RATIFICATION PAGE Complete report of Basic Biology with the title Lazarro Spallanzanis Experiment, created by :Name: Bertha TandiReg. Number: 1414442010Group: VClass: ICP B of Biology EducationAfter its checked and consulted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, it has fulfilled requirement.

Makassar, Desember 2014

Assistant Coordinator,Assistant,

Djumarirmanto, S.PdNurfitrah Aulia AyubID: 1214441027

Known by,Lecturer of Responsibility

Drs. H. Hamka L,MsID: 19621231 198702 1 005

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONA. Background How and when life happens, so many questions that arise about the origin of life. So many opinions and theories which were conducted to prove the origin of life, many theories that have been raised by scientists about the issue causing debate among experts, but they have not provided a satisfactory answer. It started from Aristoteles (384-332 SM) who was explaining the theory about the Abiogenesis theory (Generation Spontaneous Theory). Its the first theory that was explain about the beginning of life. In Abiogenesis theory (Generation Spontaneous Theory), it said all of the life came with spontaneously or the life came from the thing which is not life. Biology scientist hasnt believe with the Abiogenesis theory (Generation Spontaneous Theory) and they had observed about the truth of Abiogenesis Theory or Spontaneous Generation Theory. They are Francisco Redi, Lazarro Spallanzani (Italian), and Louis Pasteur (French). And their theory had given the name is the Biogenesis theory this theory to make collapse the Abiogenesis theory (Generation Spontaneous Theory). Beside that, to convince the Biogenesis theory Louis Pasteur was given his theory. That is omne vivum ex ovo, omne ovum ex vivo, which means that the life comes from egg, and the egg from comes from previous life (omne vivum ex vivo) which means that the life comes from the previous life. Experiment that will makes the unit student know about the beginning of life and make the university student understand about the steps of observation that had been done by Lazarro Spallanzani to give the evidence about the Biogenesis theory. These experiments will also prove whether there are microbes that exist in the tube is left open. So, the experiment report was given the title Lazarro Spallanzanis Experiment. This experiment to get good results and observations from these experiments is very useful for us toadd to the knowledge of the origin of life.

B. Purpose The purpose of this practicum, to give the chance for the university students to follow the steps that had been done by the scientist to solve the biology problem. Especially to know where the life begins.C. BenefitBased on this practicum, the student will know and understand the theory about beginning of life. Beside of that, the university student will know how the steps scientist can be solve this biology problem.

CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATUREQuestion about Where the life begins? had tried to answer with some theory and experiment. One of the theory and the experiment is Spallanzani which is not believe about Abiogenesis Theory or Generation Spontaneous theory that said by Aristoteles (team teaching, 2014).Started from the era of Aristoteles (300 SM) all the people believe that the life body was happened with spontaneously from the thing that didnt life. This argument sometimes we can say the Abiogenesis theory (Generation Spontaneous theory). This argument was follow by John Needham (1745-1750). He make the experiment with some of rice and meat that had been boiled. And then, he make the conclusion from his experiment that said although the boiled water kept into the closing bottle but the microbe (microorganisms) can be show in that water. This argument was showed the development and improvement of biology science in that era. But there are some of biology scientist doesnt agree and believe with Abiogenesis theory (Generation Spontaneous theory), and then all of them trying to make experiment and give an evidence to collapse the Abiogenesis theory or Generation Spontaneous Theory. Schoeder and Theodore von Ducsh (1854) had been done the same experiment with Lazarro Spallanzani, but they were filtered the air that entered into the tube with sterile cotton, and the result is showing there is not growth in the meal water that had heated (Ristiati, 2000).Italian priest Lazzaro Spallanzani ( 1729-1799) disproved the theory of spontaneous generation in 1768 by showing that if the meat borth was boiled for several minutes and vessel in which it was boiled was sealed lightly nothing grew, but if the vessel was either not heated to boiling point or was left unsealed the animalcules appeared as Needham had observed. Alligators arose from Nile River mud The final reaction products in these experiments were amino acids and sugars as well as nucleotides. Spallanzani concluded that the animalcules developed from small numbers of creatures already in the broth and that boiling killed them. This was a leap in understanding an paved the was discovery of bacteria (Lan, 2012).One of the first recorded investigations of spontaneous generation came in 1668. Francesco Redi, an Italian scientist, tested the idea that flies arose spontaneously from rotting meat. He hypothesized that flies not meat produced other flies. In his experiment, illustrated using present-day equipment in experiment, Redi observed that maggots, the larvae of flies, appeared only in flasks that were open to flies. Closed flasks had no flies and no maggots. The results of his experiments failed to convince everyone, however. Although people were beginning to use the microscope during Redis time and knew that organisms invisible to the naked eye could be found almost everywhere, some thought that these tiny organisms must arise spontaneously, even if flies did not. (McGraw, 2008) Spallanzanis experimentation on spontaneous generation added to evidence mounting against that theory. It is experiment on contributed to foundation of bacteriology an his studies of their mortality when subjected to intense heat played a seminal rote in the invention of food canning (Magill,1999).Louis Pasteur is a master of biochemistry and microbiology. In the 1865, he observed by boiling the broth in tube also, but the tubes check didnt close properly, but in formed as likely letter of S, so its end still opened. The air could reach the inside part of this tube, but Louis Pasteur had an argument that any bacteria or microorganism which floated in the air would trapped in the long tubes check. In fact, as commonly the broth was still sterile until it flowed the broth to the tubes check, then it flowed back again. Through this observation, Louis Pasteur success collapsed the Abiogenesis (Generation Spontaneous) theory (Kimball, 1999).Spontaneous generation idea was not completely rejected until the mid-1800s. It was replaced by the theory of biogenesis (bi oh JEN uh sus), which states that only living organisms can produce other living organisms. Louis Pasteur designed an experiment to show that biogenesis was true even for microorganisms. Pasteurs experiment is illustrated in this experiment . In one flask, only air was allowed to contact a sterile nutrient broth. Nutrient broth supports the growth of microorganisms. In another flask, both air and microorganisms were allowed to contact the broth. No microorganisms grew in the first container. They did, however, grow in the second container. Louis Pasteur take the conclusion from his experiment, its saying Omne vivum ex ovo, omne ovum ex vivo. Louis Pasteur conclusion supported by John Tyndall who found the method which is said Tyndalisation (Ristiati, 2000). Francisco Redi (1626-1697) an Italian medical experts try to prove the non-truth of opinion "spontaneous generation" by making experiments whose results stating that the small animals (flies) that appear on various substrates derived from its mother laid eggs. Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) conducted a series of experiments by inserting the substrate in the form of organic compounds into the bottle gourd, the top of the bottle is closed tightly and then heated (to be sterile). After being stored for some time, was not found life in the bottle, this is different from the bottles that are not heated (as control), which became rotten and overgrown with a variety of living microorganisms (Kusnadi, 2003). American scientists Stanley Miller and Harold Urey in 1953, were the first to show that simple organic molecules could be made from inorganic compounds, as proposed by Oparin and Haldane. Miller and Urey built a glass apparatus, illustrated in the experiment , to simulate the early Earth conditions hypothesized by Oparin. They filled the apparatus with water and the gases that they thought had made up the early atmosphere. The water was boiled and electric discharges were used to simulate lightning as an energy source. Upon examination, the resulting mixture contained a variety of organic compounds including amino acids. Because amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, this discovery supported the primordial soup hypothesis. Later, other scientists found that hydrogen cyanide could be formed from even simpler molecules in simulated early Earth environments. Hydrogen cyanide can react with itself to eventually form adenine, one of the nucleotide bases in the genetic code. Many other experiments have since been carried out under conditions that probably reflect the atmosphere of early Earth more accurately. The theory of spontaneous generation held that living creatures could develop from lifeless matter (McGraw, 2008 ).

CHAPTER IIIEXPERIMENT METHODA. Time and placeDay / date: Monday, 15 Desember 2014Time: 04:00 pm 05:50 pmPlace : Green House of Biology, Mathematics and Science Faculty of state uneversity of makassarB. Tools and Materials1. Toolsa. 4 peace reaction tubeb. 1 peace tube reaction rackc. 2 peace cork coverd. 1 peace spiritus lampe. 1 peace wood clamp2. Materiala. 40 mL liquid brothb. 1 peace candlec. Matchd. Label C. Work Procedure1. All tubes filled with broth correcting each five drops.2. For the first tube is closed with a cork and spilled molten wax between the tube between the mouth of the jar lid wit candle.3. For the second tube over the liquid broth on the and left open4. For the third heated the tube on a bunsen and closed with a cork and wax spilled between the tube between the mouth of the jar lid5. for the fourth tube as control no heat and is opened5. All tube placed in a rack.6. Observed and recorded every day for 5 days.

CHAPTER IVRESULT AND DISSCUSIONA. Resulta. Table of observation result

DayTube12345

IColor --+muddy++

Sediment --+++

Smell-+---

IIColor ----+

Sediment --+++

Smell-+---

IIIColor -++-+

Sediment --+++

Smell-----

IVColor -++++

Sediment --+muddymuddy

Smell-++++++++

Information of table :1. Sign( - )means no change from the previous condition. 2. Sign (+) means a little change from the previous condition .3. Sign (+ + )means a half before the change of conditions .4. Sign (+ + +) means a lot of changes from the previous conditions.

The picture result of observation1. Day 0Tube 1

Tube 2

Tube 3Tube 4

2. First day

3. Second day

4. Third day

5. Fourth day

6. Fifth day

B. DiscussionBased on the experiment during 5 days, in the broth appeared the following change :a. Tube I Tube I which the broth was heated and it let to open (without cover), on the 1st day there was not a change yet. This condition occur until the 3rd day. But on the 4th day, its color change become turbid, smell, and there exist sediment. Its caused by the broth already contamination with the bacteria from the air, although it had been simmered before.b. Tube IITube II which was closed by using cork, and then between tubes mouth and cork is dripped with liquid candle, but it doesnt be heated on the 1st and 2nd day, there is not change that occurred yet. But on the 3rd-5th day, its colour become turbid, there was sediment, but there was not smell. It is caused by the broth doesnt be heated. So, the microorganism that life inside still alive, although there is not air which come into the tube.c. Tube IIITube III which the broth was heated and closed by cork. Then, between tubes mouth and cork is dripped a liquid candle. From the 1st-5th day, there is not change occur to this broth. Its color still transparent, there is no smell and sediment. Its caused by the broth in the tube is isolated from external air, so it doesnt contamination by external microorganism, more ever formerly its already heated, so the bacteria in the broth is already destroyed.d. Tube IVFor the fourth tube is a control tube on the first day nothing changes, on the second day there was a little change of color , on the third day there is also a change in color, until the fifth day of color and smell remain, but there is no change in the foam and sediment. Changes in the broth due to the presence of microbes that enter the tube.Biogenesis Theory which say that the organism come from the previous organism already prove and it collapse the Abiogenesis Theory and the existence of microorganism in the liquid broth can prove by seeing the alteration that happened in liquid broth. Through the experiment of Lazarro Spallanzani, the broth in the tube which is closed and heated doesnt contaminated and still clear. Surely, this case defend the biogenesis theory.

CHAPTER VCONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONA. ConclusionBased on the practicum about Lazarro Spallanzanis experiment, the practicum draw the conclusion as follows. Biogenesis Theory which say that the organism come from the previous organism already prove and it collapse the Abiogenesis Theory and the existence of microorganism in the liquid broth can prove by seeing the alteration that happened in liquid broth. Through the experiment of Lazarro Spallanzani, the broth in the tube which is closed and heated doesnt contaminated and still clear. Surely, this case defend the biogenesis theory.B. SuggestionI hope for next observation about the eternity. The quality of the tool that we use in the influence eternity must be improve.

APPENDIXA. Question1. What are the causes of changes in the experiment above broth ?2. Where it came from living things that cause changes in the broth ?3. Changes in the broth occurred in tubes treated how ? Why is this so ?4. In the tube is treated how the broth has not changed ? Why no changes in color and smell ?5. Could it be from the broth ingredients suddenly appeared a new microorganism ?6. The results of the above experiments can be used as strong evidence refuting the theory of spontaneous generation?B. Answer1. The causes a change in the broth experiments are microorganisms that live in the broth.2. Those organisms that cause changes in the broth derived from the spores of living creatures that may be carried on with the stock or may be derived from free air.3. Liquid broth is undergoing changes that are bouillon broth in tubes are not sterilized or not insulated tube of free air or water that is sterilized broth but not closed tube , or the tube is closed but not sterilized broth . So the microorganisms that had come into the tube to perform the activity .4. he broth that does not change the color and smell are located in the broth tubes are sterilized by means of heated air and isolated from the outside with a cork stopper . This happens occurs because microorganisms that had come into the tube when the tube is heated die , and new microorganisms can not grow because the tube is isolated from the outside air5. No, because the real living things come from living things as well , instead of inanimate objects.6. Yes , because it can be proven by looking at the changes that occur in each tube . In the third tube of microorganisms that cause a change in the broth is derived from a microorganism free air , the tube II meyebabkannya ie microorganisms that originate or are involved with the stock , while the IV tube is berasl microorganisms from the air and are joined together broth . While on the tube to I did not change because the tube is heated or sterilized and isolated from the air.

BIBLIOGRAPHYFrank N Magill.1999. Dictonary of Biology .New Yeork: RoutledgeLan C Shaw.2012. The Science of Keeping Food Safe. USA: Wiley-Black WellKimball, John. 1999. Biologi, edisi keiima. Jakarta : Erlangga.Tim Pengajar Biologi. 2014. Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Dasar. Makassar : Laboratorium FMIPA UNM.McGraw. 2008. Biology. United State of Amerika. The Mcgraw HillKusnadi. 2003. Common Textboox Microbiology. Jakarta : Development ofScienceand Mathematics.Ristiati, Ni Putu. 2000. Introduction to General Microbiology. Jakarta : ProyekPengembangan Guru Sekolah Menengah.