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7/27/2019 Report OF Sewage Treatment Plant
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A REPORT
ON SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT
( INDUSTRIAL VISI T)
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The objective of sewage treatment is to produce a disposable effluent without causing harm to
the surrounding environment, and prevent pollution. Sewage treatment is the process of
removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage, both runoffs (effluents),
domestic, commercial and institutional. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes
to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce an
environmentally safe fluid waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste (or treated
sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse (usually as farm fertilizer). Using advanced technology it
is now possible to re-use sewage effluent for drinking water.
USB TECHNOLOGY
I nlet chamber-This chamber is the main inlet chamber in which 1/3rd
of the sewage waste of
Ludhiana is being supplied, which has a 96 depth.
A scale is there to measure the level of the water.
ScreeningThe influent sewage water passes through a bar screen to remove all large objects
like cans, rags, sticks, plastic packets etc. carried in the sewage stream. There are two types of
screening i.e Manual Screening & Mechanical Screening.
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Manual screening
In manual Screening the solid waste which are trapped in this screen (in the pic.) is being
cleaned by the helpers using some tools.
Mechanical Screening- The raking action of a mechanical bar screen is typically paced
according to the accumulation on the bar screens and/or flow rate. The solids are collected and
later disposed in a landfill, or incinerated. Bar screens or mesh screens of varying sizes may be
used to optimize solids removal. If gross solids are not removed, they become entrained in pipes
and moving parts of the treatment plant, and can cause substantial damage and inefficiency in
the process.
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Pumping station.-This Sewage Treatment plant consist of 10 pumps , in which 5 pumps works
each on mechanical & manual
In the picture five pump can be seen (one sided) from where water is being pumped.
MEP ROOM- Main Electric Panel Room, where all the pumping pressure is being checked &
controlled.
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These pumping station pump the water to a desired place.
Secondary screeni ngAgain a screening is being done.Clarifiers and mechanized secondary
treatment are more efficient under uniform flow conditions. Equilisation basins may be used for
temporary storage of diurnal or wet-weather flow peaks. Basins provide a place to temporarily
hold incoming sewage during plant maintenance and a means of diluting and distributing batch
discharges of toxic or high-strength waste which might otherwise inhibit biological secondary
treatment (including portable toilet waste, vehicle holding tanks, and septic tank pumpers). Flow
equalization basins require variable discharge control, typically include provisions for bypass
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and cleaning, and may also include aerators
.ERP-It is made of glass cloth, which has less effect of scotching heat as well as cold weather.
These pipes contract as well as expand, which is useful for long run in the treatment plant. It
consist
Of 12 V cut notches (12 pipes), has a depth of 6.3 m and a size of 30*32m.
GAS PRODUCTION- Gas is being produced in the sewage water treatment plant, 200-300
meter cube per hour.
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.The above picture shows the gas tank holder.This treatment works for 24 hours which can fill
upto 3000 cylinder gas but unfortunately these gases are not being used for any useful purpose.
This gas is being exhausted in theair in the form of fire, which consist of only methane gas
Preaeration-
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The wastewater is aerated by air pumped through perforated pipes near the floor of theTanks. This aeration makes the water less dense, causing the grit to settle out. As the air jets are
Positioned such that the water is swirling as it moves down the tanks the suspended solids are
Prevented from settling out. The air also provides dissolved oxygen for the bacteria to use laterIn the process, but the wastewater is not in these tanks long enough for bacterial action to occur
Here. The grit is collected in hoppers and washed, after which it is used for on site land
reclamation and landscaping..
Odour control
In the absence of adequate oxygen bacteria in the wastewater break down essentially odourfree
compounds to odorous compounds: fats and carbohydrates go to alcohols, esters,
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aldehydes and carboxylic acids while proteins go to ammonia, amides, mercaptans and
hydrogen sulphide. All of these compounds can give off strong smells, but those formed
from protein degredation can emit very intense smells at concentrations in the parts per
billion range.The foul air containing these compounds is mostly formed in the pretreatment and primary
treatment phases. For this reason, the equipment used in these phases, as well as the fixedgrowth reactors and the sludge dewatering plant, are roofed over and the gases produced inthese areas are removed using extractor fans.
Ultraviolet (UV) light can be used instead of chlorine, iodine, or other chemicals. Water is being
kept undisturbed in order to settle down particle as well as to kill the germs and micro
organisams.
Because no chemicals are used, the treated water has no adverse effect on organisms that later
consume it, as may be the case with other methods. UV radiation causes damage to
the genetic structure of bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens, making them incapable of
reproduction. The key disadvantages of UV disinfection are the need for frequent lamp
maintenance and replacement and the need for a highly treated effluent to ensure that the target
microorganisms are not shielded from the UV radiation (i.e., any solids present in the treated
effluent may protect microorganisms from the UV light)
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.UV light is becoming the most common means of disinfection because of the concerns about the
impacts of chlorine in chlorinating residual organics in the wastewater and in chlorinating
organics in the receiving water.
SBR-The Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) is one of the technological method used in the sewage
treatment plant. One of the obstacles in the acceptability of SBR process has traditionally been
the need for precise, automated and reliable control of various stages of the process. Recent
developments in the programmable logic controller (PLC) technology, however, have made thecontrol of an SBR process readily achievable. The SBR process is an activated sludge process in
which the sewage is introduced into a Reaction Tank (or SBR Tank), one batch at a time alsoknown as grid chamber i.e grid chamber 1 & 2.The Coarse Screen Chamber is provided ahead of sump. Screens will be provided in the Coarse
Screen Chamber to screen the raw influent. Necessary hand
operated sluice gate shall be provided to isolate the screen when it is under maintenance. The
Screened sewage is then allowed to flow to the Raw Sewage Collection Sump. The detentiontime stipulated as per the tender is adopted for the hydraulic design of wet well. The necessary
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pumps will be provided to pump the screened raw sewage for further treatment.
. Wastewater treatment is achieved by a timed sequence of operations which occur in the sameSBR Tank, consisting of filling, reaction (aeration), settling, decanting, idling, and sludge
wasting. The various stages in the sequence are as follows:
Stage 1: F il li ng
During this stage the SBR Tank is filled with the influent wastewater. In order to maintain
suitable F/M (food to microorganism) ratios, the wastewater should be admitted into the tank in
a rapid, controlled manner.
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This method functions similarly to a selector, which encourages the growth of certain
microorganisms with better settling characteristics.
Stage 2: Reaction
This stage involves the utilization of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and ammonia nitrogen,
where applicable, by microorganisms. The length of the aeration period and the sludge mass
determines the degree of treatment. The length of the aeration period depends on the strength of
the wastewater and the degree of nitrification (conversion of the ammonia to a less toxic form of
nitrate or nitrite) provided for in the treatment.
Stage 3: Settl ing
During this stage, aeration is stopped and the sludge settles leaving clear, treated effluent above
the sludge blanket. Duration for settling varies from 45 to 60 minutes depending on the number
of cycles per day.
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Stage 4: Decanting
At this stage of the process effluent is removed from the tank through the decanter, without
disturbing the settled sludge.
Stage 5: I dling
The SBR Tank waits idle until it is time to commence a new cycle with the filling stage.
Stage 6: Sludge Wasting
Excess activated sludge is wasted periodically during the SBR operation. As with any activatedsludge treatment process, sludge wasting is the main control of the effluent quality andmicroorganism population size.
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This is how the operator exerts control over the effluent quality by adjusting the mixed liquorsuspended solids (MLSS) concentration and the Mean Cell Residence Time (MCRT).
Explanation of cyclic operation:
A basic cycle comprises:
-Aeration (F/A)
A Typical Cycle
During the period of a cycle, the liquid is filled in the SBR Basin up to a set operating waterlevel. Aeration Blowers are started for aeration of the effluent. After the aeration cycle, the
biomass settles under perfect settling conditions. Once Settled the supernatant is removed from
the top using a DECANTER. Solids are wasted from the tanks during the decanting phase.
In this process, the SBR Tank acts as the equivalent of several components in the conventional
activated sludge treatment process, as follows:
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1. Aeration Tank:
the SBR Tank acts as an aeration tank during the reaction stage where the activated sludge is
mixed with the influent under aerated conditions.
2. Secondary Clar if ier: the SBR Tank acts as a secondary clarifier during the settling and
decanting stages where the mixed liquor is allowed to settle under quiescent conditions, and theoverflow is discharged to the next stage of treatment.
3. Sludge Return System:the activated sludge, following settling in the SBR Tank, is mixed with
the influent similar to the sludge return system, except that the feed is transferred to the sludge
rather than the sludge being transferred to the front end of the plant.
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BRIEFLY-
The treatment of wastewater is divided into three phases: pretreatment, primary treatment
and secondary treatment.
Pretreatment
Large solids (i.e. those with a diameter of more than 2cm) and grit (heavy solids) areremoved by screening. These are disposed of in landfills.
Primary treatment
The water is left to stand so that solids can sink to the bottom and oil and grease can rise tothe surface. The solids are scraped off the bottom and the scum is washed off with water
jets. These two substances are combined to form sludge.
Secondary treatment
The sludge is further treated in 'sludge digesters': large heated tanks in which its chemical
decomposition is catalysed by microorganisms. The sludge is largely converted to
'biogas', a mixture of CH4 and CO2, which is used to generate electricity for the plant.The liquid is treated by bacteria which break down the organic matter remaining in
solution. It is then sent to oxidation ponds where heterotrophic bacteria continue the
breakdown of the organics and solar UV light destroys the harmful bacteria.
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The role of the laboratory
A wide variety of analytical tests are used to determine the purity of the wastewater atvarious stages of treatment so that the possibility of harm to either people or the
environment is minimised.