Report Biology 6as1 Exp.20

SekolahMenengahKebangsaanPahi18000 Kuala Krai,Kelantan.

Biology

Experiment 20

Ecological Study Of A Terrestrial Area

Year 2011

Group member :

No Name No.Ic 1 Rubiayatul Adyiah Binti Fauzi 920604-03-6496

2 Nor Haslinda Binti Fauzi 920811-03-6202

3 Nur Nasuha Binti Mohamad Jalal 921130-01-6278

4 Tuan Muhamad Kamil Firdaus bin Tuan Zakaria

920803-03-5859

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1. Preface

2. Objective

3. Acknowledgement

4. Recore Of Meeting

5. Working Schedule

6. List Of Materials And Apparatus

7. Soil Analysis8. 1. Soil sampling technique9. 2. Determination of the texture of the soil10. 3. Determination of the water content of soil11. 4. Determination of organic matter content12. 5. Determination of air content of soil13. 6. Determination of soil pH

8. Determination of types of soil organisms with Tullgren and Bearman Funnel.

1. Types of soil organisms that are found were listed.2. The names are stated and the appearences are drawn.

9. Determination of the density of plant species in a habitat. 1. Quadrat sampling technique: Random Sampling

3. Sampling technique using line transect.

10. Pictures. 11. Confidential report. 12. Bibiliography. 13. Attachment.

Preface

This experiment was conducted by four members which Rubiayatul Adyiah Binti Fauzi , Nor Haslinda Binti Fauzi, Nur Nasuha Binti Mohamad Jalal and Tuan Muhamad Kamil Firdaus. SMK Pahi have been chosen as our main location for implementing this experiment. We have spent about three weeks to complete this experiment which started from 27/7/2011 to 18/8/2011.

We have conducted six experiments starting with soil sampling techniques, determining soil textures, determining water content of soil, determining of organic matter content, determining of air content of soil and finally ended with determining of soil pH.Besides another experiment which about the determination the types of soil organisms is given to us to carry out outside school Biology laboratory.

The main objective of this experiment is learning the basic through student’s own effort. From her here, we can learn and investigate the elements of ecosystem such as biosis and abiosis. Besides, it is also important for us to investigate the dynamic relationship of element and flow of energy through ecosystem.

We have the chance to use some simple apparatus and instruments in ecological study. Apart from that, we have the opportunity to learn different methods and skill to collect and analyse ecological data.

In addition, we also learn how to write an ecological study report based on collected data which was obtained from previous conducted experiment. Lastly, it is crucial for all of us to involve in this experiment to inculcating nature loving attitude and good moral values such as cooperation, independence and self-confidence.

Objective :

1. Learning basic principles of ecology through students’ own effort.

1.1 Elements of ecosystem: biosis and abiosis.

1.2 Dynamic relationship of elements and flow of energy through ecosystem.

2 Using simple apparatus and instruments in ecological studies.

3 Learning the methods of collecting and analysing ecological data.

4 Writing ecological study report.

5 Inculcating nature loving attitude.

6 Inculcating good moral values-cooperation, independence, and self-confidence.

Acknowledgement

There are a lot of happiness and sadness in conducting the experiment but finally it was grateful that our ecology project can be done in such a short duration with the aid from teachers, parents, lab assistant and group members.

First and foremost, we would like to take this opportunity to show our appreciation and thank you to our Biology’s teacher, Puan Hajah Nora’ini Abu Bakar who guides us and give a lot of advices and support to help us to complete such difficult task.

Besides, we also like to show our appreciation to Kak Ma and Kak Tie, lab assistant who tends to sacrifice her time and energy to help us in preparing apparatus and materials during this experiment. We are so thankful to our parents who tends to help us to get different type of soil samples as well as financial support to help us to finish this project.

Special thanks to all group members especially Nur Nasuha who typed this report, Rubiayatul Adyiah and Nor Haslinda who are willing to do some dirty jobs such as digging some soil and clearing the dirty apparatus.

At last, we would like to thank the Education Ministry of Malaysia for giving us opportunity to appreciate our nature through this experiment. Once again we would like to thank to everyone who have been with us to accomplish this project.

Record Of Meeting

Date Time Location

20/7/2011 11.00 – 11.10 am Biology Lab

26/7/2011 01.15 – 01.35 pm Biology Lab

01/8/2011 11.00 – 11.10 pm Biology Lab

02/8/2011 10.40 – 11.10 am Class 6AS 1

04/08/2011 11.00 -11.15 am Biology Lab

14/08/2011 9.55 – 10.15 pm Hostel SMK Pahi

Working schelude:

Date Time Activities

27/7/2011 09.35 – 10.00 am Random quadrat sampling technique

30/7/2011 05.45 – 6.30 pm Sampling technique using line transect

02/08/2011 01.15 – 2.10 pm Determination of texture of soil

03/08/2011 11.45 – 12.45 pm Determination of texture of soil

04/08/2011 11.00 – 11.45 am Determination of pH soil

07/08/2011 12.45 - 1.15 pm Determination of water content

08/08/2011 10.40 - 11.00 am Determination of water content

09/08/2011 10.45 - 11.15 am Determination of water content

09/08/2011 10.45 - 11.45 am Determination of organic matter

11/08/2011 10.40 – 11.45 am Detrmination of organic matter



LIST OF MATERIALS AND APPARATUS

List of materials

MATERIALS QUANTITY SOURCES

1. Soil Three types Selected study area

2. Water 300cm3 School

3. Distilled water - School

4. Universal Indicator - School

5. Barium Sulfate - School

6. Formalin Solution 4% School

List Of Apparatus

APPARATUS QUANTITY SOURCES~Soil Analysis

1. Metal cylinder and piston 1 School 2. 500 cm3 measuring cylinder 1 School 3. Aluminium foil pie dish 1 School 4. Balance 1 School 5. Oven 1 School 6. Desiccators and lid 1 School 7. Tongs 1 School 8. Thermometer 1 School 9. Tripod 1 School 10. Bunsen Burner 1 School 11. Asbestos mat 1 School 12. Fireclay triangle tongs 1 School 13. 200 cm3 tin can 4 School 14. 500 cm3 beaker 1 School 15. Metal seeker 1 School 16. Long test-tube 1 School 17. Test-tube rack 1 School 18. Spatula 1 School 19. 10 cm3 pipette 1 School

~Determination of the types of soil organisms

1. Tullgren Funnel 1 School 2. Retort stand 1 School 3. Beaker 1 School 4. Hand lens 1 School 5. Microscope, glass slide 1 School 6. Rope 15.30 cm School 7. Quadrats measuring 50 cm2 20 School 8. Magnifying glass 1 School 9. Bearmann funnel 1 School

Types of Soil

Sandy Loam

Peaty Loam

Clayey Loam

Quadrat Technique

Ecology Study of A Terrestrial Area (SMK Pahi,Kuala Krai,Kelantan)

Task A

Soil Analysis

1. Soil sampling technique.

2. Determination of the texture or soil .

3. Determination of the water content of soil.

4. Determination of the organic matter content.

5. Determination of air content of soil.

6. Determination of soil pH.

1 ) Soil sampling technique.Purpose : Learning the use of simple apparatus and technique to dig out the soil sample.

Apparatus : Metal cylinder and piston (to dig out soil)

Procedure :1. Metal cylinder is pressed into the soil.2. Using the piston, the soil sample is removed from the cylinder.

Diagram :

Figure soil sample and sampling cylinder.

2) Determination of the texture of soil. Purpose : Learning of the determination of the texture soil sample.

Apparatus : 500 cm3 measuring cylinder.Materials : 100 cm3 soil sample, 300 cm3 water.Procedure :

1. The soil sample is added into the measuring cylinder and covered with water.2. The contents are shaken vigorously.3. The mixture is allowed to settle out, according to the density and surface area of particles

for 48 hours.4. The volume of the various fractions of soil sample is measured.

Diagram :

500 cm3 measuring cylinder

Results :

Peaty Loam Sandy

LoamClay Loam

COMPONENTS WEIGHT (g)

PERCENTAGE (%)

WEIGHT (g)

PERCENTAGE (%)

WEIGHT (g)

PERCENTAGE (%)

Stone 50 12.5 60 15 0 0

Sand 35 8.75 40 10 100 25

Clay 15 3.75 0 0 0 0

Water 290 72.5 295 73.75 300 75

Organic matter 10 2.5 5 1.25 0 0

Total 400 100 400 100 400 100

Formula :

Percentage of Component : weight of component x100% weight of soil sample

Discussions :

1. There are five major components in all selected soil samples; which is stone, sand, clay, water and organic matter.

2. Precaution is taken so that there have no soil spilled when the content is being shaken, to increase the accuracy of results.

3. Make sure that the measuring cylinder is fixed in place and is not shaking when the mixtures are added in it, to avoid the mixing of soil components.

Conclusion

3) Determination of water content of soil

Purpose : Learning of the determination of percentage of water content in soil sample.Apparatus : Aluminium foil pie dish, balance, oven or desiccator, tongs and

thermometer.Materials : 80 gm soilProcedure :1. The empty aluminium foil pie dish is weight. Mass a is recorded.2. The broken-up soil sample is added to the pie dish and weighed. Mass b is recorded.3. The pie dish containing the soil sample is placed into an oven at 110 0C for 24

hours.4. The sample is removed from the oven and cooled in a desiccator.5. The sample is weighed when cool, and the mass is recorded.6. The sample again is returned to the oven at 110 0C for further 24 hours.7. Stages 5 and 6 is repeated until consistent weighing is recorded (constant mass)8. The percentage of water content of soil sample is calculated as follows :

b-c x100%

b-a9. The soil sample again is retained in the desiccator for experiment 4.

Result :

Soil SamplesItems

Clayey loam

Sandy loam

Peaty loam

Mass of the aluminium foil pie dish/g………………………………………..….a 21.74

28.82

21.18

Mass of the dish + soil before desiccating/g…………………………………....b 101.74

108.82

101.18

Mass of dish + soil after desiccating/g…………………………………....c

78.90

108.62

88.94

Mass of the content of water in soil/g………………………………………...….b-c

22.84

0.00

12.24

Mass of soil/g………………………………………..….b-a 80.0 80.0 80.0Percentage of water content in soil :b– c x100%b – a

28.55 0.00 15.3

Formula :

Percentage of water content in soil :Weight of water x100% Weight of soil

Discussions :

1 There are four main types of water contents in the selected soil samples which are capillary water, gravity water, hygroscopic water and chemically-bonded water.

2 Capillary water is the water that is remained between soil particles. The smaller the size of soil particle, the greater the content of capillary water.

3 Gravity water is the rain water that can transmit into the soil resulting from gravity forces.

4 Hygroscopic water is found at the surrounding of soil particles which forming a layer of water molecule at the surface of soil particles.

5 Chemically-bonded water is referred to the water molecule that are found in the soil particles as part of the soil structure.

Precautions :1 The evaporating dish is dried before use.2 The soil samples are weighed repeatedly until consistent readings were obtained.

Conclusion:

4. Determination of organic matter content in the soil.

Purpose : Learning of the determination of organic matter content in soil sample.Apparatus : Desiccators and lid, tripod, Bunsen burner, asbestos mat, fireclay triangle

tongs.Materials : Dried soil sample.Procedure :

1. The crucible and lid are strongly heated above the Bunsen flame to remove all traces of moisture and placed in the desiccator to cool. The mass a is weighed and recorded.

2. The dried soil sample (kept from the previous experiment) from the desiccator is added into crucible and weighed. The mass b is recorded.

3. The soil sample is heated to red-heat for 1 hour in the crucible and covered with lid to burn off all the organic matter and allowed to cool for 10 minutes before being removed from the desiccator.

4. The crucible together with the sample is weighed when cool.5. Stages 3 and 4 are repeated until constant mass is recorded.6. The percentage of organic matter is calculated as follows :

b-c x100% b-a

7. The experiment on soil sample taken from different areas is repeated to demonstrate variation of organic content.

Diagram :

Result :

Soil samplesItems

Clayey loam

Sandy loam

Peaty loam

Colour Milky Yellow

Milky Yellow

Milky Yellow

Mass of crucible and lid/g……………………...…a 33.36 32.01 30.39Mass of the crucible and lid + dried soil before heating/g……………………………………….....b

56.47 71.98 53.13

Mass of crucible and lid + dried soil after heating/g………………………………………….c

46.61 62.52 41.91

Mass of dried soil/g……………………………....b-a 23.11 39.97 22.74Mass of organic matter/g………………………....b-c 9.86 9.46 11.22Percentage of organic matter in soil : b-c x100% b-a

42.67 23.67 49.30

Formula :

Percentage of organic matter in soil = Weight of organic matter x 100% Weight of soil

Discussion :1. Organic matter comes from some plants or dead animals which do not decompose

or difficult to decompose.2. Organic matter consist of cellulose and lignin which is important for plant

growing. They are colloid that can absorb plenty of water in the soil.3. The presence of organic matter can loose the soil and provide good air circulation.4. Nitrogen in humus contained in organic matter can be decay become nitrate that is

needed by plants.

Conclusion :

5. Determination of air content in the soil

Purpose : Learning of the determination of the percentage of air content soil sample.Apparatus : Tin can of volume about 200 cm3, 500 cm3 beaker, metal seeker.Materials : Soil sample and water.Procedure :

1. The empty can with open end uppermost is placed into 500 cm3 beaker and filled with water until it reached above the level of the can. The water level in the beaker is marked.

2. The can containing the water is carefully removed and the volume of the water is measured by using a measuring cylinder. The volume is recorded as a. The water level in the beaker will fall by an amount corresponding to the volume of water in the can.

3. The base of the can is perforated by using the drill and eight small holes are made. 4. The open end of the can is pushed into the soil where the surface vegetation has

been removed until the soil begins to come through the perforations. The can is gently dug out, and it is turned over and the soil is removed from the surface until it is level with the top of the can.

5. The can of soil is placed with open end uppermost , gently back into the beaker of water and soil is loosening in the can with seeker to allow air to escape.

6. The water level in the beaker is lower than the original level due to the lost of water to replace the air which was present in the soil.

7. Water is added to the beaker from a full 100 cm3 measuring cylinder until the original level is restored. The volume of added water is recorded as b.

8. The percentage of air content of the soil sample can be determine as follows :

b x100% a

9. The experiment on soil samples from different areas is repeated.

Result :

Soil samplesItems

Clayey loam Sandy loam Peaty loam

Volume of soil sample/cm3 …………………….a 100 100 100Volume of added water/cm3 …………………….b 300 300 300Volume of soil + water/cm3 …………………….c 350 380 300Volume of air content/cm3 …………………….a+b-c 50 20 100Percentage of air content in soil (%)

a+b-c x 100%

a 50 20 100

Formula :

Percentage of volume of air in soil sample

= volume of soil sample- volume of soil particles(air-free soil) Volume of soil

= volume of air in soil x 100% volume of soil sample

Discussion :1. Precaution is taken as the tin has to be pushed into the soil sample to ensure the

volume of collected soil sample is equal to the tin’s volume.2. This used to reduce the loss of water in the soil sample to the atmosphere during

the process of digging soil sample.

Conclusion :

6. Determination of soil pHPurpose : Learning of the determination of soil pH

Apparatus : Long test-tube, test-tube rack, spatula, 10 cm3 pipetteMaterials : Universal indicator and indicator and soil sampleProcedure :

1. About 1 cm3 of soil and another 1 cm3 of barium sulphate (to ensure the flocculation of colloidal clay) are added into the test-tube.

2. Another 10 cm3 of distilled water and 5 cm3 of BDH universal indicator solution is added into the test-tube. The test-tube is sealed with the bung and is shaken vigorously and the content is allowed to settle for 5 minutes.

3. The colour of the liquid in the test-tube is compared with the colour on the BDH reference colour chart and the corresponding pH is read off.

4. The experiment on soil samples from different areas is repeated.

BDH reference colour chart :

BDH reference colour chart

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

pH value

Result :

Peaty Loam Sandy Loam Clay LoamColour Dark Green Dark Green Light Green pH 8.0 9.0 7.0 Properties Alkaline Alkaline Neutral

Discussion :1. The pH of soil is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ion in soil.

2. Soil which is alkaline contained a lot of calcium carbonate and calcium oxide which is suitable for the growth of carrot.

3. Soil with highly acidic can be treated by adding ammonium sulphate.4. Soil which is acidic contains a lot of humus due to the presence of organic acid and it

is suitable for plant such as potato.5. High acidity of soil can be treated with calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide of calcium

carbonate.

Conclusion:

Summary of Soil Analysis :

The experiments of determination of texture, water content, organic matter, air content and the pH value of soil were carried out in the school laboratory guided by Biology teacher.Different types of techniques and apparatus were used in different experiments.Precautions are taken to ensure that the accuracy of result obtained.

Conclusion :

Peaty Loam Sand Loam Clay Loam Stone (%) 12.5 15 0 Sand (%) 8.75 10 25 Clay (%) 1.9 0 2.5 Water (%) 35.1 35.1 35.1 Organic matter (%) 4.0 2.0 3.0 Air (%) 37.75 37.9 34.4 pH 8 9 7

Ecology Study Of A Terrestrial Area ( SMK Pahi, Kuala Krai, Kelantan )

Task BDetermination of the types of soil organisms with Tullgren Funnel Purpose : Learning method of the determination of the types of soil organisms with Tullgren

Funnel.Apparatus :Tullgren funnel, retort stand, beakers, magnifying glass, microscope, glass slide.Materials : Soil sample and 4% formalin solution Procedure :

1. The Tullgren funnel was prepared as shown in the diagram below.2. The soil sample was put on a sieve plate and hang above the 4% formalin solution. (to

allow larger organisms to fall into the 4% formalin solution )3. A bulb was set and switched for one day.4. Sample from the formalin solution was observed after one day, and a magnifying lens and

microscope was used to identify the sample.5. Observed organisms were listed in a table with their name and drawing..

Diagram :

Tullgren funneObservation :

There are few organisms in the beaker that is containing formaline solution because organism in the soil avoid light.

No. Group name Drawing of organism

1. Common name:

Phylum :

Class : -

Order :-

2. Common name :

Phylum :

Class :

Order :

3. Common name :

Phylum :

Class :

Order :

Discussion :

1. The Tullgren funnel is used to collect terrestrial organisms which live in the soil.

2. The basic principle employed by the Tullgren funnel is based on the negative response of animals towards light, high temperature and low humidity.

3. Formalin solution is used to prevent organisms from the beaker and to preserve the organisms as well.

Conclusion :

Organisms which were found in the soil sample were

Ecology Study Of A Terrestrial Area ( SMK Pahi,KualaKrai, Kelantan)

Task B

Determination of the types of soil organisms with Tullgren Funnel and Bearmann Funnel.

1. The types of soil organisms that are found were listed.

2. The names are stated and the appearances are drawn.

Task B

Determination of the types of soil organisms with Bearmann FunnelPurpose : Learning of method the determination of the types of soil organisms with Bearmann

Funnel in soil sample.Apparatus : Retort stand, beakers, magnifying glass, microscope, glass slide and Bearmann Funnel.Materials : Soil sample and 4% formaline solution.Procedure :

1. The Bearmann funnel was prepared as shown in the diagram below.2. The soil sample was wrapped with a muslin cloth and put into the Bearmann funnel

(filled with water) and hang above the 4% formalin solution.3. The clip was opened from time to time for one day. The organism in the water will drop

into the beaker that filled with formalin solution.4. Sample from the formalin solution was observed after one day, and magnifying lens and

microscope were used to identify the sample.5. Observed organisms were listed in a table with their name and pictures.

Diagram :

Bearmann funnel

Task BDetermination of the types of soil organisms with Tullgren Funnel

Summary :

Tullgren funnel is used to extract larger organisms in soil sample which can be seen by human whilst the Bearmann funnel is used to collect aquatic organisms which are smaller in size and usually cannot be seen by human’s eye.

In Tullgren funnel, when the light bulb is switch on, the soil sample will start to become dry and hot. As a result, small arthropods will move away from the light bulb to a dark and damp areas at the end of the funnel and finally fall down into the beaker containing formalin solution.

In Bearmann funnel, when the light bulb is switch on, the water inside the funnel will be heated slowly. Hence, the microorganisms will move away from the warm water to the end of the funnel and therefore can be collected in a beaker and observed under the microscope.

From the sampling soil we had studied, we found microorganisms, which are listed below.

No. Group name Drawing of organisms

1.Common name :

Subkingdom :

Phylum :

Class :

Order :2. Common name :

Subkingdom :

Phylum :

Class :

Order :3. Common name :

Subkingdom :

Phylum :

Class :

Order :

Discussion :

1. The collected organisms moved quite slowly. Hence, one whole day is needed to get the result.

2. The soil sample was soak into the water so that the microorganisms can move out freely.

3. When the microorganisms was released into the beaker, the microorganisms will then be killed and preserved by the formalin solution.

Conclusion :

Ecology Study Of A Terrestrial Area (SMK Pahi, Kuala Krai, Kelantan )

Task C

Determination of the density of plant species in a habitat 1. Quadrat sampling technique

Random Sampling

2. Sampling technique using line transect method.

Task C

Determination of the density of plant species in a habitat by using quadrats and transects.

Purpose : Learning method of the determination of plant species in a habitat by using quadrats and line transect.

Study site : SMK Pahi, Kuala Krai, Kelantan.Habitat : Orchard Apparatus : 0.5m x 0.5 m square quadrat frame, ruler, magnifying glass, writing

stationary, note book, plastic gloves, plastic bags, tape, meter tape, string, stapler and wooden stakes.

Procedure :1. An area of a suitable size was marked for study.2. Ten quadrats with measuring 0.5m x 0.5 m were randomly placed on the selected

study site.3. The number of each types of plant species were counted and recorded in a table.4. The plants gathered were identified and the scientific names were obtained.5. The data was prepared to determine the percentage frequency and percentage

relative frequency of each plant found.6. The total cover of each plant species found in the quadrat was estimated and

recorded in the table. The total plant covering the site was estimated.7. Step 5 and 6 were repeated for the other nine quadrat.8. All the data were tabulated.

Diagram :

0.5 m

0.5 m

Quadrat 0.5 x 0.5 m

Formula :

Density = Total number of individuals from one species Total number of quadrat x region of every quadrat

Percentage of relative density = Density of one species x100 % Total density of all species

Percentage of species cover = Total base region / species cover x100% Total quadrat x region of each quadrat

Percentage of relative species cover = One species cover x100 % Total species cover

Frequency = Total number of quadrat where the species are found x 100% Total number of quadrat

Percentage of relative frequency= Frequency value of one species x 100% Total frequency value of all species

Sample of Quadrant 0.5m × 0.5m

Key :

Determination of frequency, density, and cover of plant species in a habitat using line transect.

Plant A

Plant B

Plant C

Plant D

Plant E

Plant F

Purpose : To determine the frequency, percentage cover and the density of certain plant species in a habitat using line transect technique.

Apparatus : 10 ropes with 15.3 meters long, 1 m long ruler, measuring glass, magnifying glass.Procedure :

1. A base line is determined along the border of the area under investigation.2. A series of points are chosen randomly along the base line. These points are used as the

starting points for the transects to run across the area that is being investigated.3. Only the plants that touch the upper side or downside of the transect line are recorded

according to 10 intervals that have been marked on the line transect.4. 10 line transects are put randomly in the investigated area that so enough samples can be

provided to investigate the community.5. Frequency of each plant species that is found in each interval for every line transect (from

transect 1 to 10) is recorded in a table.6. The value of coverage for each plant species on each interval for each line transect is

recorded in a table.

Diagram :

Frequency refers to the level of spreading of a species in a particular habitat. It is normally stated in percentage (%)

Frequency = Total number of intervals where species were found x 100%

Total number of transect intervals

Surface cover refers to the ratio of the area of the ground occupied by the straight part of transect for every individual of a species. It is often stated in percentage (%).

Percentage species cover = Total cross sectional length of a species were foundx 100% Total number of transect interval

Relative cover refers to the surface cover of a species compared to total surface cover of all species.

Relative species cover =Total cross sectional length of a species x 100% Total cross sectional length of all species

Table 1

Number of intervals

No. Name of species Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. Plant A / / 2

2. Plant B / / / 3

3. Plant C / 1

4. Plant D / 1

5. Plant E / 1

6. Plant F / 1

7. Plant G / 1

8. Plant H / 1

Table 2

No. Name of species Number of intervals

Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. Plant A / / / / 4

2. Plant B / / / / / / 6

3. Plant C / / 2

4. Plant D / / 2

5. Plant E / / 2

6. Plant F / 1

7. Plant G / 1

8. Plant H / 1

Table 3


Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. Plant A / 1

2. Plant B / / / / / 5

3. Plant C / / / 3

4. Plant D / / 2

5. Plant E / 1

6. Plant F / / 2

7. Plant G / 1

8. Plant H / 1

Table 4


Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. Plant A / / / / / 5

2. Plant B / / / / / 5

3. Plant C / / / / 4

4. Plant D / / / 3

5. Plant E / / / 3

6. Plant F / / / 3

7. Plant G / / / 3

8. Plant H / / / 3

Table 5


Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. Plant A / / / / 4

2. Plant B / / / / / / / 7

3. Plant C / / / / / / / / 8

4. Plant D / / / / / 5

5. Plant E / / / / 4

6. Plant F / / 2

7. Plant G / / 2

8. Plant H / / 2

Table 6


Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. Plant A / / / / 4

2. Plant B / / / 3

3. Plant C / / / / 4

4. Plant D / / 2

5. Plant E / 1

6. Plant F / / / / 4

7. Plant G / / / 3

8. Plant H / / / / 4

Table 7


Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. Plant A / 1

2. Plant B / / / / 4

3. Plant C / / / 3

4. Plant D / / / 3

5. Plant E / / 2

6. Plant F / / / / 4

7. Plant G / / 2

8. Plant H / / / 3

Table 8


Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. Plant A / / / 3

2. Plant B / / 2

3. Plant C / / / / / 5

4. Plant D / / / / 4

5. Plant E / / 2

6. Plant F / / / 3

7. Plant G / / / / / 5

8. Plant H / / / 3

Table 9


Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. Plant A / / / / 4

2. Plant B / / / / 4

3. Plant C / / / 3

4. Plant D / / / / 4

5. Plant E / / 2

6. Plant F / / 2

7. Plant G / / / 3

8. Plant H / 1

Table 10


Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. Plant A / / / / / 5

2. Plant B / / / / 4

3. Plant C / / / 3

4. Plant D / 1

5. Plant E / / 2

6. Plant F / 1

7. Plant G / / / 3

8. Plant H / / 2

Total Number of Plant Species

No. Name of species Line Transect

Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. Plant A 4 2 4 6 6 2 3 2 2 2 27

2. Plant B 4 6 8 7 5 4 3 1 3 3 44

3. Plant C 3 2 5 5 4 4 5 4 3 1 36

4. Plant D 2 4 6 7 2 3 1 0 1 1 27

5. Plant E 4 5 3 1 2 2 3 1 1 0 22

6. Plant F 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 3 1 1 26

7. Plant G 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 20

8. Plant H 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 2 3 21

Results :

Date :

Student’s name :Rubiayatul Adyiah Fauzi Nor Haslinda Fauzi Nur Nasuha Mohamad Jalal Tuan Muhamad Kamil Firdaus bin Tuan Zakaria

Habitat : Orchard

Location : SMK Pahi, Kuala Krai,Kelantan,

Type of plants :

Plant A

Plant B

Plant C

Plant D

Plant E

Plant F

Plant G

Plant H

Distance of each intervals : 1.53 m

Total number of intervals : 10

Total length of line transect : 15.3 m

Summary of data obtained by the line transect technique

No. Name of species Number of

intervals where the species are

recorded

Percentage cover (%)

Relative cover (%)

Frequency(%)

1. Plant A 27 12.11 12.11 12.11

2. Plant B 44 19.73 19.73 19.73

3. Plant C 36 16.14 16.14 16.14

4. Plant D 27 12.11 12.11 12.11

5. Plant E 22 9.87 9.87 9.87

6. Plant F 26 11.66 11.66 11.66

7. Plant G 20 8.97 8.97 8.97

8. Plant H 21 9.42 9.42 9.42

Total 223 100 100 100

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) Milipede- Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Milipede

Website:http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/millipede

2) Plant Species Life Form

Website:http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants

3) Longman Pre-U Text Biology Volume 2

Author :Lee Ching and J.Arunasalam

Publisher: Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd.

4) ION:Index to Organism Names

Website:www.organismnames.com/

5) The Metamers as Bionts

Website:http://home.hetnet.nl/~turing/tecto_6.html

Closure

It was so happy and proud that this ecology project can be done successfully with the aid of all my companions, teachers and family members. As the group leader, we had learnt on how to conduct the experiment and carry the heavy load to solve all the questions mark.

Special thanks to our group members who are willing to cooperate and support me to complete this difficult task. We had spent about a month to finish this project starting from planning and conducting the experiments that we had never done before. For sure, there were arguments and discontented incidents during the project, but all of us manage to overcome it together.

Documents

Report Biology 6as1 Exp.20