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Air Pollution Challenges in Southeast Asia
Glynda BathanDeputy Executive DirectorClean Air Asia
2nd ASEAN Chief JusticesRoundtable Discussion8 December 2012
Air pollution in Asia risks getting worse again
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100
20
40
60
80
100
120
PM10
NO2
SO2
WHO annual guideline NO2 – 40 µg/m3
WHO interim target 1 PM10 – 70 µg/m3
WHO annual guideline PM10 – 20 µg/m3WHO daily guideline SO2 – 20 µg/m3
Global Burden of Disease 2000Mortality attributable to leading risk factors
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
High blood pressure
Tobacco
High cholesterol
Underweight
Unsafe sex
Low fruit and vegetable intake
Overweight and obesity
Physical inactivity
Alcohol
Unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene
Indoor smoke from solid fuels
Iron deficiency
Urban air pollution
Zinc deficiency
Vitamin A deficiency
Contaminated health care injections
Occupational airborne particulates
Occupational risk factors for injury
Lead exposure
Illicit drugs
Mortality in thousands (Total 55.86 million)
High-mortality developing
Lower-mortality developing
Developed
Ezzati et al. 2002; WHO 2002
Outdoor Air Pollution ranked 13th
Poor air quality: 7 of 10 cities in developing Asia
6
5
31
36
89
58
26
10
9
20
19
Cities developing Asia
Cities developed Asia
20-30
30-50
50-70
70-100
<20
100-150
>150
WHO Interim Target 170 µg/m3
WHO Air Quality Guideline20 µg/m3
PM10 annual average concentrations µg/m3
Particulate matter or “PM” is harmful
6
Asthma, impaired lung function, cardiovascular
illness and deaths
Many sources of PM in Asia
Motorization rates are increasing
Motorization in Asia (2010)Source: Accessing Asia, Clean Air Asia 2012
Vehicle Ownership
401.9072320576622316.66512326341 5082.9314371704 8703.0414823066815088.869806712128527.088733447742607.29295552060
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
GDP per capita (PPP constant 2005)
Cars
per
capit
a
Vietnam
Indonesia
Brunei
Cambodia MalaysiaPhilip-pines Sin-
gapore
Thailand
Lao
Source: Data from the World Bank and Clean Air Asia
2-wheelers are in the majority…
Vehicle Types (2010)Source: Accessing Asia, Clean Air Asia 2012
…but trucks generate most CO2 emissions
Road Transport CO2 Emissions by Vehicle Type (2010)Source: Accessing Asia, Clean Air Asia 2012
Asia remains dependent on diesel
ASIA BAN IND INO LAO
MAL NEP PAK PHI PRC
SIN SRI THA VIE
64% 77% 91%
85%
69% 74%
85% 65% 58%
57%
52%
*Note: share of fuel consumption of diesel was estimated based on vehicle population by fuel type
Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, 2012
31%
31%
62%
Estimated share of diesel in road transport fuel consumption (2010)
14
Exposure zone within 300 to 500 meters from a highway or a major road is most highly
affected by traffic emissions
- Health Effects Institute- Traffic-Related Air Pollution: A Critical Review of the Literature on
Emissions, Exposure, and Health Effects. 2010
The Traffic Impact Area in Delhi
55% of the population within 500 meters of a freeway; 50 meters of a major road (Health Effects Institute analysis)
The Traffic Impact Area in Beijing
HEI Analysis: 76% of the Population within 500 meters of a Freeway; 50 meters of a Major Road (Health Effects Institute analysis)
More people moving to cities
120,000people a day
44 millionpeople added to Asian cities every year
1.1 billionPeople added to Asian cities in the next 30 years
ADB
Vehicles are key to Solving the PM2.5 Problem
● Vehicles contribute 22-34% of PM2.5 in megacities, but percentage is growing
● Actual impacts much higher when considering secondary pollution
● Roadside exposure much higher in dense urban areas
18
Micheal Walsh, 2012
PM2.5 Annual Standards 2012
Note: China’s new PM2.5 annual standard (35 µg/m3) is for national implementation in 2016. 2012 implementation of new standard: for Beijing, Tianjin, YRD, PRD, municipalities and provincial capital cities
AQG (10 µg/m3)
IT-3 (15 µg/m3)
IT-2 (25 µg/m3)
IT-1 (35 µg/m3)
Above 35 µg/m3)
No annual PM2.5 standard
No information
Clean Air Asia 2012
Asia goals 2016: monitoring and data
●Air quality monitoring systems and report data publicly
●Air pollution and GHG indicators for transport and energy
Asia goals: policies
●City Clean Air Plans and reports●“Avoid-Shift-Improve” policies for transport●Maintain or improve share of non-motorized
and public transport●Effective programs for in-use vehicles●National green freight programs●Demonstration of clean truck technologies
Low emissions urban development
Ho Chi Minh City 2010
Low emissions urban development
Ho Chi Minh City 2030 BAU
Low emissions urban development
Ho Chi Minh City 2030 Low Emissions
Ahmedabad
Colombo
Ho Chi Minh
Baseline BAU 2030Low
Emissions 2030
Transport CO2: 38%, PM 60%Electricity CO2 61%, PM 45%
Transport CO2: 15%, PM 32%Electricity CO2 30%, PM 68%
Transport CO2: 33%, PM 30%Electricity CO2 40%, PM 38%
China . India . Indonesia . Nepal . Pakistan . Philippines . Sri Lanka . Vietnam
[email protected] 3505 Robinsons-Equitable Tower
ADB Avenue, Pasig CityMetro Manila 1605
Philippines
Clean Air Asia Center
[email protected] Reignwood Building,
No. 8 YongAnDongLi Jianguomenwai Avenue Beijing
China
Clean Air Asia China [email protected] Floor, Building No. 4
Thyagraj Nagar Market, Lodhi Colony New Delhi 110003
India
Clean Air Asia India Office
Clean Air Asia Country Networks
26
Clean Air Asia Center Members
236 Clean Air Asia Partnership Members
• Cities• Environment ministries and government
agencies• Development agencies and foundations• Non-government organizations• Academic and research institutions• Private sector companies and associations
Clean Air Asia Donors in 2012Asian Development Bank Cities Development Initiative for Asia ClimateWorks Foundation DHL/IKEA/UPS Energy Foundation Fredskorpset Norway Fu Tak Iam Foundation German International Cooperation (GIZ) Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) Institute for Transport Policy Studies Institute for Transportation and Development Policy International Union for Conservation of Nature L'Agence Française de Développement (AFD) MAHA Pilipinas Shell
Rockefeller Brothers Fund Shakti Foundation Shell Foundation United Nations Environment Program Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (UNEP PCFV) USAID CEnergy Veolia World Bank
More information: www.cleanairasia.org
