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Citarum River Basin and Water Resources Challenges . Roundtable for ASEAN Chief Justices on Environment Dr. Thomas Panella Principal Water Resource Specialist Asian Development Bank 7 December 2011 Jakarta, Indonesia . CITARUM AT GLANCE. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Roundtable for ASEAN Chief Justices on Environment
Dr. Thomas PanellaPrincipal Water Resource Specialist Asian Development Bank
7 December 2011Jakarta, Indonesia
Citarum River Basin and Water Resources Challenges
CITARUM AT GLANCEThe biggest and the longest river in West Java Province
Catchment Area: 6,614 Km2
River basin management area:13,000 Km2
Average rainfall: 2,300 mm/year
Average flow: 5.7 billon/m3/year
Citarum covers : 9 districts (1)Kab. Bandung,(2)Kab.Bandung Barat, (3)Kab.Cianjur (4)Kab.Purwakarta, (5)Kab.Karawang, (6) Kab.Bekasi, (7)Kab.Subang , (8)Kab.Indramayu, and (9) Kab.Sumedang and 3 cities:
(1)Kota Bekasi, (2)Kota Bandung, and (3)Kota Cimahi
Population along the river over 10 million(50% Urban and growing rapidly)
Total population in the basin: 15,303,758 (50% Urban) (Data BPS 2009)
Total Population in West Java41,483,729 (Gov. West Java Statistic)
Supplies water for 80% of Jakarta citizens (16 m3/s)
Irrigated area: +300,000 Ha
Reservoirs:- Saguling 982 million m3
- Cirata 2,165 million m3
- Jatiluhur 3,000 million m3
Electricity output: 1,400 Mwatt
Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum
CITARUM AT GLANCE
Specific Challenges
Population Growth and Urbanization
Watershed Degradation, Erosion & Sedimentation
Flooding and Water-Related Disasters
Water Pollution(industrial, domestic, organic and solid waste)
Excessive Groundwater Exploitation
Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum
Coastal Degradation
Water Allocation, infrastructure and climate change
Wayang Mount 5
Watershed Degradation, Erosion and Sedimentation
Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum
Solutions include:• Improved spatial planning, zoning regulation and enforcement • Conservation, land rehabilitation and reforestation• Sustainable farming practices and provision of alternative sources of
livelihoods
Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum
Severe and Recurrent Flooding
Flood in DayeuhkolotKab. Bandung (Pikiran Rakyat, Friday, 19 Feb 2010)
Subsidence is severe and basin wide:
• From 1988 more than 3-4 meter subsidence in some places
• Severe impact on river hydraulics (and flooding)
• Irreversible aquifer damageProfile Transect of Subsidence Annual Average, 1994-2009
Solutions include:
• Improved groundwater regulation , licensing and enforcement
• Ground water pricing• Groundwater recharge• Increase surface water supply
especially for industry
Excessive Groundwater Exploitation
INDUSTRIAL AND DOMESTIC POLLUTION• 1,500 industries in Bandung and surrounding area: • 280 ton of chemical waste dump into Citarum
everyday• Lack of sanitation and waste water treatment
facilities • Water quality monitoring in the late 1990s shows
that annual average of BoD concentrations as high as 300 mg/liter.
Solution Include:
Law enforcementIndustrial and domestic waste water treatment plantsProvision of sanitation facilities
Low cost water treatment technologyPhoto Doc: Cita-Citarum
Solutions Include:• Improved regulation, licensing and
enforcement of water quality standards• Improved monitoring• Industrial and domestic waste water
treatment plants• Provision of sanitation facilities• Low cost water treatment technology
ORGANIC WASTE
190 Tons of organic waste from farmingdump into the river everyday(8,000 cows produce 24 kg of waste each)
Solutions include:
• Organic fertilizer production to supply downstream farms
• Biogas generation• Improved waste
management
Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum
SOLID WASTE
Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum
The annual uncollected garbage that invariably ends up accumulating in the drainage system and rivers amounts 500,000 m3/year
13
Solutions Include:• Improved solid waste management regulation ,
zoning and enforcement • Development of solid waste facilities and
collection services• Recycle, Reuse, Reduce (3R) facilities• Behavioral changes
Citarum Tributary, Citepus river, Bale Endah, 2010
Photo by: Adhi Wicaksono/Doc Cita-Citarum
Ciwalengke Village, Majalaya, 2011
• Coastal abrasion• Biodiversity
degradation• Increased flooding
Solutions include:• Mangrove rehabilitation and improved coastal ecosystems • Flood control • Coastal protection through dykes and coastal infrastructure
COASTAL DEGRADATION
Urban water (local need) = 0,3%
Industriy= 2,0%
Irrigation= 86,7%
Others = 5,0% Drinking waterFor Jakarta = 6,0%
Utilized7,5 billion m3/year = 57,9%
(Citarum ± 6 billion m3/year And other rivers ± 1.5 billion m3/year
Potential for utilization± 5,45 billion m3/year
= 42,1%
WATER USAGE
THREE CASCADES RESERVOIR OPERATIONS
Saguling and Cirata dams operated by Indonesia power and Juanda dam operated by PJTII
• Greater coordination required• Updating of the operation procedures for flood and
drought
Photo by: Diella Dachlan/Doc Cita-Citarum
Photo by: Ng Swan Ti/Doc Cita-Citarum
Walahar Weir, Karawang District, 2010
Jatiluhur reservoir, Purwakarta District, 2010
Klari Weir, Karawang District, 2011
Asia – Water Insecurity and Climate Change
THANK YOU
Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum