Crim 2 Reviewer (Ortega)

8/10/2019 Crim 2 Reviewer (Ortega)

1/76

RREVISEDEVISEDOORTEGARTEGALLECTUREECTURENNOTESOTESONONCCRIMINALRIMINALLLAWAW

TITLE I. CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE LAW OF NATIONS

Crimes against national security

1. Treason (Art. 114);

2. Conspiracy and proposal to commit treason (Art. 115);

3. Misprision of treason (Art. 11); and

4. !spionage (Art. 11").

Crimes against t#e la$ of nations

1. %nciting to $ar or gi&ing moti&es for reprisals (Art. 11');

2. iolation of neutrality (Art. 11);

3. Corresponding $it# #ostile country (Art. 12*);

4. +lig#t to enemy,s country (Art. 121); and

5. -iracy in general and mutiny on t#e #ig# seas (Art. 122).

The crimes under this title can be prosecuted even if the criminal act or acts were committed outsidethe Philippine territorial jurisdiction. However, prosecution can proceed only if the offender is withinPhilippine territory or brought to the Philippines pursuant to an extradition treaty. This is one of theinstances where the Revised Penal Code may be given extraterritorial application under !rticle " #$%thereof. &n the case of crimes against the law of nations, the offender can be prosecuted wheneverhe may be found because the crimes are regarded as committed against humanity in general.

!lmost all of these are crimes committed in times of war, except the following, which can becommitted in times of peace'

#(% )spionage, under !rticle ((* + This is also covered by Commonwealth !ct o. -(- whichpunishes conspiracy to commit espionage. This may be committed both in times of war and intimes of peace.

#"% &nciting to ar or /iving 0otives for Reprisals, under !rticle ((1 + This can be committedeven if the Philippines is not a participant. )xposing the 2ilipinos or their properties becausethe offender performed an unauthori3ed act, li4e those who recruit 2ilipinos to participate inthe gulf war. &f they involve themselves to the war, this crime is committed. Relevant in thecases of 2lor Contemplacion or !bner !fuang, the police officer who stepped on a5ingaporean flag.

#6% 7iolation of eutrality, under !rticle ((8 + The Philippines is not a party to a war but there is awar going on. This may be committed in the light of the 0iddle )ast war.

1


2/76

Article 114. Treaso. ! A" #erso $%o& o$i' alle'iace to (t%e Uite) States or* t%eGo+er,et o- t%e %ili##ie Isla)s& ot /ei' a -orei'er& le+ies $ar a'aist t%e,or a)%eres to t%eir ee,ies& 'i+i' t%e, ai) or co,-ort $it%i t%e %ili##ieIsla)s or else$%ere& s%all /e #0is%e) /" recl0sio te,#oral to )eat% a) s%all#a" a -ie ot to ecee) 23&333 #esos.

No #erso s%all /e co+icte) o- treaso 0less o t%e testi,o" o- t$o $itesses at least tot%e sa,e o+ert act or o co-essio o- t%e acc0se) i o#e co0rt.c%aro/les +irt0alla$ li/rar"

Lie$ise& a alie& resi)i' i t%e %ili##ie Isla)s& $%o co,,its acts o- treaso as )e-ie)i #ara'ra#% 1 o- t%is Article s%all /e #0is%e) /" #risio ,a"or to )eat% a) s%all#a" a -ie ot to ecee) 23&333 #esos. (As a,e)e) /" E.O. No. 44& Ma" 51& 1647*.

!lements

1. ffender is a +ilipino or resident alien;

2. T#ere is a $ar in $#ic# t#e -#ilippines is in&ol&ed;

3. ffender eit#er /

a. le&ies $ar against t#e go&ernment; or

0. ad#eres to t#e enemies gi&ing t#em aid or comfort $it#in t#e -#ilippines or else$#ere

euirements of le&ying $ar

1. Actual assem0ling of men;

2. To eecute a treasona0le design 0y force;

3. %ntent is to deli&er t#e country in $#ole or in part to t#e enemy; and

4. Colla0oration $it# foreign enemy or some foreign so&ereign

T$o $ays of pro&ing treason

1. Testimony of at least t$o $itnesses to t#e same o&ert act; or

2. Confession of accused in open court.

Article 117. Cos#irac" a) ro#osal to Co,,it Treaso. 8 T%e cos#irac" or #ro#osal toco,,it t%e cri,e o- treaso s%all /e #0is%e) res#ecti+el"& /" #risio ,a"or a) a -ie otecee)i' 13&333 #esos& a) #risio correccioal a) a -ie ot ecee)i' 7&333 #esos.

!lements of conspiracy to commit treason


2. At least t$o persons come to an agreement to /

a. le&y $ar against t#e go&ernment; or

0. ad#ere to t#e enemies gi&ing t#em aid or comfort;

3. T#ey decide to commit it.

2


3/76

!lements of proposal to commit treason


2. At least one person decides to /

a. le&y $ar against t#e go&ernment; or

0. ad#ere to t#e enemies gi&ing t#em aid or comfort;3. e proposes its eecution to some ot#er persons.

Article 119. Mis#risio o- Treaso. 8 E+er" #erso o$i' alle'iace to (t%e Uite) States* t%eGo+er,et o- t%e %ili##ie Isla)s& $it%o0t /ei' a -orei'er& a) %a+i' o$le)'e o- a"cos#irac" a'aist t%e,& coceals or )oes ot )isclose a) ,ae o$ t%e sa,e& as sooas #ossi/le to t%e 'o+eror or -iscal o- t%e #ro+ice& or t%e ,a"or or -iscal o- t%e cit" i $%ic%%e resi)es& as t%e case ,a" /e& s%all /e #0is%e) as a accessor" to t%e cri,e o- treaso.

Ele,ets

1.ffender o$es allegiance to t#e go&ernment and not a foreigner;

2.e #as 6no$ledge of conspiracy to commit treason against t#e go&ernment;

3.e conceals or does not disclose and ma6e 6no$n t#e same as soon as possi0le to t#e go&ernor

or fiscal of t#e pro&ince in $#ic# #e resides or t#e mayor or fiscal of t#e city in $#ic# #eresides.

hile in treason, even aliens can commit said crime because of the amendment to the article, nosuch amendment was made in misprision of treason. 0isprision of treason is a crime that may becommitted only by citi3ens of the Philippines.

The essence of the crime is that there are persons who conspire to commit treason and the offender4new this and failed to ma4e the necessary report to the government within the earliest possible time.hat is re9uired is to report it as soon as possible. The criminal liability arises if the treasonousactivity was still at the conspiratorial stage. :ecause if the treason already erupted into an overt act,the implication is that the government is already aware of it. There is no need to report the same.This is a felony by omission although committed with dolo, not with culpa.

The persons mentioned in !rticle ((- are not limited to mayor, fiscal or governor. !ny person inauthority having e9uivalent jurisdiction, li4e a provincial commander, will already negate criminalliability.hether the conspirators are parents or children, and the ones who learn the conspiracy is a parentor child, they are re9uired to report the same. The reason is that although blood is thic4er than waterso to spea4, when it comes to security of the state, blood relationship is always subservient tonational security. !rticle "; does not apply here because the persons found liable for this crime arenot considered accessories< they are treated as principals.

&n the (88* bar examination, a problem was given with respect to misprision of treason. The text ofthe provision simply refers to a conspiracy to overthrow the government. The examiner failed to note

that this crime can only be committed in times of war. The conspiracy adverted to must betreasonous in character. &n the problem given, it was rebellion. ! conspiracy to overthrow thegovernment is a crime of rebellion because there is no war. =nder the Revised Penal Code, there isno crime of misprision of rebellion.

3


4/76

Article 11:. Es#ioa'e. 8 T%e #ealt" o- #risio correccioal s%all /e i-licte) 0#o a"#erso $%o;

1. Wit%o0t a0t%orit" t%ere-or& eters a $ars%i#& -ort& or a+al or ,ilitar" esta/lis%,et orreser+atio to o/tai a" i-or,atio& #las& #%oto'ra#%s& or ot%er )ata o- a co-i)etialat0re relati+e to t%e )e-ese o- t%e %ili##ie Arc%i#ela'o< or

2. =ei' i #ossessio& /" reaso o- t%e #0/lic o--ice %e %ol)s& o- t%e articles& )ata& ori-or,atio re-erre) to i t%e #rece)i' #ara'ra#%& )iscloses t%eir cotets to a re#resetati+eo- a -orei' atio.

T%e #ealt" et %i'%er i )e'ree s%all /e i,#ose) i- t%e o--e)er /e a #0/lic o--icer ore,#lo"ee.

Acts punis#ed

1. 7y entering $it#out aut#ority t#erefore a $ars#ip fort or na&al or military esta0lis#ment orreser&ation to o0tain any information plans p#otograp# or ot#er data of a confidential nature

relati&e to t#e defense of t#e -#ilippines;

!lements

1. ffender enters any of t#e places mentioned;

2. e #as no aut#ority t#erefore;

3. is purpose is to o0tain information plans p#otograp#s or ot#er data of a confidentialnature relati&e to t#e defense of t#e -#ilippines.

2. 7y disclosing to t#e representati&e of a foreign nation t#e contents of t#e articles data or

information referred to in paragrap# 1 of Article 11" $#ic# #e #ad in #is possession 0y reasonof t#e pu0lic office #e #olds.

!lements

1. ffender is a pu0lic officer;

2. e #as in #is possession t#e articles data or information referred to in paragrap# 1 ofArticle 11" 0y reason of t#e pu0lic office #e #olds;

3. e discloses t#eir contents to a representati&e of a foreign nation.

Co,,o$ealt% Act No. 919 8 A Act to 0is% Es#ioa'e a) Ot%er O--eses a'aist NatioalSec0rit"

Acts punis#ed

1. 8nla$fully o0taining or permitting to 0e o0tained information affecting national defense;

2. 8nla$ful disclosing of information affecting national defense;

3. 9isloyal acts or $ords in times of peace;

4. 9isloyal acts or $ords in times of $ar;

5. Conspiracy to &iolate preceding sections; and

. ar0oring or concealing &iolators of la$.

Section Two. Provoking war and disloyalty in case of war

4


5/76

Article 11>. Iciti' to War or Gi+i' Moti+es -or Re#risals. 8 T%e #ealt" o- recl0siote,#oral s%all /e i,#ose) 0#o a" #0/lic o--icer or e,#lo"ee& a) t%at o- #risio ,a"or0#o a" #ri+ate i)i+i)0al& $%o& /" 0la$-0l or 0a0t%ori?e) acts #ro+oes or 'i+es occasio-or a $ar i+ol+i' or lia/le to i+ol+e t%e %ili##ie Isla)s or e#oses Fili#io citi?es tore#risals o t%eir #ersos or #ro#ert".

!lements

1. ffender performs unla$ful or unaut#ori:ed acts;

2. T#e acts pro&o6e or gi&e occasion for /

a. a $ar in&ol&ing or lia0le to in&ol&e t#e -#ilippines; or

0. eposure of +ilipino citi:ens to reprisals on t#eir persons or property.

Article 116. @iolatio o- Ne0tralit". 8 T%e #ealt" o- #risio correccioal s%all /e i-licte) 0#o

a"oe $%o& o t%e occasio o- a $ar i $%ic% t%e Go+er,et is ot i+ol+e)& +iolates a"re'0latio iss0e) /" co,#etet a0t%orit" -or t%e #0r#ose o- e-orci' e0tralit".

!lements

T#ere is a $ar in $#ic# t#e -#ilippines is not in&ol&ed;

T#ere is a regulation issued 0y a competent aut#ority to enforce neutrality;

3. ffender &iolates t#e regulation.

hen we say national security, it should be interpreted as including rebellion, sedition andsubversion. The Revised Penal Code does not treat rebellion, sedition and subversion as crimesagainst national security, but more of crimes against public order because during the time that thePenal Code was enacted, rebellion was carried out only with bolos and spears< hence, nationalsecurity was not really threatened. ow, the threat of rebellion or internal wars is serious as anational threat.

Article 123. Corres#o)ece $it% Hostile Co0tr". 8 A" #erso $%o i ti,e o- $ar& s%all %a+ecorres#o)ece $it% a ee," co0tr" or territor" occ0#ie) /" ee," troo#s s%all /e#0is%e);

1. =" #risio correccioal& i- t%e corres#o)ece %as /ee #ro%i/ite) /" t%e Go+er,ettherwise, the anti hi

jac4ing law will not apply and the crime is still punished under the Revised Penal Code. Thecorrelative crime may be one of grave coercion or grave threat. &f somebody is 4illed, the crime ishomicide or murder, as the case may be. &f there are some explosives carried there, the crime isdestructive arson. )xplosives are by nature pyrotechni9ues. @estruction of property with the use of

pyrotechni9ue is destructive arson. &f there is illegally possessed or carried firearm, other special

laws will apply.

>n the other hand, if the aircraft is of foreign registry, the law does not re9uire that it be in flight beforethe anti hijac4ing law can apply. This is because aircrafts of foreign registry are considered in transitwhile they are in foreign countries. !lthough they may have been in a foreign country, technically theyare still in flight, because they have to move out of that foreign country. 5o even if any of the actsmentioned were committed while the exterior doors of the foreign aircraft were still open, the anti hi

jac4ing law will already govern.

ote that under this law, an aircraft is considered in flight from the moment all exterior doors areclosed following embar4ation until such time when the same doors are again opened fordisembar4ation. This means that there are passengers that boarded. 5o if the doors are closed to

bring the aircraft to the hangar, the aircraft is not considered as in flight. The aircraft shall be deemedto be already in flight even if its engine has not yet been started.

0estios As$ers

1. T#e pilots of t#e -an Am aircraft $ere accosted 0y some armed men and $ere told toproceed to t#e aircraft to fly it to a foreign destination. T#e armed men $al6ed $it# t#e pilots and$ent on 0oard t#e aircraft. 7ut 0efore t#ey could do anyt#ing on t#e aircraft alert mars#als arrestedt#em. @#at crime $as committed=

The criminal intent definitely is to ta4e control of the aircraft, which is hijac4ing. &t is a9uestion now of whether the antihijac4ing law shall govern.

The anti hijac4ing law is applicable in this case. )ven if the aircraft is not yet about to fly, there9uirement that it be in flight does not hold true when in comes to aircraft of foreign registry. )ven ifthe problem does not say that all exterior doors are closed, the crime is hijac4ing. 5ince the aircraftis of foreign registry, under the law, simply usurping or sei3ing control is enough as long as the aircraftis within Philippine territory, without the re9uirement that it be in flight.

9


10/76


11/76


12/76


13/76

ote that in the crime of arbitrary detention, although the offender is a public officer, not any publicofficer can commit this crime. >nly those public officers whose official duties carry with it the authorityto ma4e an arrest and detain persons can be guilty of this crime. 5o, if the offender does not possesssuch authority, the crime committed by him is illegal detention. ! public officer who is acting outsidethe scope of his official duties is no better than a private citi3en.

0estios As$ers

1. A ?anitor at t#e Due:on City all $as assigned in cleaning t#e menEs room. ne day#e noticed a fello$ urinating so carelessly t#at instead of urinating at t#e 0o$l #e $as actuallyurinating partly on t#e floor. T#e ?anitor resented t#is. e stepped out of t#e menEs room and loc6edt#e same. e left. T#e fello$ $as a0le to come out only after se&eral #ours $#en people from t#eoutside forci0ly opened t#e door. %s t#e ?anitor lia0le for ar0itrary detention=

o. )ven if he is a public officer, he is not permitted by his official function to arrest and detainpersons. Therefore, he is guilty only of illegal detention. hile the offender is a public officer, his

duty does not include the authority to ma4e arrest< hence, the crime committed is illegal detention.

2. A municipal treasurer #as 0een courting #is secretary. o$e&er t#e latter al$aysturned #im do$n. T#ereafter s#e tried to a&oid #im. ne afternoon t#e municipal treasurer loc6edt#e secretary inside t#eir office until s#e started crying. T#e treasurer opened t#e door and allo$ed#er to go #ome. @#at crime $as committed=

&llegal detention. This is because the municipal treasurer has no authority to detain a personalthough he is a public officer.

&n a case decided by the 5upreme Court a :arangay Chairman who unlawfully detains another was

held to be guilty of the crime of arbitrary detention. This is because he is a person in authority vestedwith the jurisdiction to maintain peace and order within his barangay. &n the maintenance of such

peace and order, he may cause the arrest and detention of troublema4ers or those who disturb thepeace and order within his barangay. :ut if the legal basis for the apprehension and detention doesnot exist, then the detention becomes arbitrary.

hether the crime is arbitrary detention or illegal detention, it is necessary that there must be anactual restraint of liberty of the offended party. &f there is no actual restraint, as the offended partymay still go to the place where he wants to go, even though there have been warnings, the crime ofarbitrary detention or illegal detention is not committed. There is either grave or light threat.

However, if the victim is under guard in his movement such that there is still restraint of liberty, then

the crime of either arbitrary or illegal detention is still committed.

0estio As$er

T#e offended party $as 0roug#t to a place $#ic# #e could not lea&e 0ecause #e does not6no$ $#ere #e is alt#oug# free to mo&e a0out. @as ar0itrary or illegal detention committed=

)ither arbitrary detention or illegal detention was committed. &f a person is brought to a safehouse, blindfolded, even if he is free to move as he pleases, but if he cannot leave the place, arbitrarydetention or illegal detention is committed.

@istinction between arbitrary detention and unlawful arrest

#(% !s to offender

&n arbitrary detention, the offender is a public officer possessed with authority to ma4e arrests.

&n unlawful arrest, the offender may be any person.

#"% !s to criminal intent

13


14/76

&n arbitrary detention, the main reason for detaining the offended party is to deny him of hisliberty.

&n unlawful arrest, the purpose is to accuse the offended party of a crime he did not commit, todeliver the person to the proper authority, and to file the necessary charges in a way trying to

incriminate him.

hen a person is unlawfully arrested, his subse9uent detention is without legal grounds.

0estio As$er

A #ad 0een collecting tong from dri&ers. 7 a dri&er did not $ant to contri0ute to t#e tong.ne day 7 $as appre#ended 0y A telling #im t#at #e $as dri&ing carelessly. ec6less dri&ing carries$it# it a penalty of immediate detention and arrest. 7 $as 0roug#t to t#e Traffic 7ureau and $asdetained t#ere until t#e e&ening. @#en A returned #e opened t#e cell and told 7 to go #ome. @as

t#ere a crime of ar0itrary detention or unla$ful arrest=

!rbitrary detention. The arrest of : was only incidental to the criminal intent of the offender todetain him. :ut if after putting : inside the cell, he was turned over to the investigating officer whoboo4ed him and filed a charge of rec4less imprudence against him, then the crime would be unlawfularrest. The detention of the driver is incidental to the supposed crime he did not commit. :ut if thereis no supposed crime at all because the driver was not charged at all, he was not given place underboo4ing sheet or report arrest, then that means that the only purpose of the offender is to stop himfrom driving his jeepney because he refused to contribute to the tong.

Article 127. Dela" i t%e Deli+er" o- Detaie) ersos to t%e ro#er 0)icial A0t%orities. 8 T%e

#ealties #ro+i)e) i t%e et #rece)i' article s%all /e i,#ose) 0#o t%e #0/lic o--icer ore,#lo"ee $%o s%all )etai a" #erso -or so,e le'al 'ro0) a) s%all -ail to )eli+er s0c%#erso to t%e #ro#er 0)icial a0t%orities $it%i t%e #erio) o-< t$el+e (12* %o0rs& -or cri,es oro--eses #0is%a/le /" li'%t #ealties& or t%eir eB0i+alet< ei'%tee (1>* %o0rs& -or cri,es oro--eses #0is%a/le /" correctioal #ealties& or t%eir eB0i+alet a) t%irt"si (59* %o0rs& -orcri,es& or o--eses #0is%a/le /" a--licti+e or ca#ital #ealties& or t%eir eB0i+alet.

I e+er" case& t%e #erso )etaie) s%all /e i-or,e) o- t%e ca0se o- %is )etetio a) s%all /eallo$e) 0#o %is reB0est& to co,,0icate a) co-er at a" ti,e $it% %is attore" or co0sel.(As a,e)e) /" E.O. Nos. 76 a) 2:2& No+. :& 16>9 a) 0l" 27& 16>:& res#ecti+el"*.

!lements

1.ffender is a pu0lic officer or employee;

2.e detains a person for some legal ground;

3.e fails to deli&er suc# person to t#e proper ?udicial aut#orities $it#in /

a. 12 #our for lig#t penalties;

0. 1' #ours for correctional penalties; and

c. 3 #ours for afflicti&e or capital penalties.

This is a form of arbitrary detention. !t the beginning, the detention is legal since it is in thepursuance of a lawful arrest. However, the detention becomes arbitrary when the period thereofexceeds (", (1 or 6- hours, as the case may be, depending on whether the crime is punished bylight, correctional or afflictive penalty or their e9uivalent.

The period of detention is (" hours for light offenses, (1 hours for correctional offences and 6- hoursfor afflictive offences, where the accused may be detained without formal charge. :ut he must cause

14


15/76

a formal charge or application to be filed with the proper court before (", (1 or 6- hours lapse.>therwise he has to release the person arrested.

ote that the period stated herein does not include the nighttime. &t is to be counted only when theprosecutorDs office is ready to receive the complaint or information.

This article does not apply if the arrest is with a warrant. The situation contemplated here is an arrestwithout a warrant.

0estio As$er

@it#in $#at period s#ould a police officer $#o #as arrested a person under a $arrant of arrestturn o&er t#e arrested person to t#e ?udicial aut#ority=

There is no time limit specified except that the return must be made within a reasonable time.The period fixed by law under !rticle ("$ does not apply because the arrest was made by virtue of a

warrant of arrest.

hen a person is arrested without a warrant, it means that there is no case filed in court yet. &f thearresting officer would hold the arrested person there, he is actually depriving the arrested of his rightto bail. !s long as there is no charge in the court yet, the arrested person cannot obtain bail becausebail may only be granted by the court. The spirit of the law is to have the arrested person delivered tothe jurisdiction of the court.

&f the arrest is by virtue of a warrant, it means that there is already a case filed in court. hen aninformation is filed in court, the amount of bail recommended is stated. The accused person is notreally denied his right to bail. )ven if he is interrogated in the police precinct, he can already file bail.

ote that delivery of the arrested person to the proper authorities does not mean physical delivery orturn over of arrested person to the court. &t simply means putting the arrested person under the

jurisdiction of the court. This is done by filing the necessary complaint or information against theperson arrested in court within the period specified in !rticle ("$. The purpose of this is for the courtto determine whether the offense is bailable or not and if bailable, to allow him the right to bail.

=nder the Rule ((* of the Revised Rules of Court, the arrested person can demand from the arrestingofficer to bring him to any judge in the place where he was arrested and post the bail here.Thereupon, the arresting officer may release him. The judge who granted the bail will just forward thelitimus of the case to the court trying his case. The purpose is in order to deprive the arrested personof his right to post the bail.

=nder the Revised Rules of Court, when the person arrested is arrested for a crime which gives himthe right to preliminary investigation and he wants to avail his right to a preliminary investigation, hewould have to waive in writing his rights under !rticle ("$ so that the arresting officer will notimmediately file the case with the court that will exercise jurisdiction over the case. &f he does notwant to waive this in writing, the arresting officer will have to comply with !rticle ("$ and file the caseimmediately in court without preliminary investigation. &n such case, the arrested person, within fivedays after learning that the case has been filed in court without preliminary investigation, may as4 for

preliminary investigation. &n this case, the public officer who made the arrest will no longer be liablefor violation of !rticle ("$.

0estio As$er

T#e arrest of t#e suspect $as done in 7aguio City. n t#e $ay to Manila $#ere t#e crime$as committed t#ere $as a typ#oon so t#e suspect could not 0e 0roug#t to Manila until t#ree dayslater. @as t#ere a &iolation of Article 125=

There was a violation of !rticle ("$. The crime committed was arbitrary detention in the formof delay in the delivery of arrested person to the proper judicial authority. The typhoon or flood is a

15


16/76


17/76

0. compels a person to c#ange residence;

3.ffender is not aut#ori:ed to do so 0y la$.

The essence of this crime is coercion but the specific crime is EexpulsionF when committed by a publicofficer. &f committed by a private person, the crime is grave coercion.&n Villavicencio v. Lukban, 39 Phil 778, the mayor of the City of 0anila wanted to ma4e the city freefrom prostitution. He ordered certain prostitutes to be transferred to @avao, without observing due

processes since they have not been charged with any crime at all. &t was held that the crimecommitted was expulsion.

0estios As$ers

1. Certain aliens $ere arrested and t#ey $ere ?ust put on t#e first aircraft $#ic# 0roug#tt#em to t#e country so t#at t#ey may 0e out $it#out due process of la$. @as t#ere a crimecommitted=

Bes. )xpulsion.

2. %f a +ilipino citi:en is sent out of t#e country $#at crime is committed=

/rave coercion, not expulsion, because a 2ilipino cannot be deported. This crime refers onlyto aliens.

Article 12>. @iolatio o- Do,icile. 8 T%e #ealt" o- #risio correccioal i its ,ii,0, #erio)s%all /e i,#ose) 0#o a" #0/lic o--icer or e,#lo"ee $%o& ot /ei' a0t%ori?e) /" 0)icial

or)er& s%all eter a" )$elli' a'aist t%e $ill o- t%e o$er t%ereo-& searc% #a#ers or ot%ere--ects -o0) t%erei $it%o0t t%e #re+io0s coset o- s0c% o$er& or %a+i' s0rre#titio0sl"etere) sai) )$elli'& a) /ei' reB0ire) to lea+e t%e #re,ises& s%all re-0se to )o so.

I- t%e o--ese /e co,,itte) i t%e i'%tti,e& or i- a" #a#ers or e--ects ot costit0ti'e+i)ece o- a cri,e /e ot ret0re) i,,e)iatel" a-ter t%e searc% ,a)e /" t%e o--e)er& t%e#ealt" s%all /e #risio correccioal i its ,e)i0, a) ,ai,0, #erio)s.

Acts punis#ed

1. !ntering any d$elling against t#e $ill of t#e o$ner t#ereof;

2.


18/76

may be liable for crimes against the fundamental laws are those who are possessed of the authorityto execute search warrants and warrants of arrests.

=nder Rule ((6 of the Revised Rules of Court, when a person to be arrested enters a premise andcloses it thereafter, the public officer, after giving notice of an arrest, can brea4 into the premise. Heshall not be liable for violation of domicile.

There are only three recogni3ed instances when search without a warrant is considered valid, and,therefore, the sei3ure of any evidence done is also valid. >utside of these, search would be invalidand the objects sei3ed would not be admissible in evidence.

#(% 5earch made incidental to a valid arrest:*.

Acts punis#ed

1. %nciting ot#ers to t#e accomplis#ment of any of t#e acts $#ic# constitute sedition 0y means ofspeec#es proclamations $ritings em0lems etc.;

2. 8ttering seditious $ords or speec#es $#ic# tend to distur0 t#e pu0lic peace;

3. @riting pu0lis#ing or circulating scurrilous li0els against t#e go&ernment or any of t#e dulyconstituted aut#orities t#ereof $#ic# tend to distur0 t#e pu0lic peace.

!lements

1. ffender does not ta6e direct part in t#e crime of sedition;

2. e incites ot#ers to t#e accomplis#ment of any of t#e acts $#ic# constitute sedition; and

28


29/76

3. %nciting is done 0y means of speec#es proclamations $ritings em0lems cartoons 0annersor ot#er representations tending to$ards t#e same end.

>nly nonparticipant in sedition may be liable.

Considering that the objective of sedition is to express protest against the government and in the

process creating hate against public officers, any act that will generate hatred against the governmentor a public officer concerned or a social class may amount to &nciting to sedition. !rticle (*" is,therefore, 9uite broad.

The mere meeting for the purpose of discussing hatred against the government is inciting to sedition.Aambasting government officials to discredit the government is &nciting to sedition. :ut if the objectiveof such preparatory actions is the overthrow of the government, the crime is inciting to rebellion.

Article 145. Acts Te)i' to re+et t%e Meeti' o- t%e Co'ress o- t%e %ili##ies a)Si,ilar =o)ies. 8 T%e #ealt" o- #risio correccioal or a -ie ra'i' -ro, 233 to 2&333 #esos&or /ot%& s%all /e i,#ose) 0#o a" #erso $%o& /" -orce or -ra0)& #re+ets t%e ,eeti' o- t%e

Natioal Asse,/l" (Co'ress o- t%e %ili##ies* or o- a" o- its co,,ittees ors0/co,,ittees& costit0tioal co,,issios or co,,ittees or )i+isios t%ereo-& or o- a"#ro+icial /oar) or cit" or ,0ici#al co0cil or /oar). (Reistate) /" E.O. No. 1>:*.

!lements

1. T#ere is a pro?ected or actual meeting of Congress or any of its committees or su0committeesconstitutional committees or di&isions t#ereof or of any pro&incial 0oard or city or municipalcouncil or 0oard;

2. ffender $#o may 0e any person pre&ents suc# meetings 0y force or fraud.

Article 144. Dist0r/ace o- rocee)i's. 8 T%e #ealt" o- arresto ,a"or or a -ie -ro, 233 to1&333 #esos s%all /e i,#ose) 0#o a" #erso $%o )ist0r/s t%e ,eeti's o- t%e NatioalAsse,/l" (Co'ress o- t%e %ili##ies* or o- a" o- its co,,ittees or s0/co,,ittees&costit0tioal co,,issios or co,,ittees or )i+isios t%ereo-& or o- a" #ro+icial /oar) orcit" or ,0ici#al co0cil or /oar)& or i t%e #resece o- a" s0c% /o)ies s%o0l) /e%a+e is0c% ,aer as to iterr0#t its #rocee)i's or to i,#air t%e res#ect )0e it. (Reistate) /" E.O.No. 1>:*.

!lements

1. T#ere is a meeting of Congress or any of its committees or su0committees constitutionalcommissions or committees or di&isions t#ereof or of any pro&incial 0oard or city or municipalcouncil or 0oard;

2. ffender does any of t#e follo$ing acts>

a. e distur0s any of suc# meetings;

0. e 0e#a&es $#ile in t#e presence of any suc# 0odies in suc# a manner as to interruptits proceedings or to impair t#e respect due it.

Article 147. @iolatio o- arlia,etar" I,,0it". 8 T%e #ealt" o- #risio ,a"or s%all /ei,#ose) 0#o a" #erso $%o s%all 0se -orce& iti,i)atio& t%reats& or -ra0) to #re+et a",e,/er o- t%e Natioal Asse,/l" (Co'ress o- t%e %ili##ies* -ro, atte)i' t%e ,eeti'so- t%e Asse,/l" (Co'ress* or o- a" o- its co,,ittees or s0/co,,ittees& costit0tioalco,,issios or co,,ittees or )i+isios t%ereo-& -ro, e#ressi' %is o#iios or casti' %is+ote< a) t%e #ealt" o- #risio correccioal s%all /e i,#ose) 0#o a" #0/lic o--icer ore,#lo"ee $%o s%all& $%ile t%e Asse,/l" (Co'ress* is i re'0lar or s#ecial sessio& arrest or

29


30/76


31/76

1. Any meeting attended 0y armed persons for t#e purpose of committing any of t#e crimespunis#a0le under t#e Code;

!lements

1. T#ere is a meeting a gat#ering or group of persons $#et#er in fied place or mo&ing;

2. T#e meeting is attended 0y armed persons;

3. T#e purpose of t#e meeting is to commit any of t#e crimes punis#a0le under t#e Code.

2. Any meeting in $#ic# t#e audience $#et#er armed or not is incited to t#e commission of t#ecrime of treason re0ellion or insurrection sedition or assault upon person in aut#ority or #isagents.

1. T#ere is a meeting a gat#ering or group of persons $#et#er in a fied place ormo&ing;

2. T#e audience $#et#er armed or not is incited to t#e commission of t#e crime oftreason re0ellion or insurrection sedition or direct assault.

-ersons lia0le for illegal assem0ly

1. T#e organi:er or leaders of t#e meeting;

2. -ersons merely present at t#e meeting $#o must #a&e a common intent to commit t#e felonyof illegal assem0ly.

%f any person present at t#e meeting carries an unlicensed firearm it is presumed t#at t#e purpose of

t#e meeting insofar as #e is concerned is to commit acts punis#a0le under t#e e&ised -enal Codeand #e is considered a leader or organi:er of t#e meeting.

The gravamen of the offense is mere assembly of or gathering of people for illegal purposepunishable by the Revised Penal Code. ithout gathering, there is no illegal assembly. &f unlawfulpurpose is a crime under a special law, there is no illegal assembly. 2or example, the gathering ofdrug pushers to facilitate drug traffic4ing is not illegal assembly because the purpose is not violative ofthe Revised Penal Code but of The @angerous @rugs !ct of (8?", as amended, which is a speciallaw.

Two forms of illegal assembly

#(% o attendance of armed men, but persons in the meeting are incited to commit treason,rebellion or insurrection, sedition or assault upon a person in authority. hen the illegal

purpose of the gathering is to incite people to commit the crimes mentioned above, thepresence of armed men is unnecessary. The mere gathering for the purpose is sufficient tobring about the crime already.

#"% !rmed men attending the gathering + &f the illegal purpose is other than those mentionedabove, the presence of armed men during the gathering brings about the crime of illegalassembly.

)xample' Persons conspiring to rob a ban4 were arrested. 5ome were with firearms. Aiable

for illegal assembly, not for conspiracy, but for gathering with armed men.

@istinction between illegal assembly and illegal association

&n illegal assembly, the basis of liability is the gathering for an illegal purpose which constitutes acrime under the Revised Penal Code.

&n illegal association, the basis is the formation of or organi3ation of an association to engage in anunlawful purpose which is not limited to a violation of the Revised Penal Code. &t includes a violation

31


32/76

of a special law or those against public morals. 0eaning of public morals' inimical to public welfare. Ille'al ossessio a) Use o- False Treas0r" or =a Notes a) Ot%erIstr0,ets o- Cre)it. 8 Uless t%e act /e oe o- t%ose co,i' 0)er t%e #ro+isios o- a" o-t%e #rece)i' articles& a" #erso $%o s%all o$i'l" 0se or %a+e i %is #ossessio& $it%itet to 0se a" o- t%e -alse or -alsi-ie) istr0,ets re-erre) to i t%is sectio& s%all s0--er t%e#ealt" et lo$er i )e'ree t%a t%at #rescri/e) i sai) articles.

!lements

1. Any treasury or 0an6 note or certificate or ot#er o0ligation and security paya0le to 0earer orany instrument paya0le to order or ot#er document of credit not paya0le to 0earer is forged orfalsified 0y anot#er person;

2. ffender 6no$s t#at any of t#ose instruments is forged or falsified;

3. e eit#er /

a. uses any of suc# forged or falsified instruments; or

0. possesses $it# intent to use any of suc# forged or falsified instruments.

Article 196. Ho$ -or'er" is co,,itte). 8 T%e -or'er" re-erre) to i t%is sectio ,a" /eco,,itte) /" a" o- t%e -ollo$i' ,eas;

1. =" 'i+i' to a treas0r" or /a ote or a" istr0,et& #a"a/le to /earer or or)er,etioe) t%erei& t%e a##earace o- a tr0e 'e0ie )oc0,et.

2. =" erasi'& s0/stit0ti'& co0ter-eiti' or alteri' /" a" ,eas t%e -i'0res& letters& $or)sor si's cotaie) t%erei.

o$ forgery is committed under Article 196

1. 7y gi&ing to a treasury or 0an6 note or any instrument paya0le to 0earer or to order mentionedt#erein t#e appearance of a true and genuine document;

2. 7y erasing su0stituting counterfeiting or altering 0y any means t#e figures letters $ords orsign contained t#erein.

2orgery under the Revised Penal Code applies to papers, which are in the form of obligations andsecurities issued by the Philippine government as its own obligations, which is given the same statusas legal tender. /enerally, the word EcounterfeitingF is not used when it comes to notes< what is used

is Eforgery.F Counterfeiting refers to money, whether coins or bills.

The Revised Penal Code defines forgery under !rticle (-8. otice that mere change on a documentdoes not amount to this crime. The essence of forgery is giving a document the appearance of a trueand genuine document. ot any alteration of a letter, number, figure or design would amount toforgery. !t most, it would only be frustrated forgery.hen what is being counterfeited is obligation or securities, which under the Revised Penal Code isgiven a status of money or legal tender, the crime committed is forgery.

50


51/76

0estios As$ers

1. %nstead of t#e peso sign (-) some0ody replaced it $it# a dollar sign (L). @as t#e

crime of forgery committed=

o. 2orgery was not committed. The forged instrument and currency note must be given theappearance of a true and genuine document. The crime committed is a violation of Presidential@ecree o. "*?. here the currency note, obligation or security has been changed to ma4e it appearas one which it purports to be as genuine, the crime is forgery. &n chec4s or commercial documents,this crime is committed when the figures or words are changed which materially alters the document.

2. An old man in #is desire to earn somet#ing scraped a digit in a losing s$eepsta6estic6et cut out a digit from anot#er tic6et and pasted it t#ere to matc# t#e series of digits correspondingto t#e $inning s$eepsta6es tic6et. e presented t#is tic6et to t#e -#ilippine C#arity therwise, it is at most frustrated.

Article 1:3. Falsi-icatio o- Le'islati+e Doc0,ets. 8 T%e #ealt" o- #risio correccioal i its,ai,0, #erio) a) a -ie ot ecee)i' 9&333 #esos s%all /e i,#ose) 0#o a" #erso$%o& $it%o0t #ro#er a0t%orit" t%ere-or alters a" /ill& resol0tio& or or)iace eacte) ora##ro+e) or #e)i' a##ro+al /" eit%er Ho0se o- t%e Le'islat0re or a" #ro+icial /oar) or,0ici#al co0cil.

!lements

1. T#ere is a 0ill resolution or ordinance enacted or appro&ed or pending appro&al 0y eit#erouse of t#e egislature or any pro&incial 0oard or municipal council;

2. ffender alters t#e same;

3. e #as no proper aut#ority t#erefor;

4. T#e alteration #as c#anged t#e meaning of t#e documents.

51


52/76

T#e $ords Gmunicipal councilG s#ould include t#e city council or municipal 0oard / eyes.

The crime of falsification must involve a writing that is a document in the legal sense. The writingmust be complete in itself and capable of extinguishing an obligation or creating rights or capable ofbecoming evidence of the facts stated therein. =ntil and unless the writing has attained this 9uality, it

will not be considered as document in the legal sense and, therefore, the crime of falsification cannotbe committed in respect thereto.

2ive classes of falsification'

#(% 2alsification of legislative documents. Itercalati' a" istr0,et or ote relati+e to t%e iss0ace t%ereo- i a #rotocol& re'istr"& oro--icial /oo.

T%e sa,e #ealt" s%all /e i,#ose) 0#o a" ecclesiastical ,iister $%o s%all co,,it a" o-t%e o--eses e0,erate) i t%e #rece)i' #ara'ra#%s o- t%is article& $it% res#ect to a" recor)or )oc0,et o- s0c% c%aracter t%at its -alsi-icatio ,a" a--ect t%e ci+il stat0s o- #ersos.

!lements

52


53/76

1. ffender is a pu0lic officer employee or notary pu0lic;

2. e ta6es ad&antage of #is official position;

3. e falsifies a document 0y committing any of t#e follo$ing acts>

a. Counterfeiting or imitating any #and$riting signature or ru0ric;

0. Causing it to appear t#at persons #a&e participated in any act or proceeding $#en t#eydid not in fact so participate;

c. Attri0uting to persons $#o #a&e participated in an act or proceeding statements ot#ert#an t#ose in fact made 0y t#em;

d. Ma6ing untrut#ful statements in a narration of facts;

e. Altering true dates;

f. Ma6ing any alteration or intercalation in a genuine document $#ic# c#anges itsmeaning;

g. %ssuing in an aut#enticated form a document purporting to 0e a copy of an originaldocument $#en no suc# original eists or including in suc# a copy a statementcontrary to or different from t#at of t#e genuine original; or

#. %ntercalating any instrument or note relati&e to t#e issuance t#ereof in a protocol

registry or official 0oo6.

4. %n case t#e offender is an ecclesiastical minister $#o s#all commit any of t#e offensesenumerated $it# respect to any record or document of suc# c#aracter t#at its falsification may

affect t#e ci&il status of persons.

2or example, a customer in a hotel did not write his name on the registry boo4, which was intended tobe a memorial of those who got in and out of that hotel. There is no complete document to spea4 of.The document may not extinguish or create rights but it can be an evidence of the facts statedtherein.

ote that a chec4 is not yet a document when it is not completed yet. &f somebody writes on it, hema4es a document out of it.

The document where a crime was committed or the document subject of the prosecution may be

totally false in the sense that it is entirely spurious. This notwithstanding, the crime of falsification iscommitted.

&t does not re9uire that the writing be genuine. )ven if the writing was through and through false, if itappears to be genuine, the crime of falsification is nevertheless committed.

0estios As$ers

1. A is one of t#ose selling residence certificates in Duiapo. e $as 0roug#t to t#e policeprecincts on suspicion t#at t#e certificates #e $as selling to t#e pu0lic proceed from spurious sources

and not from t#e 7ureau of Treasury. 8pon &erification it $as found out t#at t#e certificates $ereindeed printed $it# a 0oo6let of supposed residence certificates. @#at crime $as committed=

Crime committed is violation of !rticle (?- #manufacturing and possession of instruments orimplements for falsification%. ! cannot be charged of falsification because the boo4let of residencecertificates found in his possession is not in the nature of EdocumentF in the legal sense. They aremere forms which are not to be completed to be a document in the legal sense. This is illegal

possession with intent to use materials or apparatus which may be used in counterfeitingJforgery orfalsification.

53


54/76

2. -u0lic officers found a traffic &iolation receipts from a certain person. T#e receipts$ere not issued 0y t#e Motor e#icle ffice. +or $#at crime s#ould #e 0e prosecuted for=

&t cannot be a crime of usurpation of official functions. &t may be the intention but no overt actwas yet performed by him. He was not arrested while performing such overt act. He wasapprehended only while he was standing on the street suspiciously. either can he be prosecuted for

falsification because the document is not completed yet, there being no name of any erring driver.The document remains to be a mere form. &t not being completed yet, the document does not 9ualifyas a document in the legal sense.

4. Can t#e $riting on t#e $all 0e considered a document=

Bes. &t is capable of spea4ing of the facts stated therein. riting may be on anything as longas it is a product of the handwriting, it is considered a document.

5. %n a case $#ere a la$yer tried to etract money from a spinster 0y typing on a 0ondpaper a su0poena for estafa. T#e spinster agreed to pay. T#e spinster $ent to t#e prosecutorEs officeto &erify t#e eact amount and found out t#at t#ere $as no c#arge against #er. T#e la$yer $as

prosecuted for falsification. e contended t#at only a genuine document could 0e falsified. ule.

!s long as any of the acts of falsification is committed, whether the document is genuine ornot, the crime of falsification may be committed. )ven totally false documents may be falsified.

There are four 4inds of documents'

#(% Public document in the execution of which, a person in authority or notary public has ta4enpart. Usi' Fictitio0s Na,e a) Coceali' Tr0e Na,e. 8 T%e #ealt" o- arresto ,a"ora) a -ie ot to ecee) 733 #esos s%all /e i,#ose) 0#o a" #erso $%o s%all #0/licl" 0se a-ictitio0s a,e -or t%e #0r#ose o- coceali' a cri,e& e+a)i' t%e eec0tio o- a 0)',et orca0si' )a,a'e.

A" #erso $%o coceals %is tr0e a,e a) ot%er #ersoal circ0,staces s%all /e #0is%e)/" arresto ,eor or a -ie ot to ecee) 233 #esos.

Acts punis#ed

1. 8sing fictitious name

!lements

1. ffender uses a name ot#er t#an #is real name;

2. e uses t#e fictitious name pu0licly;

3. -urpose of use is to conceal a crime to e&ade t#e eecution of a ?udgment or to causedamage to pu0lic interest / eyesN.

2. Concealing true name

!lements

1. ffender conceals #is true name and ot#er personal circumstances;

2. -urpose is only to conceal #is identity.

Co,,o$ealt% Act No. 142 (Re'0lati' t%e Use o- Aliases*

o person s#all use any name different from t#e one $it# $#ic# #e $as registered at 0irt# in t#e officeof t#e local ci&il registry or $it# $#ic# #e $as registered in t#e 0ureau of immigration upon entry; orsuc# su0stitute name as may #a&e 0een aut#ori:ed 0y a competent court.

!ception> -seudonym solely for literary cinema tele&ision radio or ot#er entertainment and inat#letic e&ents $#ere t#e use of pseudonym is a normally accepted practice.

Article 1:6. Ille'al Use o- Ui-or,s or Isi'ia. 8 T%e #ealt" o- arresto ,a"or s%all /e

i,#ose) 0#o a" #erso $%o s%all #0/licl" a) i,#ro#erl" ,ae 0se o- isi'ia& 0i-or,s or)ress #ertaii' to a o--ice ot %el) /" s0c% #erso or to a class o- #ersos o- $%ic% %e isot a ,e,/er.

!lements

1. ffender ma6es use of insignia uniforms or dress;2. T#e insignia uniforms or dress pertains to an office not #eld 0y suc# person or a class of persons

of $#ic# #e is not a mem0er;

58


59/76

3. 1. False Testi,o" Fa+ora/le to t%e De-e)at. 8 A" #erso $%o s%all 'i+e -alsetesti,o" i -a+or o- t%e )e-e)at i a cri,ial case& s%all s0--er t%e #ealties o- arresto,a"or i its ,ai,0, #erio) to #risio correccioal i its ,ii,0, #erio) a -ie ot toecee) 1&333 #esos& i- t%e #rosec0tio is -or a -elo" #0is%a/le /" a a--licti+e #ealt"& a)t%e #ealt" o- arresto ,a"or i a" ot%er case.

!lements

1. A person gi&es false testimony;

2. %n fa&or of t#e defendant;

3. %n a criminal case.

59


60/76

Article 1>2. False Testi,o" i Ci+il Cases. 8 A" #erso -o0) '0ilt" o- -alse testi,o" i aci+il case s%all s0--er t%e #ealt" o- #risio correccioal i its ,ii,0, #erio) a) a -ie otto ecee) 9&333 #esos& i- t%e a,o0t i cotro+ers" s%all ecee) 7&333 #esos& a) t%e #ealt"o- arresto ,a"or i its ,ai,0, #erio) to #risio correccioal i its ,ii,0, #erio) a) a-ie ot to ecee) 1&333 #esos& i- t%e a,o0t i cotro+ers" s%all ot ecee) sai) a,o0t orcaot /e esti,ate).

!lements

1. Testimony gi&en in a ci&il case;

2. Testimony relates to t#e issues presented in said case;

3. Testimony is false;

4. ffender 6no$s t#at testimony is false;

5. Testimony is malicious and gi&en $it# an intent to affect t#e issues presented in said case.

Article 1>5. False Testi,o" i Ot%er Cases a) er0r" i Sole, A--ir,atio. 8 T%e #ealt"o- arresto ,a"or i its ,ai,0, #erio) to #risio correccioal i its ,ii,0, #erio) s%all /ei,#ose) 0#o a" #erso& $%o o$i'l" ,aes 0tr0t%-0l state,ets a) ot /ei'icl0)e) i t%e #ro+isios o- t%e et #rece)i' articles& s%all testi-" 0)er oat%& or ,ae aa--i)a+it& 0#o a" ,aterial ,atter /e-ore a co,#etet #erso a0t%ori?e) to a),iister a oat%i cases i $%ic% t%e la$ so reB0ires.

A" #erso $%o& i case o- a sole, a--ir,atio ,a)e i lie0 o- a oat%& s%all co,,it a" o-t%e -alse%oo)s ,etioe) i t%is a) t%e t%ree #rece)i' articles o- t%is sectio& s%all s0--ert%e res#ecti+e #ealties #ro+i)e) t%erei.

Acts punis#ed

1. 7y falsely testifying under oat#;

2. 7y ma6ing a false affida&it.

!lements of per?ury

1. ffender ma6es a statement under oat# or eecutes an affida&it upon a material matter;

2. T#e statement or affida&it is made 0efore a competent officer aut#ori:ed to recei&e and

administer oat#s;

3. ffender ma6es a $illful and deli0erate assertion of a false#ood in t#e statement or affida⁢

4. T#e s$orn statement or affida&it containing t#e falsity is reuired 0y la$ t#at is it is made for alegal purpose.

Article 1>4. O--eri' False Testi,o" i E+i)ece. 8 A" #erso $%o s%all o$i'l" o--er ie+i)ece a -alse $itess or testi,o" i a" 0)icial or o--icial #rocee)i'& s%all /e #0is%e)as '0ilt" o- -alse testi,o" a) s%all s0--er t%e res#ecti+e #ealties #ro+i)e) i t%is sectio.

!lements

1. ffender offers in e&idence a false $itness or testimony;2 e 6no$s t#at t#e $itness or t#e testimony $as false;

3. T#e offer is made in any ?udicial or official proceeding.

60


61/76

Article 1>7. Mac%iatios i 0/lic A0ctios. 8 A" #erso $%o s%all solicit a" 'i-t or#ro,ise as a cosi)eratio -or re-raii' -ro, tai' #art i a" #0/lic a0ctio& a) a"#erso $%o s%all atte,#t to ca0se /i))ers to sta" a$a" -ro, a a0ctio /" t%reats& 'i-tsro,ises& or a" ot%er arti-ice& $it% itet to ca0se t%e re)0ctio o- t%e #rice o- t%e t%i'a0ctioe)& s%all s0--er t%e #ealt" o- #risio correccioal i its ,ii,0, #erio) a) a -iera'i' -ro, 13 to 73 #er cet0, o- t%e +al0e o- t%e t%i' a0ctioe).

Acts punis#ed

1.


62/76

I- t%e o--ese ,etioe) i t%is article a--ects a" -oo) s0/stace& ,otor -0el or l0/ricats& orot%er articles o- #ri,e ecessit"& t%e #ealt" s%all /e t%at o- #risio ,a"or i its ,ai,0, a),e)i0, #erio)s it /ei' s0--iciet -or t%e i,#ositio t%ereo- t%at t%e iitial ste#s %a+e /eetae to$ar) carr"i' o0t t%e #0r#oses o- t%e co,/iatio.

A" #ro#ert" #ossesse) 0)er a" cotract or /" a" co,/iatio ,etioe) i t%e

#rece)i' #ara'ra#%s& a) /ei' t%e s0/ect t%ereo-& s%all /e -or-eite) to t%e Go+er,et o-t%e %ili##ies.

W%ee+er a" o- t%e o--eses )escri/e) a/o+e is co,,itte) /" a cor#oratio or associatio&t%e #resi)et a) eac% oe o- its a'ets or re#resetati+es i t%e %ili##ies i case o- a-orei' cor#oratio or associatio& $%o s%all %a+e o$i'l" #er,itte) or -aile) to #re+et t%eco,,issio o- s0c% o--ese& s%all /e %el) lia/le as #rici#als t%ereo-.

Acts punis#ed

1. Com0ination to pre&ent free competition in t#e mar6et;

!lements

1. !ntering into any contract or agreement or ta6ing part in any conspiracy or com0inationin t#e form of a trust or ot#er$ise;

2. %n restraint of trade or commerce or to pre&ent 0y artificial means free competition int#e mar6et.

2. Monopoly to restrain free competition in t#e mar6et;

!lements

1. 7y monopoli:ing any merc#andise or o0?ect of trade or commerce or 0y com0ining$it# any ot#er person or persons to monopoli:e said merc#andise or o0?ect;

2. %n order to alter t#e prices t#ereof 0y spreading false rumors or ma6ing use of anyot#er artifice;

3. To restrain free competition in t#e mar6et

3. Manufacturer producer or processor or importer com0ining conspiring or agreeing $it# anyperson to ma6e transactions pre?udicial to la$ful commerce or to increase t#e mar6et price ofmerc#andise.

!lements

1. Manufacturer producer processor or importer of any merc#andise or o0?ect ofcommerce;

2. Com0ines conspires or agrees $it# any person;

3. -urpose is to ma6e transactions pre?udicial to la$ful commerce or to increase t#emar6et price of any merc#andise or o0?ect of commerce manufactured producedprocessed assem0led or imported into t#e -#ilippines.

Article 1>:. I,#ortatio a) Dis#ositio o- Falsel" Mare) Articles or Merc%a)ise Ma)e o-Gol)& Sil+er& or Ot%er recio0s Metals o- T%eir Allo"s. 8 T%e #ealt" o- #risio correccioal ora -ie ra'i' -ro, 233 to 1&333 #esos& or /ot%& s%all /e i,#ose) o a" #erso $%o s%allo$i'l" i,#ort or sell or )is#ose o- a" article or ,erc%a)ise ,a)e o- 'ol)& sil+er& or ot%er#recio0s ,etals& or t%eir allo"s& $it% sta,#s& /ra)s& or ,ars $%ic% -ail to i)icate t%e act0al-ieess or B0alit" o- sai) ,etals or allo"s.

A" sta,#& /ra)& la/el& or ,ar s%all /e )ee,e) to -ail to i)icate t%e act0al -ieess o- t%earticle o $%ic% it is e'ra+e)& #rite)& sta,#e)& la/ele) or attac%e)& $%e t%e rest o- t%e

62


63/76

article s%o$s t%at t%e B0alit" or -ieess t%ereo- is less /" ,ore t%a oe%al- arat& i- ,a)e o-'ol)& a) less /" ,ore t%a -o0r oet%o0sa)t%& i- ,a)e o- sil+er& t%a $%at is s%o$ /" sai)sta,#& /ra)& la/el or ,ar. =0t i case o- $atc% cases a) -lat$are ,a)e o- 'ol)& t%e act0al-ieess o- s0c% 'ol) s%all ot /e less /" ,ore t%a t%ree oet%o0sa)t% t%a t%e -ieessi)icate) /" sai) sta,#& /ra)& la/el& or ,ar.

!lements

1. ffender imports sells or disposes articles made of gold sil&er or ot#er precious metals ort#eir alloys;

2. T#e stamps 0rands or mar6s of t#ose articles of merc#andise fail to indicate t#e actualfineness or uality of said metals or alloys;

3. ffender 6no$s t#at t#e stamps 0rands or mar6s fail to indicate t#e actual fineness or ualityof t#e metals or alloys.

Article 1>>. S0/stit0ti' a) Alteri' Tra)e,ars& Tra)e a,es& or Ser+ice Mars. 8 T%e#ealt" o- #risio correccioal i its ,ii,0, #erio) or a -ie ra'i' -ro, 73 to 2&333 #esos&or /ot%& s%all /e i,#ose) 0#o;

1. A" #erso $%o s%all s0/stit0te t%e tra)e a,e or tra)e,ar o- so,e ot%er ,a0-act0reror )ealer or a colora/le i,itatio t%ereo-& -or t%e tra)e,ar o- t%e real ,a0-act0rer or )ealer0#o a" article o- co,,erce a) s%all sell t%e sa,e

!lements

1. 7y affiing to #is goods or using in connection $it# #is ser&ices a false designation oforigin or any false description or representation; and

2. 265 (A Act rescri/i' t%e Itellect0al ro#ert" Co)e a) Esta/lis%i' t%eItellect0al ro#ert" O--ice& ro+i)i' -or Its o$er a) F0ctios& a) -or Ot%er 0r#oses*

Sectio 1:3. Penalties./ %ndependent of t#e ci&il and administrati&e sanctions imposed 0yla$ a criminal penalty of imprisonment from t$o (2) years to fi&e (5) years and a fine ranging from+ifty t#ousand pesos (- 5****.**) to T$o #undred t#ousand pesos (- 2*****.**) s#all 0e imposed

64


65/76

on any person $#o is found guilty of committing any of t#e acts mentioned in

(a) Any person $#o is selling #is goods and gi&es t#em t#e general appearance of goodsof anot#er manufacturer or dealer eit#er as to t#e goods t#emsel&es or in t#e $rapping of t#epac6ages in $#ic# t#ey are contained or t#e de&ices or $ords t#ereon on in any ot#er feature ort#eir appearance $#ic# $ould 0e li6ely to influence purc#asers to 0elie&e t#at t#e goods offered are

t#ose of a manufacturer or dealer ot#er t#an t#e actual manufacturer or dealer or $#o ot#er$iseclot#es t#e goods $it# suc# appearance as s#all decei&e t#e pu0lic and defraud anot#er of #islegitimate trade or any su0seuent &endor of suc# goods or any agent of any &endor engaged inselling suc# goods $it# a li6e purpose; or

(0) Any person $#o 0y any artifice or de&ice or $#o employs any ot#er means calculatedto induce t#e false 0elief t#at suc# person is offering t#e ser&ices of anot#er $#o a#s identified suc#ser&ices in t#e mind of t#e pu0lic; or

(c) Any person $#o s#all ma6e any false statement in t#e course of trade or $#o s#allcommit any ot#er act contrary to good fait# of a nature calculated to discredit t#e goods 0usiness orser&ices of anot#er.

1'.4. T#e remedies pro&ided 0y


66/76

(a) %s li6ely to cause confusion or to cause mista6e or to decei&e as to t#e affiliationconnection or association of suc# person $it# anot#er person or as to t#e origin sponsors#ip orappro&al of #is or #er goods ser&ices or commercial acti&ities 0y anot#er person; or

(0) %n commercial ad&ertising or promotion misrepresents t#e nature c#aracteristicsualities or geograp#ic origin of #is or #er or anot#er person,s goods ser&ices or commercial

acti&ities s#all 0e lia0le to a ci&il action for damages and in?unction pro&ided in


67/76

5. %llegal coc6fig#ting (Art. 1);

. ra&e scandal (Art. 2**);

". %mmoral doctrines o0scene pu0lications and e#i0itions (Art. 2*1); and

'. agrancy and prostitution (Art. 2*2).

Article 167. W%at Acts Are 0is%a/le i Ga,/li'. 8 (a* T%e #ealt" o- arresto ,a"or or a -ieot ecee)i' t$o %0)re) #esos& a)& i case o- reci)i+is,& t%e #ealt" o- arresto ,a"or or a-ie ra'i' -ro, t$o %0)re) or si t%o0sa) #esos& s%all /e i,#ose) 0#o;

1. A" #erso ot%er t%a t%ose re-erre) to i s0/sectios (/* a) (c* $%o& i a" ,aer s%all)irectl"& or i)irectl" tae #art i a" 'a,e o- ,ote& 0ete' or a" ot%er -or, o- lotter"olic"& /ai'& or #erceta'e 'a,e& )o' races& or a" ot%er 'a,e o- sc%e,e t%e res0lt o-$%ic% )e#e)s $%oll" or c%ie-l" 0#o c%ace or %a?ar)< or $%erei $a'ers cosisti' o-,oe"& articles o- +al0e or re#resetati+e o- +al0e are ,a)e< or i t%e e#loitatio or 0se o-a" ot%er ,ec%aical i+etio or cotri+ace to )eter,ie /" c%ace t%e loser or $ier o-,oe" or a" o/ect or re#resetati+e o- +al0e.

2. A" #erso $%o s%all o$i'l" #er,it a" -or, o- 'a,/li' re-erre) to i t%e #rece)i's0/)i+isio to /e carrie) o i a" 0%a/ite) or 0i%a/ite) #lace o- a" /0il)i'& +essel orot%er ,eas o- tras#ortatio o$e) or cotrolle) /" %i,. I- t%e #lace $%ere 'a,/li' iscarrie) o %as t%e re#0tatio o- a 'a,/li' #lace or t%at #ro%i/ite) 'a,/li' is -reB0etl"carrie) o t%erei& t%e c0l#rit s%all /e #0is%e) /" t%e #ealt" #ro+i)e) -or i t%is article i its,ai,0, #erio).

(/* T%e #ealt" o- #risio correccioal i its ,ai,0, )e'ree s%all /e i,#ose) 0#o t%e,aitaier& co)0ctor& or /aer i a 'a,e o- 0ete' or a" si,ilar 'a,e.

(c* T%e #ealt" o- #risio correccioal i its ,e)i0, )e'ree s%all /e i,#ose) 0#o a" #erso$%o s%all& o$i'l" a) $it%o0t la$-0l #0r#ose& %a+e i %is #ossessio a) lotter" list& #a#eror ot%er ,atter cotaii' letters& -i'0res& si's or s",/ols $%ic% #ertai to or are i a",aer 0se) i t%e 'a,e o- 0ete' or a" si,ilar 'a,e $%ic% %as tae #lace or a/o0t totae #lace.

Acts punis#ed

1. Ta6ing part directly or indirectly in /

a. any game of monte ?ueteng or any ot#er form of lottery policy 0an6ing or percentage

game dog races or any ot#er game or sc#eme t#e results of $#ic# depend $#olly orc#iefly upon c#ance or #a:ard; or $#erein $agers consisting of money articles of&alue or representati&e of &alue are made; or

0. t#e eploitation or use of any ot#er mec#anical in&ention or contri&ance to determine0y c#ance t#e loser or $inner of money or any o0?ect or representati&e of &alue;

2. Jno$ingly permitting any form of gam0ling to 0e carried on in any place o$ned or controlled0y t#e offender;

3. 7eing maintainer conductor or 0an6er in a game of ?ueteng or similar game;

4. Jno$ingly and $it#out la$ful purpose possessing lottery list paper or ot#er matter containingletters figures signs or sym0ol $#ic# pertain to or are in any manner used in t#e game of

?ueteng or any similar game.

Article 169. I,#ortatio& Sale a) ossessio o- Lotter" Ticets or A)+ertise,ets. 8 T%e#ealt" o- arresto ,a"or i its ,ai,0, #erio) to #risio correccioal i its ,ii,0, #erio)or a -ie ra'i' -ro, 233 to 2&333 #esos& or /ot%& i t%e )iscretio o- t%e co0rt& s%all /ei,#ose) 0#o a" #erso $%o s%all i,#ort ito t%e %ili##ie Isla)s -ro, a" -orei' #lace

67


68/76

or #ort a" lotter" ticet or a)+ertise,et or& i coi+ace $it% t%e i,#orter& s%all sell or)istri/0te t%e sa,e.

A" #erso $%o s%all o$i'l" a) $it% itet to 0se t%e,& %a+e i %is #ossessio lotter"ticets or a)+ertise,ets& or s%all sell or )istri/0te t%e sa,e $it%o0t coi+ace $it% t%ei,#orter o- t%e sa,e& s%all /e #0is%e) /" arresto ,eor& or a -ie ot ecee)i' 233 #esos&

or /ot%& i t%e )iscretio o- t%e co0rt.

T%e #ossessio o- a" lotter" ticet or a)+ertise,et s%all /e #ri,a -acie e+i)ece o- a itetto sell& )istri/0te or 0se t%e sa,e i t%e %ili##ie Isla)s.

Acts punis#ed

1. %mporting into t#e -#ilippines from any foreign place or port any lottery tic6et or ad&ertisement; or2. . Ille'al =etti' o Horse Race. 8 T%e #ealt" o- arresto ,eor or a -ie ot

ecee)i' 233 #esos& or /ot%& s%all /e i,#ose) 0#o a" #erso $%o ece#t )0ri' t%e#erio) allo$e) /" la$& s%all /e o %orse races. T%e #ealt" o- arresto ,a"or or a -ie ra'i'-ro, 233 to 2&333 #esos& or /ot%& s%all /e i,#ose) 0#o a" #erso $%o& 0)er t%e sa,ecirc0,staces& s%all ,aitai or e,#lo" a totali?er or ot%er )e+ice or sc%e,e -or /etti' o%orse races or reali?i' a" #ro-it t%ere-ro,.

For t%e #0r#oses o- t%is article& a" race %el) i t%e sa,e )a" at t%e sa,e #lace s%all /e %el)#0is%a/le as a se#arate o--ese& a) i- t%e sa,e /e co,,itte) /" a" #arters%i#&cor#oratio or associatio& t%e #resi)et a) t%e )irectors or ,aa'ers t%ereo- s%all /e)ee,e) to /e #rici#als i t%e o--ese i- t%e" %a+e cosete) to or o$i'l" tolerate) itsco,,issio.

Acts punis#ed

1. 7etting on #orse races during periods not allo$ed 0y la$;

2. Maintaining or employing a totali:er or ot#er de&ice or sc#eme for 0etting on races or reali:ingprofit t#erefrom during t#e periods not allo$ed 0y la$.

@#en #orse races not allo$ed

68


69/76

1. Fuly 4 (epu0lic Act o. 13");

2. 9ecem0er 3* (epu0lic Act o. 22);

3. Any registration or &oting days (epu0lic Act o. 1'* e&ised !lection Code); and

4. oly T#ursday and ood +riday (epu0lic Act o. 4).

Article 166. Ille'al Coc-i'%ti'. 8 T%e #ealt" o- arresto ,eor or a -ie ot ecee)i' 233#esos& or /ot%& i t%e )iscretio o- t%e co0rt& s%all /e i,#ose) 0#o;

1. A" #erso $%o )irectl" or i)irectl" #artici#ates i coc-i'%ts& /" /etti' ,oe" or ot%er+al0a/le t%i's& or $%o or'ai?es coc-i'%ts at $%ic% /ets are ,a)e& o a )a" ot%er t%at%ose #er,itte) /" la$.

2. A" #erso $%o )irectl" or i)irectl" #artici#ates i coc-i'%ts& at a #lace ot%er t%a alicese) coc#it

T#is article #as 0een modified or repealed 0y resi)etial Decree No. 446 (T%e Coc-i'%ti' La$o- 16:4*;

nly allo$s one coc6pit per municipality unless t#e population eceeds 1***** in $#ic# caset$o coc6pits may 0e esta0lis#ed;

Coc6fig#ts can only 0e #eld in licensed coc6pits on


70/76

T#e penalty of prision correccional in its maimum degree and a fine of


71/76

(. &f the public is made to pay not only for the merchandise that he is buying, but also for thechance to win a pri3e out of the lottery, lottery becomes a gambling game. Public is made to

pay a higher price.

". &f the merchandise is not saleable because of its inferior 9uality, so that the public actuallydoes not buy them, but with the lottery the public starts patroni3ing such merchandise. &n

effect, the public is paying for the lottery and not for the merchandise, and therefore the lotteryis a gambling game. Public is not made to pay a higher price.

&llustrations'

(1) ! certain supermar4et wanted to increase its sales and sponsored a lottery where valuableprices are offered at sta4e. To defray the cost of the prices offered in the lottery, themanagement increased their prices of the merchandise by (; cents each. heneversomeone buys from that supermar4et, he pays (; cents more for each merchandise and forhis purchase, he gets a coupon which is to be dropped at designated drop boxes to be raffledon a certain period.

The increase of the price is to answer for the cost of the valuable prices that will be covered atsta4e. The increase in the price is the consideration for the chance to win in the lottery andthat ma4es the lottery a gambling game.

:ut if the increase in prices of the articles or commodities was not general, but only on certainitems and the increase in prices is not the same, the fact that a lottery is sponsored does notappear to be tied up with the increase in prices, therefore not illegal.

!lso, in case of manufacturers, you have to determine whether the increase in the price wasdue to the lottery or brought about by the normal price increase. &f the increase in price isbrought about by the normal price increase economic factorI that even without the lottery the

price would be li4e that, there is no consideration in favor of the lottery and the lottery would

not amount to a gambling game.

&f the increase in the price is due particularly to the lottery, then the lottery is a gambling game.!nd the sponsors thereof may be prosecuted for illegal gambling under Presidential @ecreeo. (-;".

#"% The merchandise is not really saleable because of its inferior 9uality. ! certain manufacturer,:hey Company, manufacture cigarettes which is not saleable because the same is irritating tothe throat, sponsored a lottery and a coupon is inserted in every pac4 of cigarette so that onewho buys it shall have a chance to participate. @ue to the coupons, the public started buyingthe cigarette. !lthough there was no price increase in the cigarettes, the lottery can beconsidered a gambling game because the buyers were really after the coupons not the low

9uality cigarettes.

&f without the lottery or raffle, the public does not patroni3e the product and starts to patroni3ethem only after the lottery or raffle, in effect the public is paying for the price not the product.

=nder this decree, a barangay captain who is responsible for the existence of gambling dens in theirown locality will be held liable and dis9ualified from office if he fails to prosecute these gamblers. :utthis is not being implemented.

/ambling, of course, is legal when authori3ed by law.

2undraising campaigns are not gambling. They are for charitable purposes but they have to obtain apermit from @epartment of 5ocial elfare and @evelopment. This includes concerts for causes,Christmas caroling, and the li4e.

Article 233. Gra+e Sca)al. 8 T%e #ealties o- arresto ,a"or a) #0/lic ces0re s%all /ei,#ose) 0#o a" #erso $%o s%all o--e) a'aist )ecec" or 'oo) c0sto,s /" a" %i'%l"sca)alo0s co)0ct ot e#ressl" -alli' $it%i a" ot%er article o- t%is Co)e.

!lements

71


72/76

1. ffender performs an act or acts;

2.


73/76

Article 231. I,,oral Doctries& O/scee 0/licatios a) E%i/itios a) I)ecet S%o$s. 8T%e #ealt" o- #risio ,a"or or a -ie ra'i' -ro, si t%o0sa) to t$el+e t%o0sa) #esos& or/ot% s0c% i,#riso,et a) -ie& s%all /e i,#ose) 0#o;

(1* T%ose $%o s%all #0/licl" e#o0) or #roclai, )octries o#el" cotrar" to #0/lic ,orals

Documents

Crim 2 Reviewer (Ortega)