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The Monarchs of Europe Section 1
The Monarchs of Europe Section 1
Preview
• Starting Points Map: Monarchs of Europe
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• The King Becomes Emperor
• Artistic Achievements
• Spain under Philip II
The Power of Spain
The Monarchs of Europe Section 1
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The Monarchs of Europe Section 1
Reading Focus
• What challenges did King Charles I face when he became Emperor Charles V?
• What were some artistic achievements of Spain’s golden age?
• How did Spain rise and then decline under Philip II?
Main Idea
Spain experienced a golden age during the 1500s, but economic problems and military struggles decreased Spanish power by the 1600s.
The Power of Spain
The Monarchs of Europe Section 1
• Absolute monarchs believed they ruled by divine right
• Monarchs received power from God, must not be challenged
• 1500 through 1700s, absolute monarchs tried to impose their will across much of Europe, lands beyond
• In Spain, Charles struggled to keep empire under control
Imposing Their Will• 1516, teenaged Charles
became King Charles I of Spain
• Inexperienced, but had one kingly trait—as member of ancient, powerful Hapsburg family, prepared to rule as absolute monarch
• Absolute monarch, ruler whose power not limited by having to consult with nobles, common people or their representatives
Kingly Trait
The King Becomes Emperor
The Monarchs of Europe Section 1
When Charles became king of Spain, he inherited the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, along with colonies in the Americas.
• 1519, throne of Holy Roman Empire became vacant
• Position elective; Charles borrowed money to buy votes
• Became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
– Holdings expanded to parts of Italy, Austria, various German states
– So vast ‘the sun never set” over it
Emperor Charles V• Ruling vast territories not easy
task for Charles• Faced enemies on all sides—
Ottoman Turks, French, rebellious German princes
• Also fought for religious control over Europe
• Wanted Europe to be Roman Catholic
• Growing Protestant movement threatened influence
Enemies Everywhere
Charles V and the Empire
The Monarchs of Europe Section 1
Peace
• Agreement gave each German prince right to decide if his state would be Catholic or Protestant
• Charles’ vision of a Catholic Europe never became reality
• Constant warfare also brought Charles to brink of bankruptcy
Confrontation
• 1521, Charles confronted Protestant leader Martin Luther directly
• In spite of Charles’ efforts, Protestants gained influence
• Rebellions against Catholic rulers spread
• After years of warfare, Charles V had to sign Peace of Augsburg
The Monarchs of Europe Section 1
Success in Americas
Charles V more successful in Americas than in Europe
• During reign, Spanish explorers claimed much of Americas for Spain
• Among explorers King Charles supported
– Hernán Cortés, who conquered Aztec empire
– Francisco de Coronado, who explored American Southwest region
• Silver and gold flowed from American colonies
• Brought Spain fabulous wealth
The Monarchs of Europe Section 1
• Brother took over Hapsburg holdings in Austria
• Son, Philip II, ruled Netherlands, Spain, Sicily, Spain’s colonies
• Charles V moved to monastery, dream of unified empire unfulfilled
Imposing Their Will
• Frustrated by failures in Europe
• 1556, Charles V gave up thrones
• Decided to divide large empire
• Split between his brother and his son
Relinquished Thrones
Dividing the Empire
The Monarchs of Europe Section 1
Draw Conclusions
In what ways was Charles V successful as an emperor? In what ways was he
unsuccessful?
Answer(s): successful—exploration of the Americas, which brought fabulous wealth to Spain; unsuccessful—did not maintain religious control over Europe; constant wars brought financial problems
The Monarchs of Europe Section 1
• From 1550 to 1650, Spanish golden age of artistic achievement• Became known as the Golden Century
• One of most prominent painters, Greek Domenicos Theotocopoulos
• Became known as El Greco; style famous for elongated figures
• Much work religious, reflected Spain’s central role in Counter-Reformation
Art• Another Spanish painter,
Diego Velázquez
• Created masterpieces portraying people of all social classes with great dignity
• Velázquez had privilege of being the court painter
Court Painter
Artistic Achievements
The Monarchs of Europe Section 1
Writers
• Spanish golden age also produced fine writers
• Greatest was Miguel de Cervantes
Colonial Writers
• Writers in Spain’s colonies produced works of merit
• Sister Juana Ines de la Cruz wrote poetry, prose, plays
Cervantes
• Most famous work, Don Quixote de la Mancha
• About man caught between medieval, modern worlds
Church Criticism
• Church officials criticized Sister Juana for some of her ideas
• She believed women had right to education
Literature
The Monarchs of Europe Section 1
Summarize
What were some achievements of Spain’s Golden Century?
Answer(s): paintings by El Greco and Velásquez, writings by Miguel de Cervantes and Juana Ines de la Cruz
The Monarchs of Europe Section 1
• Spain at peak of grandeur with reign of Philip II• One reason—stream of gold and silver from colonies in Americas• With wealth came power—but gold could not solve Spain’s
problems
• King Philip II devout Catholic
• Saw himself as leader of Counter-Reformation
• Marriage to Queen Mary I of England chance to spread Catholicism
Religion and Revolt
• Mary died before having heir to return England to Catholic faith
• Philip also wanted to secure position of Catholicism in European territories
Catholicism in Territories
• Philip’s faith clashed with Calvinist Protestantism of northern Low Country provinces
• 1560s, bloody revolt began
Revolt in the Low Countries
Spain under Philip II
The Monarchs of Europe Section 1
Dutch Revolt
Dutch refused to declare allegiance to Philip • To punish, Philip sent army under command of Duke
of Alba • Alba set up court
– Known locally as Court of Blood– Tortured, executed thousands suspected of being rebels– Cruelties made situation worse; rebellion broke out anew
• Revolt dragged on for decades• 1609, truce reached• Seven northern provinces formed independent
nation, the Netherlands• Southern provinces remained in Spanish hands
The Monarchs of Europe Section 1
English Aid to Dutch
• Dutch revolt deepened another rivalry, between Spain, England
• As fellow Protestants, England sent aid to Dutch rebels
• England’s assistance to Dutch infuriated Philip
Invasion Planned
• King Philip II wanted to stop England from raiding ships, return England to Catholic Church
• Decided to invade England
Attacks on Spanish Ships
• Philip also worried about English attacks on his ships
• England’s Queen Elizabeth I allowed ship captains to attack Spanish treasure ships, steal gold, silver for England
Spain and England
The Monarchs of Europe Section 1
• Philip ordered navy to assemble great fleet, the Spanish Armada
• Totaled about 130 ships, 20,000 soldiers, sailors
• 1588, invincible fleet sailed into English channel
• Queen Elizabeth I rallied troops and prepared for attack
• Spanish packed ships with soldiers for land invasion
• Also planned to be joined by Spanish forces in Netherlands
• Faced fierce naval battles that severely damaged fleet
Naval Battles
• English aimed eight fire ships at remaining ships of Armada
• Spanish ships fled in panic, disarray
• As damaged ships made way home, several were wrecked
Armada Not Invincible
Philip’s Armada
The Monarchs of Europe Section 1
Relying on traditional agricultural economy, Spain’s economy lagged behind that of other countries. Spain declined as a major power.
• The defeat of the Armada was not the end for Spain, which recovered from the loss.
• But England remained Protestant, defiant, and undefeated.
• Spain’s real problems internal• Philip’s government centralized• He trusted no one• Court riddled by factions,
suspicion• Government action practically
came to standstill
Internal Problems
An Empire in Decline
• Philip spent wealth from Americas on constant warfare
• Borrowed money often; went bankrupt four times
• Prices driven up, inflation• Spain did not develop industries
Americans Join the Battle
The Monarchs of Europe Section 1
Recall
What were two events that caused problems for Spain?
Answer(s): revolt in the Netherlands; defeat of the Spanish Armada