Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

Professional

Development

Academy

Stephanie Thomas, Florida Solar Energy CenterA Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

ThinkingGreen

Madren Center, Clemson, South CarolinaFriday, April 4, 2003 – 1:30 p.m. - 3:30 p.m.

Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen


P E R CP E R C

Presentation SynopsisPresentation Synopsis

• Overview of PERC• Process • Case Study• Why PERC?Why PERC?• Wrap upWrap up

Project

Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen


P E R CP E R C

Performance Enhanced Relocatable Classroom

• Department of Energy & National Association of State Energy Officials

• Improve relocatable classroom construction• Monitor side-by-side• Analyze cost effectiveness with respect to safety &

energy performance• Publish on Website

What is PERC

Funded by…

OVERVIEW

Objectives

Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen


Premise

OVERVIEW

Reports & other research• FSEC www.fsec.ucf.edu/%7bdac/pubs/cr1272/ &

www.fsec.ucf.edu/%bdac/pubs/cr951/cr951.htm• OOE www.energy.state.or.us/school/schlhm.htm

• WSU CEEP www.energy.wsu.edu/buildings/files/ba_pinewood.pdf & www.fsec.ucf.edu/Bldg/baihp/DATA/Portables/index.htm

• LBNL http://buildings.lbl.gov/hpcbs/

• Heschong Mahone Group www.h-m-g.com/Daylighting/schoolc.pdf

How we got here

P E R C

http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/%7Bdac/pubs/cr1272/

http://www.energy.state.or.us/school/schlhm.htm




http://www.energy.wsu.edu/buildings/files/ba_pinewood.pdf

http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/Bldg/baihp/DATA/Portables/index.htm

http://buildings.lbl.gov/hpcbs/

http://www.h-m-g.com/Daylighting/schoolc.pdf

Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen


Improvements

PROCESS

• Enhance envelope & systems performance• Improve IAQ & thermal comfort• Increase energy efficiency• Lower maintenance• Improve academic performance levels

(daylight)

P E R C

WaterfordElementarySchool,Orlando, FL

Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen


Improvements

PROCESS

• Wall - R-11 to R-18- Add 1” e.p.s.

• Roof - White shingles- Techshield RB- R-19 to R-38

• Enhance envelope

• Windows - Double, low-e, gas- fill, vinyl frame

R-38 Formaldehyde

Free

12”

Interior Finish

R-11 Formaldehyde

Free

Non-permeable backing Carpet

Tile

R-19 Formaldehyde-Free Insulation

White Asphalt Shingles

TechShield R.B. Sheathing

1” E.P.S

T-11

P E R C

• Doors - Min. R-12 foam core

• Floor - R-14 to R-21

Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen


Improvements

PROCESS

P E R C

• Enhance systems performance (will improve IAQ, thermal comfort, & energy efficiency)

HVAC - Upgrade 3.5 ton A/C to 3 ton heat pump w/ ERV

- Upgrade SEER 10 to SEER 12

- Add 1” R-6 duct board insulation to duct main

- Ensure duct leakage not more than 5% at 50Pa

- Controls: CS 2000 Energy monitor w/ manual override; on-demand, variable speed ventilation (CO2)

Lights - Reduce # of fixtures; decrease # of lamps; increase CRI; use more efficient lamps

- Occupancy control & photosensor; dimmable ballasts with manual override

Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen

Daylight

PROCESS

Results of Daylighting in Schools Report

P E R C•Improve academic performance levels (daylight)

Yamato Colony Elementary School, CA

www.sunoptics.com

Capistrano Unified School District, CA. www.h-m-g.com/Daylighting/schoolc.pdf

• 2nd-5th grade students• 21,000 test scores assessed– Students progressed 20% faster on math tests– Students progressed 26% faster on reading tests– Students have 7-18% higher test scores• Relocatables constituted 40% of the data set (3 districts in CA, CO & WA)




Optimal Skylight Design

Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen


Daylight

PROCESS

P E R C

Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen


DaylightPROCESS

P E R C

Location = Daytona Beach, FL

2 W/ft2

Total Annual Energy Savings from SkylightsLighting, Cooling and Heating (all fuels converted to kWh)

Design

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% 12.0% 14.0%Skylight to Floor Ratio (SFR)

Ann

ual E

nerg

y Sa

ving

s (k

Wh/

yr)

Update SFR Graphs 4 Skylights

10’

12’

24’

36’

SkyCalc : Skylight Design Assistant - Tabular Results

Company Name: FSECProject Description: M2-DB (4 skylights) 50fc 3 step; roof r19, U=0.052

Electric Lighting Usage kWh/yrLtg. Energy without Skylights 2,089 Lighting Fraction Saved 67%Lighting Energy w/ Skylights 691 Full daylighting (h/yr) 2,116

Savings from Design Skylighting System

SavingsAnnual Energy

Savings (kWh/yr)Annual Cost

Savings ($/yr)Lighting 1,398 $112Cooling -114 -$9Heating 49 $1Total 1,333 $104

Update Results

Optimal Skylight Design

Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen


PROCESS

P E R COptimal Skylight Design

8 Skylights

4 Skylights

6 Skylights(8 sq. ft ea.)

Daylight

Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen


PROCESS


Daylight

Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen


Daylight

PROCESS

P E R COptimal Skylight Design/Layout

2’ x 4” skylight

24’x 36’ Relocatable Classroom

Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen

PROCESS


PERC Reflected Ceiling Plan Typical RC Reflected Ceiling Plan

2’x4’ Skylight, w/ 4’x6’ well

a.f.c.

(4) Lamp (2 step) fixture

(3) lamp dim. fixture

Daylight

Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen


PROCESS

P E R CSkylight Design/Detail

Improvements

Partial Section A Type IV (FL)

A-A

Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen

Case Study

P E R CPutting it all Together

“Putting it Together”


Simulated Relocatable Classroom with Skylights using Autodesk Viz (3D Studio)

Photograph of NY PERC Cornwall, New York

September 2002 (no electric lights on)

Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen


CASE STUDY

P E R CEnergy Modeling vs. Actual

Energy Modeling vs.

Actual (Measured)

Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen


P E R CCASE STUDY

Energy Modeling vs.

Actual (Measured)

End Use Measured & Predicted for NY Standard (or Control) Relocatable

Wh per Square Foot per Day

End Use Measured & Predicted for NY PERC (or Experimental) Relocatable

End Use Measured Wh Predicted Wh Error(%)

Cooling n/a 8.8 n/aHeating 32.2 *43.2 +25%Lighting 3 9.6 +69%

End Use Measured Wh Predicted Wh Error(%)

Cooling n/a 6.2 n/aHeating 23.7 *21.5 +9%Lighting 3.4 5.2 +34%

* Does not include bathroom space heating

Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen


P E R CCASE STUDY

Energy Modeling vs.

Actual (Measured)

End Use Measured in Site Built Construction kBtu per Square Foot per Year

Avg. school

convert to kWh/sf/day

100kBtu/sf-yr=146Wh/sf-day

120 school days a year

Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen


CASE STUDY

P E R CResults

Results

NY PERC Project:Comparative Monthly Space Conditioning Energy

Average Period Savings = 79 kWh/Day (47%)

Month: 2002 - 2003Month Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

Sp

ace

Co

nd

itio

nin

g E

ner

gy

(kW

h/D

ay)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Ou

tdo

or

Tem

per

atu

re (

oF

)

20

30

40

50

60

70Standard Units (1&2): 169 kWh/dayExperimental Units: (3&4): 90 kWh/DayOutdoor Temperture (oF)

Avg. Exp.

Avg. Standard

Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen

CASE STUDY

P E R CIncremental Cost Data

CostHVAC Equipment/Materials $4,479

*Upgraded Insulation $1,387

Lights $1,000

*Daylighting/Windows $3,300

Exhaust fans (low sonne) $58

Carpet 1,500

TOTAL $11, 724

Payback period when savings $1,600 per year = 7.32 years

* Does not include labor or overhead charges associated with option upgrades typical of manufacturers for “one-off” work orders.

Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen


CASE STUDY

P E R CProblems Lessons Learned

Lessons

Candy Cane Mobiles can activate occupancy sensors, December 2002

“Bump out” afterthought for aesthetic reasons, may lead to susceptible consequences

• Eliminate integrated skylight & automated controls

• Fixture layout

• Skylight wells a must – 20% increase

• “Hanging Candy Cane Theory” (HVAC controls)

• Oversized auxilary strip heat on heat pumps

• Roof deck insulation with sealed attic

• Sound measurement issue

• Educate/Inform Teachers & Maintenance Staff

• Communication & Education with

Manufacturer vital

• Aesthetics are not always a top priority

Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen


CASE STUDY

P E R C

Willow Avenue Middle SchoolCornwall, NY

Exterior View of Reloctable Classrooms, December 2002

As-Built Relocatable Classrooms

Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen


CASE STUDY

P E R C


Rooftop view of Skylights, September 2002 Rooftop view of Skylights, September 2002

Waterproofing Repair


Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen


CASE STUDY

P E R C


Interior View of NY Standard RC ( no electric lights), September 2002

Interior View of NY PERC ( no electric lights), September 2002


Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen


WHY?

P E R CWhy PERC?

has

ASTHMA

Why PERC?

• 36% of the nation’s schools use relocatables• Relocatables are plagued as energy hogs

• Suspected source of health problems• Perceived as low quality learning environment• Constructed to the minimum standards• Explosive growth in public school enrollments

continuing• SC has 3,600-4,000 relocatables (Office of School Facilities, SC

Department of Energy, circa 2001)

Professional

Development

Academy

ThinkingGreen


P E R C

A room is not a room without natural light. Natural light gives the time of day and the mood of the seasons to enter.

- Louis Kahn

Documents

Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools