Reviewer Crim

8/18/2019 Reviewer Crim

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CRIMINALISTICS

Criminalistics - is the forensic science of analyzing and interpreting evidence usingthe natural sciences.

Forensic science pertains to all sciences applied to legal problems. - application of scientic techniques in collecting and analyzing physicalevidence in criminal cases.

Hans Gross - (1847-191! An Austrian criminalist who in 1891 rst used the termcriminalistics. ather of forensic publications. !rote the boo" on applying all thedi#erent science disciplines to the eld of criminal investigation.

Sir Art"#r Conan $o%le - sci- author in late 18$$. %opularized scientic crimedetection methods through his ctional character &'herloc"e (olmes&.

Mat"ie& 'rla - )1*8*-18+, father of toicology. !rote about the detection of poisons and their e#ects on animals.

Al)"onse *ertillon - )18+,-191/ father of anthropometry. 0eveloped a system to

distinguish one individual person from another based on certain body requirements.

Francis Galton - )18-1911 father of ngerprinting. 0eveloped ngerprinting asa way to uniquely identify individuals.

Leone Lattes - )188*-19+/ father of blood stain identication. (e developed aprocedure for determining the blood type )A232A3 or 4 of a dried stain.

Cal+in Go,,ar, - 1891-19++ father of ballistics. 0eveloped the technique toeamine bullets using a comparison microscope to determine whether or not aparticular gun red the bullets.

Alert 'sorn - )18+8-19/5 father of document eamination. (is wor" led to theacceptance of documents as scientic evidence by the courts.

.alter McCrone - )1915-191+ father of microscopic forensics. (e developed andapplied his microscopic techniques to eamine evidence in countless court cases.

/,mon, Locar, - )18**-1955 father of the crime lab. 6n 191$2 he started the rstcrime lab in an attic of a police station. ounded the institute of criminalistics inrance. (is most important contribution was the &7ocards change %rinciple&.

Locard Exchange Principle

1. very contact leaves a trace. very criminal can be connected to a crime by particles carried from thecrime scene,. !hen a criminal comes in contact with an obect or person2 a cross transferof evidence occurs.

0 /,2ar Hoo+er - father of the 36. 0irector of the 36 during the 19,$s. (isleadership spanned /8 years and 8 presidential administration. 4rganized a nationallaboratory to o#er forensic services to all law enforcement agencies in the :'.

Goals o3 Forensic Science - to determine the cause2 location2 and time of death.

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'LIC/ H'T'GRA5

Forensic )"oto2ra)"% - sometimes referred to as police photography2 forensic ima

"oto2ra)"% - is the art2 science and practice of creating durable images by record

"oto2ra)" - is an image created by light falling on a light-sensitive surface usually

Sir 0o"n Hersc"el - made the word photography "nown to the world in a lecture bef

Camera - is a device that records and stores images.

Histor% o3 camera

• Mo Ti - +th century 3; ;hinese philosopher who noted that a pin hole can fo

• Aristotle - in /th century 3;2 described observing a partial solar eclipse in ,,$

• In Al-Ha%t"am (Al"a6en! - an gyptian scientist who wrote about observin

• Ro2er *acon - nglish philosopher and ranciscan friar who in his study of op

• 0o"annes e)ler - a ?erman mathematician and astronomer who applied the

• Roert *o%le - a 3ritish scientist who2 with his assistant


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camera obscura

Camera osc#ra - obscura means dar" or dar"ened chamber room2 is an optical de

*asic Mo,ern Camera arts1. 7ens - the light enters through the lens2 this is where photo process begins.. iew inder - is what the photographer loo"s through to compose and in many cas the picture.,. 3ody - the basic most part of a camera. 6t is the bo that holds the lm and the cam/. 'hutter


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Notes>• lantar - refers to feet and toes.• almar - refers to nger and palm.

ersonalities &"o si2nicantl% contri#te, to t"e science o3 n2er)rint

1. 0an /+an2elista #r?in@e )1*8* - 1859 - a czech physiologist and professor

. Geor2 on Meisner )189 - 19$+ - ?erman anatomist who studied friction ri

,. Sir .illiam 0ames Hersc"el - initiated ngerprinting in 6ndia. 6n 18** at (oo

/. Henr% Fa#l,s - a 'cottish surgeon who in 188$2 in a Bo"yo hospital2 published

+. 0#an #cetic" - an Argentine chief of police who created the rst method of r

5. Al)"onse *ertillon - created in 18*9 a system to identify individuals by anth

*. /,&ar, Ric"ar, Henr% - :D home secretary who conducted an inquiry into id

8. A6i6#l Ha2#e an, Hem C"an,ra *ose - 6ndian ngerprint epert who have

9. Henr% ,eForrest - used ngerprinting in the >ew @or" civil service in 19$

1$.Ne"emia" Gre& -)15/1 - 1*1 - in 158/2 this nglish physician2 botanist and

11.Marcelo Mal)"i2i - an anatomy professor at the university of 3ologna2 noted

1.Mar? T&ain - in his memoir life on the =ississippi 188,2 it mentioned a melod

Fin2er)rint Sensor - is an electronic device used to capture a digital image of the

*iometrics (*iometric A#t"entication! - refers to the identication of humans by

Latent rint - )"nown as dactyloscopy or hand print identication - is the process o

T"e Most o)#lar Ten rint Classication S%stem

1 Rosc"er S%stem - developed in ?ermany. 6mplemented in ?ermany and Fapan.

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0#an #cetic" S%stem - developed in Argentina. 6mplemented through out 'ou = Henr% Classication S%stem - developed in 6ndia. 6mplemented in most nglis

In t"e Henr% S%stem o3 Classication T"ere are = asic n2er)rint )atterns

1 Loo) - constitute 5$G to 5+G of all ngerprint.in,s o3 Loo)1ulnar 7oop radial 7oop

."orl - constitute ,$G to ,+G of all ngerprints.

in,s o3 ."orl 1plain !horl accidental !horl ,double 7oop whorl /central %oc"et 7oop !horl.

= Arc" - constitute +G of all ngerprints. in,s o3 Arc" 1plain Arch tented Arch

T"e *asic F#n,amentals o3 Fin2er)rints are>1. %ermanence - ngerprints never change.. 6ndividuality - no two ngerprints are ali"e.

C"aracteristics o3 a Ri,2e (min#tia Feat#res!

1.


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."at is a &"orlB ans. ridges form circularly around a central point on the nger.

."at is an Arc"B ans. the ridges enter from one side of the nger2 rise in the cente

."at ,oes a Min#tiae Incl#,eB ans. 6t includes the followingH1.


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A#to)s% - post mortem eamination of a corpse.

't"er names o3 an a#to)s%

1. post-mortem eamination

. necropsy -particularly as to non human body

,. autopsia cadavarem

/. obduction

'@ecti+es o3 A#to)s% 1. Bo nd out the time of death. . Bo nd out the cause of death. ,. Bo nd out the manner of death2 whether accidental2 suicidal orhomicidal. /. Bo establish the identity of the body. +. 6n new born infants2 to determine live birth or viability.

/;"#mation - is the digging out of an already buried body from the grave.

Ca,a+er - also called corpse2 is a dead human body.

Carcass - dead body of an animal.

In@#r% - is damage to a biological organism which can be classied on variousbases.

.o#n, - is a type of inury in which the s"in is torn2 cut2 or punctured or whereblunt force trauma causes a contusion.

Classication o3 &o#n,

1. open wound - is a brea" in the s"inEs surface resulting in eternalbleeding.

. closed wound - the s"in is not bro"en open and remains intact.

ClassicationD Cate2ories o3 o)en &o#n,s

1. incise, &o#n, - caused by a clean2 sharp edged obect such as a "nife2razor or a glass splinter.

. laceration - irregular tear li"e wound caused by some blunt trauma.

,. arasion - )grazes - supercial wound in which the top most layer of thes"in is scraped o#. Are often caused by a sliding fall into a rough surface.

/. )#nct#re &o#n, - caused by an obect puncturing the s"in such as nail.

+. )enetration &o#n, - caused by an obect such as a "nife entering and

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coming out from the s"in.

5. 2#ns"ot &o#n, - caused by a bullet or similar proectile driving into orthrough the body. Bhere may be two wounds2 one at the site of entry andone at the site of eit generally referred to as through and through.

ClassicationDCate2ories o3 close, &o#n,

1. cont#sions - commonly "nown as bruises2 caused by a blunt forcetrauma that damages tissue under the s"in.

. "ematoma - called blood tumor2 caused by damage to a blood vesselthat in turn causes blood to collect under the s"in.

,. cr#s" in@#r% - caused by a great or etreme amount of force appliedover a long period of time.

Ante Mortem - before death.

ost Mortem - scientic term for after death.

Ca,a+er ta2 - an identication tag attached to the cadaver containing tagnumber2 name if identied2 dateItime and place of recovery2 dateItime ofincident2 gender2 other pertinent information and name of the investigator.

In artic#lo mortis - at the point of death.

Ri2or mortis - sti#ening of the body after death.

li+i,it% - process through which the bodyEs blodd supply will stop moving afterthe heart has stopped pumping it around the inside of the deceased.

Necro)"a2#s - this type of organism feeds directly on decomposing tissue.

=7 ,e2rees celsi#s or 98 ,e2rees 3a"ren"eit - average body temperature.

4 Cate2ories o3 $eat"

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1. natural causes

. homicideI"illing

,. accidental death

/. suicide

ital si2ns -are measures of various physiological statistics often ta"en byhealth professionals in order to assess the most basic body functions.

1. body temperature

. pulse rateIheart rate

,. blood pressure

/. respiratory rate

$eat" - cessation of all biological functions that sustains a living organism.

Ca#ses o3 ,eat">

1. old age

. predation - biological interaction where a predator )organism that ishunting feeds on its prey )the organism that is attac"ed.

,. malnutrition

/. disease

+. accidents

5. inury

Si2ns o3 ,eat"

1. cessation of breathing

. cardiac arrest - no pulse

,. livor mortis - settling of the blood in the lower dependents of the body.

/. algor mortis - reduction in body temperature following death.

+. rigor mortis - the limbs of the corpse become sti# and diJcult to move.

5. decomposition - reduction into simple form of matter accompanied by

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strong unpleasant odor.

Ca,a+eric S)asm - sudden rigidity of the muscle immediately after death. Arare form of muscular sti#ening that occurs at the moment of death2persistsinto the period of rigor mortis and can be mista"en for rigor mortis.

't"er Names o3 ca,a+eric S)asm

1. 6nstantaneous rigor. ;ataleptic rigidity,. 6nstantaneous rigidity/. 0eath grip+. %ost =orten spasm

."en ,oes t"e sti


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Forensic /ntomolo2% - is the use of insects and their arthropod relatives thatinhabit decomposing remains to aid in legal investigations.

."at are t"e sta2es o3 insect ,e+elo)mentB1. ggs. 7arvae,. %repupae/. %upae+. Adult Cy

."at are t"e met"o,s o3 iolo2ical 3orensics are concerne, &it"B entomology and 0>A.

Resi,ence time - this denes how long an insect colony has been at a corpse.

T"e o,% 3arm - used for entomological eperiment.Bhis place eists at the:niversity of Bennessee.

LI/ $/T/CTI'N AN$ INT/RR'GATI'N ('L5GRAH!

ol%2ra)" - popularly referred to as lie detector. - measures and records several psy - literally means &many writings&. - is derived from two ?ree" words &%oly&- which means many and &?raphos&-

which means writing.

• loo, )ress#re - is the pressure eerted by circulating blood upon the walls

• )#lse - represents the tactile arterial palpitation of the heartbeat by trained

• res)iration - the transport of oygen from the outside air to the cells within ti

• s?in con,#cti+it% - also "nown as ?alvanic sin response - is a method of mea

• o"mmeter - is an electrical instrument that measures electrical resistance2 th

• galvanometer - an instrument for detecting and measuring electric current.

• stim#li - is applied to sensory receptor2 it inCuences a reCe via stimulus tran

ersonalities &"o contri#te, to t"e ,e+elo)ment o3 t"e )ol%2ra)" mac"in

• Cesare Lomroso - he invented in 189+ a device to measure changers in blo

•

0o"n A#2#st#s Larson - a medical student at the :niversity of ;alifornia at 3• Leonar,e eeler - was the co-inventor of the polygraph. (e developed the so

• .illiam Marston - an american who used blood pressure to eamine german

• 0o"n Rei, - 6n 19/82 developed a device which recorded muscular activity acc

T&o t%)es o3 )resent ,a% )ol%2ra)" instr#mentation

1. analog

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in,s o3 /rrors in a ol%2ra)" Test 1. alse %ositive - occurs when a truthful eaminee is reported as being dece . alse >egative - when a deceptive eaminee is reported as truthful.

Ca#ses o3 ol%2ra)" /rrors 1. ailure of eaminer to properly prepare the eaminee for the eamination . =isreading of the physiological data on the polygraph charts. ,. 0efective polygraph machine.

Reactions - changes in blood pressure2 pulse rate2 breathing and sweat activity.

F'R/NSIC *ALLISTICS

Forensic allistics - is the science of analyzing rearms usage in crimes. 6t involves

*allistics -)ballein &to throw& - is the science of mechanics that deals with the Cight

*allistic missile - is a missile2 only guided during the relative brief initial powered pFli2"t - is the process by which an obect moves through an atmosphere by generati

Firearms i,entication - the identication of red bullets2 cartridge cases or other

RiJin2 - is the process of ma"ing helical grooves in the barrel of a gun or rearm wh

ro@ectile - is any obect proected into space by the eertion of a force.

Tra@ector% - is the path that a moving obect follows through space as a function of t

Firearm - is a weapon that launches one or many proectiles at high velocity through

*allistic n2er)rintin2 - involves analyzing rearm2 ammunition and tool mar" evi

G#n allistic - is the wor" of proectile from the time of shooting to the time of impa

Fo#r cate2ories o3 2#n allistics

1. 6nternalIinterior ballistic - the study of the processes originally accelerating the

. BransitionIintermediate ballistic - the study of the proectiles behavior when it

,. ternalIeterior ballistic - the study of the passage of the proectile through a

/. Berminal ballistic - is the study of the interaction of a proectile with its target.

Colonel Cal+in Hoo?er Go,,ar, - father of forensic ballistic.

Some Factors to e Consi,ere, in ,esi2nin2 a Firearm 1. reliability of ring . accuracy of proectile ,. force of proectile /. speed of ring

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C"aracteristics o3 a M#66le Loa,er Firearm 1. powder and bullet loaded from top of the barrel . smooth bore with a round lead ball. ,. limited range and accuracy

Acc#rac% is Increase, 1. by longer bore or length of metal tube . putting spiral grooves in the bore )riLing

*reec" loa,in2 rearm - is a rearm in which the cartridge or shell is inserted or loSir Hiram Ma;im - an American inventor of the machine gun or the maim gun.

Ric"ar, Gatlin2 - inventor of the ?atling gun2 a machine gun with a si barrel capab

Gatlin2 G#n - a hand driven2 cran" operated multi barrel machine gun.

noteH velocities of bullets are increased with the use of a ac"et of a metal such as co

Fo#lin2 - deposits of unburned powder residue in the bore of a gun.

."at is t"e in,is)ensale tool o3 t"e rearm e;aminerB comparison microsco

Firearms Terminolo2%

1. Action - the part of the rearm that loads2 res2 and eects a cartridge.6ncludes lev

. *arrel - the metal tube through which the bullet is red.

,. *lac? o&,er - the old form of gun powder invented over a thousand years ago a of nitrate2charcoal2and sulfur.

/. *ore - the inside of the barrel.

+. *reec" - the end of the barrel attach to the action

5. *#llets - is a proectile propelled by rearm2sling2 airgun. Bhey are shaped or com

• ro#n, nose - the end of the bullet is blunted.

• "ollo& )oint - there is a central cavity in the bullet nose not covered by a m

• action 4 - hollow point proectile made of non fragmenting brass with radiopa

• "%,ra-S"oc? - hollow point proectile with soft deformable anterior and hard p

• 0ac?ete, - the soft lead is surrounded by another metal2 usually copper2 that a

• &a,-c#tter - the front of the bullet is Cattened.

• semi-&a,-c#tter - intermediate between round nose and wad-cutter.

*. *#tt or *#ttstoc? - the portion of the gun which is held or shouldered.

8. Calier - the diameter of the bore measured from land to land 2 usually epressed

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9. Cartri,2e - also called a round - pac"ages the bullet2 propellant and primer into a a containing metallic case that is precisely made to t within the ring chamber oarts o3 a cartri,2e a. bullet b. caseIshell c. powder d. primer

1$. Centerre - the cartridge contains the primer in the center of the base where it ring pin of the action.

11. C"amer - the portion of the action that holds the cartridge ready for ring.

1. C"o?e - a constriction of a shotgun bore at the muzzle that determines the patte shot.

1,. $o#le Action - %ulling the trigger both coc"s the hammer and res the gun.

1/. $o#le *arrel - two barrels side by side or one on top of the other usually on a s

1+. Ga#2e - refers to the diameter of the barrel on a shotgun in terms of the number size of the bore it would ta"e to weigh one pound )1$ gauge21 gauge etc &/1$&

to caliber2but it is worded as such to refer to a shotgun.

15. Hammer - a metal rod or plate that typically drives a ring pin to stri"e the cartr detonate the powder.

1*. I2nition - the way in which powder is ignited. 4ld muzzle loading weapons used percussion caps.=odern guns use primers that are rimre or centerre.

18. Lan,s an, Groo+es - lands are the metal inside the barrel left after the spiral grproduce the riCing.

19. Ma2a6ine - this is a device for storing cartridges in a repeating rearm for loadin

$. Ma2n#m - for riCes and handguns2 an improved version of a standard cartridge wsame caliber and bullets2 but has more powder2 giving the red bullet more energloads2magnum shells have more powder and may have increased length with mo

1. M#66le - the end of the barrel out of which the bullet comes.

. istol - synonym for a handgun that does not have a revolving cylinder.

,. o&,er - modern gun cartridges use smo"eless powder that is relatively stable2o and leaves little residue when ignited. or centuries blac" powder was used and w )ignited at low temperature or shoc"2was composed of irregularly sized grains2an

heavy residue after ignition2requiring frequent cleaning of bore.

/. rimer - a volatile substance that ignites when struc" to detonate the powder in

• Rimre cartri,2es - have primer inside the base.

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• Centerre cartri,2es - have primer in a hole in the middle of the base of the

+. Re+ol+er - handgun that has a cylinder with holes to contain the cartridges. Bhe bring the cartridge into position to be red. Bhis is a single action when the hamm before the trigger can re the weapon. 6t is double action when pulling the trigge

res the gun.

5. RiKin2 - the spiral grooves cut inside a gun barrel that give the bullet a spinning metal between the grooves is called a land.

*. Rimre - the cartridge has the primer distributed around the periphery of the ba

8. Sa3et% - a mechanism of an action to prevent ring of the gun.

9. S"ot2#n - a gun with a smooth bore that shoots cartridges that contain &shot& opellets of lead or steel as the proectiles.

,$. Smoot"ore &ea)ons - have no riCings2 typically shotguns. =ost handguns andriCings.

,1. Si2"ts - the device on top of the barrel that allow the gun to be aimed.

,. Silencer - a device that ts over the muzzle of the barrel to muLe the sound of a wor" by baLing the escape of gases.

,,. Sin2le Action - the hammer must be manually coc"ed before the trigger can begun

,/. Smo?eless o&,er - refers to modern gun powder which is not really powder b nitrocellulose and other substances. >ot really smo"eless but much less so than b

,+. Stoc? - a wood2metal2or plastic frame that holds the barrel and action and allows rmly.

Com)osition o3 G#n)o&,er 1. 'ulfur . ;harcoal ,. 'altpeter )potassium nitrate - gun powder rst appeared in china but used primarily in recrac"ers.

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/STI'N/$ $'CM/NT

#estione, $oc#ment - is any signature2 handwriting2 typewriting or other mar" w

Gra)"olo2% - study of the handwriting to determine personality traits.

Sim#lation - an attempt to disguise oneEs handwriting or copy someone lseEs.

T"e 3ollo&in2 trait are consi,ere, in "an,&ritin2 anal%sis>

1. letter form which includes curve2 connections2 slants2 size and angle.

. line quality which indicated the amount of pressure used by the author.

,. Arrangement which refers to spacing2 formatting and alignment.

C"aracteristics &"ic" in,icate t"at a "an,&ritin2 sam)le "as een 3or2e

1. sha"y lines

. dar"2 thic" starts and nish

,. numerous pen lifts

• 3ut they may also be the result of nervousness2 alcohol impairment or other fa

• Bhe content of what a person writes is analyzed by handwriting epert. ?ramm

• Bhe speed or how fast a person write is not considered in handwriting analysis

Calli2ra)"% - decorative handwriting or handwritten lettering. Bhe art of producing d

T"ree Sta2es in t"e rocess o3 Han,&ritin2 /;aminations1. Analysis - the questioned and the "nown items are analyzed and bro"en down to d

characteristics.. ;omparison - the characteristics of the questioned item are then compared agains standard.,. valuation - similarities and di#erences in the compared properties are evaluated determines which ones are valuable for a conclusion. Bhis depends on the unique frequency of occurrence in the items.

Han,&ritin2 /;em)lar - "nown standards - is a piece of writing that can be eamin

T&o T%)es o3 Han,&ritin2 /;em)lars1.


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,. =ail raud /. Didnapping +. embezzlement 5. Bheft *.


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."at are t"e = sta2es o3 "air 2ro&t"B

1. Ana2en )"ase - the growth phase. 6t begins in the papilla and can last up to 8 yea which the hair remains in this stage is determined by genetics. Bhe longer the hair s

. Cata2en "ase - also "nown as the transitional phase2 allows the follicle to renewtime which last about wee"2 the hair follicle shrin"s due to disintegration and the

,. Telo2en )"ase - or resting phase2 the hair and follicle remain dormant anywhere f

begins again when this phase is complete. Bhe root is club shaped.

S"e,,in2 - the process of normal hair loss.

Alo)ecia - a hair loss disease that causes the hair to spontaneously fall out.6t is ma

Me,#lla - inner most layer of the hair shaft.

From &"ic" )art o3 t"e o,% are most o3ten #se, 3or "air com)arisonB ithe

Ho& to ,etermine t"e li?el% race o3 t"e )erson 3rom &"ic" a "air ori2inate, 1. ;aucasian - evenly distributed2 ne pigmentation !avy with round cross sect

. =ongoloid - ;ontinuous medullation. ,. >egroid - dense2 uneven pigmentation.

Rate o3 s)ee, o3 "air 2ro&t" - 1.+ cm or .$+ inches per month or about 5 inche

."at as)ect o3 t"e "air is t"e criminalist intereste, in matc"in2B 1. matching color . 7ength ,. 0iameter /. presence or absence of medulla +. distribution2 shape2 and color intensity of the pigment granules in the cor."at t%)es o3 e+i,ence 3o#n, at t"e crime scene are most li?el% to )ro+i,e

(air from di#erent parts of the body vary signicantly in its physical characteristics.

Forensic To;icolo2% - deals with the medical and legal aspects of the harmful e#ec

orensic - comes from the 7atin word &forensis& meaning forum.

To;icolo2% - from the ?ree" word toicos - &poisonous& and &logos&. - it is the study of the symptoms2 mechanisms and treatments and detec

oison - a substance that when introduced into or absorbed by a living organism cau

To;in - an antigenic poison or venom of plant or animal origin especially one produce - poisonous substance produced during the metabolism and growth of certain m some higher plant and animal species.

enom - poisonous Cuid secreted by animals and typically inected into prey by bitin

Ac#te oisonin2 - is eposure to poison on one occasion or during a short period of

C"ronic oisonin2 - is long term repeated or continuous eposure to a poison wher

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Anti,ote - a medicine ta"en or given to counter act a particular poison. - a substance which can counteract poisoning.

Mat"ie# 'rla - is considered to be the modern father of toicology2 having given t

$ioscori,es - a ?ree" physician in the court of ero2 made the rst

0ean Stas - a belgian analytical chemist who in 18+$ gave the evidence that the 3el

Cels#s - a roman physician from the rst century2 considered the father of toicology

aracels#s - &Bheophrastus %hillipus Aureleus 3ombastus von (ohenheim )1/9,-1+/

L$: - is the dose required to "ill half the members of a tested population after a spe

$ose - a quantity of medicine or drug ta"en or recommended to be ta"en at a partic

'+er,ose - the ingestion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities gre

Carcino2en - any substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue.

Corrosi+e s#stance - is one that will destroy or irreversibly damage another surfa

La& /n3orcement A,ministration (L/A!

La& /n3orcement A,ministration - the process involved in ensuring strict complia

La& - the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regul

/n3orcement - means to compel obedience to a law2 regulation or command.

A,ministration - an organizational process concerned with the implementation of o

Sir Roert eel - considered a &father of law enforcement&.

Sir Roert eels Nine rinci)les o3 olicin2>

1. Bhe basic mission for which the police eist is to prevent crime and disorder.. Bhe ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval

,. %olice must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of to secure and maintain the respect of the public./. Bhe degree of cooperation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportion

necessity of the use of force.+. %olice see" and preserve public favor not by catering to public opinion but by cons

demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law.5. %olice use physical force to the etent necessary to secure observance of the law only when the epertise of persuasion2 advice and warning is found to be ins*. %olice at all time should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to traditionM the police are the public and the public are the police. Bhe police

individuals charged with the duties that are incumbent on all of the citizens

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8. %olice should always direct their actions strictly towards their functions and never the powers of the udiciary.9. Bhe test of police eJciency is the absence of crime and disorder not the visible ev action in dealing with it.

A,ministration o3 olice 'r2ani6ation

olice - one of the pillars of the criminal ustice system that has the specic respons

A,ministration - an organizational process concerned with the implementation of o

'r2ani6ation - a group of persons wor"ing together for a common goal or obectives

olice 'r2ani6ation - a group of trained personnel in the eld of public safety admi

/n3orcement - means to compel obedience to a law2 regulation or command.

La& /n3orcement A2enc% - pertains to an organization responsible for enforcing th

'@ecti+es - refer to the purpose by which the organization was created.


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units from top to bottom describing eplicitly the Cow of authority.

'r2ani6ational nits in t"e olice 'r2ani6ation

1 F#nctional nits

*#rea# - the largest organic functional unit within a large departmentM comprised o

$i+ision - a primary subdivision of a bureau.

Section - functional unit within a division that is necessary for specialization.

nit - functional group within a section or the smallest functional group within an o

Territorial nits

ost - a ed point or location to which an oJcer is assigned for duty.

Ro#te - a length of streets designated for patrol purpose2 also called line beat.

*eat - an area designed for patrol purposes whether foot or motorized.

Sector - an area containing two or more beat2 route or post.

$istrict - a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes2 usually with its o

Area - a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of designated

/'LTI'N 'F TH/ 'LICING S5ST/M

'RIGIN 'F TH/ .'R$ 'LIC/

'LIT/IA N ?ree" word which means government of the city

'LITIA N


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%olice 'ervice. - this law was passed through the initiative of 'ir ational %olice.

HIGHLIGHTS 'F RA O97 P TH/ $/ARTM/NT 'F TH/ INT/RI'R AN$ L'CAL G199: RA 81 P TH/ HILIIN/ NATI'NAL 'LIC/ R/F'RM AN$ R/'RGANI1998 an, RA 97:8

A. B( 0%AB 4 B( 6>B0 74;A7?4=>B )067?

- formerly 0epartment of 7ocal ?overnment )07? - reorganized under


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%resident - the 'ecretary shall be assisted by two ) :ndersecretaries and three ), Assistant a :ndersecretary for 7ocal ?overnment b :ndersecretary for %eace and 4rder - >o retired or resigned military oJcer or police oJcial may be appointed as 'ecret )1 year from date of retirement or resignation - the 'ecretary is also the e oJcio chairman of the >ational %olice ;ommission './RS AN$ FNCTI'NS 'F TH/ $ILG1. Assist the %resident in the eercise of general supervision over local governmentsM. Advise the %resident in the promulgation of policies2 rules2 regulations and other is general supervision over local governments and on public order and safetyM,. stablish and prescribe rules2 regulations and other issuanceEs implementing laws and safety2 the general supervision over local governments and the promotion and community empowerment and monitor compliance thereofM/. %rovide assistance towards legislation regarding local governments2 law enforceme safetyM stablish and prescribe plans2 policies2 programs and proects to promot ensure public safety and further strengthen the administrative2 technical and s local government oJces and personnelM+. ormulate plans2 policies and programs which will meet local emergencies arising f man-made disastersM stablish a system of coordination and cooperation among eecutives and the 0epartment2 to ensure e#ective and eJcient delivery of bas publicM5. 4rganize2 train and equip primarily for the performance of police functions2 a polic

is national in scope and civilian in character.

R/LATI'NSHI 'F TH/ $ILG .ITH TH/ $/ARTM/NT 'F NATI'NAL $/F/NS/

- under %

ISI'N 'F TH/ NA'LC'M&!e envision the >ational %olice ;ommission as a highly dynamic2 committed and res

MISSI'N 'F TH/ NA'LC'M&Bo administer and control the %hilippine >ational %olice with the end in view of mainprofessional2 competent2 disciplined2 credible and trustworthy %>%P

'./RS AN$ FNCTI'NS 'F TH/ NA'LC'M

A. ercise administrative control and operational supervision over the %hilippine >at which shall mean the power toH

1. 0evelop policies and promulgate a police manual prescribing rules and regulations . amine and audit2 and thereafter establish standards for such purposes on a cont

,. stablish a system of uniform crime reportingM

/. ;onduct annual self-report surveys and compile statistical data for accurate assess

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situation and the proper evaluation of the eJciency and e#ectiveness of all police un

+. Approve or modify plans and programs on education and training2 logistical require

5. AJrm2 reverse or modify2 through the >ational Appellate 3oard2 personnel adminis

*. ercise appellate urisdiction through the


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• 19O - the academy for oJcers of the %hilippine constabulary was renamed %

• 19=O - the %hilippine ;onstabulary Academy became the present day %hilippin

• 19=8 - Bhe %hilippine ;onstabulary became the eisting and organized nation

• 19OO - congress enacted ational %olice ;ommission.

• 197 - %0 *5+ was enacted. Bhis law is called the %olice 6ntegration 7aw of 19

• 198 - Bhe >ational %olice ;ommission was returned to the oJce of the %resid

• 1989 - ecutive order ,*9 placed the 6ntegrated national %olice directly unde

• 199: -


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'RGANIATI'NAL STRCTR/ - the systematic arrangement of the relationship of the members2 positions2departm

or wor" of the organization - it is comprised of functions2 relationships2 responsibilities and authorities of individu the organization

IN$S 'F 'RGANIATI'NAL STRCTR/S

1 LIN/- the oldest and simplest "indM also called military- dened by its clear chain of command from the highest to the lowest and vice versa- depicts the line functions of the organization- orders or commands must come from the higher l level of authority before it can be- involves few departments

FNCTI'NAL- structure according to functions and specialized units- depicts sta# functions of the organization- responsibilities are divided among authorities who are all accountable to the author

= LIN/ AN$ STAFF- a combination of the line and functional "ind- combines the Cow of information from the line structure with the sta# departments advise2 and support them- generally more formal in nature and has many departments

'RGANIATI'NAL RINCIL/S

F'R RIMAL C'N$ITI'NS 'F AN 'RGANIATI'N1 ATH'RIT5 - the supreme source of government for any particular organization - the right to eercise2 to decide and to command by virtue of ran" and position MTAL C''/RATI'N - an organization eists because it serves a purpose.= $'CTRIN/ - provides for the organizationRs obectives - provides the various actions2 hence2 policies2 procedures2 rules and regulations

based on the statement of doctrines4 $ISCILIN/ - comprising behavioral regulations

/L/M/NTS 'F 'LIC/ 'RGANIATI'N1 NIT5 'F C'MMAN$ - dictates that there should only be 4> =A> commanding the unit to ensure

eecution of orders SAN 'F C'NTR'L - the maimum number of subordinates that a superior can e#ectively super

Factors aature of the ob and wor" conditions d ducation and s"ill of the employees

= $/L/GATI'N 'F ATH'RIT5 - conferring of an amount of authority by a superior position to a lower-level p

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4 HI/RARCH5 'F ATH'RIT5 - the relationship between superiors and subordinates - serves as the framewor" for the Cow of authority downward and obedience department

HI/RARCH5 - represents the formal relationship among superiors and subordinates organization

S/CIALIATI'N - the assignment of particular personnel to particular tas"s

S/CIALIATI'N 'F 0'*S (AR/AS 'F S/CIALIATI'N! - the designation of certain activities or tas"s as ones that must be performed in technological2 scientic or precise manner - areas of police specialization include undercover wor"s2 crime scene operation computer wor"2 '!AB operations and others

S/CIALIATI'N 'F /'L/ (S/CIALISTS! - the designation of particular persons as having epertise in a specic area of w - signies the adaptation of an individual to the requirements through etensive

O CHAIN 'F C'MMAN$ - the arrangement of oJcers from top to bottom on the basis of ran" or position

7 C'MMAN$ R/S'NSI*ILIT5 - dictates that immediate commanders shall be responsible for the e#ective supe control.

*RI/F HIST'R5 'F TH/ HILIIN/ 'LICING S5ST/M

Bhe institution of police in the %hilippines formally started during the 'panish period.

Ancient Roots

Bhe forerunner of the contemporary police system was the practice of barangay chieable-bodied young men to protect their barangay during the night and were not requin the elds during daytime.Among the duties of those selected were to protect the pof the people in the barangay and protect their crops and livestoc" from wild animals

S)anis" erio,

Caraineros ,e Se2#ri,a, #lica N organized in 1*1 for the purpose of carryingof the 0epartment of 'tateM this was armed and considered as the mounted policeM y

G#ar,rillerosDC#ar,illo N this was a body of rural police by the


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ACT N' 18= - created the =anila %olice 0epartment2 enacted on Fuly ,12 19$1.

CAT G/'RG/ CRR5 - the rst chief of police of the =anila %olice 0epartment in 1

Act No N the act that renamed the 6nsular ;onstabulary into %hilippine ;onstabu

/;ec#ti+e 'r,er =89 N ordered that the %hilippine ;onstabulary be one of the four

ost-American erio,

RA 48O4 N otherwise "nown as the %olice %rofessionalization Act of 19552 enacted ontraining and professionalization of the local police forces under the 4Jce of the %resi

Martial La& erio,

$ 7O N otherwise "nown as the 6ntegration Act of 19*+2enacted on August 82 19*+- transferred the >A%47;4= from the 4Jce of the %resident to the =inistry of >ation

ost Martial La& Re2ime

/;ec#ti+e 'r,er No 1:1 N transferred to the city and municipal government the o

/;ec#ti+e 'r,er No 1:4: N transferred the administrative control and supervision

RA O97 N otherwise "nown as the 0epartment of the 6nterior and 7ocal ?overnmen3ureau of ire %rotection2 3ureau of Fail =anagement and %enology and the %hilippine

RA 81 N otherwise "nown as the %hilippine >ational %olice


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• #ran co"orts - were created by Augustus to counter balance the enormous

• +i2iles - )watchmen of the city - were the reghters and police of ancient


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. use of police car for patrol2 mobile radios and use of a mobile crime laboratory

,. he believe that the use of a two way radio allowed better supervision of patrol

."at are t"e = main tas? o3 s#)er+isionB1. 'r2ani6e - means planning the wor" of the department and of the personnel in an. $ele2ate - means giving someone else the responsibility and authority to do som

,. '+ersee - means that the supervisor ensures that the wor" that has been organiz satisfactorily completed.

Comm#nit% )olicin2 - is the process by which an organized group of citizens devot

*eat )atrol - the deployment of oJcers in a given community2 area or locality to pr

Stin2 ')erations - organized groups of detectives who deceived criminals into ope

Hots)ots o3 Crime - the view that a signicant portion of all police calls in cities typ

Mo,els o3 olicin2

1. >eighborhood 4riented %olicing - a philosophy of police suggesting that problem so at the neighborhood level2 where issues originate not at a far-o# central headquart. %ro Active %olicing - aggressive law enforcement style in which patrol oJcers ta"e against crime instead of waiting for criminal acts to occur.,. %roblem 4riented %olicing - a style of police management that stresses pro active /. ;ommunity 4riented %olicing - programs designed to bring the police and the publ and create more cooperative wor"ing environment between them.+.


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%atrol reduces crime by creating an impression of omnipresence.

Res)on,in2 to Crime - total res)onse time is com)rise, o3 3o#r ,imensions 1. 0iscovery Bime - interval between the commission of the crime and its discover .


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*. unusual sounds 8. access to roof tops or upper Coors

$enition o3 Terms

1. Section - a primary subdivision of a bureau with a department wide responsibility specic specialized functions.. nit - a subdivision of a section usually small in size with personnel assigned to pe

specialized activity2 one or two employees performing assigned wor".

,. S#a, - a subdivision of a unit./. $etail - a subdivision of a squad.+. recinct -the primary geographic subdivision of the patrol operation bureau.5. Sector - the primary geographic subdivision of a precinct2 supervised by a sergean*. *eat - the primary subdivision of a sector.8. .atc"DS"i3t - one of several tours of duty.9. ost - a ed geographic location usually assigned to an individual oJcer.1$. Tas? Force - an adhoc wor" group normally established by bureau commander t specic incident or series of related incidents. Bas" orce assignment is temporary11. C"ie3 o3 olice - overall commander of the department.1. C"ain o3 Comman, - a fundamental component of proper supervision. Bhe chai requires that each employee reports and is accountable to only one direct super

olice ')erational lannin2

olice ')erational lannin2 - the act of determining policies and guidelines for po

')erational lannin2 - the use of rational design or pattern for all departmental un

olice lannin2 - an attempt by police administrators in trying to allocate anticipate

lannin2 - the determination in advance of how the obectives of the organization w

lan - an organized schedule or sequence by methodical activities intended to attain

Strate2% - a broad design or method or a plan to attain a stated goal or obective.

Tactics - are specic design2 method or a course of action to attain a particular obec

roce,#res - are sequences of activities to reach a point or to attain what is desired

olic% - a course of action which could be a program of actions adopted by an individual2 group2 organization or government or the set of pr

• case o)erational )lan (C'LAN! - a denite target - specic activity condu

• comman, )ostD"ol,in2 area - area where case conferences2 briengs and d

• ,ra2net o)eration - is a police operation purposely to seal o# the probable e

Mana2ement or A,ministrati+e F#nctions 1. %lanning +. 'taJng . 4rganizing 5.


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,. 0irecting *. 3udgeting/. ;ontrolling

G#i,elines in lannin2

1. !hat - missionIobective . !hy - reasonIphilosophy ,. !hen - dateItime /. where - place +. (ow - strategyImethods

C"aracteristics o3 a Goo, lan 1. A %lan must have a clearly dened obective . A %lan must be simple2 direct and clear ,. A %lan must be Ceible /. A %lan must be attainable +. A %lan must provide standards of operation 5. A %lan must be economical in terms of resources needed for implementation.

T%)es o3 lan 1. %roceduralI%olicy %lan . 4perational %lan ,. Bactical %lan /. AdministrativeI=anagement %lan +. tra-0epartmental %lan

Intelli2ence an, Secret Ser+ice

$enition o3 Terms>

Intelli2ence A2enc% - is a government agency responsible for the collection2 analys

Intelli2ence 'Ecer - is a person employed by an organization to collect2 compile a

Co#nter Intelli2ence - refers to e#ort made by intelligence organizations to preven

H#man Intelli2ence - category of intelligence derived from information collected an

$ea, $ro)D$ea, Letter *o; - is a method of espionage trade craft used to pass ite

Li+e $ro) - persons meet to echange items or information.

$ea, $ro) S)i?e - is a concealment device used to hide money2 maps2 documents2

C#t-'#t - is a mutually trusted intermediary2 method or channel of communication2

/s)iona2eDS)%in2 - involves a government or individual obtaining information that

A2ent Han,lin2 - is the management of agents2 principal agents and agent networ"

Case 'Ecer - is an intelligence oJcer who is trained specialist in the management

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A2ent - acts on behalf of another whether individual2 organization or foreign governm

Cr%)to2ra)"% - is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in

/a+es $ro))in2 - 6s the act of secretly listening to the private conversation of other

ro)a2an,a - is a form of communication that is aimed at inCuencing the attitude o

Fli) - apprehended criminals who turn informants.

Snitc"es - ail house informants.

Means o3 In3ormation Gat"erin2 1.4vert .;overt

Intelli2ence C%cle - is the process of developing unrened data into polished intelli1. 0irection - intelligence requirements are determined by a decision ma"er to meet

. ;ollection - is the gathering of raw information based on requirements. ,. %rocessing - converting the vast amount of information collected into a form usab /. Analysis - conversion of raw information into intelligence. 6t includesH )1 integrating ) evaluating ), analyzing data and preparing intelligence product. +. 0issemination - is the distribution of raw or nished intelligence to the consumer

initiated the intelligence requirement. 5. eedbac" - is received from the decision ma"er and revised requirement issued.

/+al#ation - systematic determination of merit2 worth and signicance of something

Collation - is the assembly of written information into a standard order.

Crime Trian2le 1. the o#ender . the victim ,. the location

Crime Intelli2ence - information compiled2 analyzed andIor disseminated in an e#o

Strate2ic Intelli2ence - information concerning eisting patterns or emerging trend

Tactical Intelli2ence - information regarding a specic criminal event that can be u

')en So#rce - refers to any information that can be legitimately obtained e. free on

So#rce - the place or person from which information is obtained.

Intelli2ence Assessment - is the development of forecasts of behavior or recomme

Intelli2ence Anal%sis - is the process of ta"ing "nown information about situations

Cr%)tanal%sis - from the ?ree" word Dryptos-hidden and Analyein-to loosen or to un

In,#strial Sec#rit% Mana2ement

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RA no 487 - )as amended by %0 no. 11 - %rivate security agency law.

ri+ate $etecti+e A2enc% - is any person who for hire or reward or on commission

ri+ate $etecti+e - any person who is not a member of a regular police agency or a

A$A' - %hilippine Association of 0etective and %rotective Agency 4perators.

.atc"menDSec#rit% G#ar, - person who o#ers or renders personal service to watc

Sec#rit% A2enc% - any person2 association2 partnership or corporation who recruits2

."o Ma% 'r2ani6e Sec#rit% A2enc% 1. Any ilipino ;itizen or a corporation2 partnership or association. . !ith a minimum capital required by law.

• 6n case of corporation2 association2 or partnership - must be 1$$ G owned and

• >o person shall organize or have interest in more than one agency.

#alication o3 an ')erator or Mana2er o3 a Sec#rit% A2enc%> 1. At least + years of age . ;ollege graduate andIor commissioned oJcer in the inactive service of the A% ,. ?ood moral character /. >o previous record of any conviction of any crimeIo#ense involving moral turpi +. >ot su#ering from any of the following disqualicationsH

1. dishonorably discharged or separate from the A%

. mentally incompetent

,. addicted to the use of narcotic drugs

/. habitual drun"ard

• An elective or appointive government employees who may be called upon on a

*asic #alication o3 a sec#rit% G#ar, 1. ilipino citizen . (igh school graduate ,. %hysically and mentally t /. >ot less than 1 nor more than +$ years old +. At least +E/& in height 5. >ot su#ering from any disqualication under


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• %rivate detective2 detective agency2 security guard2 security agency must rst

• mployees employed solely for clerical or manual wor" need not be licensed.

• Bhe license shall be displayed at all times in a conspicuous and suitable place

• Bhe %>% shall eercise general supervision over the operation of all private det

• Bhe ;ityI=unicipal =ayors has the power as director of the ;ityI=unicipal civil

• A security guard or security agency is entitled to possess rearms.

• irearm must not be higher than ./+ caliber.

• Agency is entitled to possess rearm not eceeding one rearm for every secu

• 'ecurity guard is entitled to possess not more than one riot gun or shotgun.

•

irearms shall be carried by the security guard only during his tour of duty in p

• Bhe ;hief %>% shall prescribe the uniform2 ornaments2 equipment and paraphe

• :niforms must be di#erent from the %>%IA%.

• 'alary of security guard - not lower than the minimum wage prescribe by law.

Limitations an, ro"iitions on a Sec#rit% A2enc%1. >o agency operating in the ;ity of manila and suburbs may employ more than 1$$ security guards.. >o agency operating in other cities T rst class municipalities may employ more th

or security guards.,. >o agency operating in municipalities other than rst class may employ more than

security guards./. >o person2 corporation2 partnershipI association may organize more than one agen

or municipality.+. >o agency shall o#er2 render or accept services to gambling dens or other illegal e5. Bhe etent of the security service being provided by any security agency shall not whole compound or property of the person or establishment requesting the securit when they escort big amount of cash.

."o can Iss#e r#les an, re2#lations to carr% o#t t"e )#r)ose o3 RA 487B a

."at are t"e )enal )ro+isions 3or +iolation o3 RA487 or its im)lementin2 r1. 'uspension2 ne or cancellation of license to operate with the forfeiture f bond le

;hief %>%.. 6mprisonment ranging from 1 to / years and ne2 in the discretion of the courts.

"%sical sec#rit% - describes the measures that are designed to deny access to una

Sec#rit% - the predictable state or condition which is free from harm2 inury2 destruct

"%sical Sec#rit% S%stem - a barrier or system of barriers placed between the pote

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#r)oseDGoals o3 "%sical sec#rit%

1. deter potential intruders - e. warning signs2 perimeter mar"ings

. distinguish authorized from unauthorized people - e. using pass card

,. delay or prevent intrusion attempt - e. wall2 door loc"2 safe

/. detect intrusion and monitorIrecord intruders - e. ;;B2 intrusion alarm

+. trigger appropriate incident responses - e. security guards

Ho& to ,eter )otential intr#,ers

1. install warning signs -

. build fences

,. put vehicle barriers

/. install vehicle height restriction

+. implement restricted access point

5. install sight lighting and trenches

Ho& to ,istin2#is" a#t"ori6e, 3rom #na#t"ori6e, )eo)le - access control at th

1. gates

. doors

,. loc"s

Ho& to ,etect intr#sion

1. install alarms

. install intrusion detection monitor

,. install video monitoring system - e. cctv

i2iles )in

1. Fran? .ills - detected the !atergate burglars ultimately leading to the resig

Tar2et "ar,enin2 - the reduction in criminal opportunity2 generally through the use

$e3ensile S)ace - the range of mechanisms that combine to bring an environment

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$emo2ra)"% - the study of the characteristics of population groups.

rinci)les o3 "%sical Sec#rit%1. An intruder must be able to acquire access to the property in order to benet.. Bhe type of access necessary will depend upon a number of variable factors and th achieved in a number of ways.,. Bhere is no impenetrable barrier./. 'ecurity is built upon a system of defense in depth resulting to accumulated delay

lead to the apprehension of the intruder.+. ach installation is di#erent from the others.

in,s o3 *arriers 1. >atural . Articial

T%)es o3 *arriers 1. (uman . Animal ,. >atural /. nergyIlectricalIlectronic +. 'tructural

= Line o3 $e3ense 1. %erimeter 3arrier - 1st line of defense. . 3uilding terior - nd line of defense. ,. 6nterior ;ontrols - ,rd line of defense.erimeter *arrier - main purpose is to deny or impede access or eit of unauthoriz

't"er #r)oses1. 6t denes the boundary of the property to be secured.. 6t creates a physical and psychological deterrent to unauthorized entry.,. 6t delays intrusion2 thus facilitating apprehension of intruders./. 6t assists in a more eJcient and economical employment of guards.+. 6t facilitates and improves the control of pedestrian and vehicular traJc.

Components: 1. Bypes of encing )solidIfull view . Bhe top guard ,. Bypes of %rotective Alarms 'ystems /. Bypes of %rotective and mergency 7ightingEs +. ;;B ;ameras and other lectronic 'ecurity 'ystemsInergy 3arriers

*#il,in2 /;terior - Com)onents>

1. walls . 0oors ,. !indows /.


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. %rotective Alarm 'ystems ,. %rotective mergency 7ightingEs /. ;ommunication 'ystems +. ;;B ;ameras and other lectronic 'ecurity 'ystemsInergy 3arriers 5. 1.>atural barriers - natural terrains features must be considered from the stand point intruder as cover and concealment. >ormally the rst type considered very often w and wor" around them.. ences

a. solid fence - one is constructed in such a way that visual access through the fenc denied. b. full view fence - constructed in such a way that usual access is permitted throug

A,+anta2es o3 a 3#ll +ie& 3ence1. removing patrols and stationary guards are able to "eep area surrounding of the in observation.. it does not create shadows which would provide cover and concealment for the int

$isa,+anta2es o3 a 3#ll +ie& 3ence1. 6t allows visual access to the installation2 its personnel2 its guard and its activities. 6t allows the intruders to become familiar with the movements and the time sched patrols thereafter allowing him to pic" the time for attempting penetration which w

advantageous to the intruder.

A,+anta2es o3 soli, 3ence

1. 0enies visual access of the installation of the intruder.. 0enies the opportunity for the intruder to become familiar with the personnel2 acti schedule of the movements of guards in the installations.

$isa,+anta2es o3 soli, 3ence1. 6t prevents the guards from observing the area around the installation.. 6t creates shadows which may be used by the intruder for cover and concealment.

Minim#m acce)tale re#irements 3or 3ence #se, sec#rit% arriers1. (eight - 8 feet at a minimum.. 'lac" at the bottom - not to eceed inches. 6f the fences are not tight then it sho

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closer to the ground.,. !ooden fence post - minimum horizontal dimension of /S/ inches./. 'teel fence post - the round type should at least be inches at the smallest diame+. ence post - should be set in concrete or in rm soil using commercial drive ancho

feet and the maimum distance post is 1$ feet.5. ence top )Bop ?uard - there should be something on the top of the fence to deter*. ence area - it should be declared trees and vegetation and debris of other mater would o#er concealment of the intruder or would aid him in scaling the fence.8. ence ?ates - gates should be limited to the no. necessary for eJcient and sage o installation.9. ence 4pening - all opening in the fence in ecess of 95 inches must be loc"ed bar

such a way that they may be interloc"ed and opened from the inside and only by1$. =ultiple fence - is used should at least be 1$ feet apart and the overhang on the

4 *asic 3#nctions t"at m#st e accom)lis"e, % t"e 2#ar, s%stem 1. 0etect intruders . 'ound alarms ,. Apprehend unauthorized personnel /. 6dentify authorized personnel

ersonnel Control I,entication Bypes of identication 1. %ersonal


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/. ?rid system - a very complicated system. Bhe installation is divided into grid ad ach square is given a no. or letter designation. Bhe visitor is then given a map route to ta"e to his destination and should not deviate from the prescribed rou could be stopped and questioned by the guards. +. 'earch of vehicles - sign should be put at the entrance to the installation that any subect to search anytime.

T%)es o3 rotecti+e Alarm S%stems1. ;entral station system - the control station is located outside the installations. !he

sounded by a subscriber2 the central station noties the police or protection agen. %roperty system - the control system is located inside the installations with its own enforcer2 ambulance2 or bomb disposal unit.,. 7ocal alarm - the signalling is near the alarm itself. !hen the intruder enters the in alarm goes o# scaring the intruder. %urpose is ust to scare not to apprehend in/. Auiliary alarm - the installation owned the protective alarm with a unit in the near so that in case of need2 direct call is possible. in,s o3 Alarms1. 6ntrusion alarm - any detecting devices using electric and their combinations to sig

when actuated.. 7aser beam alarm - a laser emitter Coods the wall or fence with a beam so that wh disturbed by a physical obect2 an alarm is activated,. %hotocell alarm - an invisible or visible beam is emitted and when disturbed2 it act

or mechanical device that opens a door or lift movable barriers2 activated by light.

*asic com)onent o3 an alarm s%stem1. Annunciation - the heart of the system of the detecting device and is the compone the triggering unit.. Bransmission - it transmit what is detected.,. Briggering device - the one which emits those aural or visual signals or both.

Sec#rit% S#r+e% - Bhe detailed chec" and audit of what an installation or plant does

Sec#rit% Ins)ection - a process where physical eamination is conducted to determ

#r)ose o3 sec#rit% s#r+e% 1. Bo determine eisting state or condition of security . Bo locate wea"nesses and possible defense ,. Bo determine degree of protection required

Sec#rit% "a6ar,s - an act or condition which result in a situation conductive to a br

Ha6ar,s - eposure to loss or inury.

T&o General Cate2ories o3 Sec#rit% Ha6ar,s 1. (uman hazard - caused by human action. .sabotage2 pilferage2 theft . >atural (azard - caused by natural phenomena.

T%)es o3 H#man Ha6ar,s 1. (uman carelessness . Accident ,. 0isa#ection /. 0isloyalty +. 'ubversion 5. 'abotage

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*. spionage 8. %ilferage 9. Bheft 1$.andalism

rotecti+e Sec#rit% - measures ta"en by an installation or unit to protect against sa

= As)ects o3 Sec#rit% 1. %hysical 'ecurity - measures ta"en to prevent physical access or entry to an inst . %ersonnel 'ecurity - measures ta"en to insure that only authorized personnel ha classied documents or information. ,. 0ocument and 6nformation 'ecurity

T%)es o3 Sec#rit% 1. %hysical 'ecurity - the most broad. . 6ndustrial 'ecurity - security of business installations and industrial plants. ,. 6% 'ecurity - protection of high level oJcers and important personnel. /. 3an" 'ecurity - security of money and assets stored or in transit. +. (otel 'ecurity - security for hotel guest and their personal belongings and prope

properties of the hotel. 5. 0ocument security - protection of vital records from loss or unauthorized access *. ;ommunication 'ecurity - measures to prevent or delay the unauthorized person information through communication.

"%sical Sec#rit%U %rotective barrier - is the physical type of security.

U 3arrier - any structure or physical device capable of restricting2 deterring2 delaying installations. U %erimeter barrier - a medium or structures which dene the physical limits of an in to restrict or impede access thereto. Any physical barrier used to supplement the inside perimeter. U 6nside %erimeter - a line of protection adacent to the protected area and passing t possible entry into the area. e. doors and windows U 4utside perimeter - a line of protection but somewhat removed from the protected

T%)es o3 erimeter *arrier ')enin2 1. ?ates and 0oors . levators ,. Air inta"es2haust tunnels /. ;lear Qone +. Bop ?uard 5. ?uard ;ontrol 'tations *. Bower 8. 3arrier maintenance

9. 'ign and >otices

rotecti+e Alarms - supplemental physical barriers in a form of sound that cause al

T%)es o3 Alarm S%stems 1. =etallic foil wire . :ltrasonic 0etection 0evice ,. ibration 0etection 0evice /. =icrowave =otion 0etection 0evice +. Audio 0etection 0evice 5. %hoto lectric or lectric ye

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e% Control - a system of controlling "eys devised and regulated for disposal2 stora

Close-in Sec#rit% Formations 1. 4ne =an 'ecurity - ,5$ degrees coverage. . Bwo =an 'ecurity - ach guard has 18$ degrees coverage. ,. Bhree =an 'ecurity - has equal areas of coverage /. our =an 'ecurity +. ive =an 'ecurity - modied diamond. 5. 'i =an 'ecurity - )defensive circle too much crowd requires arm loc" formation >oteH 'i =an 'ecurity is the most e#ective.

$e3ensi+e In $e)t" *arriers 1. 4uter

1. ;riminal 7aw 1 - 'tudy of the


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Territorial - %enal laws of the %hilippines are enforceable only within its territory. Exception: Art. of the ational 'ecurity and the 7aw of the >ations.

ros)ecti+e - Bhe law does not have any retroactive e#ect. Exception: !hen the law is favorable to the accused.

Exception to the Exception: 1. Bhe >ew 7aw is epressly made inapplicable to pending actions o

action. . 4#ender is a habitual criminal.

T"eories o3 Criminal La&1. ;lassical Bheory - basis is manEs free will to choose between good and evil2 that is

. %ositivist Bheory - basis is the sum of social and economic phenomena which cond

,. =ied Bheory - combination of the classical and positivist theories wherein crimes

Constr#ction o3 enal La&s 1. 7iberally construed in favor of o#ender. ampleH a. Bhe o#ender must clearly fall within the terms of the law. b. An act is criminal only when made so by the statute. . 6n cases of conCict with oJcial translation2 original 'panish tet is controlling ,. >o interpretation by analogy.Limitations on o&er o3 Con2ress to /nact enal La&s 1. %ost acto 7aw . 3ill of Attainder ,. 7aw that violates the equal protection clause of the constitution. /. 7aw which imposes cruel and unusual punishments nor ecessive ne

Criminal roce,#re

6ntroductionH

tymologyH Krimea V?ree"WH meaning2 Oto charge a wrongdoingP

Criminal roce,#re Bhe method prescribed by law for the apprehension and prosecution of persons accu

6t is concerned with the procedural steps through which a criminal case passes2 comm

6t is a generic term used to describe the networ" of laws and rules which govern the p

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Criminal 0#ris,iction Bhe authority to hear and decide a particular o#ense and impose punishment for it. 6

Subject matter N cases of the general class where the proceedings in question belong

Territory N the geographical limits of the territory over which the court presides and w

Person of the accused N acquired thruH a arrest Vwith warrant or warrantlessW or b vo

6. %rosecution of 4#enses

Ho& instit#te,B 3y ling theH 1 ;omplaint2 or 6nformation.

Com)laintA sworn written statement charging a person with an o#ense eecuted and subscribe

In3ormation 1. An accusation in writing . 'ubscribed by the %rosecutor ,.iled with the court

3oth areH1. 6n writing

. 6n the name of the %eople of the %hilippines ,. 0irected against all persons who appear to be responsible for the o#ense in

/lements o3 a com)laint or in3ormation> 1. ormal elements2 and

. 'ubstantive elements.

6t must beH1. 'uJcient in form2 and

. 'uJcient in substance

Bhus2 under 'ection 1/2 of .0.A.>.A.%.W 1. Bhe >ame of the accused . Bhe 0esignation of the o#ense given by the statute ,. Bhe Acts or omissions complained of as constituting the o#ense /.Bhe >ame of the o#ended party

+. Bhe Approimate date of the commission of the o#ense 5. Bhe %lace where the o#ense was committed.

A complaint or information is suJcient in substance if it doesnRt contain any of the de

>oteH A motion to quash2 once granted2 is equivalent to dismissal )but not acquitta

Reme,% i3 a com)laint or in3ormation is ,e3ecti+e>

6. 6f defective in forma court may dismiss the complaint or information motu propio or upon motio

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b accused may move for a 3677 4 %A6;A76B@ )procedural eH the crime has already prescr

>otesH1. Bhere are certain classes of o#enses that cannot be prosecuted de oJcio N 1privat. or some o#enses2 there are conditions precedents before plainti# can repair to th,. All criminal actions2 whether commenced by ling of complaint or information2 are

KueriesH

I A * C $ &ere c"ar2e, &it" "omici,e reliminar% in+esti2ation &as con,

:nder the o. 3ecause in case of conCict between the designation of the o#ense and the allega

Bhe eception is when the allegation is so ambiguous that it may be interpreted to m

II rosec#tion o3 Ci+il Action

3asisH Art. 1$$2


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!hen the infraction falls under the class of o#enses called victimless crimes li"e gam

Sec 1 R#le 111 - !hen a criminal action is instituted2 the civil action for the recov!aives the civil actionM

4B at least / years2 month2 T 1 day6n case of a valid warantless arrest Vshall proceed in inquestW

#)cers authori*ed to conduct P' %rovincial or ;ity %rosecutors and their assistantsM >ational and


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umbers of copies are proportionate to the number of respondents plus o

1. !ithin 1$ days after the ling2 scal determines if there is prima facie case. 6f no N. !ithin 1$ days after receipt of subpoena with the complaint and supporting aJdav,. 6n case respondent cannot be subpoenaed or does not submit counter aJdavit wit

Claricator% "earin2 N if there are facts and issues to be claried from a party or w


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>otesHA. Bhe arresting oJcer must have personal "nowledge of the commission of the crim3. Bhe term Opersonal "nowledgeP ecludes hearsay as a basis for probable cause.;. Bhere must rst be a lawful arrest before any search may be conducted. Bhe proce0. or purposes of arrest N 4Jcer may brea" into any building or enclosure where the. or purposes of search and seizure N he cannot brea" into any building or enclosur

,. Arrest of fugitives from ustice N persons who has escaped from a penal establishm

Met"o,s o3 Arrest>

6. !ith warrant2 by oJcerH

Bhe oJcer shall inform the person ofH1 the cause of the arrest fact that warrant eist

ceptionH 1 !hen he Cees or forcibly resist before 1 T is completed !hen the giving of info will imperil the arrest

66. !ithout warrant2 by an oJcer and by private personsH

6nform the person of 1 authority and cause of arrest Vif person arresting is police o intent to arrest and cause Vif person arresting is private p

:nless when the person to be arrested is eitherH 1 ngaged in the commission of the o#ense 6s pursued immediately after its commission , (as escaped2 Cees or forcibly resist before the oJcer or the private person m

the opportunity to inform him of 1 T 2 or / !hen the giving of info would imperil the arrest

Tests in ,eterminin2 la&3#lness o3 S/ 'F L/THAL F'RC/ % t"e arrestin2 o

1 Test of reasonability N conduct of the arresting oJcer is eamined.

!here the precipitate action of the arresting oJcer resulted in the loss of a human lif

Test of necessity N conduct of the person arrested is eamined.

!here the arrested person attempts to Cee2 struc" a policeman with his sts2 draw a

*ail

in,s o3 ail on,s> 1. cash bond . property bond ,. surety bond /. recognizance

0enedH Bhe security given for the release of a person in custody of the law2 furnished by him

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?enerallyH Bhe right to bail only accrues when a person is under custody. ;ourt must have urisd

ceptionH!hen the person under investigation cannot personally appear because he is hospita

!here to applyX6n the court where the case is pending )if not yet led2 may be led before any court

;onditions for bailH'ee 'ec. 2


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(ierarchy of proof Vaccording to degree of persuasivenessWHAbsolute certainty N ultimate truth Vnot required in any legal proceedingW=oral certainty N passed the test of human eperience Vi.e.2 guilt beyond reasonable otesH Bhe starting point is the presumption of innocence )'eeH 'ection ,2 %ar. )a2 3efore he could ta"e witness stand N inadmissibleAfter giving his direct testimony but before cross eamination N

?en. ruleH inadmissible. ceptionH where the adverse party was given adequate o failed to cross eamine due to his own fault

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After the defense conducted cross eamination N admissible

* Bo have compulsory process issued to secure the attendance of witnesses and pro

O;ompulsory processP refers to the issuance of the court ofH'ub-poena N for the attendance of witnesses'ub-poena duces tecum N for the production of documents

>otesHA. 6f a sub-poena or sub-poena duces tecum is issued and the person named in the su

3. Bhe coercive powers of the court must be employed in order to give meaning to th

8 Bo have speedy2 impartial and public trial.

'peedH Fustice delayed is ustice as denied

6mpartialityHvery party litigant is entitled to nothing less than the cold neutrality of an impartial

%ublic trialH'o that the public may see that he is fairly dealt with and not unustly condemned in 'o the public may "now of the fact or the basis of his innocence in case of acquittal.

>oteH O%ublic trialP and OBrial by publicityP are two di#erent things. Bhey are not the s

9 Bo appeal in all cases allowed and in the manner prescribed by law.

Bhe right to appeal is a statutory right but withdrawal of this right2 in the absence of 6t is not a natural right or inherent one. Bhe party who see"s to avail of the said right

66. Arraignment and %lea

Arrai2nment> Bhe initial step in a criminal prosecution whereby the defendant is b

enue for Arraignment and %leaH 3efore the court where the complaint or information was led or is assigned fo

#r)ose o3 arrai2nment VDeyH 6?W )1/ Am. Fur.2 p. 9,92 ? Facinto2 ;rim. %roc.

1 Bo the identity of the accused Bo inform him of the charge, Bo give the accused an opportunity to plead

>oteH6n order for the ;ourt to OacquireP complete urisdiction over the person of the accuse

%rocedureHArraignment must be made in open court by the udge or the cler"Accused must be furnished with a copy of the complaint or information;omplaint or 6nformation must be read in a language or dialect "nown to himAccused must be presentAccused must personally enter his plea

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6. 6f under preventive detention


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very person is entitled to be presumed innocent of a crime or wrong2 unless proven

* Connectin2 t"e c"ain o3 e+ents t"ro#2" /+i,ence ,#rin2 Trial>

Brial refers to Othe eamination before a competent tribunal2 according to the laws of

vidence helps in the determination of Kuestions of acts by helping the udge recon

C Fact#m roan,#m an, Fact#m roans

actum %robandum N Bhe ultimate facts to be proven. Bhese are the propositions of la

amplesH Z murder was committed thru treachery Z robbery was made through force upon things

actum %robans N Bhe evidentiary acts. Bhese addresses questions of fact.

amplesH Z eit wounds were in front indicating that victim was shot at the bac" Z destroyed loc"s indicative of force upon things

Bhus2 the outcome of every trial is determined byH Z %ropositions of law2 and Z Kuestions of fact.

$ roo3 an, /+i,ence

/+i,ence N the means to arrive at a conclusion. :nder the


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6f the evidence is of a type which cannot be easily recognized or can readily be confu Bhe evidence is identied as the same obect which was ta"en from the scen

6t was not tampered with2 or that any alteration can be suJciently eplained due to the application of ninhydrine solution2 etc.M and

Bhe persons who have handled the evidence are "nown and may be eamin regard to the obect.

66. ?>

or evidence to be admissible2 it must beH1 relevant to the issue Vrelevancy testW2 and not ecluded by the law or rules of court Vcompetency testW.

>oteH Bo determine the relevancy of any item of proof2 the purpose for which it is sou

Test o3 rele+anc% o3 e+i,ence>

!hether or not the factual information tendered for evaluation of the trial court woul

."en is e+i,ence rele+antB

!hen it has a relation to the fact in issue as to induce belief in itRsH1 eistence2 or non-eistence

6n other words2 evidence is relevant when it isH 1 material2 and has probative value

!hat is meant by Oprobative valuePX

6t is the tendency of the evidence to establish the proposition that it is o#ered to prov

O;ollateral =attersP not admissible ecept when it tend in any reasonable degree to e

Collateral matters N matters other than the fact in issue and which are o#ered as a

Collateral matters are classie, into> 1. Antecedent circumstances N facts eisting before the commission of the crime

moral character of the o#ender2 previous plan2 conspiracy2 etc.W . ;oncomitant circumstances N facts eisting during the commission of the crim

presence of the accused at the scene of the crime2 etc.W

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,. 'ubsequent circumstances N facts eisting after the commission of the crime etraudicial admission to third party2 attempt to conceal e#ects of the crim stolen property2 etc.W

KueryH 6s modus operandi an antecedent2 concomitant or subsequent circumstanceX

3. Fudicial >otice2 basis ofH

Fudicial notice is based on necessity and epediency. Bhis is so because what is "now

$i 1. mandatory . discretionary ,. hearing required

;. ;onfession and Admission2 distinguishedH ;onfession N an ac"nowledgement of guilt. Admission N an ac"nowledgment of facts.

$i 1. Fudicial . traudicial ,. 4ral /. !ritten +. oluntary 5. orced

$i1. Rele+ant e+i,ence N evidence having any value in reason as tending to prove a an action.. Material e+i,ence N evidence is material when it is directed to prove a fact in i by the rules of substantive law and pleadings.,. Com)etent e+i,ence N not ecluded by law./. $irect e+i,ence N proves the fact in issue without aid of inference or presumpt+. Circ#mstantial e+i,ence - the proof of fact or facts from which2 ta"en either s the eistence of a particular fact in dispute may b or probable consequence.5. ositi+e e+i,ence N evidence which aJrms a fact in issue.*. Ne2ati+e e+i,ence - evidence which denies the eistence of a fact in issue.8. Re#ttin2 e+i,ence N given to repel2 counter act or disprove facts given in evid

party.9. rimar%D*est e+i,ence N that which the law regards as a#ording the greatest 1$. Secon,ar% e+i,ence N that which indicates the eistence of a more original sou11. /;)ert e+i,ence Ntestimony of one possessing "nowledge not usually acquired

1. rima 3acie e+i,ence N evidence which can stand alone to support a conviction1,. Concl#si+e e+i,ence N incontrovertible evidence1/. C#m#lati+e e+i,ence N additional evidence of the same "ind bearing on the sam1+. Corroorati+e e+i,ence N additional evidence of a di#erent "ind and character same point as that of previously o#ered evidence.15. C"aracter e+i,ence N evidence of a personRs moral standing or personality trait

based on reputation or opinion.

1*. $emeanor e+i,ence N the behavior of a witness on the witness stand during tria by the udge on the issue of credibility.18. $emonstrati+e e+i,ence N evidence that has tangible and eemplifying purpo

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19. Hearsa% e+i,ence N oral testimony or documentary evidence which does not de from the credit to be attached to the witness himself.$.Testimonial e+i,ence N oral averments given in open court by the witness.1. '@ectDA#oto)tic )ro3errenceDReal e+i,ence N those addressed to the sense hearing2 smell2 touch2 tas. $oc#mentar% e+i,ence N those consisting of writing or any material of written proof of its contents containing letters2 words2 numbers2 gures2 sym

*est /+i,ence R#le>!hen the subect of the inquiry is the contents of a document2 no evidence shall be a

or eceptions2 see 'ec. ,2


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?eneral 1. admission by a co-partner or agent . admission by a conspirator ,. admission by privies /. admission by silence

6n the above cases2 the admission of one person is admissible as evidence against an

Testimonial Knowledge:

?eneral 1. stoppel by record or udgment N the preclusion to deny the truth of matters set . stoppel by deed N a bar which precludes a party to a deed and his privies from

,. stoppel in pais N based upon epress representation or statements or upon pos/. stoppel against Benant N the tenant is not permitted to deny the title of his land

>oteH or Dinds of disputable presumptions2 see 'ec. ,2


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$#ra le; se, le; N the law may be harsh but it is the law.

I2norantia le2is neminem e;c#sat N ignorance of the law ecuses no one.

I2norantia 3acti e;c#sat N mista"e of fact ecuses.

raeter intentionem N di#erent from that which was intended.

/rror in )ersonae N mista"e in identity.

Aeratio Ict#s N mista"e in the blowN#l#m crimen n#lla )oena sine le2e N there is no crime when there is no law pu

Act#s non 3acit re#m nisi mens sit rea N the act cannot be criminal where the m

Act#s mi in+ict# re#s nisi mens 3acit re#m N an act done by me against my will

Mens rea N guilty mind.

Act#s re#s N guilty act.

Res i)sa lo#itor N the thing spea"s for itself.

Ca#sa ro;ima N proimate cause which produced the immediatee#ect.

rima 3acie N at rst glance.

Loc#s Criminis N scene of the crime or crime scene.

ro Reo N principle in ;riminal 7aw which states that where the statute admits of sev

Res Gestae N the thing itself.

Fals#s in #n#m 3als#s in omni#s N false in one part of the statement would rend

Crime $etection In+esti2ation an, re+ention

;rime detection begins with the discovery of a crime scene and proceeds through the

;rime prevention and detection is the maor tas" of the police. 6n carrying out this ta

."at are t"e 2oals o3 )olicin2B

1. Bo protect life and property . Bo maintain peace and order ,. Bo enforce the law /. Bo prevent and detect crimes +. Bo assist the public in circumstances of personal emergency

rolem 'riente, olicin2 - police patrol personnel loo" at causes of crime and po

Comm#nit% olicin2 - crime prevention methods involving the wider community.

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$eterrence % /;am)le - a reactive form of policing and crime prevention through

Crime re+ention - is the anticipation2 recognition2 and appraisal of a crime ris" an

."ose res)onsiilit% is crime )re+entionB ans. everyone2 however2 law enforce

."ose res)onsiilit% is crime ,etectionB ans. police2 though special law enforce

."ose res)onsiilit% is crime in+esti2ationB ans. police and other law enforcem

Crime $etection Falls Into = "ases1. Bhe discovery that a crime has been committed.. Bhe identication of the suspect,. Bhe collection of suJcient evidence to indict the suspect before the court of ustice

F#n,amentals o3 Criminal In+esti2ation

In+esti2ation - an inquiry2 udicial or otherwise for the discovery and collection of fa - it is the process of inquiring2 eliciting2 soliciting and getting vital informa

Criminal In+esti2ator - a public safety oJcer who is tas"ed to conduct the investig - a well trained2 disciplined and eperienced professional in the eld of cr

C#sto,ial In+esti2ation - investigation conducted by law enforcement oJcers afte

Nei2"or"oo, In+esti2ation - one of the most crucial steps in "idnap for ransom c

Crime scene - a venue or place where the alleged crimeIincidentIevent has been co

Cor)#s ,elicti - )latin for the body of the crime - used to describe the physical or m

Con3ession - is an epress ac"nowledgement by the accused in a criminal prosecuti

A,mission - refers to statement of facts not directly constituting an ac"nowledgeme

'r2ani6e, criminal 2ro#) - a structured group of three or more persons eisting fo'r2ani6e, crime - a combination of two or more persons who are engaged in a crim

"%sical e+i,ence - evidenced addressed to the senses of the court that are capab

ictimolo2%D+ictim )rolin2 - a detailed account of the victims lifestyle and perso

Miran,a +s Ari6ona - rnesto =iranda had confessed to rape and "idnapping2 afte

.ateroar,in2 - refers to the practice of strapping a suspect to a board with his or

C"inese &ater tort#re - interrogation technique2 repeatedly dripping water on the

Serial iller - is someone who murders , or more people with &cooling o#& periods i

olice *lotter - is an 18& 1& logboo" with hard bound cover that contains the dai

Act#s Re#s - proof that a criminal act has occurred.

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S?etc" - a rough drawing or painting2 often made to assist in ma"ing a more nished

T%)es o3 S?etc"es 1. loor plan )3irds ye iew

. levation 0rawing ,. ploded iew /.


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1. %hotographs

. '"etching crime scenes

,. !ritten notes )what you have seenIobserved

/. 0eveloping and lifting ngerprints found at the crime scene.

+. ?athering physical evidence

5. %laster cast

*. Bape recording of sounds

8. ideo tape recording of obects

9. !ritten statement of obects and witnesses.

in,s o3 In3ormation 1.


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. orcefulness of personality ,. 3readth of interest

Settin2 o3 Inter+ie& 1. 3ac"ground 6nterview - time and place of interview are not a consideration ecep person. .


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. Flas" )oint - the lowest temperature at which liquid fuel produces a Camma

,. Fire )ointDJame )oint - the lowest temperature at which liquid fuel produces suJcient quantity such that if a source of ignition is introduced2 the vapour will

a few degrees above the Cash point /. I2nitionDa#to-i2nition tem)erat#re - the temperature at which a fuel will ign any additional source ignition.

+. T"ermal inertia - the ease at which a material can be ignited. 5. Heat release rate - is a measure of the amount of energy a specic type of fue heat Cu in a re. *. Heat trans3er - the mechanism in which re can spread from its origin to other Met"o,s o3 "eat trans3er

1. Con,#cti+eDcon,#ction "eat trans3er - heat is transferred by direct contac

. Con+ecti+eDcon+ection "eat trans3er - transfer of heat through physical m

,. Ra,iati+eDra,iation "eat trans3er - heat is transferred if the form of electro

8. Com#stion - or burning - is the sequence of eothermic chemical reaction bet oidant accompanied by the production of heat and conversion of chemical s the heat can result in the form of either glowing or Came.

• Glo&in2 com#stion - occurs when solid fuels are not capable of produci

Documents

Reviewer Crim