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Energy, Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

Name:______________________________________________Period:_____Date:___________

I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule • All __________________is broken down by the body into small molecules through digestion

o By the time food reaches your_____________________________, it has been broken down into nutrient molecules that can enter your cells.

• ________________________then break down the food molecules, _______________energy for the biological work your cells need to perform.

o ____________________= the ability to do work

• _________________________________________________= energy storing molecule.

o Cells STORE energy by bonding a third _________________________________ to __________(adenosine diphosphate) to form_________.

o Cells RELEASE energy when ATP breaks down into __________and ______________!

Energy from food ATP

ADP + Phosphate

ENERGY released for cells

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o Within a cell, ________________________of ATP from ADP and phosphate occurs over and over, ______________________________each time!

o Cells use energy for:

� Maintaining _________________________________

� Eliminating __________________________

� Transmitting _____________________(nerve cells)

� Cellular ______________________________(muscle cells)

o Without ATP a cell would ___________!

I. OVERVIEW: "THE BIG PICTURE"

• ________________________________= the process that provides energy for almost all life.

• ___________________= organisms that make their own food

o Ex: plants

• Photosynthesis requires:

o The________________________, ______________and ___________________ to make ______________________________and _____________________as byproducts.

• The process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS can be summarized by the following equation: _____________________________________________________________________________

• The energy stored in glucose and other carbohydrates can be used later to produce ________ during the process of_______________________________.

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o We’ll discuss cellular respiration in more detail very soon!

• The process of photosynthesis does ___________happen all at once; rather it occurs in 2 stages:

1. STAGE 1 – Called the______________________________.

� _________________________is converted to ____________________

� Takes place –_______________ is captured from __________________in the _______________________of the chloroplasts of plant cells.

• A photosynthetic cell contains one to thousands of chloroplasts!

� ________________is split into hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen (O2) through the process called the electron transport chain.

� The __________________________is now converted to__________________________, which is temporarily stored in __________________________________(energy molecules).

� The _________diffuses out of the chloroplasts (byproduct).

2. STAGE 2 – Called the _______________________or____________________.

� __________________________ (CO2) and the chemical energy stored in _________ and _______________powers the formation of _____________________________________(sugars, starch and cellulose).

� Takes place – in the ____________________of a chloroplast

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PHOTOSYNTHESIS Flow Chart Equation: __________ + _________+ __________ ___________ + ________

I. OVERVIEW: "THE BIG PICTURE" • ____________________________________= an energy (ATP) releasing process:

o PLANTS: sugars (C6H12O6 ) produced during ____________________________ are broken down so energy is released

o ANIMALS: sugars (C6H12O6 ) produced during _______________________are broken down so energy is released

• Equation:

o ___________________________________________________________

� The PRODUCTS of __________________________________� glucose (C6H12O6) and O2, are the REACTANTS used in_________________________________.

� The WASTE PRODUCTS of_____________________________, CO2 and water, are the REACTANTS used in_____________________________________.

• Processes:

1. _______________________________________

2. _______________________________________ (Citric Acid Cycle)

3. _______________________________________ (ETC)

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II. TWO TYPES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION:

1. _______________________________= OXYGEN is present

� If OXYGEN is PRESENT, the ______________________of glycolysis ENTER the pathways of aerobic respiration.

• 2 major stages: ___________________& __________________________

� Produces large amounts of ATP

2. ___________________________________= No OXYGEN is present

� aka…._______________________

� _________additional ________is created AFTER glycolysis produces 2 ATP

~ Note: Both types of respiration BEGIN with_____________________.

III. AEROBIC RESPIRATION PROCESSES:

1. GLYCOLYSIS:

• Occurs in the ______________________of the cell

• Starting molecule: ONE molecule of _________________ (__________________)

• Produces: TWO ________________or__________________ (______________)

� ____________ molecules

� Attaches H’s to NAD+ (electron carrier) and forms ____________ (_________________________)

2. KREB’S CYCLE (Citric Acid Cycle) – Aerobic respiration

• _____________________ process (requires oxygen)

• Occurs in the ________________________________

• Starting molecules: __________________and ____________________

• Produces: _____________________, ____________ and __________ molecules

� Attaches H’s to NAD+ and FAD to create NADH and FADH2 (these will be used to make more _________in the________)

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Sunlight

Photosynthesis (autotrophs)

O2 + Glucose CO2 + H2O

Cellular

Respiration

(heterotrophs)

3. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC) – Aerobic respiration

• ______________ process (requires oxygen)

• Occurs in the _____________________of the ____________________

• Starting molecules: ___________________________and ________________

o Uses the NADH and FADH2 from the _____________________ and another NADH from_____________________.

• Produces: _________________and __________________

o FADH2 and NADH, release H’s so they can attach to ________________and produce ________________

o Energy is released as a result of breaking down these molecules.

�Importance of Aerobic Respiration:

• To transfer chemical energy (___________) to a form of energy that is ______________ by cells (__________)!!!

• Total net gain of ATP molecules per 1 glucose = _________________

�Relationship of Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration:

• The ____________________of one reaction are the

__________________for the other reaction.

• In an ________________________________, photosynthesis and

cellular respiration form a cycle.

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IV. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION PROCESSES:

• Occurs ______________ glycolysis, only if _______ oxygen is present

• ______ additional __________ is created after the 2ATP’s from glycolysis!

• 2 Types: 1. ___________________________________:

� Occurs in _______________

� Starting molecules: __________________and ___________(from glycolysis)

� Produces: _____________________and_______________________.

� Bakers use alcoholic fermentation of ______________to make bread.

� Used to make wine and beer

2. ____________________________________:

� Occurs in _______________

� Starting molecules: _____________________and ___________(from glycolysis)

� Produces: ______________________

� Lactic acid fermentation by microorganisms plays an essential role in the manufacturing of food products such as ________________and_____________.

� DURING EXERCISE: breathing_________________provide your body with all the oxygen it needs for aerobic respiration.

o When muscles run out of __________________, the cells switch to____________________________________!

o Provides your ________________with the energy then need during exercise.

o Side effects of lactic acid fermentation are___________________, ___________, _______________, and____________________.

o Most lactic acid made in the muscles diffuses into the bloodstream, then to the liver; where it is converted back to PYRUVIC ACID when oxygen becomes available.

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CCEELLLLUULLAARR RREESSPPIIRRAATTIIOONN ffllooww cchhaarrtt::

AEROBIC Respiration (__________________________)

Equation: ______________ + ___________ _____________ + ___________+ ___________

ANAEROBIC Respiration (______________________)

OR

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Photosynthesis: Compare & Contrast Name:_______________________________________________Period:____Date:___________

Characteristics: Types of Reactions:

Light Reaction Dark Reaction

(Calvin Cycle)

Light (Is it needed?)

Location (Where does it take

place?)

Sources (What is needed?)

Products (What is made?)

Role of Energy (What is energy used for?)

QUESTIONS:

1. Write the complete chemical equation of photosynthesis? ____________________________________________________________________________ 2. How do these reactions depend on one another to carry out photosynthesis? 3. If the light reactions stopped, what would happen? How would this affect you?

4. If the dark reactions stopped, what would happen? How would this affect you?

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Energy:

1. What is energy? 2. What is one difference between ATP and ADP? 3. How do cells store energy? 4. How do cells release energy? 5. Provide several examples of how cells use energy?

Energy from food ATP

ADP + Phosphate

ENERGY released for cells

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Cellular Respiration Worksheet

1) TRUE or FALSE: Cellular respiration helps us to breath.

2) What is the importance of cellular respiration?

3) What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration? Be

specific.

4) Write the equation for aerobic cellular respiration below.

____________________________________________________________________________________

5) Describe the energy transformation that takes place during cellular respiration.

6) What are the 3 processes of aerobic cellular respiration?

a. _________________________________________

b. _________________________________________

c. _________________________________________

7) Where in the cell does glycolysis take place? _____________________________

8) Where in the cell does the Kreb’s Cycle take place? _________________________________

9) Where in the cell does the ETC take place?___________________________________________

10) What molecule starts glycolysis? _________________________

a. Where do plants get this molecule from? __________________________

b. Where do animals get this molecule from?_________________________

11) What are the products of glycolysis?

a. __________________________________

b. __________________________________

c. __________________________________

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12) What molecules are needed to start the Kreb’s Cycle?

a. ______________________________________

b. ______________________________________

13) What are the products of the Kreb’s Cycle?

a. _____________________________________

b. _____________________________________

c. _____________________________________

14) What molecules are needed to start the ETC?

a. _____________________________________

b. _____________________________________

c. _____________________________________

15) What are the products of the ETC?

a. _____________________________________

b. _____________________________________

16) At the end of aerobic cellular respiration, how many ATP’s were produced from one

glucose molecule? ______________

17) How are the chemical equations of photosynthesis and aerobic cellular respiration

related?

18) What type of organism(s) would be able to complete photosynthesis? __________________

19) What type of organism(s) would be able to complete aerobic respiration?

_________________________________________

20) What are the two types of anaerobic respiration (fermentation)? What type of organisms

can go through each type?

a. __________________________________________________________________________

b. __________________________________________________________________________

21) What are the starting molecules for EACH type of fermentation?

a. __________________________________

b. __________________________________

22) What is the product of lactic acid fermentation? ___________________________

23) What are the products of alcoholic fermentation? ____________________________ & _______

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Cellular

Respiration

Which is broken down during

Produces a net gain of

Which occurs in the

Begins with

Which produces

Anaerobic Process

NO oxygen is present

Aerobic Process

Such as

Which occurs only in

Which produces

Such as

Which occurs only in

Which produces Animals

Will be

used in the

Oxygen is present so it can be used in

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2

Starting with the

Which occurs in the

Aerobic Process

O2

Which produces

NADH & FADH2

Is used in the

Which produces

Which occurs in the

ETC

AEROBIC RESPIRATION:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 � 6H2O + 6CO2 + 36ATP

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Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Review Worksheet Name:__________________________________________Period:_______ Vocabulary: Match the phrases on the left with the term that best fits. Use answers only one time. ____1. Organisms that make their own food A. Chloroplasts ____2. Site of photosynthesis B. Anaerobic ____3. Process occurs in a mitochondrion C. Aerobic ____4. C6H12O6 D. Glucose ____5. Process does not require oxygen E. ATP ____6. Process requires oxygen F. Kreb’s cycle ____7. Adenosine diphosphate G. Glycolysis ____8. Energy storing molecule H. Energy ____9. The anaerobic process of splitting glucose I. ADP and forming two molecules of pyruvic acid J. Autotrophs ____10. The ability to do work Directions: Answer each of the following questions in a clear and concise manner. 1. Compare and discuss how cells store energy and release energy using ATP. Be specific! You may draw the cycle. 2. Compare lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation by describing what pyruvic acid is changed in to. Be sure to include what type of organism each one takes place in. What is pyruvic acid changed

into? Organism:

Alcoholic Fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation

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3. Name the three processes of aerobic cellular respiration. How many ATP’s does each process produce, and what is the total ATP produced from one glucose?

3 Processes of Cellular Respiration:

# ATP produced:

4. Name the two stages of photosynthesis and list the starting molecule(s) and ending molecule(s) of each.

Stages Starting Molecule(s) Product(s)

5. What is the general chemical equation of photosynthesis? 6. When and why does our body use lactic acid fermentation? 7. Explain how the equations for photosynthesis and aerobic respiration compare.

Total ATP per 1 glucose =__________

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Unit Learning Map (8 days) -Photosynthesis & Respiration Mrs. Hostetter

Class: Biology B: PA standard: 3.3.10: Describe and explain the chemical and structural basis of living organism. Explain cell functions and processes in terms of chemical reactions and energy changes.

Unit Essential Question(s): Optional Instructional Tools:

• Photosynthesis spinach Lab

• Respiration mapping • Exercise Lab • Pictorial activity

How is energy transmitted through the

environment?

ATP Photosynthesis Respiration Fermentation

How is energy transferred on a cellular level?

How do the light & dark reactions

depend upon one another?

How do organisms generate energy?

How do organisms generate energy

when oxygen is not present?

Energy ATP ADP

Photosynthesis Autotroph Chlorophyll Light Reactions Dark Reactions Stroma

Glycolysis Aerobic Pyruvic Acid Kreb Cycle Citric Acid ETC NADH FADH

Anaerobic Alcoholic Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation

Vocabulary: Vocabulary: Vocabulary: Vocabulary:

Lesson Essential Questions: Lesson Essential Questions: Lesson Essential Questions: Lesson Essential Questions:

Concept Concept Concept Concept

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Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Vocabulary:

1) Energy = the ability to do work

2) ATP = (adenosine triphosphate); energy storing molecule

3) ADP = adenosine diphosphate

4) Photosynthesis = the process that provides energy for almost all life

5) Autotroph = organisms that make their own food (plants)

6) Heterotroph = organisms that DO NO make their own food (animals)

7) Chlorophyll = green pigment in chloroplasts that traps sunlight

8) Light Reactions = Light energy is converted to chemical energy; Energy is captured from sunlight in the chlorophyll of the chloroplasts of plant cells.

9) Dark Reactions = (Calvin Cycle); Carbon dioxide (CO2) and the chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH powers the formation of carbohydrate molecules (sugars, starch and cellulose)

10) Stroma = specific location on a chloroplast where the dark reactions occur

11) Glycolysis = Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell • Starting molecule: ONE molecule of glucose (C6H12O6)

� Produces: TWO pyruvic acids or pyruvates (C3H6O3); 2 ATP molecules � Attaches H’s to NAD+ (electron carrier) and forms NADH (high energy molecule)

12) Aerobic = requires oxygen

13) Pyruvic Acid = (pyruvate) C3H6O3

14) Kreb Cycle = also called the citric acid cycle • Aerobic process (requires oxygen) • Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix • Starting molecules: 2 pyruvates and oxygen • Produces: NADH and FADH2, CO2 and 2 ATP molecules

15) ETC = Electron Transport Chain • Aerobic process (requires oxygen) • Occurs in the inner membrane folds of the mitochondria • Starting molecules: NADH and FADH2 and oxygen

o Uses the NADH and FADH2 from the Kreb’s Cycle and another NADH from Glycolysis. • Produces: Water and 32 ATP’s

o FADH2 and NADH, release H’s so they can attach to oxygen and produce water 16) NADH & FADH = high energy molecules

17) Anaerobic = no oxygen present

18) Alcoholic Fermentation = Occurs in plants • Starting molecules: 2 pyruvates and NADH (from glycolysis) • Produces: ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. • Bakers use alcoholic fermentation of YEAST to make bread. • Used to make wine and beer

19) Lactic Acid Fermentation = Occurs in animals • Starting molecules: 2 pyruvates and NADH (from glycolysis) • Produces: lactic acid • Lactic acid fermentation by microorganisms plays an essential role in the manufacturing of food

products such as yogurt and cheese.