Revival in Europe

• European monarchs begin to build strong states– England– France– Holy Roman Empire

• The Crusades sped up the transformation in Europe from backwards and dark to a more modern civilization

I. Urban Splendor Reborn-- Between 1000-1150, population grew from 30 million to 42 million!

A. Trade and Towns Grow Together1. Serfs left feudalism

a. towns offered more opportunity

b. less warfare- it was safer to live outside the feudal system

2. Towns developed haphazardly

a. no sewers, no baths, no clean water

b. most common building material-wood

c. Problems with these things??

B. Money economy1. Transition from trade/barter to money

C. Towns and the Social Order

1. Merchants and craftsmen do not fit traditional social classesa. they were not noble

b. Organized themselves into Guilds

---groups of merchants who could have the monopoly on trade

2. Rise of the Middle Class

a. Medieval town (burg)

b. Burghers/bourgeoisie

c. Made up of merchants, bankers, and

artisans who no longer depended on

land to make a living

II. The Revival of Learning-The world had seen many centers of learning (Athens, Alexandria, Rome) but never in western Europe

A. Most people were illiterate, but with towns came the need for education

B. Scholars and Writing1. University- scholars who met wherever they could

a. buildings arose in Paris, Salerno, Oxford

C. Language

a. Everything was written in Latin

b. Vernacular – (everyday language) started to arise

i. Dante Alighieri- The Divine Comedy

ii. Geoffrey Chaucer- The Canterbury Tales

c. Vernacular brought literature to the masses

D. The Muslim Connection

1. Muslims and Byzantines preserved ancient Greek writings

2. Jews translated Greek into Latin

a. translating the ancient Greek manuscripts opened up a wealth of knowledge all at once

E. Aquinas and Medieval Philosophy1. Thomas Aquinas- most important thinker of the time

a. Summa Theologica -argued the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument.

F. ArchitectureD. Gothic construction

III. A Century of Turmoil

During the 1300s, Europe was torn apart by religious strife, the bubonic plague, and the Hundred Years’ War

THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WARA. Between 1337 and 1453, England and France fought a

series of conflicts called the Hundred Years’ War

B. The Battle of Crecy1. Aug. 26, 13462. English outnumbered 3 to 1, but

English longbowmen defeated the French3. Arrows, not armor won the day4. Chivalry was dead!

C. Poitiers and Agincourt1. Poitiers--Longbowmen win again and capture French king and son2. Agincourt-1415

a. 6000 English to 20,000-30,000 French

3. These battles lead to end of mounted knight and chivalry

D. Joan of Arc

1. 17 year old French woman

2. Heavenly voices told her to lead French

3. She does and is victorious, places

Charles VII in kingship

3. Captured by the English

4. May 30, 1431—burned at the stake

for witchcraft

----One of many statues of Joan of Arc—Reims, France

The Church DividedA. Pope and King Collide

1. Disagreement over who controls who

B. Avignon and the Great Schism1. Clement V moved the Papacy

from Rome to Avignon (France) for 67 years2. Disagreements over French/Roman pope led to

nomination of 2 popes.a. Urban VI and Clement VIIb. Each excommunicated the other

3. This started the GREAT SCHISMa. resolved by calling a council to determine who is rightful popeb. By the time they meet in 1414, there are THREE popes.c. Force all to resign and chose one, Martin V

C. A Scholarly Challenge to

Church Authority

1. John Wycliffe—preached that Jesus Christ, not

the pope, was the true head of the Church.

2. The Bible was the sole authority on God’s word, not

the pope

3. Pope was materialistic, decadent

4. Jan Hus-said authority of the Bible higher than popea. invited to council

where he was burned at the stake

Bubonic Plague-

A. Origins and Symptoms of the Plague1. Asia to Europe on board boats2. Spread throughout Europe

a. scapegoats-the Jewsb. 25 million people killed in Europe

Ring around the rosyA pocketful of posies"Ashes, Ashes"We all fall down!

Ring-a-Ring o'RosiesA Pocket full of Posies"A-tishoo! A-tishoo!"We all fall Down!

B. Effects of the Plague

1. Economic-population declined, towns disappeared, trade declined

2. Religion-prestige was lost because prayers were ‘unanswered’

3. Pessimism- “Happy is he who has no children”

4. Shortsightedness-”Eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow you may die”