Italy. Meanwhile 5th(US) Army landed at Salerno, a wide, sandy bayabout twenty miles south of Naples.

SalernoNo 2 and 41(RM)Cdos, as the SS Bde, landed atVietri on 8 September but during their advance toseize the important La Molina pass, encounteredincreasing opposition from the German 16 Pz andHermann Goering Divs. The situation on the beach-head became desperate under persistent and accuratebombardment and it became vital to hold the pass.For the next two days in intense heat, the brigadeprevented all attempts by the Germans to breach theperimeter, 41(RM)Cdo suffering heavy casualties.No 2 Cdo then scaled a cliff overlooking Vietri andlinked up with the 1 and 4 US Rangers and British 46Div and a loose beachhead perimeter was established.On 12 September No 2 Cdo drove the Germans outof La Molina pass and held it.

The brigade returned to the beachhead for rest

27

but within eight hours was back on La Molina pass asGerman pressure mounted on 46 Div. On 13 Sep-tember, German units overran the forward Com-mando positions, but accurate fire from 71 Fd RegtRA allowed the Commandos to successfully counter-attack. Both units were again relieved and the weak-ened 41(RM)Cdo reorganised into four Troops. Butagain within the day, they were recalled from restbillets to support 56(London)Div and stabilised thesituation by capturing three hills overlookingPiegoletti village, but were pushed off anotherpeak, 'The Pimple'. Although desperately tired,41(RM)Cdo were ordered to take it. Struck by Brit-ish artillery while on the Start Line, B/41(RM)Cdodid not acknowledge the order to retire and reachedthe summit after a speed march. The Troop wasunable to hold the ridge and the following day retiredwith only six men still on their feet but bringing outwounded. The SS Bde held Piegoletti and the twohills until finally relieved on 15 September. BothCommandos lost 50 per cent of their strength.

TermoliEighth Army ordered the seizure of the small port ofTermoli to pre-empt the Germans retreating fromSalerno from making a stand there. No 3 Cdo, whohad lost heavily in fighting in Sicily, and 40(RM)Cdolanded on 3 October and captured Termoli and werereinforced by 11 Inf Bde/78 Inf Div, which arrivedoverland from the south. However, 16 Pz Div andelements of 4 Para Bde made determined attempts to

Royal Marine of 45 Cdo inthe Radfan, 1966.(RM Museum)

Right: 45 Cdo Recce TroopLand-Rover on patrol inthe Radfan, 1964.(RM Museum)

28

recapture Termoli, forcing most of 11 Bde to with-draw. Heavy rain then washed away the RE's Baileybridge over the River Bifurno, cutting the town offfrom the south and isolating the defenders. Thebattle continued for the next three days but on 6October, 38(Irish)Bde relieved Termoli, after whichboth Commandos returned to Bari.

In October, 2 SS Bde was formed in Italy withNo 2, 9, 40, the recently-raised 43(RM)Cdo andsupplemented by Belgian and Polish Troops No10(Inter-Allied)Cdo. Over the next eight weeks, theformation gained operational experience aroundMonte Cassino and the River Garigliano.

AnzioThe Anzio landings were designed to divert Germanforces defending the Cassino sector. On 22 January

1944, No 9 and 43(RM)Cdos successfully establishedthe beachhead on the Alban Hills and were replacedby 3 US Rangers before returning to Naples. BothCommandos returned to the Cassino sector,43(RM)Cdo seizing three hills in opposed nightattacks. On 2 March 40(RM)Cdo was despatched toAnzio and for the next twenty-six days helped todefend the precarious beachhead in a war of attritionagainst the LXXVI Pz Corps on a muddy and wentlandscape that resembled a First World War battle-field.

The Dalmatian IslandsBy early 1944, Marshal Tito's communist Partisanswere scattered along the Dalmatian coast. The Allieswere persuaded to assist Tito and by May 40 and

43(RM)Cdo joined No 2 Cdo, who had landed inJanuary on Vis island. Raiding the islands and main-land forced the Germans to withdraw their islandgarrisons, except from Brac. In late May, Germanairborne forces very nearly captured Tito and heasked for a division so that the Partisans couldreorganise.

A 6000-strong force of British and Partisansunder command of HQ 2 SS Bde landed on Brac on 2June. The two Royal Marine Commandos weretasked to night assault Hill 622, which overlooked theobjective, a heavily defended four-gun battery. Un-fortunately a signals breakdown and the Partisanrefusal to attack meant the assault was made with theCommandos attacking in succession, which allowedthe German defenders to deal with them piecemeal.The Force Commander, the charismatic bagpipeblowing Col. Jack Churchill, was captured and themortally wounded Lt.Col. 'Pop' Manners, CO40(RM)Cdo, died after being taken prisoner. On 4June, the Brigade withdrew off Brac. The raidingpolicy continued and was often supported by theRaiding Support Regiment (RSR) close artillery,anti-tank and air defence support from such vesselsas the LC (Gun). In late September 40(RM)Cdospent some weeks in Albania and then on 9 Octoberjoined No 2 Cdo to capture Corfu, where it remainedbefore going to Greece to intercede in the ferociouscivil war. In mid-October, 43(RM)Cdo were with-drawn to Italy, but on 20 October landed atDubrovnik and harried the German XXI MountainCorps retreat through Yugoslavia. One Troop wasconverted into muleteers for another Troop whichcrewed 75mm mountain guns, but relations with thePartisans deteriorated further and on 20 January1945, the Commando left the islands.

Lake ComacchioThe reassembled 2 Cdo Bde was ordered to seizeLake Comacchio, near Ravenna, on the 8th Armyright flank and considered to be key to the Germanleft flank. The defenders were mainly former prison-ers from Soviet Asia Minor and a 42 Jaeger Divbattalion. The ground was featureless and floodedand parts of the lake very shallow. On 2 April theBrigade attacked. Nos 2 and 9 Cdos crossed the lakeand secured the north bank of the River Reno,supported by a 40(RM)Cdo feint. 43(RM)Cdo ad-

29

vanced north and linked up with No 2 Cdo byevening. Casualties were heavy. The advance contin-ued the following day, during which Cpl. TomHunter of 43(RM)Cdo was awarded posthumouslythe only Royal Marine Victoria Cross of the SecondWorld War, for attacking several enemy positionswith his Bren gun. By 3 April 2 Cdo Bde had securedthe right flank for 8th Army and was relieved thefollowing night.

The Brigade returned to the line on 10 Aprilwhen 40(RM)Cdo crossed the lake and attackedMarete Bridge on the western shore, which allowedV Corps to break out of the Argenta defile. Thebridge was badly damaged and toggle ropes wereused to fashion one. On 20 April 2 Cdo Bde waswithdrawn from the line and three weeks later thewar in Europe ended.

North West EuropeNormandyArguably 6 June 1944 was the most significant day inthe history of Combined Operations with about17,000 Royal Marines taking part in the landings andsubsequent operations. The crossing was unpleasantwith the landing craft being tossed around on choppyseas, but on a dull morning, the first assault infantrydivisions began the run-in to the beaches.

1 SS Bde was tasked with linking up with 6thAirborne Division (6 AB Div) to form the easternflank protection of the beachhead along the RiverOrne. Unique to this Brigade was that every Com-

mando had a parachute-trained Troop and thus twomembers of E Tp 45(RM)Cdo dropped with 9 Parawith whom 45(RM)Cdo expected to link up. Accom-panying its associated three Army Commandos,45(RM)Cdo landed on the left flank of SWORD(British) Beach about H+2 and pushing inland,linked up with the airborne forces holding thebridges across the River Orne advancing into the areaaround Franceville Plage.

4 SS Bde was tasked with securing the right andleft flanks of SWORD and JUNO (Canadian)beaches respectively before moving inland to clearGerman positions. 41(RM)Cdo came ashore with3(British)Div on SWORD Beach under heavy fire

30

Left: 40 Cdo RM patrol inBorneo, 1962.(RM Museum)

Wessex helicopter landsmarines in a jungleclearing in Borneo, 1966.(RM Museum)

about 200 yards west of the landing point and, havingcrossed the beach and divided into Force 1 and 2,made for their objectives at Lion-sur-Mer. An un-successful assault on the second one cost the life ofthe CO, Lt.Col. Tim Gray; it was captured with 5South Lancashires the following day. 46(RM)Cdoremained a floating reserve. With RMASG in sup-port, 47(RM)Cdo landed in some confusion underfire on GOLD (British) and spent the whole dayfighting to reach Port en Bassin, which was betweenGOLD and OMAHA (US) beaches. As 48(RM)Cdoapproached JUNO Beach behind 3(Canadian)Div atSt Aubin, some of its LCI (Small) became entangledin beach defences. Although the Canadians werepinned down under intense fire, Heavy Weapons Tp,still on board their landing craft, hastily arranged a 2-mortar smoke screen but even so the Royal Marinesimmediately suffered casualties as they clambereddown the heaving ramps. To add to the chaos of theCommando becoming mixed up with Canadians, aLST disgorged Sherman tanks amongst the confu-sion on the surf line. Eventually the CO, Lt.Col. JimMoulton, led his battered Commando off JUNO toclear houses overlooking the beaches but failing tocontact 41(RM)Cdo, as planned, 48(RM)Cdo with-drew to Langrune.

The Allies consolidated the beachhead and bothbrigades held their sectors in bitter fighting in thebocage as the Germans attempted to breach theperimeter. 46(RM)Cdo and the Canadian Regimentde Chaudiere fought one of the roughest battles of

the beachhead battle when they clashed with 12 SSHitler Jugend Div in Le Hamel village. On 12 June,both SS brigades moved into the Seine line and forsix weeks held important features against determinedopposition. Life was rigorous; the mosquitos weremost annoying and the month in foxholes on 'compo'rations and under constant threat of the enemysapped their fighting edge. During the 18 July Op-eration GOODWOOD, both brigades were flankprotection for the armoured thrust. On 1 August,during the Operation COBRA breakout, 1 SS Bdeinfiltrated enemy positions while 4 SS Bde advancedthrough thick woods and streams and capturedDozule. 1 SS Bde was halted at Beuzeville andremained there until 7 September. 4 SS Bde crossedthe Seine on 31 August and then spent a monthcontaining the German garrison at Dunkirk. Bothwere then withdrawn, 1st, with 45(RM)Cdo trans-ferred, to UK having lost 50 per cent of its strength.4 SS Bde, including No 4 Cdo which replaced thedepleted 46(RM)Cdo, trained for the projected as-sault on Walcheren.

WalcherenOn 4 September, the British 11 Armd Div capturedAntwerp and provided the Allies with a valuabledeep water harbour but the approaches were occu-pied by the German Army, who by 1944 had con-verted the island into a formidable fortress withseveral batteries. The task of clearing these obstaclesfell to the Dieppe veteran 2(Canadian) and 52(Low-

31

land)Divs and 4 SS Bde, whose objective wasWalcheren. A high dyke kept out the sea althoughthis was breached at Westkapelle by Bomber Com-mand Lancasters on 3 October. The plan called forNo 4 Cdo to capture Flushing while the three RoyalMarine Commandos landed on three beaches astridethe breach and then break out left and right to roll upthe defences. Early on 1 November No 4 and Norwe-gian and Dutch Tps, 10(Inter-Allied)Cdos landed atFlushing and moved into the town. To the north,41(RM)Cdo successfully landed across RED Beachagainst severe opposition and swung north. OnWHITE Beach, although its Heavy Weapons Tp lostmost of the Vickers machine guns when its Buffaloswere sunk, 48(RM)Cdo came ashore and turnedsouth. Summoning air, artillery and naval gunfiresupport, the Commando neutralised a defiant batterycausing chaos on the offshore gunline and amongstthe landing craft approaching the beaches.47(RM)Cdo landed in some confusion on GREENBeach astride the breach, reorganised and also ad-vanced south. The following day, it became involved

in some heavy street fighting in Flushing, but linkedup with No 4 Cdo and spent the next few daysmopping up enemy resistance. 4 SS Bde lost about 40per cent of its strength in the eight days of fighting.

On 6 December the SS Gp was renamed theCommando Group and the SS Bdes were retitledCommando Brigades. There was much reliefthroughout that any association with the German SS,even the initials, could now be ignored.

Advance into GermanyAlthough still weak, 4th Commando Brigade (4 CdoBde) returned to Walcheren in early December andwas placed under command of l(Canadian)Corps.Shortly after Christmas, it moved to the River Maassector where it operated for the remainder of the war,tying down German troops. In late December, 1 CdoBde, which had expected to go to the Far East andnow included 45 and 46(RM)Cdos, returned to Eur-ope during the German Ardennes offensive and alsotook up positions along the River Maas. All theCommandos were involved in several patrol actionsand raids in bitterly cold weather. Assigned then forthe advance through Holland, 1 Cdo Bde came undercommand 7 Armd Div. During operations on 23January 1945 to clear the Roermond area,45(RM)Cdo captured Montefortebeck, during whichLCpl Eric Harden RAMC was posthumouslyawarded the VC for tending wounded under fire.

The Rhine CrossingsOn 23 March, 1 Cdo Bde spearheaded the Rhinecrossing with 46(RM)Cdo crossing in Buffalosagainst opposition stunned by heavy air raids, fol-lowed by No 6 Cdo in stormboats coxswained by RMEngr Cdo sappers. 45(RM)Cdo then crossed and bynightfall the town of Wesel had been entered. Thefollowing day, contact was made with XVIII(US)ABCorps east of the town, which finally fell on 25 Marchafter some stiff street fighting. 1 Cdo Bde joined theadvance into Germany and after crossing severalmore rivers and canals stood on the shores of theBaltic by 8 May. Enemy units engaged included 12SS Training Bn on the Weser and the German 2Marine Div and a SS training battalion on the Aller.

Sgt.J. Ellis of 40 Cdo RMon exercise Enchanter inMalaysia, January 1969.

Note the AR-15 rifle.(RM Museum)

32

A

B

c

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

1: OR's beret badge, Kings Crown version 5: RM Seige Regiment, grenade sleeve badge, Second World War2: Officers beret badge, ERII version 6: Woven 'Cash tape' title with separate numbers, Second World War3: Second World War issue parachute wings 7: 34th Amphibious Support Regiment embroidered flash4: Embroidered 'Royal Marine' flash with curved 8: Royal Marine Engineers printed flash, Second World War

Second World War 'Commando' title and unit numbers 9: 117 Royal Marine Brigade embroidered flash, 1945

K

6: Parachute wing tropical uniform1: Coloured shoulder strap loop, 45 (RM) Commando, 1944 7: Swimmer canoeist 1, Lovat Suit2: Combined operations flash, Second World War 8: Kings Badge No. 1 and Lovat Suit3: 30 Assault Unit flash, Second World War 9: Royal Marine Sniper, Lovat Suit4: Embroidered 'Royal Marine Commando', 1946 to present day 10: Parachute wing No.1 Dress5: Embroidered or printed dagger flash 11: Commandant General's shooting badge 1990, Lovat Suit

L

The Far East

On 6 November 1943 3 SS Bde was formed in theUK specifically for the Far East, consisting of theexperienced No 1 and 5 Cdos and the recently raised42 and 44(RM)Cdos. The formation arrived in Bom-bay in January 1944 minus No 1 and 42(RM)Cdos,who were in Egypt awaiting repairs to their shipwhich had been damaged in transit through theMediterranean, and would subsequently arrive inSeptember.

Arakan3 SS Bde were welcome reinforcements to a theatreunder intense threat from the Japanese and quicklycommitted to support 14th Army operations aroundImphal and Kohima by raiding the west coast ofBurma to keep Japanese forces off balance. In Marchboth Commandos moved to Silchar to support 4Corps' block to prevent the Japanese breaking intothe Bengal Plain; 45(RM)Cdo had elephants onstrength. The Brigade then moved to Ceylon wherethey were joined by No 1 and 42(RM)Cdos andbegan jungle training near Goa. In November theBrigade again raided the Arakan coastal plain. InDecember 1944, 3 SS Bde was named 3 Cdo Bde andtoday is the only survivor of the wartime SS forma-tions. It carried out several operations, including theseizure of the Myebon peninsula in support of 15Corps in January 1945. The Brigade was next or-dered by 33 Corps to cut the Japanese 54 Inf Div'sline of communications at Kangaw.

KangawOn 22 January 1945, 3 Cdo Bde set off up theDaingbong chaung in a long convoy of landing craftand landed in front of Hill 170, about two miles fromKangaw. No 1 Cdo seized the summit while42(RM)Cdo moved onto 'Wilfred' and 44(RM)Cdoonto 'Pinner', which were two features to its east.Over the next ten days, 3 Cdo Bde battled with theJapanese Matsu Detachment determined to keeptheir lines of communication open. For some reasonthe Royal Marines would not use abandoned Japan-ese positions in spite of their robustness and were

confined to their flooded shallow trenches. When44(RM)Cdo withdrew to Daingbong village, havinglost sixty casualties, 42(RM)Cdo moved onto Hill170 and soon became involved in the intense fighting.On 31 January, they failed to recapture positions lostby No 1 Cdo. The fighting raged at short range withthe Japanese swarming up the hill, frantically dig-ging-in and then swarming up again, gradually inch-ing their way up Hill 170 only to be shot down. Brengun positions were vital; at one position 12 gunnerswere shot down in rapid succession. Two from three19 Indian Lancers Shermans were damaged by Jap-anese suicide engineers and Lt. George Knowland(Royal Norfolks), of No 1 Cdo, was awarded aposthumous VC for several incidents of great cour-age when his Troop withdrew. During the night of 2February, Matsu Detachment withdrew having lostover 400 against 120 casualties in 3 Cdo Bde duringten days of very heavy fighting.

3 Cdo Bde were withdrawn from Arakan andwere trained for the invasion of Malaya, codenamedOperation 'Zipper', when the war in the Far Eastended. It was then sent to Hong Kong to helpsupervise the liberation.

WO2 Rules and Cpl.Ratcliffe of 40 Cdo RMman an OP in the Episkopi

Sovereign Base Area,Cyprus, 26 July 1974.(RM Museum)

45

POST-WAROPERATIONS

The Army Commandos were disbanded by 1946 butthe Royal Marines retained the Commando role andthe green beret with 3rd Commando Brigade RoyalMarines (3 Cdo Bde). 40(RM)Cdo was disbandedbut resurfaced when 44(RM)Cdo was renumbered40 Commando Royal Marines (40 Cdo). 42 and 45Cdos also survived. In 1947, Plymouth became thecentre for commando and amphibious training asNational Servicemen were drafted in, most of the9000 serving with 3 Cdo Bde over the next twenty-two years. All entrants were trained initially at theRoyal Marines Depot in Deal and then moved to theInfantry Training Centre at Lympstone, now theCommando Training Centre Royal Marines, wherethe coveted green beret is earned. In 1948, the RoyalMarine Volunteer Reserve (RMVR), now the RoyalMarine Reserve (RMR), was formed, many of whomserved as reinforcements in operational theatres.

PalestineBy 1946 3 Cdo Bde was in Malta when orders werereceived for its three Commandos to support theend of the British Mandate. Under command of1 Guards Bde in Haifa, they were subjected tosniping, stoning, ambushes and riots inspired by theJewish terrorists. 40 Cdo was the last British unit toquit Palestine on 27 June 1947, leaving the turmoil inthe new Israel to burst into open warfare with theArabs. Some Royal Marines then guarded Jewishdisplaced people in Cyprus.

In 1949, 3 Cdo Bde returned to Hong Kong togarrison duty dispersed with patrolling the borderwith the volatile People's Republic of China (PRC).In May 1950, it moved to Malaya to fight the Ma-layan Communist Party (MCP) insurgents engagedin its independence campaign.

Malaya

Perak is about the size of Wales with flat plains andrain-soaked jungle mountains. 40 Cdo was basedaround Kuala Kangsar, 42 Cdo near Ipoh and 45 Cdoat Tapah. Although 42 Cdo had been involved in theBurma campaign, jungle warfare training seems tohave been lacking, but the patrols soon becamecompetent against the highly experienced guerillas,most of whom were British-trained and equipped tofight the Japanese. Iban trackers were often used totrail guerilla spoors. Patrols were often fruitless butambushes were set and Communist Terrorist (CT)camps attacked but by the end of the two years, theBrigade had accounted for 221 CTs at the expense of30 Royal Marines. Lt. Jeremy Moore won the first ofhis two Military Crosses during an ambush.

3 Cdo Bde was then drafted to Malta as part ofthe Middle East Strategic Reserve, the Commandosbeing committed on rotation to Egypt on Canal Zoneinternal security duties.

Korea

On 25 June 1950, in an attempt to unify Korea,Communist North Korean forces crossed the 38thParallel into South Korea and drove the ill-preparedSouth Korean and United Nations (UN) forces into

Mne Steve Freddi of41 Cdo RM and a Danishmember of UNFICYP,

Cyprus January 1975.(RM Museum)

46

Royal Marines on riotcontrol duties during a'Battle of the Boyne'

march, c. 1970.(RM Museum)

headlong retreat to Pusan. The first Royal Marines todeploy were ten volunteers from the Far East Fleet'sships' detachments. In response to a demand formore raiding forces in Korea, 41 Cdo was resurrectedas 41(Independent)Commando (41(Indep)Cdo). 219volunteers assembled at Bickleigh when it was de-cided that the unit should fly to Japan incognito.Unfortunately few of the volunteers possessed civil-ian clothes and the Admiralty had to buy suits.Collecting more men from 3 Cdo Bde in Malaya, theCommando arrived in Japan on 15 September wherethey were issued United States Marine Corps(USMC) clothing and equipped with Americanweapons. However, they were to retain the greenberet and British rank insignia; most also retainedtheir trusted boots and sturdy battledress. On 2October the Commando embarked in two US de-stroyers and carried out several raids against rail-ways, tunnels and bridges along the North Koreaneastern coast.

Meanwhile, the UN had advanced well intoNorth Korea and 41(Indep)Cdo was ordered to joinl(US)Mne Div, who were strung out along theHungham to Chosin road. On 10 November,41(Indep)Cdo set off and encountered not only UNforces in full retreat but also the Chinese who hadentered the war that day and had isolated severall(US)Mne Div units. Burma veteran Lt.Col.Drysdale was ordered to relieve HQ1(US)Mne Div,who were isolated at Hagaru-ri, 11 miles north along

a narrow valley road, aptly named 'Hellfire Valley'.In bitterly cold weather, the 900-strong mixed RoyalMarines and USMC Task Force 'Drysdale' foughtoff sustained mass attacks and reached Hagaru-ri,losing over 300 men, 61 Royal Marines declaredmissing. 41(Indep)Cdo helped to defend the precari-ous perimeter and became known as the 'ChosinFew'. On 6 December, l(US)Mne Div retreateddown 'Hellfire Valley' to the coast, during which41(Indep)Cdo joined 5(US)Mne as the rearguardand although cut off for a short time, it andl(US)Mne Div reached the 10(US)Gorps perimeterat Majong-Dong as did several Royal Marines whohad been cut off in November. For their involvementin this epic battle, 41(Indep)Cdo were awarded a USPresidential Unit Citation. The Commando was thenrested in Japan, where reinforcements brought it upto strength.

In April 1951, coming under command of theCommonwealth Division, 41(Indep)Cdo againraided the North Korean coast and then with SouthKorean Marines occupied several islands behindenemy lines. From these islands, they harassed theNorth Korean coast using canoes and landing craftto attack batteries and ambush patrols, forcingthe Communist forces to reinforce the coastal de-fences. In December, 41(Indep)Cdo returned toEngland and was disbanded on 22 February 1952.31 Royal Marines were killed in Korea and 17survived harsh captivity, although one refusedrepatriation.

The Cyprus EmergencyIn April 1955, the Greek-Cypriot EOKA revoltbroke out in Cyprus and 3 Cdo Bde arrived from

Marine of L Company,42 Cdo RM on patrol in

Belfast, c. 1976.(RM Museum)

47

Malta on 10 September as reinforcements. 40 Cdodeployed in Limassol and 45 Cdo patrolled theKyrenia Range and within three months helped forceEOKA to transfer its operating base to the TroodosRange. Both units worked closely with the police asthey had done in Malaya. With the onset of winter,45 Cdo joined the Gordon Highlanders in theTroodos Mountains to hinder EOKA guerilla opera-tions in the rugged countryside. Dog techniqueswere developed with the Royal Army VeterinaryCorps and X/45 Cdo were converted into ski troopsby a Royal Horse Guards officer, so beginning a longassociation with winter warfare. In June, 45 Cdo tookpart in the operation to flush EOKA from theTroodos, during which a major forest fire claimed 19Army lives but EOKA leader Col. George Grivasbreached the cordon and reached Limassol. Mean-while trouble was brewing in Egypt and in mid-summer 1956 3 Cdo Bde returned to Malta andbegan amphibious training.

40 and 45 Cdo returned to Cyprus to a campaignbeing fought with little evidence of success. Thesevere 1957 winter did give the Royal Marines theopportunity to develop their skiing skills and 45 Cdodeveloped helicopter techniques and created 45HELFORCE with 728 NAS Whirlwinds, but notwithout incident. In one operation in the Panhandle,a heliborne 'stick' on a cordon and search wasdropped in the wrong place and accidentally shotdead two Royal Marines already on the ground. In1959, Cyprus was given its independence. The RoyalMarines lost 10 killed during the EOKA campaign.

The Suez Campaign

In July 1956, Egyptian President Nasser nationalisedthe Suez Canal. The international response was for amilitary assault to repossess the Canal and 3 CdoBde, including 42 Cdo which was in the UK, wasplaced on stand-by for Op Musketeer. The brutalSoviet suppression of the Hungarian Uprising, theperceived collusion between the British, French andthe Israelis to launch a pre-emptive ground offensiveacross the Sinai desert and the unpopularity of theventure caused political uncertainties about the wis-dom of the operation. However, on 6 November,French and British amphibious and airborne troopslanded near Port Said. 40 and 42 Cdos, supported by6 Royal Tank Regiment Centurions, landed against

no opposition near the Suez Canal entrance and wereclear of the beaches within 15 minutes. 40 Cdo seizedthe Port Said Suez Canal Company offices. 42 Cdocaptured the Nile Cold Storage Company and thePower Station against considerable opposition fromthe Egyptian Army and police. 45 Cdo carried outthe first vertical heliborne troop assault and landed infour waves on the Western breakwater, which sig-nalled a close relationship between the Royal Ma-rines and Fleet Air Arm (FAA) support helicopterunits. It took the remainder of the day of confusedstreet-fighting before 45 Cdo broke clear of thestreets and linked up with 3 Para at Gamil Airport.By the end of the day, 3 Cdo Bde was firm covering athree-mile defensive zone. Nine Royal Marines hadbeen killed and a further 60 wounded, which wasabout half of the total losses of the Anglo-Frenchforces. Within the week, the Brigade less 42 Cdo hadreturned to Malta. 42 Cdo remained as part of 19 InfBde until relieved by UN Norwegian troops, afterwhich it returned to the UK.

One of the lessons learnt from the Suez cam-paign was the value of amphibious forces whichresulted in a significant evolution in Royal Marinehistory. In 1960, HMS Bulwark was the first of threeaircraft-carriers to be converted into a Landing Plat-

48

form Helicopter (LPH) commando carrier capable oflifting an expanded and self-supporting commando.Plans for a Commando to be permanently embarkedon a commando carrier for strategic deployment andthat any operations would be managed at unit levelproved difficult as events in the Middle and Far Eastunfolded. The Royal Marines also had great diffi-culty persuading the Admiralty that a firm base forHQ 3 Cdo Bde was still needed, but eventually

Singapore was designated as the Fleet AmphibiousBase Far East. 42 Cdo arrived in Singapore andremained for the next eleven years, dispersed without of area operations. 40 Cde remained in Malta and45 Cdo was drafted to Aden. 41 Cdo was reformed in1960 and 43 Cdo in 1961. Plans to resurrect a UKbased 4 Cdo Bde with these two units were shelvedand they remained as strategic reserves. The term'Company' replaced 'Troop' which was relegated to

Left: Marine of 45 Cdo ona Shell/Esso gas platformin the North Sea during ananti-terrorist exercise in1975. (RM Museum)

Royal Marines mountaintraining in the Cairngormsin February 1962.(RM Museum)

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identify Army platoon-sized units. The operationalcommand structure through HQ Cdo Forces waslocated to Plymouth, first to Stonehouse Barracksand then to Hamoaze House, where it is today. In1962 Army commandos reappeared with 29 Regt RAconverted into Commando artillery and 40 Cdo ar-rived in Singapore. In 1963 95 Regt RA was con-verted a year later and 40(Dieppe), and 42(Kan-gaw)Air Tps were formed to support the CommandoRecce Troops, as was 29(Brunei)Air Tp to provideair observation for 29 Cdo Light Regt RA.

The Defence of KuwaitMidst the changes that 3 Cdo Bde were undergoing,the international scene remained unpredictable. InJune 1961, Kuwait sought assistance from GreatBritain to deter a threatened Iraqi invasion. TheHMS Bulwark Amphibious Warfare Squadron wastraining in the Persian Gulf and on 1 July 42 Cdo washelicoptered to Mutla Pass to cover the Baghdadroad and was then joined by 45 Cdo from Aden.Within the week the brigade group was reinforced byArmy units. Both units remained ashore for threeweeks, the intense heat severely straining the logis-tics, particularly the supply of fresh water. Theoperation was a success and the threat was deterred.

Mutiny in Tanganyika

In January 1962, four days after the 1st TanganyikaRifles mutinied, President Nyerere sought help fromGreat Britain. 45 Cdo embarked on the carrier HMSCentaur and at dawn 25 January, were dropped nearthe Army barracks in Dar-Es-Salaam and Taboraand by 27 January had suppressed the mutiny.

Aden

During its time under British influence, Aden wasdivided into the urban Colony of about seventysquare miles and the hinterland of the protectorate,which covers an area about the size of England. In1962 Egypt encouraged regional anti-British propa-ganda and the Federation of Arab Emirates, whichincluded Aden, sought protection from Great Brit-ain. In December 1963, Aden degenerated into tribaland political feuding with rioting, grenade attacksand sniping on the local Security Forces by theNational Liberation Front (NLF), who were nick-named the 'Cairo Grenadiers'. In the desolateRadfan, Egyptian-backed dissident tribesmen, whocalled themselves 'The Red Wolves', threatened theDoub el Haj or Sacred Road, an ancient caravan routewhich ran from Aden, past Dhala to Mecca.

Capt. Bill Peart RM leadsK Company, 42 Cdo RMon exercise in Norway,February 1986.(RM Museum)

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In January 1964, The Federal Regular Army(FRA) fought their way into the Radfan but whenthey withdrew, the tribesmen reoccupied the area.On 29 April, Radforce, which consisted of 45 Cdo,B/3 Para, A/22 SAS, J Battery 3 Royal HorseArtillery (J/3RHA) and combat and service supportmoved against the dissident tribesmen to demon-strate that nothing was safe, if they persisted inharassing the Sacred Road. The operation was full ofhazards. The enemy knew the area well, were expertshots, courageous and were resentful of the British.The SAS patrol was ambushed, but the followingday, 45 Cdo and 3 Para infiltrated deep into theRadfan and within six weeks dominated the area.Over the next two years the British reduced thetribesmen into small incohesive groups. A companygroup was always based at Dhala where, compared tothe lowlands, life was cooler and thus the six-weektours bearable. The RAF could be relied to supplythe mountain garrisons by helicopter and providerapid fighter ground attack support with HawkerHunters. Although the February 1966 DefenceWhite Paper declared that Britain would leave Adenafter South Arabia achieved independence, terrorismincreased dramatically when the Front for the Lib-eration of South Yemen (FLOSY) began to rival theNLF. In June 1967, 45 Cdo handed over its Radfanbases to the South Arab Army and returned to Aden,where on 11 October they were reinforced by the

HMS Albion-borne jungle-green clad 42 Cdo, di-verted from Far East operations. Midst a colonytense with frequent shooting and civil unrest, theBritish evacuated the garrison. On 28 November1967, after seven years in Aden, 45 Cdo were flownback to Plymouth to begin winter warfare training.42 Cdo re-embarked the following day and returnedto Singapore.

Indonesia

In the early 1960s, Indonesia threatened the feder-ated Malaysian states in Borneo and in December1962 inspired rebels in Brunei to occupy the capitaland take hostages to Limbang in Sarawak, which wasacross the river. L/42 Cdo were deployed fromSingapore and on 10 December, sailed up the river intwo Royal Navy crewed ancient Z Lighters, attackedLimbang police station, killed several rebels andreleased the hostages for the loss of five Royal Ma-rines and eight wounded in a vicious action thatincluded an opposed landing. Capt. Jeremy Moore,who commanded the operation, was awarded hissecond MC. Nevertheless confrontation with Indo-nesia developed. HQ 3 Cdo Bde landed in Kuchingin December 1962 and over the next four yearsintermittently returned to Borneo from Malaysia toconduct operations. This was a campaign conductednot only in the jungle but also along the coast,waterways and rivers in assault boats, local longboats

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and SRN-5 hovercraft. Helicopters were also a fea-ture of the campaign. Initially jungle warfare tech-niques were lacking and 40 and 42 Cdos bothsuffered non-battle casualties. Formal training wasinstituted, which included each man deciding bywhich method he should carry his equipment. TheRoyal Marines continue jungle warfare training onregular 'Curry Trails' in Brunei. With the assistanceof Iban trackers and Border Scouts, IndonesianArmy patrols were intercepted, ambushed and har-ried as they attempted to penetrate the states with theCommandos recording kills. SB Sections were alsoactive. Confrontation finally ended in August 1966when Indonesia recognised that Britain would con-tinue to support the Malaysian federation.

In 1965, the familiar lovat green uniform wasintroduced to replace battledress and as alternative to'blues'. Combat uniforms and equipment remainedidentical to that of the Army, although the Corps didsometimes allow the Royal Marines some latitude.The 7.62mm L1A1 Self Loading Rifle was intro-duced in 1967. Although commando carriers hadproven their flexibility from over the horizon whenleast expected to tackle an emergency, the 1968Defence White Paper had serious implications forthe Corps, as indeed it had throughout the ArmedForces. With the complete withdrawal from the FarEast, the Royal Marines strategic role was redefinedto NATO's Allied Forces Northern Europe

(AFNORTH) and specified Out of Area operations.The Corps' strength was reduced to about 8000 and43 Cdo and 95 Cdo Light Regt RA were disbanded.The commando carriers were replaced by the Land-ing Platforms Dock (LPD). HMS Fearless and In-trepid. In August 1968, the 3 Commando Brigade AirSquadron (3 Cdo BAS) was formed in Singapore andspecialist sapper support arrived when 59 FieldSquadron RE was converted to 59 IndependentCommando Engineer Squadron RE (59 Indep CdoSqn RE) in 1971.

NORTHERNIRELAND

Meanwhile, the security situation in Ulster had de-teriorated to the point that the Army was called in toseparate the two communities. In September 1969,41 Cdo, then serving as 'Spearhead Battalion' of theStrategic Reserve, was deployed to Belfast, and be-gan regular four-, and latterly six-month, roulementtours in the Province. In July 1972, 40 and 42 Cdosparticipated in Operation 'Motorman' to demolishthe Republican and Loyalist No-go areas that haddeveloped in Londonderry and Belfast, The samemonth, Marine Allen of 40 Cdo was the first RoyalMarine to be killed when he was shot by a sniper in

Royal Marines receiveBren gun instructionduring arctic trials onHMS Vanguard in thewinter of 1949.(RM Museum)

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Belfast. By then one hundred Army personnel hadbeen killed in the line of duty.

At the time, 'Motorman' was the largest opera-tion undertaken by the Army and Royal Marinessince Suez. The mission for the commanding officersof the battalions and Commandos committed to'Motorman' was to 'establish a continuing presencein all hard areas in order to dominate extremists andthus neutralise their ability to influence events until apolitical settlement has been achieved'.

Since 1972 over twenty years have passed withnumerous attacks being perpetrated upon the secu-rity forces and not just aimed at the foot soldiers. In1979 Lord Mountbatten, Life Commandant Gen-eral, was killed while on holiday in Eire, and twoyears later Lt.Gen. Sir Stuart Pringle, CommandantGeneral Royal Marines, lost a leg when his car wasbooby-trapped by an explosive device in London.

While Royal Marines are no longer faced byrioting crowds in Northern Ireland, they continue toundertake tours of duty in the Province. The particu-lar tactical strengths of the Corps mean that theyoften serve along the border in the 'bandit territory'of South Armagh. Patrolling in areas which haveconsiderable natural cover, as well as covert Observa-tion Posts (OPs) is testing for even the fittest men,winters and autumns can be cold and damp and theIRA a wily and experienced enemy. The small-boatskills of the Royal Marines mean that they are expertat patrols along Carlingford Lough which marks the

border between Northern Ireland and the Republic.The Royal Marines have received numerous decora-tions for service in Northern Ireland including aGeorge Medal for gallantry.

THE FALKLANDSAND THE GULF

The Falklands CampaignIn mid-March 1982 a small band of Argentinianscrap metal merchants landed on South Georgia,which precipitated Great Britain and Argentina towar. Early on 2 April, the Argentinian Amph CdoCoy landed near Stanley and forced the surrender ofthe tiny NP 8901. In UK, 3 Cdo Bde, commanded byBrig. Julian Thompson, was warned for deploymentsouth, although some elements were still on their wayback from Norway. By 17 April the AmphibiousTask Force had assembled at Ascension Island,which became a rear logistic base. 40 Cdo carried outseveral sweeps of the island for suspected Argentin-ian Special Forces; none were found. On 25 AprilM/42 Cdo joined the Advanced Forces to recaptureSouth Georgia. On 21 May, 3 Cdo Bde landed at SanCarlos Water, which precipitated a hectic period as3 Cdo Bde struggled ashore amidst heroic attemptsby the Argentinian Air Force to disrupt the schedule.3 Cdo BAS lost two Gazelles shot down by retreating

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Argentinians. The beachhead was secured, althoughthe Cdo Log Regt and 45 Cdo took casualties whenthe Ajax Bay refrigeration plant was bombed. On 28May, 2 Para defeated the Goose Green garrison,during which its Commanding Officer, Lieut.Col.'H' Jones, was posthumously awarded the VictoriaCross. 5 Inf Bde then arrived and Land ForcesFalkland Islands (Maj.Gen. Jeremy Moore MC*RM) was formed. On 31 May, both Brigades brokeout of the beachhead, with 5 Inf Bde taking thesoutherly route along the track to Fitzroy. 3 Cdo Bdetook the rigorous northerly route and were helpedwhen a Mountain and Arctic Warfare Cadre(M&AW Cadre) patrol attacked an Argentinian 602Cdo Coy section at Top Malo House, 40 Cdoguarded the Brigade Maintenance Area (BMA),while the Cdo Log Regt wrestled with moving sup-plies and equipment. On 12 June, 3 Para over-whelmed elements of Argentinian 7 Inf Regt on MtLongdon, during which Sgt. Mick McKay was post-humously awarded the Victoria Cross. 45 Cdo cap-tured Two Sisters and 42 Cdo Mt Harriet from the 4Inf Regt, the latter after a 1 Welsh Guards group,which included 40 Cdo, secured their Start Line.5 Inf Bde then attacked 5 Mne Inf Bn on MtTumbledown and 2 Para, under command of 3 CdoBde, attacked the remainder of 7 Inf Regt on Wire-less Ridge. The Argentinians surrendered on 14 Juneand a month later the majority of 3 Cdo Bde returnedto Southampton on the SS Canberra.

Following the Falklands campaign, British stra-tegic thinking re-examined the feasibility of des-patching forces on Out of Area Operations. The JointForce Headquarters (JFHQ) was formed to managesuch operations with HQ 3 Cdo Bde and 5 AB Bde asprincipal components. Several command post andtroop exercises practised the new role with, in 1986,40 Cdo deploying to Oman on 'Saif Sareea' andtrialled the new SA-80 5.56mm Rifle.

Above: Mne Williams of40 Cdo RM lands atNamsos, Norway duringthe international exerciseTeamwork, October 1990.(RM Museum)

579 Assault Squadron RMrigid raider with USMCpassengers, exerciseDragon Hammer,Sardinia, May 1987.(RM Museum)

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The Gulf War

Though 42 and 40 Cdo were in Norway and 45 Cdoin Northern Ireland during Operation Granby, theBritish forces deployment to the Gulf in 1990—91,there were individual Marines ashore in Saudi Arabiaand NP 1028, 1029 and 1030 provided the boardingparties for HMS London, Brazen, Gloucester andCardiff as well as air defence and upper deck sentriesfor the Royal Fleet Auxiliary supply ships. RFAArgus also carried many members of the Royal Ma-rines Band Service working as stretcher bearers andfirst aid reception parties.

Air defence capability for the RFAs was pro-vided by shoulder held javelin missiles manned byRoyal Marines from Air Defence Troop, 3 Cdo BdeHQ and Sigs Sqn and soldiers of 21 Air Defence Bty47 Fd Rgt RA.

Operation Safe Haven was a real challenge forthe Corps. From the beginning, 3 Cdo Bde (minus 42Cdo) worked as part of a multi-national force whichat the height of the crisis was composed of 23,000troops from 13 nations. The Kurdish refugees, some500,000, had fled into the inhospitable mountains ofnorthern Iraq, pressed back by murderous Iraqi armyand Republican Guard forces. Between April andJuly the Royal Marines worked hard on the prioritiesof shelter, food, clean water and sanitation. The USArmy and Marines watched with appreciation howprofessionally 45 Cdo, freshly returned from North-ern Ireland, patrolled in 'multiples' through thedisputed towns of northern Iraq. There were somebrief fire fights with Iraqi Republican Guards, whoscuttled away when they realised the calibre of theopposition. Not only was 3 Cdo Bde involved inhumanitarian work, it also cleared many of the mineslaid by the Iraqis in their brutal war against theKurds as well as unexploded ordnance from Coali-tion air attacks.

The Future

The Royal Marines escaped the savage 1992 Optionsfor Change and 1994 Front Line cuts and their futureseems assured with a commitment to replace the twoLPDs. The Corps is now part of the United King-

dom strategic response with 5 AB Bde and someArmy formations. Its lack of mechanised experiencehas precluded a Commando serving with the UNProtection Force (UNPROFOR) in Bosnia althoughindividuals served with 845 and 846 NAS duringtheir deployments.

Bibliography

Beaver, Paul, Today's Royal Marines (1988),Thorsons Publishing Group.

Ladd, James, Commandos and Ranger of World WarTwo, Book Club Associates.

Ladd, James, The Royal Marines (1980), Jane's,London.

Messenger, Charles, The Commandos (1985), WilliamKimber & Co. Ltd, London.

Neillands, Robin, By Sea and Land (1987), GeorgeWeidenfeld & Nicholson Ltd, London.

'X' Troop of 40 Cdo RMhoisting the White Ensign

at Navy House Port Said1956. (W. Fowler)

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THE PLATESA1: Marine, Faroe Islands, April 1940This marine from 'Force Sandall' landed fromHMS Suffolk on 12th April 1940, and is virtuallyindistinguishable from his counterparts in the FirstWorld War. He wears 1902 service dress of themodified pattern first issued in the early 1920s. Notethe soft 'Trench' cap with stitched peak still being-worn at this date, and his blancoed 1908 patternwebbing equipment. The long puttees are beingworn with the service dress trousers turned down togive a deep 'plus fours' effect. He is armed with anSMLE No 1 MkIII.

A2: RM Landing Craft, Oerlikon Gunner D-DayAn exhausted marine of LCG(L) 1007 takes somemuch needed sleep after the initial bombardment onD-Day, 6th June 1944. He wears a typical combina-tion of warm naval kit used by these gun crews. Herethe duffle coat with anti-flash hood and gloves wornunderneath is worn over blue battledress tucked intoheavy leather sea boots. Over this he wears the RNlife preserver and grey painted steel helmet. A maga-zine for his 20mm Oerlikon gun lies at his side.Landing Craft Gun (Large) 1007a Mk4 vessel of 333

Support Flotilla, had been in action off Juno beachearly on the morning of D-Day.

A3: Marine Gun Number, 'X' Turret,HMS Duke of York December 1943During Duke of York's pursuit of the Scharnhorst,this gun number wears a blue RN boiler suit underanti-flash gloves and hood. He has the RN patternanti-gas respirator in its case (note the extra waiststrap on these cases). The steel helmet is worn withit's chin strap at the back of the head. The lifepreserver was always worn when in action.

B1: Royal Marine Fighter Pilot, Battle ofBritain 1940One of 3 RM pilots attached to RAF Fighter Com-mand during the Battle of Britain, Captain AlanMarsh wears khaki battledress under a 1932 patternlife jacket. He holds his Type B flying helmet with itsMklll goggles and Type D oxygen mask. His flyingboots are of the 1936 pattern.

B2: Marine, 41 (RM) Commando, Sicily, July1943During an inspection prior to the Sicily landings thismarine wears the 4 pocket KD bush jacket and '37pattern webbing. Note the toggle rope securedaround the shoulders, the assault life jacket and two

Royal Marines of 45 CdoGroup on exercise ColdWinter in Norway, March1987. (RM Museum)

Right: CGRM Sir JohnRichards and Capt.S J.Jones the CO of theBase Company, 45 CdoGroup RM, with the dogsection at RM Condor,Arbroath, November 1979.(RM Museum)

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50 round cotton bandoliers of .303 ammunition forhis SMLE No 1 MkIII*. He wears short patternputtees which were then coming into use. '41 RM'was amongst the first units to use the 'Battle Jerkin'in action and also the light pattern respirator.

B3: Royal Marine Corporal, 'A' Commando,Dieppe 1942Depicted here on his return from the raid, this cpl.wears '37 pattern battledress and '37 pattern webbingequipment. Note the life preserver, toggle rope andknuckle duster knife attached to the waistbelt. Hewears two straight, woven titles 'Royal Marines' with'Commando' beneath, both in red on dark blue. Hehas a slung respirator and is armed with a Thompsonsub-machine gun.

C1: Cyclist 'A' Troop 45 (RM) Commando,1944A marine of '45 RM' in the assembly area for theNormandy landings, 3 June 1944. He wears the 'Brenvest' over his '40 pattern battledress and a '37 patternhaversack on his back held by its 'L' straps. He doesnot at this stage wear his assault life jacket. The greenberet was worn without cap badge by this unit. Hestill has an army pattern steel helmet strapped, alongwith the toggle rope, to a paint-streak camouflagedbergen rucksack. A strip of Vickers machine gun

ammo belt has been sewn to the upper part of thebattledress trousers. This held several types of .303round (tracer, ball, armour piercing), so that the firercould select a particular type of ammunition as re-quired.

C2: K Gun Ammunition Carrier 'E' Troop 45(RM) Commando, Normady 1944The Vickers 'K' Gun was deployed in small numbersto provide additional firepower in forward positionsbecause of its high rate of fire - a possible 950 to 1100rpm. It was to prove impractical in use due to theamount of ammunition expanded and was discardedafter the break out from Normandy. This marine hasthe webbing pouched provided for 'K' gun drummagazines. These attached to the braces andwaistbelt of the '37 pattern set. He also carries a 50-round cotton bandolier of .303 cartridges for hisSMLE No 4 rifle. Note the red shoulder strap loopsworn by this unit, 41 and 48 RM cdo's also usedcoloured loops

C3: L/Cpl. 'A' Troop 47 (RM) Commando,Port-en-Bessin, Normandy 1944This Cdo was the only one to be completelyequipped with the 'Battle Jerkin' for the D-Daylandings although this was unpopular and was re-placed as quickly as circumstances would allow.Much of this units' kit was lost during the landingsincluding most heavy weapons, only 'B' and 'X'troops landing intact. Much use was made of cap-tured German weaponry and this L/Cpl. has armedhimself with an MP40 sub-machine gun. He wears aknitted 'comforter' in place of a beret. 47 RM werenot fully re-equipped for another month.

D1: Centaur Crewman, 5th IndependentBattery, RM Armoured Support Group,Normandy 1944This marine wears the blue beret with its red badgebacking which replaced the khaki side cap during1943. It was worn by all marines in combined opera-tions from that year and by others not entitled towear the green beret, which had been worn from latein 1942 by commando trained marines. This blueberet is still worn to the present day by all marines intraining and until the successful completion of thecommando course. (See MAA156 Royal Marines

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1956-1984.) He wears khaki '37 pattern battledresstrousers with what appears to be an RN blue pulloverpossibly acquired from 'slops', with issue trouserbraces and a corps waistbelt.

D2: Lt.Col. 48 (RM) Commando, 1944Commanding officer of 48 RM on D-Day, Lt.Col.James L. Moulton, who qualified as a pilot with theFleet Air Arm in 1930, wears the 'faced' battledressadopted by officers with RN pilots wings above theleft breast pocket. Below this is the ribbon of the1939-1943 (as it was then known) which was firstissued early in 1944. He wears his green beret withthe 2-piece officers cap badge. '48 RM' landed on D-Day and captured an enemy strongpoint atLangrune-sur-Mer. During this attack the unitsuffered 50% casualties. Lt.Col. Moulton was sub-sequently awarded the DSO.

D3: Radio Operator, 'X' Troop, 33 RM section,30 Assault Unit, 1945This marine operates a wireless set No 38 intro-duced in 1943 it had a range of four to five miles andwas used for close communication. Note the throatmicrophone and the rod aerial case visible over hisright shoulder. Powered by dry cell batteries, thewhole set weighed 271bs. The insignia of 30Assault Unit is worn on both sleeves - straight'Royal Marines' titles and a light blue '30' on a

dark blue rectangle. Many marines in this unit hadreceived parachute training and this marine wearshis parachute wings between the unit insignia onthe right arm. 30 Assault Unit was a mixedRN - RN unit specifically trained in intelligencegathering duties and at this time was tasked tosecure the latest developments in German Navaltechnology.

Above: A Royal Marine inNorway uses his ski sticksto support a 7.62 mm L4A3Light Machine Gun (LMG)fitted with a blank firingdevice during arcticwarfare training. He wearsa camouflaged waterproofnylon snow suit.(W. Fowler)

Swedish built BandvangnBv 202 over-snow vehiclesin Norway. The RoyalMarines took these to theFalklands in 1982 wherethey proved effective innegotiating the soft peat ofthe islands. They have nowbeen replaced in the UKby the larger and morepowerful Haaglund Bv 206.(W. Fowler)

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El: Sergeant 44 (RM) Commando, ArakanBeachhead, January 1945Armed with a Thompson sub-machine gun, thisNCO wears the jungle green battledress top andtrousers. He has an individually acquired Americanweb pistol belt with a Colt .45 pistol in a US brownleather holster, a pair of binoculars and case, againpossibly of US origin, a British flare pistol in itsleather holster and a Bergen rucksack. He wears theshort puttees introduced from 1943 and SV boots.He wear the ribbons of the Military Medal and the1939-1943 star.

E2: Marine 41 (Independent) Commando,Korea 195041 (Independent) Commando was raised for theKorean War in August 1950. They were largelyclothed and equipped by US forces but the greenberet was still worn. This marine preparing explosivechanges wears standard M1943 combat clothing withan OG wool shirt and white T-shirt underneath. Hewears canvas shoes and woollen hose tops as gaiters.Note the British clasp knife hanging from the M1923cartridge belt. He is armed with the US Ml Garandrifle. The beret is worn without cap badge in thisinstance.

E3: Royal Marine 45 Commando, Suez 1956Marines of 45 Cdo carried out the first large scalehelicopter assault during Operation Musketeer - theattack on Port Said. This Bren gunner is wearing anangola shirt, denim BD trousers, short puttees andSV boots. Note the Bren spares case slung around the

body and the boot polish blackened '37 patternwebbing equipment. Anti-gas goggles were worn toprovide protection from swirling sand.

F1: Lt.CoL., 42 Commando, July 1958This officer wears the 1949 pattern battledress thenin use, with one piece 'Royal Marines Commando'title worn from 1946 to the present day. Below this isthe dagger emblem worn by 3 Commando Brigadefrom just after World War Two until 1964. Thisbadge is still used today by commando trained per-sonnel other than Royal Marines. He has the darkblue RM officers lanyard on his left shoulder and thewhite lanyard of 42 Cdo on his right. Note the blackboot polished webbing belt and gaiters - a practice in3 Commando Brigade which dates from the lateWorld War Two period. He wears SV boots.

F2: Commandant General, Royal Marines,1961General Sir Jan Riches is seen here wearing khakitropical shirt and trousers with brown officers shoes.Note the bullion general officers badge on his beretand note that red gorget patches are unusually notworn in this instance on his shirt collar. A corpsstable belt is worn.

F3: Commanding Officer, 42 CommandoSeen here after his promotion to colonel, but beforehe left 42 Cdo, CO P.J. Whitely wears olive greenshirt and shorts. As a fixed wing pilot trained in thelate 1940s he wears Royal Navy wings above the leftbreast pocket and he also wore a parachute qualifica-

A Royal Marine patrol ledby a troop commanderand headed by a doghandler during operationsagainst EOKA terrorists onCyprus. Dogs have beenused in many post-warcampaigns includingIndonesia and NorthernIreland. These animalscan be trained to detectweapons and explosives, aswell as tracking men orguarding installations.(W. Fowler)

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Men of theReconnaissance Troop of40 Cdo RM photographedsoon after they wererecovered from a deeppatrol against theIndonesians in Borneo inthe 1960's confrontation.

They wear drab junglegreen uniforms, sweatrags, belt orders madefrom aircraft quick releasestraps, and are armed withthe 5.56 mm Ml6 Armaliterifle. (W. Fowler)

tion wing on the upper right sleeve. Note the redgorget patches of his rank worn here and the darkblue officers lanyard on the left shoulder. He wearskhaki hose tops with stone coloured officers putteesand the white garter tabs of 42 Cdo.

G1: Sergeant ]. Ellis, 40 Commando, Malaysia1969Whilst taking part in Exercise Enchanter in Malay-sia, January 1969, Sgt. Ellis wears jungle green shirt,trousers with side pocket, and bush hat. Note theblack chevrons worn on the right sleeve only. Hewould have worn one of two patterns (long or short)of canvas jungle boot. The '58 pattern webbing isworn with carrier frame to which is strapped a '58pattern large pack and sleeping bag rolled in a pon-cho. He is armed with an M16 rifle.

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G2: Sergeant, 42 Commando, 1960He wears a Denison smock over denim battledresstrousers, short puttees and SV boots. The Denisonsmock was first issued to Royal Marines in the latterpart of 1944 and was worn until the introduction ofDPM camouflaged clothing in the early 1970s, how-ever, they were often retained by individuals and stillto be seen in the 1980s. He wears parachute wings onthe upper right sleeve and the chevrons worn on theright sleeve only, have been whitened. The life jacketwas worn for all landing exercises and helicoptertrips over water. Note the company markings on thebutt of his SLR. This rifle was first introduced in 3Commando Brigade in 1959.

G3: Marine 45 Commando, The Radfan 1966Royal Marines served in the Radfan from July 1964to June 1967. The practical and comfortable rigadopted by this marine consists of KD shirt androlled up KD shorts, KD bush hat, grey issue sock,puttees and SV boots. '58 pattern webbing is wornwith 2 '44 pattern water bottle pouch. The plastic '58pattern water bottle is retained however. He isdraped with GPMG link.

H1: Marine 45 Commando, Northern Ireland1970This marine wears clothing and equipment typical ofearly deployments to Ulster. He wears a US M69body armour worn over the olive green combat jacketthen on issue. He wears a belt order consisting of a'58 pattern belt with a single magazine pouch and onthe right side a water bottle in its pouch. Note theSLR still at this time with wooden furniture and thesling looped around his right wrist to prevent theweapon being dropped or snatched. The beret badgehas been blackened. Later body armour had Britishmade covers attached.

H2: Marine, 41 Commando, 1975Marine Steve Freddi a member of UNFICYP,Cyprus, January 1975 wears a woolly-pully with'Royal Marine Command' titles, the blue beret withUN cap badge and UN sleeve badge. 'Lightweight'trousers are worn with short puttees and DMS bootswhich were first issued in the mid 1960s. Note theSLR now with black plastic furniture.

H3: Royal Marine Helicopter Crewman, 1979This WO wears a standard green flying suit with alightweight life jacket. Just visible is the 3 Com-mando Brigade Air Squadron badge on the upperright sleeve. His rank insignia are worn on slip-onsattached to the shoulder straps. An observers wing isworn on the upper left breast. Note the privatelyacquired (?) black leather gloves.

I1: Marine, 40 Commando, May 1982This marine wears a rig typical for the early stages ofOperation Corporate. '58 pattern equipment withseveral water bottle pouches replacing the 'kidneypouches'. Note his 'skid lid' hung by its chin strapfrom his left hand pouch. He wears 'lightweight'trousers used by some marines right through thecampaign with heavy civilian walking boots androlled hose tops. Note the 'headover' worn aroundhis neck and the wristlet mittens being worn. He isarmed with a 9 mm Sterling sub machine gun.

I2: Marine, 42 Commando, June 1982Marine Steve Chubb, J Company, 42 Cdo is seenhere in clothing and equipment used in the closingstages of the Falklands operation. Most marines worenewly issued kit in the South Atlantic particularly'Juliet' company, a hastily raised company formedfrom the repatriated members of NP 8901 capturedduring the Argentine invasion. Marine Chubb wasone of twenty three Marines under Lt. Keith Millswho were captured after their spirited defence ofSouth Georgia in April 1982. Steve Chubb was to bevery badly injured by shell splinters early on the 13thJune 1982 after the capture of Mt Harriet by '42'. Hewears the windproof smock and trousers with Ger-man para boots, which were privately acquired bysome marines. He wears '58 pattern webbing withoutthe 'bum roll' and with a respirator case added on theleft-hand side which he used to carry GPMG link.The headover is again worn at the neck. He is armedwith a SLR which he used without its sling attached.

Royal Marines of the AirDefence Tp armed withthe Short Javelin lowaltitude surface-to-airmissile system. TheMarines wear trousersmen's lightweight (TML's)wind-proof smocks, and'58' pattern webbing. Theman on the right is armedwith a 7.62 mm L1A1 self-loading rifle. (W. Fowler)

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Also carried is a 66 mm LAW which saw widespreaduse against Argentine bunkers and positions duringthe campaign.

J1: Marine, Recce Troop, 41 Commando, 1980Marine Brien Hobbs wears a typical patrol rig for wetweather, here a civilian Nevisport Orion jacket one ofseveral acquired by this troop for their own use.Fighting order consists of two '58 magazine pouchesand two water bottle pouches. Interestingly he wearsprivately acquired World War Two vintage 'Brenpouches' which have been camouflage painted. Hewears the large 'airborne' or 'SAS' pattern bergenwith a rolled sleeping mat under the flap. A total of11 magazines for the 7.62 L4A4 LMG were carried,distributed in the vest and pouches. He wears tropi-cal issue DPM trousers which were useful for theirquick-drying qualities and the large pocket on eachleg. He wears Patrick walking boots with khaki hosetops rolled over.

The particular requirements of patrolling inNorthern Ireland and the poor quality and unsuit-ability of some of the kit issued during the 70s and80s led to the widespread adoption of privately pur-chased items. This was actively encouraged at thistime by most COs.

J2: Marine 'Mr Company, 42 Commando,Ulster 1987Marine Royston of 8 Troop, M company, 42 Cdoawaits a helicopter airlift to Crossmaglen in July1987. Royal Marines were by this time almost indis-tinguishable from their Army counterparts. He wearsthe MK6 ballistic helmet with its DPM cover, thenew style bergen with removable side pouches and'58 pattern belt order. He wears improved NorthernIreland body armour which is now worn under thelatest pattern DPM combat dress. The weapon is the5.56mm L24A1 also known as the 'SA80'. Note theCWS mounted on this weapon the SA80 was firstissued to '42' early in 1986.

J3: Marine 'X' Company, 45 Commando, 1991Marine Steve Drew is seen here during deploymenton Operation Haven in northern Iraq during anattempt to provide a safe area for Kurdish refugees.At the time it was the largest RM deployment sincethe Falklands War. Marine Drew wears thewindproof smock over temperate issue combat trou-sers. The belt order is the patter '90 PLCE and he isarmed with L24A1 IW (individual weapon). Unit-purchased commercial chest pouch rigs were alsoissued in this unit.

Royal Marines fire the81 mm L16 mortar duringtraining on AscensionIsland in 1982, prior toOperation Corporate onthe Falkland Islands. TheL16 can fire 15 rounds perminute for indeWniteperiods, and also bebroken down into threeloads which can be manpacked. (W. Fowler)

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K:1: ORs beret badge, Kings Crown version.2: Officers beret badge ERII version.3: World War Two issue parachute wing.4: Embroidered ROYAL MARINE flash with

curved World War Two COMMANDO title andunit numbers.

5: RM Siege Regiment, grenade sleeve badge, WorldWar Two.

6: Woven 'Cash tape' title with separate numbers,World War Two.

7: 34th Amphibious Support Regiment embroi-dered flash.

8: Royal Marine Engineers printed flash, World WarTwo.

9: 117 Royal Marine Brigade embroidered flash,1945.

L:1: Coloured shoulder strap loop 45 (RM) Cdo,

1944.2: Combined operations flash, World War Two.3: 30 Assault Unit flash, World War Two.4: Embroidered 'ROYAL MARINE COM-

MANDO', 1946 to present day.5; Embroidered or printed dagger flash.6: Parachute wing tropical uniform.7: Swimmer canoeist 1, Lovat Suit.8: Kings Badge No.1 and Lovat Suit.9: Royal Marine Sniper, Lovat Suit.

10: Parachute wing No.l Dress.11: Commandant General's shooting Badge 1990,

Lovat Suit.

A cheerful MarineCommando of 45 Cdo RMon patrol in Belfast inSeptember 1977.(W. Fowler)

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Continued from back cover

E34 AfrikakorpsE35 Early SamuraiE36 The Texas RangersE37 Panama 1989-90E38 The NVA and Viet CongE39 The Ancient AssyriansE40 New Kingdom EgyptE41 Elite Forces India and PakistanE42 The Persian Army 560-330 BCE43 Vietnam Marines 1965-73E44 Security Forces in Northern IrelandE45 Armies of the Gulf WarE46 US Army Air Force (I)E47 South African Special ForcesE48 Nelson's NavyE49 The GurkhasE50 The Praetorian GuardE51 US Army Air Force (2)E52 Wellington's Foot GuardsE53 International Brigades in Spain 1936-39E54 UN Forces 1948-94E55 Marine Recon 1940-90E56 Scottish Units in the World WarsE57 The Royal Marines 1939-93