Text of RESPIRATION AND GAS EXCHANGE Respiration. Aerobic and anaerobic respiration ...
Slide 1
RESPIRATION AND GAS EXCHANGE Respiration
Slide 2
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/appliedanat
omy/1_anatomy_respiratorysys_rev2.shtml
Slide 3
Define respiration as the chemical reactions that break down
nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy. Remember
respiration is a chemical process Which releases energy from food
Dont confuse it with the exchange of gases or breathing
Slide 4
State the uses of energy in the body of humans: muscle
contraction, protein synthesis, cell division, growth, the passage
of nerve impulses the maintenance of a constant body temperature
ALL these processes require energy You need to be able to quote
these
Slide 5
Aerobic respiration
Slide 6
Define aerobic respiration as the release of a relatively large
amount of energy in cells by the breakdown of food substances in
the presence of oxygen. Remember aerobic respiration needs oxygen
It releases a lot of energy
Slide 7
State the word equation for aerobic respiration. Food + oxygen
carbon dioxide + water
Slide 8
State the equation for aerobic respiration using symbols C 6 H
12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O Learn this equation Youll need it if
youre doing the higher tier
Slide 9
Anaerobic respiration
Slide 10
Define anaerobic respiration the release of a relatively small
amount of energy by the breakdown of food substances in the absence
of oxygen. Because the food is not completely broken down some of
the energy remains in the waste products
Slide 11
State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles
during hard exercise glucose lactic acid and the microorganism
yeast glucose alcohol + carbon dioxide Note that a lot of the
energy here remains locked up in the lactic acid or alcohol
Slide 12
Slide 13
Compare aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration in terms
of relative amounts of energy released. Aerobic respiration
produces much more energy ATP than anaerobic respiration Look at
the diagram below and compare the number of ATP molecules
Slide 14
State the balanced equation for anaerobic respiration in
muscles C 6 H 12 O 6 2C 3 H 6 O 3 and the microorganism yeast C 6 H
12 O 6 2C 2 H 5 OH + 2CO 2 using symbols You should learn these
Note that no carbon dioxide is produced in anaerobic respiration in
animals
Slide 15
Describe the role of anaerobic respiration in yeast during
brewing and bread-making.
http://blowers.chee.arizona.edu/cooking/kine tics/bread.html
http://blowers.chee.arizona.edu/cooking/kine tics/bread.html
Slide 16
Bread making The fermentation process serves three primary
purposes: To produce carbon dioxide gas to create a light and airy
texture in the bread To enhance the flavour of the bread To change
the protein structure of the bread to prevent a chewy texture
Slide 17
Beer making Similar to baking bread, yeast is critical to
making beer. Yeast is added to the wort to turn the sugars into
alcohol and carbon dioxide This process is called
fermentation.
Slide 18
Describe the effect of lactic acid in muscles during exercise
(include oxygen debt in outline only). Lactic acid build up is
often blamed for post workout muscle fatigue and pain
Slide 19
During short intense burst of exercise such as sprinting Energy
is generated anaerobically or without oxygen. Lactic acid builds up
When you stop exercising you are still breathing heavily.
Slide 20
This is your body taking in extra oxygen to 'repay' the oxygen
debt. When you stop sprinting and start to recover you will
actually need more oxygen to recover This is oxygen is used to
break down the lactic acid The difference between the oxygen the
body required and what it actually managed to take in during the
sudden sprint is called oxygen deficit.
Slide 21
Gas exchange
Slide 22
List the features of gas exchange surfaces in animals. Large
surface area So diffusion is more efficient Moist So gases can
dissolve Good blood supply To remove the oxygen and maintain
concentration gradient Ventilation system To bring more supplies of
oxygen
Slide 23
Circulation of gases in and out of leaf Cross-section through
leaf
Slide 24
Identify on diagrams and name the larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, alveoli and associated capillaries This is a useful
website http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools /gcsebitesize/pe/appliedanato
my/1_anatomy_respiratorysys _rev1.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools /gcsebitesize/pe/appliedanato
my/1_anatomy_respiratorysys _rev1.shtml
Slide 25
The Breathing System Function is to take air into and out of
the lungs to allow gas exchange Oxygen moves from the lung to the
blood Carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the lung Gases move
by diffusion
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
The Breathing System Rib Sternum Intercostal muscle Right
lungBackbone Cartilage
Slide 29
Slide 30
Passage of Air Nose Throat Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
(air sacs)GAS EXCHANGE
Slide 31
The alveoli
Slide 32
Explain the role of mucus and cilia in protecting the gas
exchange system from pathogens and particles. Mucus traps the
pathogens and particles Cilia move the mucus upwards to the mouth
where it is swallowed
Slide 33
The structure of the trachea C-shaped ring of cartilage
Ciliated cells
Slide 34
The structure of the trachea
Slide 35
Ciliated cells and mucus- secreting cells Located in trachea,
bronchi and bronchioles Mucus is produced by goblet cells located
in the lining of the air tubes The mucus traps dirt and
microorganisms
Slide 36
Ciliated cells and mucus- secreting cells Cilia are tiny
hair-like structures on the top layer of cells Cilia waft dust and
mucus out of the lungs This process protects against infection
Slide 37
Slide 38
Describe the role of the ribs, the internal and external
intercostal muscles and the diaphragm in producing volume and
pressure changes leading to the ventilation of the lungs You need
to learn the sequence of events here
Slide 39
When we breathe in Intercostal muscles contract So, ribcage
moves out and up Diaphragm contracts and flattens The volume (or
space) inside the thorax increases The lungs are stretched to fill
that space
Slide 40
The pressure inside the lungs decreases Now the pressure
outside the body is higher than the pressure in the lungs So, air
rushes into the lungs THE LUNGS INFLATE - This is inhalation
Slide 41
When we breathe out Intercostal muscles relax So, ribcage moves
in and down Diaphragm relaxes and curves up The volume (or space)
inside the thorax decreases The lungs are return to their original
size
Slide 42
The pressure inside the lungs increases Now the pressure inside
the lungs higher than the pressure outside the body So, air rushes
out of the lungs This is exhalation
Slide 43
Slide 44
Breathing and gas exchange
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes6.h tm
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes6.h tm There are some good
videos here
Slide 45
What is lung capacity? Lung capacity is the maximum volume of
air that can be breathed out after a maximum breath in What is your
lung capacity? Adult male = 4 litres Adult female = 3 litres
Slide 46
State the differences in composition between inspired and
expired air. Not all the oxygen is removed from the air Exhaled air
still contains some oxygen but has much more carbon dioxide and
water vapour than inhaled air
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/appliedanatomy/1_anato
my_respiratorysys_rev3.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/appliedanatomy/1_anato
my_respiratorysys_rev3.shtml
Slide 47
Is exhaled air different? ComponentInhaled airExhaled air
Oxygen21%17% Carbon dioxide 0.04%4% Nitrogen78% Water vapour
VariableSaturated
Slide 48
Use lime water as a test for carbon dioxide to investigate the
differences in composition between inspired and expired air. Lime
water goes cloudy when carbon dioxide is bubbled through it The
experiment below uses a different indicator but lime water could be
used with the same apparatus
http://seniorscience.wikispaces.com/file/view
/Testing+Exhaled+Air+for+Carbon+dioxide.pdf
http://seniorscience.wikispaces.com/file/view
/Testing+Exhaled+Air+for+Carbon+dioxide.pdf
Slide 49
Bromothymol blue can be replaced by limewater
Slide 50
Here are the results using limewater Breathe in and out through
the long tube One tube has inhaled air bubbled through it The other
has exhaled air bubbled through it http://www.sciencephoto.co
m/media/75297/enlarge http://www.sciencephoto.co
m/media/75297/enlarge
Slide 51
Investigate and describe the effects of physical activity on
rate and depth of breathing You can try this on yourself or family
members TAKE CARE if anyone has heart or lung problems !!!
Slide 52
EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON HEART RATE AND BREATHING Measure your
heart (pulse) rate breathing rate at rest. Do one lot of exercise
(10 press ups OR run or walk up one flight of stairs) Take the
pulse and breathing rate again Wait till you have fully recovered
and your pulse has gone back to normal Then do 2 lots of exercise
(20 press ups OR run/walk up two flights of stairs) Repeat with
three and four lots of exercise.
Slide 53
RESULTS Plot a graph of heart rate against amount of exercise
Plot another graph of breathing rate against exercise Plot a
scatter graph of heart rate against pulse rate You could try this
with other members of your family or friends
Slide 54
Conclusions What are trends in your results? In a couple of
sentences explain the relationship between exercise, heart rate and
breathing rate. What is the biological explanation for your
results?
Slide 55
Evaluation Look at your method and explain whether or not this
was an accurate measure of the effects of exercise on the heart and
lungs. Suggest some improvements to this experiment Write up and
send me your experiment
Slide 56
Explain the link between physical activity and rate and depth
of breathing in terms of changes in the rate at which tissues
respire and therefore of carbon dioxide concentration and pH in
tissues and in the blood
Slide 57
Effects of exercise The body needs much more Oxygen. The
breathing becomes faster and deeper and produces a large vol. of
Oxygen. More Carbon Dioxide is produced which is the waste product,
which blood carries back to the lungs to be exhaled Because the
body needs more blood to carry more Oxygen and waste products the
blood is diverted from parts of the body that dont require it for
example the blood in the stomach is reduced. People taking part in
exercise go red because the Veins carrying warm blood back to the
heart divert the blood nearer the skins surface. This is called
Vasodilation. The heat is then lost through radiation through the
skin. The heart beats faster and pumps blood around the body
faster. The heart also fills up with more blood and squeezes more
blood out with each contraction. The Heart Rate, Stroke Vol.,
Cardiac Output, and Blood Pressure all increase during exercise.
More H2O and heat are produced and eliminated by sweating and
exhaling. The blood must carry these waste products away from the
muscle cells, this is why the breath is hot and moist during
exercise. Muscles are required to contract and relax in specific
areas of the body.
Slide 58
Effects on pH The pH of the blood is maintained at about pH 7
When carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) gas dissolves in water, it forms
carbonic acid This lowers the blood pH The pH of the tissue fluid
also lowers This is detected by the brain which increases the heart
and breathing rate
Slide 59
What happens when we exercise? Exercise increases the rate of
which process? RESPIRATION Why? More energy needed for muscle
contraction How? ATP is formed when food is broken down. This
releases more carbon dioxide
Slide 60
How does the breathing system respond to exercise? Exercise
causes the rate and depth of breathing to increase The heart rate
increases The stroke volume of the heart increases
Slide 61
This increases the supply of oxygen and glucose to the muscles
And increases the rate of removal of carbon dioxide, lactic acid
and heat from the muscles
Slide 62
Slide 63
EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON HEART RATE AND BREATHING Measure your
heart (pulse) rate breathing rate at rest. Do one lot of exercise
(10 press ups OR run or walk up one flight of stairs) Take the
pulse and breathing rate again Wait till you have fully recovered
and your pulse has gone back to normal Then do 2 lots of exercise
(20 press ups OR run/walk up two flights of stairs) Repeat with
three and four lots of exercise.
Slide 64
Describe the effects of tobacco smoke and its major toxic
components on the gas exchange system. tar, nicotine, carbon
monoxide, smoke particles
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/sci
ence/organisms_behaviour_health/diet_drugs /revise7.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/sci
ence/organisms_behaviour_health/diet_drugs /revise7.shtml
Slide 65
Smoking
Slide 66
Tar Tar causes cancer of the lungs, mouth and throat. It coats
the surface of the breathing tubes and the alveoli. This causes
coughing and damages the alveoli, making it more difficult for gas
exchange to happen.
Slide 67
Smoke Cells in the lining of the breathing tubes produce sticky
mucus to trap dirt and microbes. Cells with tiny hair-like parts,
called cilia, normally move the mucus out of the lungs. Hot smoke
and tar from smoking damages the cilia. So smokers cough to move
the mucus and are more likely to get bronchitis.
Slide 68
Nicotine Nicotine is addictive - it causes a smoker to want
more cigarettes. Nicotine also increases the heart rate and blood
pressure, and makes blood vessels narrower than normal. This can
lead to heart disease.
Slide 69
Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide is a gas that takes the place
of oxygen in red blood cells. This reduces the amount of oxygen
that the blood can carry. This means that the circulatory system
has to work harder, causing heart disease.
