Robotic Waiter

8/18/2019 Robotic Waiter

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Final Year Project Report

The Waiter Robot WithWireless Ordering System

B.S. Electronic Engineering, Batch 2007

Internal Adviser External Adviser

Engr. Muhammad Rafay Khan Mr. Abrash ar!e"

#e$turer Master%s Student

Ele$troni$ Engineering &e''t. Engg Management

SS(ET) KARA*+I Stanford (niversity

Submitted by

Mali, (sama Waheed -/0EE01-2

Ahsan ar!e" -/0EE0134

Saghir Ahmed -/0EE0135

+u"aifa Saifuddin -/0EE0162

Muhammad &a!ood 7amer -/0EE0165

Sa8id 9ul Amber Khan -/0EE01:2

&EARTME;T O< E#E*TRO;I* E;9I;EERI;9

Sir Syed University ! Engineering " #echnologyUniversity Road, $arachi%7&'00

(an)ary, 20**

Sir Syed University ! Engineering " #echnology


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RE


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=hapter *> #his chapter gives introd)ction a+o)t the types o! service ro+ots and the

scope o! ro+otics in di!!erent !ields.

=hapter 2> #his chapter !)rther gives +ac1gro)nd o! the ro+otics and descri+e the

types in ore detail.

=hapter '> Provides indept 1noledge a+o)t the RF od)le and ireless

=o)nication.

=hapter ?> #his chapter descri+es the design phase and entire ethodology o! o)r

project.

=hapter &> #his chapter descri+es the hardare design o! entire project.

=hapter @> =hapter incl)des description o! coponents )sed in the project and ho

they ere )sed.

=hapter 7> #his chapter contains the !locharts and the scheatics o! the project.

=hapter > =oncl)sion and F)t)re Enhanceents are listed in this chapter.

ppendices> ppendi- contains tie and cost analysis and ppendi- B contains

datasheets o! ajor coponents.



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A*K;OW#E&9EME;TS

First and !oreost e are than1!)l to lighty llah, thro)gh 9is g)idance e have

reach this point in o)r lives.

4e are grate!)l to o)r parents ho provided )s ith all the reso)rces and l)-)ries,

and s)pported )s in every possi+le ay d)ring the d)ration o! this project.

4e are deeply inde+ted to 6r. 6)haad Ra!ay $han C:ect)rer, Electronics 5eptD,

o)r internal advisor, ho o!!ered his val)a+le tie henever e needed. 9is !)ll

enco)rageent and even ore cooperation as alays ith )s, d)ring the copletion

o! this project. Finally yet iportantly, e ac1noledge the e!!orts o! o)r teachers

ho have +een o)r so)rce o! inspiration thro)gho)t the )niversity years and have

shared their 1noledge and s1ills ith )s.

4e are also deeply inde+ted to 6r. +rash Pervai, o)r e-ternal advisor, ho

provided his val)a+le 1noledge a+o)t the P/= icro%controller and its inter!acing

and prograing. 4e are also grate!)l to 6r. Sohail 6eon ho provided his

e-pertise a+o)t the echanical design o! ro+ot.

SIR S=E& (;I>ERSIT= O< E;9I;EERI;9 ? TE*+;O#O9=



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University Road, $arachi%7&'00, Pa1istan#el> ?AA000%2,?A2'', Fa-> C2%2*D ?A2''

http://www.ssuet.edu.pk

The


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Syno'sis

#hro)gh technical advances e h)ans have a)toated vast areas o! o)r or1ing

lives. part !ro ind)strial and co)nication !ields, !ields li1e that o! gardening,

cleaning and coo1ing are also +eing a)toated, that are intelligent and can operate as

per re3)ireent ith ini) o! h)an inter!erence.

#hro)gh o)r 1noledge and o+servations e are designing a Ro+ot +ased on P/=*A

that can deliver !ood ites inside a resta)rant o)r prototype ill e-hi+it soe level o!

intelligence as it navigates thro)gh the resta)rant. #his prototype ill ta1eordersinp)t irelessly +y the )se o! RF od)les !or reception and transission.

Each ta+le ill +e iplantedinstalled ith o)r c)sto designed od)le containing

P/=*A and RF transitter and inp)t +)ttons !or selection, resetting and transitting

along ith a :=5 display !or displaying in!oration o! selected ites.

#he inp)ts are processed +y P/=*A and data is delivered to RF transitter. #he RF

transitter !ro the ta+le directs the in!oration to the =o)nter RF receiver here

data is decoded +y a-2'2 /= and delivered thro)gh the serial port to a cop)ter that

has a


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TA#E O< *O;TE;TS

Pre!aceIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.I.CiiD

c1noledgentIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.CivD

=erti!icateIIIIIIIIIIIIII.IIIIIIIIIIIII....CvD

SynopsisIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII..III..III..CviD

*ha'ter 1 Introdu$tion

*.* /ntrod)ctionIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...2

*.2 Service 5roids and Ro+otsIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...I2

*.' #ypes o! Service Ro+ots.................................................................'

*.? Pro+le Stateent..........................................................................'

*.& Scope ! Ro+otics..........................................................................?

*.@ =oncl)sionIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.I?

*ha'ter - a$,ground Of Roboti$s

2.* 9istory...........................................................................................@

2.2 #ypes ! Ro+otIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII....@

2.2.* Rectang)lar Ro+otIIIIIIIII.IIIII..I..@

2.2.2 =ylindrical Ro+otIIIIIIIIII..IIIII....@

2.2.' Spherical r Ro+otIIIIII...II.II..III..@

2.' Selection =opliance sse+ly Ro+otIIIIIII.I...II.7

2.'.* rtic)lated Ro+otIIIIIIIIIII.IIIII.7

2.'.2 6o+ile Ro+otsIIIII.IIIIIIII.II.II7

2.'.' Rolling Ro+otsIIIIII..IIIIIIIIII.I7



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2.'.? 4al1ing Ro+otsIIIIIIIIIIII.....IIII.A

2.'.& Stationary Ro+otsIIIIIIIII..III.II.I...A

2.'.@ )tonoo)s Ro+otsIIIII.IIII.....IIIII.A

2.'.7 Reote%=ontrol Ro+otsIIIIIIIIIIII..II

2.? Bea Ro+otsIIIIIII...IIIIIII.III..II.........

2.?.* BiologyIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...I.II..

2.?.2 ElectronicsIIIIIII.IIIIIIII.II.II*0

2.?.'estheticsIIIII..IIIIII.IIII..II...I..*0

2.?.? 6echanicsIIIIIIII.IIIIII.II.III*0

2.?.& Ro+ots s 4aitersIIIII..III..II...IIIII*0

2.& =oncl)sionIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII..**

*ha'ter 3 R< Module And Wireless *ommuni$ation

'.* 4ireless =o)nicationIIIIIIIIIIIIII...III*'

'.2 6odes ! 4ireless =o)nicationIIIIIII...I...IIII*'

'.' RFIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII..II.IIII..I*'

'.'.* #he RF dvantageIIII.IIIIIIIIII...I....*?

'.? RF /n 4areho)ses nd 5istri+)tion =entersIIIIII.IIII*&

'.?.* Shipping nd ReceivingII..IIIIIIIII.II..I*&

'.?.2 /nternal #ransportIIIIIIIIIIIIII...I.II*&

'.?.' Stoc1 nd :ocation 6anageentIIIIIII.I.II..*@

'.?.? rder Pic1ingIIIIIIIIIIIIIII..IIII*@

'.?.& Stoc1 =ontrolIIIIIIIIIIIII..IIIIII*@



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@.'.2 Use in ProjectIII..IIIIIIIIIIII..III27

@.? P)sh B)ttonIIIII.IIII.IIIIIII.I.IIIIII2A

@.?.* Use in ProjectIIII..IIIIIIIIIIIIIII2A

@.& *@ J 2 =haracter :=5IIII...IIIIIII.IIIII...II2A

@.&.* Use in ProjectIIII..IIIIIIIIIIIIIII2A

@.@ Ultrasonic SensorsIIIIIIIIIIIIIII..IIII....I2

@.@.* Use in ProjectIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII..2

@.7 RelayIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII..IIIIIII2

@.7.* perating PrinciplesIIIIIIIII..II.II.III2

@.7.2 Use in ProjectIIIIIIIIIII...IIIIIII...'0

@.A 5ry =ell Battery Rechargea+leIIIIIII.I..IIII..III.'0

@.A.* Use in ProjectIIIIIIIIIIII...IIIIII...'0

@. B)er nd crystalIIIIIIIIIIIII..III..IIII'*

@..* Use in ProjectIIIIIIIIIIIII...IIIII...'*

@.*0 RF #ransitter nd ReceiverIIIIIIIIIIIII..III'*

@.*0.* Use in ProjectIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.II.I..'2

@.** RS 2'2IIIIIIIIIIIIIII.IIIIII..III..'2

@.**.* Use in ProjectIIIIIIIIIIIIII.II.II.'2

@.*2 5c


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@.*?.* Use in ProjectIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII..I.'?

@.*& =oncl)sionIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII..II.'?

*ha'ter / Soft!are &es$ri'tion

7.* So!tareIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII...III..'@

7.2 :ist ! So!tare UsedIII.IIIIIIIII..IIIIIII'@

7.2.* P/= Si)lator nd =opilerII.IIIIIIII....II.'@

7.2.*.* Pic*A Si)lator /5E 6ain Feat)resI.II.I.II.'@

7.2.*.2 Pic*A B)rnerIIIIIIIIIII..I.III..'A

7.2.2 Gis)al St)dio 20*0IIIIIII..II...III.II..I..'A

7.2.2.* So!tare ScreenshotsIIIIIIIII...III'A

7.' =oncl)sionIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII..II..I..?'

*ha'ter 2


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*ha'ter 5 *on$lusion And


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Fig)re @.*? U%Shaped Sensor ''

Fig)re 7.* Gis)al St)dio 20*0 'A

Fig)re 7.2 6ain rder For ?0

Fig)re 7.' 6ain rder For Updated ?*

Fig)re 7.? rder 5etails ?*

Fig)re 7.& rder 5etails Updated ?2

Fig)re 7.@ 5ata+ase 4itho)t 5ata ?2

Fig)re 7.7 5ata+ase 4ith 5ata ?'

Fig)re 7.A 5ata+ase For ?'

Fig)re A.* G and *2G Batteries ?&

Fig)re A.2 6otor 5river =irc)it ?&

Fig)re A.' P/=*A /nitialiing =irc)it ?@

Fig)re A.? 6ain Ro+ot =irc)it ?7

Fig)re A.& U%Shape Sensor ?7

Fig)re A.@ RF /np)t =irc)it ?7

Fig)re A.7 6ain #a+le =irc)it ?A

Fig)re A.A P/=*@


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I;TRO&(*TIO;

1.1 I;TRO&(*TIO;@



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84hat is a ro+otKH #he ord ro+ot coes !ro the =ech ord Ro+ota, hich eans

o+ligatory or1 or servit)de. #he ord ro+ot as !irst )sed in a =ech play called

R.U.R.CRoss)Ls Universal Ro+otsD +y $arl =ape1. Ro+otics is the science and

technology o! ro+ots and their designs, an)!act)re and their applications. Ro+otics

coprises o! not only the echanical str)ct)re +)t also the electronics and so!tare in

order to !)nction according to the desired inp)t. ;o a dayLs Ro+otics has +ecoe a

very vast and +road !ield and ro+ots are disting)ished in vario)s categories according

to their str)ct)re and !)nctions they per!or. Ro+ot is de!ined as a echanical design

that is capa+le o! per!oring h)an tas1s or +ehaving in a h)an%li1e anner.

B)ilding a ro+ot re3)ires e-pertise and cople- prograing. /tLs a+o)t +)ilding

systes and p)tting together otors, solenoids, and ires, aong other iportant

coponents. #here are a n)+er o! s)+systes that )st +e designed to !it together

into an appropriate pac1age s)ita+le !or carrying o)t the ro+otLs tas1.

4ireless rdering Syste red)ces the !lo o! or1, sipli!ies the cople- orders,

receives acc)rate orders, provides pleasant environent " speedy service, prevents

onetary loss, " increases c)stoer relia+ility in ordering. 6oreover, itMs also an

integrated syste that a)toatically controls +)siness +y connecting to PS syste at

the co)nter.

1.- SER>I*E O< &ROI&S A;& ROOTS@

Service ro+ots have no strict internationally accepted de!inition, hich, aong other

things, deliits the !ro other types o! e3)ipent, in partic)lar the anip)lating

ind)strial ro+ot. /FR, hoever, have adopted a preliinary de!inition>

service ro+ot is a ro+ot hich operates sei% or !)lly a)tonoo)sly to per!or

services )se!)l to the ell%+eing o! h)ans and e3)ipent, e-cl)ding an)!act)ring

operations.

4ith this de!inition, anip)lating ind)strial ro+ots co)ld also +e regarded as service

ro+ots, provided they are installed in non%an)!act)ring operations. Service ro+ots

ay or ay not +e e3)ipped ith an ar str)ct)re as is the ind)strial ro+ot. !ten, +)t

not alays, the service ro+ots are o+ile. /n soe cases, service ro+ots consist o! a

o+ile plat!or on hich one or several ars are attached and controlled in the saeode as the ars o! the ind)strial ro+ot.N*O



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1.3 T=ES O< SER>I*E ROOTS@

a% /nd)strial Ro+ots.

+% 6o+ile Ro+ots.

c% gric)lt)ral Ro+ots.

d% Service Ro+ots.

e% Social Ro+ots.

!% Entertainent Ro+ots.

g% #ele ro+ots.

1.4 RO#EM STATEME;T@

#oday in this odern orld era any jo+s are )ndesira+le +y s1illed or1ers s)ch as

seerage cleaners, toll collectors at the highays, high tension ire repairan, crie

scene decontainators, and even +)tlers and aiters at the !ast !ood resta)rants. 6any

developed co)ntries o! the orld depend on cheap )ns1illed la+or !ro other ' rd

orld co)ntries to provide the anpoer to do these jo+s hile the pop)lation o! that

co)ntry do the s1illed jo+s.

/n order to !ill the gap and eliinate the need o! anpoer !ro other co)ntries anyspecialied ro+ots have +een +)ilt to per!or the tas1s that h)ans norally donLt

pre!er to do.

Being a aiter at a resta)rant is also one 1ind o! jo+ that h)ans donLt pre!er to do, at

least the s1illed la+or doesnLt ant to do, that is hy e have set o)t o)r goal to +)ild

a ro+ot and an entire syste a odel and a prototype !or s)ch tas1s.

)r design ill greatly red)ce the reliance on anpoer and )ns1illed la+or thatsoeties +ecoe a n)isance.N2O

1.6 S*OE O< ROOTI*S@



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1.: *O;*#(SIO;@

#his chapter as the introd)ction to ro+otics .in hich ro+ot as +rie!ly disc)ssed

and also its application and also the advantages !or )sing the ro+ot ere +rie!ly

e-plained.



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A*K9RO(;& O< ROOTI*S

-.1 +ISTOR=@

Stories o! arti!icial helpers and copanions and attepts to create the have a long

history. /n *A'7, the story o! the


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=ech riter $arel ape1 introd)ced the ord Qro+otQ in his play R.U.R. CRoss)Ms

Universal Ro+otsD. #he ord Qro+otQ coes !ro the ord Qro+otaQ, eaning, in

=ech, Q!orced la+o)r, dr)dgeryQ. /n *27, the 6aschinenensch C8achine%

h)anHD, a ganoids h)anoid ro+ot, also called QParodyQ, QF)t)raQ, QRo+oticsQ, or

the Q6aria ipersonatorQ Cplayed +y


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#he last and ost )sed design is the jointed%ar., also 1non as an artic)lated ro+ot

ar. #he ar has a tr)n1, sho)lder, )pper ar, !orear, and rist. ll joints in the

ar can rotate, creating si- degrees o! !reedo. #hree are the J, Y, and %a-es. #he

other three are pitch, ya, and roll. Pitch is hen yo) ove yo)r rist )p and don.

Ya is hen yo) ove yo)r hand le!t and right. Rotate yo)r entire !orear, this

otion is called roll.

-.3.- MOI#E ROOTS

6o+ile ro+ots are a+le to ove, )s)ally they per!or tas1 s)ch as search areas.

prie e-aple is the 6ars E-plorer, speci!ically designed to roa the ars s)r!ace.

6o+ile ro+ots are a great help to s)ch collapsed +)ilding !or s)rvivors 6o+ile

ro+ots are )sed !or tas1 here people cannot go. Either +eca)se it is too dangero)s

!or people to reach the area that needs to +e searched.

-.3.3 RO##I;9 ROOTS



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-.3.: A(TO;OMO(S ROOTS

)tonoo)s ro+ots are sel! s)pporting or in other ords sel!

contained. /n a ay they rely on their on T+rainsL. )tonoo)s ro+ots r)n a

progra that give the the opport)nity to decide on the action to per!or depending

on their s)rro)ndings. t ties these ro+ots even learn ne +ehavior. #hey start o)t

ith a short ro)tine and adapt this ro)tine to +e ore s)ccess!)l at the tas1 they

per!or. #he ost s)ccess!)l ro)tine ill +e repeated as s)ch their +ehavior is

shaped. )tonoo)s ro+ots can learn to al1 or avoid o+stacles they !ind in their

ay. #hin1 a+o)t a si- legged ro+ot, at !irst the legs ove ad rando, a!ter a little

hile the ro+ot adj)st its progra and per!ors a pattern hich ena+les it to ove in

a direction.

-.3./ REMOTE0*O;TRO# ROOTS

n a)tonoo)s ro+ot is despite its a)tonoo)s not a very clever or intelligent )nit.

#he eory and +rain capacity is )s)ally liited, an a)tonoo)s ro+ot can +e

copared to an insect in that respect. /n case a ro+ot needs to per!or ore

coplicated yet )ndeterined tas1s an a)tonoo)s ro+ot is not the right choice.

=oplicated tas1s are still +est per!ored +y h)an +eings ith real +rainpoer.

person can g)ide a ro+ot +y reote control. person can per!or di!!ic)lt and

)s)ally dangero)s tas1s itho)t +eing at the spot here the tas1s are per!ored.#o

detonate a +o+ it is sa!er to send the ro+ot to the danger area.



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s e can see that the )se o! ro+ots is idespread they are

also +eing )sed as +)tlers and aiters aro)nd the orld to do +asic jo+s s)ch as

aiters, and interestingly eno)gh ro+ots per!or the jo+ e!!ectively, they are very

handy too e-cept !or their need to +e recharged at reg)lar intervals. N'O

-.6 *O;*#(SIO;@

/n this chapter e have disc)ssed that hy ro+ot as introd)ced and hat as the

history +ehind it. lso the general str)ct)re and or1ing principle o! ro+ot has +een

disc)ssed +rie!ly and also the ajor types o! ro+ots have +een disc)ssed in this

chapter hich ill give an idea that ho ro+ots have +een )sed in di!!erent areas to

per!or di!!erent tas1.



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R< A;& WIRE#ESS *OMM(;I*ATIO;



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3.1 WIRE#ESS *OMM(;I*ATIO;@

4ireless co)nication is the trans!er o! in!oration over a distance itho)t the )se

o! enhanced electrical cond)ctors or QiresQ. #he distances involved ay +e short Ca

!e eters as in television reote controlD or long Ctho)sands or illions o!

1iloeters !or radio co)nicationsD. 4hen the conte-t is clear, the ter is o!ten

shortened to QirelessQ. 4ireless co)nication is generally considered to +e a

+ranch o! teleco)nications. N?O

3.- MO&ES O< WIRE#ESS *OMM(;I*ATIO;@

• radio !re3)ency co)nication,

• icroave co)nication, !or e-aple long%range line%o!%sight via highly

directional antennas, or short%range co)nication, or

• in!rared C/RD short%range co)nication, !or e-aple !ro reote controls or

via /n!rared 5ata ssociation C/r5D.

3.3 R


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!re3)encies as RF, this range e-tends to '00

spectral analysis, vector analysis, and netor1 analysis.

Spectr) analyers, hich provide +asic eas)reent capa+ilities, are the ost

pop)lar type o! RF instr)ent in any general%p)rpose applications. Speci!ically,

)sing a spectr) analyer yo) can vie poer%vs%!re3)ency in!oration, and can

soeties deod)late analog !orats, s)ch as aplit)de od)lation C6D,

!re3)ency od)lation CF6D, and phase od)lation CP6D.

Vector instruments include vector or real-time signal analyzers and

generators. These instruments analyze and generate broadband

waveforms, and capture time, frequency, phase, and power information

from signals of interest. These instruments are much more powerful than

spectrum analyzers and oer excellent modulation control and signal

analysis. etwor! analyzers, on the other hand, are typically used for

ma!ing "-parameter measurements and other characterization

measurements on #$ or high-frequency components. etwor! analyzersare instruments that correlate both the generation and analysis on )ltiple

channels +)t at a )ch higher price than spectr) analyers and vector signal

generatorsanalyers.NAO

3.3.1 T+E R< A&>A;TA9E

#he advantages o! a RF co)nication syste are any. Start ith the siple !act

that i! it is ireless, yo) donMt have to lay ca+le all over yo)r !acility. =a+le ise-pensive, less !le-i+le than RF coverage and is prone to daage. For ne !acilities,

ipleenting a ireless in!rastr)ct)re ay +e ore cost e!!ective than r)nning ca+le

thro)gh ind)strial environents, especially i! the space con!ig)ration ay change to

s)pport di!!erent storage space allocation or !le-i+le an)!act)ring stations.

ccessi+ility is a 1ey +ene!it. /! or1ers are ithin range o! the syste and they

alays sho)ld +e i! a proper site s)rvey is per!ored Cas e-plained on page AD they

are alays in to)ch ith their data. #his advantage cannot +e overstated. #o alays

have yo)r data literally at yo)r !ingertips henever needed eans there is no +rea1 in



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prod)ctivity and no epty or 8deadheadH trips to a stationary terinal, doc1ing

station or dispatch location to receive pic1 or p)taay instr)ctions. =ritical decisions

can +e ade and action ta1en iediately at the point o! activity. :ess asted tie

eans yo) can do signi!icantly ore, !aster, itho)t adding additional eployees.

4o)ld that a1e a di!!erence in yo)r +)sinessK

ther general advantages o! real%tie RF co)nication incl)de a signi!icant

iproveent in order acc)racy CVWD, the eliination o! paperor1, replaceent o!

tie%cons)ing +atch processing +y rapid real%tie data processing, propt response

ties and iproved service levels. =opleenting a real%tie data collection syste

ith a)toated data entry +y +ar code scanning or another a)toatic data collection

technology iproves the acc)racy o! in!oration and eliinates the need !or red)ndant data entry, hich provides another set o! tie% and cost%saving advantages.

6any points in the s)pply chain can realie iportant advantages o! acc)rate, real%

tie data that RF provides. 9ere are soe e-aples o! RF applied to a !e coon

environents.

3.4 R< I; WARE+O(SES A;& &ISTRI(TIO; *E;TERS@

3.4.1 S+II;9 A;& RE*EI>I;9

4hen goods arrive at receiving, the +ar code on the pallet is scanned and the data is

sent to the host cop)ter. t virt)ally the sae oent, the 3)antity o! goods

received can +e copared ith the 3)antity ordered to iediately deterine i! there

is any disparity. /! goods received are di!!erent !ro the order, or are daaged,

iediate action can +e the areho)se, prod)ction departent or shippingstaging

area. 4hether o)tgoing goods are cross%doc1ed or siply transported !ro storage

and loaded onto the tr)c1, shipents can +e directed e!!iciently to tr)c1s and

con!ired via the RF syste. /nvoices, advanced ship notices CS;sD and other

necessary !ors and reports can +e initiated the oent tr)c1 doors are closed.NO

3.4.- I;TER;A# TRA;SORT


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trips and a1ing ore prod)ctive )se o! personnel and aterials. lso, a RF syste

allos stoc1 retrieval and replenishent to +e co+ined, draatically red)cing the

n)+er o! oveents involved in the internal transport o! aterial and the n)+er o!

epty r)ns.

3.4.3 STO*K A;& #O*ATIO; MA;A9EME;T

#he oent palletied goods are p)t aay, !or1li!t operators can )se their cop)ter

to noti!y the host syste o! their location and that they are ready !or another jo+. #his

allos areho)se space and or1ersM tie to +e )sed in a ore e!!icient anner.

Users typically report signi!icant gains in the n)+er o! pic1s or p)taays processed

per ho)r a!ter ipleenting RF%directed operations.

3.4.4 OR&ER I*KI;9

RF s)pports all possi+le order pic1ing principles> individ)al selection, +atch selection

or splits +eteen articles and pac1aging. Pic1ing in!oration is received +y the

terinal, and in3)iries and transactionactivity data are sent !ro the terinal to the

host, all in real tie. nce the order is pic1ed, a !or1li!t tr)c1 operator can then +e

given delivery instr)ctions !ro a areho)se anageent syste C46SD via RF.

Providing real%tie )pdates o! pic1ing activity and order stat)s ena+les the 46S to

contin)ally recalc)late the ost e!!icient pic1p)taay ro)tes and order assignents.

3.4.6 STO*K *O;TRO#

Using RF !or stoc1 control o!!ers h)ge savings in tie and oney. Beca)se all events

are recorded in real tie, the cop)ter is contin)ally aare o! the c)rrent inventory.

#his high level o! onitoring essentially a1es separate cycle co)nting )nnecessary.

6any copanies red)ce the n)+er o! !oral inventory co)nts they cond)ct each

year, and in soe cases eliinate the altogether, +eca)se the RF syste provides

acc)rate, real%tie inventory in!oration.

5epending on the order pic1ing ethod, RF o!!ers a range o! possi+ilities !or speedy

veri!ication o! previo)s activitiestransactions. For e-aple, a!ter a certain n)+er o!

transactions, the reaining stoc1 at the pic1%)p location can +e co)nted !or e-tra

veri!ication. /! the physical stoc1 is not the sae as the adinistrative stoc1, thoseista1es can +e recti!ied +e!ore the goods are oved or shipped.



31/31

3.4.: STO*K RE#E;IS+ME;T

Each tie stoc1 is reoved, the transaction is recorded +y the o+ile terinal and

sent to the host. 4hen stoc1 reaches ini), preset levels, the syste can +e set to

alert a s)pervisor or a)toatically generate a replenishent re3)est. 4hen +)l1 stoc1

reaches order level, a p)rchase order is a)toatically created and an order placed.

Reordering is instantaneo)s stoc1s can +e 1ept lo.

3.6 R< (R*+ASI;9 *O;SI&ERATIO;S@

ireless syste is a serio)s investent. /tMs iportant to consider all !actors +e!ore

a1ing yo)r decision. Folloing is a +rie! g)ide to the ajor topics and p)rchasing

considerations that )st +e eval)ated +e!ore coitting to a syste, incl)ding site

planning, ireless technology options and standards, and an overvie o! the

cop)ters and inp)t technologies coonly )sed in ind)strial radio !re3)ency

netor1 applications.

3.: *O;*#(SIO;@

#his chapter is +ased on ireless co)nication hich descri+es the principle o!

co)nication irelessly and the history and p)rpose !or introd)cing this ay o!

co)nication .its types and its applications are also disc)ssed in this chapter.

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