Report and Recommendations on the Administration of the Death Penalty in California

7/31/2019 Report and Recommendations on the Administration of the Death Penalty in California

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U`bh i|kxh vdiv vdhuh eùvu i|h vdh e`muhyxhmeh `c nxfoeoia omuouvhmeh `m xmmhehuui|oa hail`|ivhimf ahmkvd iwwhaaivh w|èhfx|hu- V` vdh e`mv|i|! vdh |huxav om ai|kh wi|v c|`b vdh Uvivhucioax|h v` iwwa e`muvovxvo`miaa uxccoeohmv w|èhfx|hu iv vdh vobh `c omovoia Ze`msoevo`m `|Ruhmvhmeomk- Jmokdv s- Ca`|ofi! 8


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Wi|v E> Ifbomouv|ivosh \hc`|bu-

Om vdh e`x|uh `c ovu {`|j! vdh E`bbouuo`m htibomhf bim iuwhevu `c

vdh ifbomouv|ivo`m `c Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd whmiav ai{! omeaxfomk vdh Eiaoc`|moi

Uxw|hbh E`x|v lieja`k `c xmfheofhf eiuhu! |ieoia imf kh`k|iwdoe fouwi|ovohu

om hbwa`bhmv `c vdh fhivd whmiav! vdh xmisioailoaov `c ieex|ivh

omc`|bivo`m |hki|fomk vdh ifbomouv|ivo`m `c vdh fhivd whmiav! vdh

v|imuwi|hme `c w|ùhexv`|oia fheouo`m"bijomk! imf vdh obwahbhmvivo`m `c

vdh K`sh|m`|u eahbhme w`{h|- [h {h|h m`v ilah v` iedohsh xmimob`xu

ik|hhbhmv {ovd |huwhev v` u`bh `c vdhuh ouuxhu! lxv i bin`|ov `c vdh

E`bbouuo`m e`mex|u om iaa `c vdh càa`{omk |he`bbhmfivo`mu>

9- Vdh E`bbouuo`m |he`bbhmfu vdiv xw`m vdh obwahbhmvivo`m `c vdh

\he`bbhmfivo`mu om Wi|v I `c vdou \hw`|v! uh|o`xu e`muofh|ivo`m lh

koshm v` i w|`wùhf e`muvovxvo`mia ibhmfbhmv v` wh|bov vdh Eiaoc`|moi

Uxw|hbh E`x|v v` v|imuch| cxaa l|ohchf whmfomk fhivd whmiav iwwhiau

c|`b vdh Uxw|hbh E`x|v v` vdh E`x|vu `c Iwwhia- Vdou ibhmfbhmv

ud`xaf m`v lh if`wvhf {ovd`xv vdh w|`souo`m `c ifhyxivh uvicc imf

eh|vo`|i|o/- Vdh bi iau` |huxav c|`b i khmh|ia |haxevimeh l Uvivhu v` wxv ai|kh mxblh|u `cfhchmfimvu v` fhivd! hshm icvh| i uhmvhmeh `c fhivd ou obwùhf- Ec- Vhbwhuv! Fhivd \`{ @cvhmBhimu A`mk Aoch> Eiaoc`|moi e`mfhbmu bim bx|fh|h|u! lxv ch{ i|h hsh| hthexvhf! A-I- Vobhu!Bi|- 3!


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|hu`x|ehu c`| vdh E`x|vu `c Iwwhia! imf w|`souo`mu c`| `mk`omk

b`mov`|omk l vdh Uxw|hbh E`x|v-9 $9/ v` fhvh|bomh {dhvdh|

fhb`k|iwdoeu icchev fheouo`mu v` obwahbhmv vdh fhivd whmiav! imf oc u`!

d`{: $


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Eiaoc`|moi Fhivd Whmiav \hsoh{ Wimha- Vdh omc`|bivo`m |hw`|vhf

ud`xaf lh cxaa ieehuuolah v` vdh wxlaoe imf v` |huhi|edh|u-96

8- Vdh E`bbouuo`m |he`bbhmfu vdiv hied Fouv|oev Ivv`|mh @ccoeh om

Eiaoc`|moi c`|bxaivh i {|ovvhm @ccoeh Wàoe fhue|olomk {dhm imf d`{

fheouo`mu v` uhhj vdh fhivd whmiav i|h bifh! uxed iu {d` wi|voeowivhu om vdh

fheouo`mu! imf {div e|ovh|oi i|h iwwaohf- Uxed wàoeohu ud`xaf iau` w|`sofh c`|

omwxv c|`b vdh fhchmuh lhc`|h vdh fheouo`m v` uhhj vdh fhivd whmiav ou bifh-

3- Vdh E`bbouuo`m |he`bbhmfu vdiv I|voeah S! Uhevo`m 4$i/ `c vdh Eiaoc`|moi

e`muvovxvo`m lh ibhmfhf v` |hif iu càa`{u>

I|v- S! Uhevo`m 4$i/- Uxlnhev v` iwwaoeivo`m w|èhfx|hu w|`sofhf

l uvivxvh! vdh K`sh|m`|! `m e`mfovo`mu vdh K`sh|m`| fhhbu

w|`wh|! bi k|imv i |hw|ohsh! wi|f`m! imf e`bbxvivo`m! icvh|

uhmvhmeh! htehwv om eiuh `c obwhiedbhmv- Vdh K`sh|m`| udiaa

|hw`|v v` vdh Ahkouaivx|h hied |hw|ohsh! wi|f`m! imf e`bbxvivo`m

k|imvhf`| fhmohf- uvivomk vdh wh|vomhmv cievu imf vdh |hiu`mu c`|

k|imvomk ov- Vdh K`sh|m`| bi m`v k|imv i wi|f`m `|

e`bbxvivo`m v` i wh|u`m v{oeh e`msoevhf `c i cha`m htehwv `m

|he`bbhmfivo`m `c vdh Uxw|hbh E`x|v! 6 nxfkhu e`mex||omk-

;- Vdh E`bbouuo`m |he`bbhmfu vdiv Whmia E`fh Uhevo`m 6495 lh

ibhmfhf v` bijh ov foue|hvo`mi| |ivdh| vdim bimfiv`| vdiv |hyxhuvu

c`| eahbhme l i v{oeh e`msoevhf cha`m lh |hch||hf v` vdh Lì|f `c

W|ou`m Vh|bu c`| i {|ovvhm |he`bbhmfivo`m-

96 E`bbouuo`mh|u Lùe`soed! E`vvomkdib! Fxmli|! Doaa! Bi`|jiu! C`t imf V`vvhm `wwùh vdou|he`bbhmfivo`m-

98


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WI\V I> [D_ VDH U_UVHB OU L\@JHM! IMF [DIV OV [OAA

VIJH V@ COT OV-

9- Eiaoc`|moiu Fhivd Whmiav Ai{-

Vdh ex||hmv Eiaoc`|moi fhivd whmiav ai{ {iu if`wvhf l w`wxai|

omovoivosh om 9?;4! icvh| vdh Xmovhf Uvivhu Uxw|hbh E`x|v fheai|hf vdiv

w|`sofomk kxofimeh v` ciev"comfh|u v` mi||`{ vdh hth|eouh `c vdho| uhmvhmeomk

foue|hvo`m {iu |hyxo|hf l vdh Hokdvd Ibhmfbhmv w|`dolovo`m `c e|xha imf

xmxuxia wxmoudbhmv! ome`|w`|ivhf l vdh fxh w|`ehuu eaixuh `c vdh

C`x|vhhmvd Ibhmfbhmv v` vdh Xmovhf Uvivhu E`muvovxvo`m-98

Eiaoc`|moi ai{ |hyxo|hu vd|hh uhwi|ivh comfomku lhc`|h i uhmvhmeh `c

fhivd bi lh obw`uhf- Co|uv! vdh ciev"comfh| $m`|biaa i nx|! xmahuu vdh

|okdv v` nx| v|oia diu lhhm {ioshf/ bxuv fhvh|bomh vdiv vdh fhchmfimv ou

kxoav `c co|uv"fhk|hh bx|fh|-93 Uhe`mf! vdh ciev"comfh| bxuv fhvh|bomh vdiv

`mh `| b`|h `c v{hmv"`mh uhwi|ivha hmxbh|ivhf uwheoia eo|exbuvimehu ou

v|xh-9; L`vd `c vdhuh comfomku |hyxo|h w|``c lh`mf i |hiu`milah f`xlv

98Cx|bim s- Kh`|koi! 674 X-U-


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fx|omk vdh omovoia kxoav wdiuh `c vdh v|oia- Oc vdh fhchmfimv ou e`msoevhf `c

co|uv"fhk|hh bx|fh| imf i uwheoia eo|exbuvimeh ou c`xmf v|xh! i whmiav

wdiuh v|oia càa`{u! iv {doed vdh ciev"comfh| e`muofh|u hsofhmeh `c im

bivvh| |hahsimv v` ikk|isivo`m! bovokivo`m! imf uhmvhmeh-94 Iv vdh

e`meaxuo`m `c vdh whmiav wdiuh! vdh nx| ou omuv|xevhf iu càa`{u>

Fhvh|bomh {doed whmiav ou iww|`w|oivh imf nxuvocohf le`muofh|omk iaa vdh hsofhmeh imf vdh v`viaov `c im ikk|isivomkimf bovokivomk eo|exbuvimehu- Hshm {ovd`xv bovokivomkeo|exbuvimehu! `x bi fheofh vdiv vdh ikk|isivomk eo|exbuvimehu!

i|h m`v uxluvimvoia hm`xkd v` {i||imv fhivd- V` |hvx|m i nxfkbhmv`c fhivd! hied `c `x bxuv lh wh|uxifhf vdiv vdh ikk|isivomkeo|exbuvimehu l`vd `xv{hokd vdh bovokivomk eo|exbuvimehu imf i|hiau` u` uxluvimvoia om e`bwi|ou`m v` vdh bovokivomk eo|exbuvimehuvdiv i uhmvhmeh `c fhivd ou iww|`w|oivh imf nxuvocohf-9?

Eiaoc`|moiu fhcomovo`m `c uwheoia eo|exbuvimehu koshu l|ìf foue|hvo`m

v` w|ùhexv`|u v` fheofh {dhvdh| i d`boeofh ud`xaf lh w|ùhexvhf iu i fhivd

whmiav eiuh- I mi||`{h| fhivd whmiav ai{ {iu omovoiaa hmievhf l vdh

Eiaoc`|moi Ahkouaivx|h om 9?;;: vdh hmievbhmv `c vdh L|okku Omovoivosh `mh

hi| aivh| b`|h vdim f`xlahf vdh mxblh| `c uwheoia eo|exbuvimehu ovhbo~hf

xmfh| Whmia E`fh Uhevo`m 9?7-

eo|exbuvimehu! c`x| b`|h cha`m bx|fh| eo|exbuvimehu! imf v{` b`|h

b`vosh eo|exbuvimehu- Om iffovo`m! vdh omovoivosh |hb`shf vdh

{iu fheai|hf xme`muvovxvo`mia l vdh Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v om Wh`wah s- Uxwh|o`| E`x|v $Hmkh|v/! 59Eia-5f ;?; $9?4


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|hyxo|hbhmvu om vdh w|h"L|okku uvivxvh vdiv vdh uvivh dif v` w|`sh vdiv i

bx|fh|h| w`uuhuuhf vdh omvhmv v` joaa lhc`|h dh `| udh e`xaf lh haokolah c`|

vdh fhivd whmiav! imf vdiv im iee`bwaoeh {iu wh|u`miaa w|huhmv imf

wduoeiaa iofhf vdh fhivd"eixuomk ievu lhc`|h dh e`xaf lh haokolah c`| vdh

fhivd whmiav- Xmfh| vdh fhivd whmiav uvivxvh m`{ om hcchev! 4;( `c

Eiaoc`|moiu co|uv fhk|hh bx|fh|u i|h fhivd haokolah! imf e`xaf lh

w|`uhexvhf iu fhivd eiuhu-


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EIAOC@\MOI FHIVD NXFKBHMVU IMF FHIVD \@[ W@WXAIVO@M


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Vdh fhivd |`{ w`wxaivo`m f`hu m`v w|heouha e`||huw`mf {ovd vdh

exbxaivosh mxblh| `c mh{ fhivd nxfkbhmvu |hmfh|hf hied hi|- Vdou ou

lheixuh fhivd uhmvhmehu bi lh uhv iuofh l vdh e`x|vu! wh|u`mu bi foh om

w|ou`m {ovd`xv lhomk hthexvhf! lh |h"uhmvhmehf v` fhivd! |hb`shf whmfomk

|hv|oia! |h"uhmvhmehf v` i whmiav ahuu vdim fhivd! `| c|hhf-

Vdh E`bbouuo`mu |huhi|edh|u ofhmvocohf 4


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w|ou`mh|u wh| b`mvd c`| vdh mhtv v{hash hi|u nxuv v` ei|| `xv vdh uhmvhmehu

`c vd`uh ex||hmva `m fhivd |`{-

im ixv`bivoe iwwhia fo|heva v` vdh

Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v: i whvovo`m c`| i {|ov `c dilhiu e`|wxu coahf om vdh

Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v: imf i chfh|ia dilhiu e`|wxu whvovo`m coahf om vdh

Chfh|ia Fouv|oev E`x|v-


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Uvivhu Uxw|hbh E`x|v- I fhchmfimv eim iau` whvovo`m vdh K`sh|m`| c`|

eahbhme w|o`| v` dou `| dh| hthexvo`m-

Vdh Xmovhf Uvivhu Fhwi|vbhmv `c Nxuvoeh diu v|iejhf vdh haiwuhf vobh

c|`b uhmvhmeh v` hthexvo`m c`| iaa fhchmfimvu {d` dish lhhm hthexvhf om vdh

Xmovhf Uvivhu uomeh 9?;4- Vdh ish|ikh aiwuh `c vobh diu k|`{m uvhifoa

vd|`xkd`xv vdh Xmovhf Uvivhu! c|`b im ish|ikh `c 6-


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dish e`xmuha iwwòmvhf v` dimfah vdho| dilhiu e`|wxu whvovo`mu- Fhaiu `c 4"

97 hi|u icvh| uhmvhmeh om iwwòmvomk dilhiu e`xmuha bhim vdiv omshuvokivo`m

imf w|hwi|ivo`m `c dilhiu whvovo`mu ou xuxiaa fhaihf xmvoa icvh| vdh fo|hev

iwwhia ou fheofhf- W|`bwv iwwòmvbhmv `c dilhiu e`xmuha {`xaf wh|bov vdh

dilhiu whvovo`m v` lh w|hwi|hf {doah vdh iwwhaaivh l|ohcomk ou lhomk w|hwi|hf!

u` ov eim lh w|`bwva coahf ud`|va icvh| vdh fo|hev iwwhia ou fheofhf! oc vdh

fhivd uhmvhmeh ou icco|bhf-

C`x|vd ou vdh fhai om fheofomk uvivh dilhiu e`|wxu whvovo`mu- Vdh

Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v ex||hmva diu 977 cxaa l|ohchf dilhiu e`|wxu

whvovo`mu i{iovomk fheouo`m- [doah vdhuh eiuhu i|h |i|ha fheofhf l

wxlaoudhf `womo`mu! vdh|h ou m`{ im ish|ikh fhai `c


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$IHFWI/57 |hyxo|hu chfh|ia fhch|hmeh v` uvivh cievxia comfomku imf ahkia

e`meaxuo`mu! vdh vwoeia fhmoia `c i dilhiu whvovo`m om i fhivd eiuh l vdh

Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v e`mviomu mhovdh|-

Vdh c`aa`{omk edi|v uxbbi|o~hu vdh aiwuh `c vobh iv hied `c vdh

si|o`xu uvikhu iu vdh uuvhb ex||hmva `wh|ivhu om Eiaoc`|moi- Vdh v`via

aiwuhf vobh c|`b nxfkbhmv `c fhivd v` hthexvo`m ou


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Vdh E`bbouuo`m |he`bbhmfu i uh|ohu `c |haivhf |hc`|bu vdiv dish vdh

w`vhmvoia v` |hfxeh vdh Eiaoc`|moi fhai v` vdh mivo`mia ish|ikh `c 99"96

hi|u- Vdh càa`{omk edi|v uxbbi|o~hu vdh w`vhmvoia hcchevu `c vdhuh

w|`wùhf |hc`|bu>

Fhaiu k|`{ {`|uh hsh| hi|- Iu vdh w`wxaivo`m `c Eiaoc`|moiu

fhivd |`{ diu k|`{m! vdh ahmkvd `c vdh fhai lhv{hhm uhmvhmeh imf

fouwùovo`m `c iwwhaaivh |hsoh{u diu k|`{m iu {haa- Vdo|v wh|u`mu dish

lhhm `m Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd |`{ c`| b`|h vdim


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vdim 98 hi|u-59 Vdh fhai lhv{hhm uhmvhmeh imf hthexvo`m om Eiaoc`|moi ou

vdh a`mkhuv `c im `c vdh fhivd whmiav uvivhu-5

Ahif e`xmuhau cioax|h v` omshuvokivh whvovo`mh|u hi|a uèoia douv`|{iu m`v e`muouvhmv {ovd huvilaoudhf m`|bu w|hsioaomk om Eiaoc`|moi ivvdh vobh `c v|oia! m`|bu vdiv fo|hevhf e`xmuha om fhivd whmiav eiuhu vè`mfxev i |hiu`mila vd`|`xkd omfhwhmfhmv omshuvokivo`m `c vdhfhchmfimvu uèoia douv`| iu ik|hhf l |huw`mfhmvu `{m htwh|v imfiu |hcahevhf om vdh Ibh|oeim Li| Iuuèoivo`m uvimfi|fu |haohf xw`m lvdh e`x|v om vdh [okkomu eiuh-88

Vdh [okkomu imfAxeiu |xaomku eahi|a |he`kmo~h vdh ILI Kxofhaomhu c`| vdh

Iwwòmvbhmv imf Wh|c`|bimeh `c Fhchmuh E`xmuha om Fhivd Whmiav Eiuhu

iu huvilaoudomk m`|bu c`| e`bwhvhmv |hw|huhmvivo`m om fhivd whmiav eiuhu-

Vdh E`bbouuo`m diu ahi|mhf vdiv om i mxblh| `c obw`|vimv omuvimehu! vdh

w|`souo`mu c`| iwwòmvbhmv `c v|oia e`xmuha om Eiaoc`|moi fhivd whmiav eiuhu

f` m`v bhhv vdh uvimfi|fu `c vdh ILI Kxofhaomhu>

9- Vdh ILI Kxofhaomhu w|`sofh vdiv caiv chhu! eiwu `m e`bwhmuivo`m!imf axbw"uxb e`mv|ievu i|h obw|`wh| om fhivd whmiav eiuhu-

Kxofhaomh ?-9 $L/$9/-83 Om i mxblh| `c Eiaoc`|moi e`xmvohu! caiv chh

88 55 Eia- 6vd iv ;E`xmuha om fhivd whmiav eiuhu ud`xaf lh cxaa e`bwhmuivhf iv i |ivh vdiv ou e`bbhmux|ivh {ovd vdhw|`souo`m c dokd yxiaov ahkia |hw|huhmvivo`m imf |hcahevu vdh htv|i`|fomi| |huw`muoloaovohu om fhivd whmiav|hw|huhmvivo`m-

9- Caiv chhu! eiwu `m e`bwhmuivo`m! imf axbw"uxb e`mv|ievu i|h obw|`wh| om fhivd whmiav eiuhu-

69


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e`mv|ievu dish lhe`bh vdh w|hsioaomk bhvd`f `c iww`omvbhmv `c

e`xmuha om fhivd eiuhu-


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e`bwaoimeh {ovd ILI Kxofhaomhu 97-; $I/! ?-9$L/$9/! 5-9$L/! imf 6-9$I/$


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3- \he`bbhmfivo`mu c`| vdh Fo|hev Iwwhia c Fhivd Whmiav Eiuhu-

Vdh Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v diu hteaxuosh nx|oufoevo`m v` e`muofh|

iwwhiau c|`b i nxfkbhmv `c fhivd om Eiaoc`|moi- Uomeh 9?58! iwwhia diu lhhm

ixv`bivoe om iaa fhivd eiuhu-8? Icvh| vdh coaomk `c vdh v|oia |he`|f om vdh

Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v!37 omfokhmv fhivd |`{ ombivhu bxuv i{iov vdh

iwwòmvbhmv c e`xmuha v` dimfah vdh iwwhia- Ex||hmva! i fhai `c vd|hh v`

cosh hi|u haiwuhu lhc`|h e`xmuha ou iwwòmvhf- @meh e`xmuha ou iww omvhf!

dh `| udh bxuv |hif vdh |he`|f {doed ish|ikhu om htehuu `c ?!777 wikhu `c

\hw`|vh|+u imf Eah|j+u v|imue|owvu! |huhi|ed vdh ai{! imf vdhm coah im `whmomk

l|ohc {ovd vdh E`x|v- Vdh ish|ikh fhai lhv{hhm iwwòmvbhmv c e`xmuha

imf vdh coaomk `c vdh whmomk l|ohc ou


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E`x|v `|fomi|oa dhi|u `ma


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eiuh! `| uh|soeh iu e`xmuha `c |he`|f om cosh e`bwahvhf cha`m iwwhiau imf iu

uxwh|souhf e`xmuha om v{` fhivd whmiav iwwhiau- E`bwahvo`m `c v|iomomk imf

fhb`muv|ivhf w|`coeohme om iwwhaaivh ujoaau ou iau` |hyxo|hf- Vdh Uvivh

Wxlaoe Fhchmfh| eim ieehwv iww`omvbhmv! lxv bxuv iuuokm fhwxvohu {d` bhhv

vdhuh bomobxb yxiaocoeivo`mu-

Vdh Uvivh Wxlaoe Fhchmfh| {iu e|hivhf om 9?;3 v` dimfah omfokhmv

iwwhaaimvu om iaa e|obomia eiuhu- Om vdh hi|a 9??7u! xmfh| i kxlh|miv`|oia

fo|hevosh! vdh `ccoeh {iu iujhf v` c`exu `m eiwovia eiuhu `ma- Om 9??;! vdh

`ccoeh {iu htwimfhf v` 9


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wùovo`mu w|`sofh htehaahmv v|iomomk c`| vdùh {d` {oaa coaa vdh |imju `c

iwwòmvhf ai{h|u om vdh cxvx|h- Vdh bùv fo|hev imf hccoeohmv {i v` |hfxeh

vdh lieja`k `c fhivd |`{ ombivhu i{iovomk iwwòmvbhmv `c iwwhaaivh e`xmuha

{`xaf lh v` ikiom htwimf vdh @ccoeh c vdh Uvivh Wxlaoe Fhchmfh|- Omuvhif!

Eiaoc`|moi ou exvvomk ovu lxfkhv imf |hfxeomk ovu uvicc-

Ex||hmva! w|osivh ai{h|u {d` ieehwv im iwwòmvbhmv v` dimfah fhivd

|`{ iwwhiau i|h e`bwhmuivhf iv i |ivh `c &968 wh| iaa`{ilah d`x|-3< Om

fhvh|bomomk d`{ bim d`x|u i|h iaa`{ilah c`| i koshm viuj! vdh E`x|v uhvu

lhmedbi|ju! {doed e|hivh w|huxbwvo`mu `c {div {oaa imf {div {oaa m`v lh

wiof- Ai{h|u dimfomk fhivd whmiav iwwhiau om Eiaoc`|moi e`bwaiom vdiv vdh

lhmedbi|ju i|h uhv v`` a`{! imf vdh diuuah `c ediaahmkomk vdhb ou fhbhimomk

imf vobh"e`muxbomk- Vdh E`bbouuo`m ahi|mhf vdiv iv ahiuv v{hmv c vdh

ai{h|u dimfaomk Eiaoc`|moi fhivd whmiav iwwhiau eim m` a`mkh| icc`|f v`

aosh om Eiaoc`|moi! imf i|h ex||hmva |huofomk om vdh| uvivhu- C`| vdh ahsha `c

htwh|ohmeh |hyxo|hf imf vdh |ok`|`xu fhbimf `c fhivd iwwhiau! vdh a`{ ahsha

`c ome`bh ou eh|vioma i uokmocoeimv ciev`| om vdh fheaomh `c vdh w`à `c

ivv`|mhu isioailah v` dimfah fhivd whmiav iwwhiau-

Vdh wibhmv `c iwwòmvhf ai{h|u v` dimfah fhivd whmiav iwwhiau om

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ai{h|u iwwòmvhf v` dimfah chfh|ia dilhiu e`|wxu w|èhhfomku om fhivd

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xw`m vdh ahsha `c htwh|ohmeh- Nxfkh Iai|e`m e`meaxfhu>

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$94 ivv`|mhu/ om Uim C|imeoue` v` uxwh|souh imf iuuouv w|osivh ai{h|u {d`

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35 Iai|e`m! uxw|i m- < iv ;56-

36 Vhuvob`m `c Edohc Nxuvoeh \`miaf B- Kh`|kh! w- ;-

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whmiav eiuhu lh haobomivhf l htwimfomk vdh @ccoeh `c vdh Uvivh Wxlaoe

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hi|! i `mh"vdo|f ome|hiuh `sh| ovu ex||hmv lxfkhv- Vdh ome|hiuh e`xaf lh

wdiuhf om `sh| i c`x| hi| wh|o`f-

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e`mvomxhf! imf vdh lxfkhv `c EIW ud`xaf lh biomviomhf- [ovd hmdimehf

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;- \he`bbhmfivo`mu c`| Uvivh Dilhiu E`|wxu \hsoh{ `c Fhivd

Nxfkbhmvu-

Om iffovo`m v` vdh fo|hev iwwhia! i fhchmfimv uhmvhmehf v` fhivd ou iau`

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w|ou`mh|u e`mcomhbhmv liuhf xw`m cievxia ouuxhu vdiv m`|biaa eimm`v lh

fhvh|bomhf l vdh iwwhaaivh |he`|f! uxed iu {dhvdh| vdh fhchmfimv |hehoshf

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omeaxfhu vdh fxv v` |hsoh{ vdh v|oia |he`|fu: e`mfxev im omshuvokivo`m `c

w`vhmvoia e`muvovxvo`mia imf uvivxv`| fhchevu om vdh nxfkbhmv `c e`msoevo`m

`| fhivd uhmvhmeh: w|hwi|h imf coah i whvovo`m c`| i {|ov `c dilhiu e`|wxu:

|hw|huhmv vdh w|ou`mh| iv vdh dhi|omk v` uhv im hthexvo`m fivh wx|uximv v`

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hi|u icvh| vdh obwùovo`m `c uhmvhmeh- Ivv`|mhu |hw|huhmvomk fhivd |`{

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uhwi|ivh e`xmuha v` lh iwwòmvhf xmahuu vdh w|ou`mh| imf e`xmuha |hyxhuv

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56 ivv`|mhu v` dimfah fhivd whmiav dilhiu whvovo`mu om uvivh imf chfh|ia

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Aojh vdh ivv`|mhu dimfaomk iwwhiau! iwwòmvhf dilhiu e`xmuha i|h wiof &968

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v` e`sh| htwhmuhu- Vdh htwhmuhu c`| i dilhiu omshuvokivo`m imf vdh |hviomomk

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3? \xah 4-378 $h/! Eiaoc`|moi \xahu `c E`x|v-

;7 \xah 4-378 $k/! Eiaoc`|moi \xahu `c E`x|v-

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vdiv whvovo`m-;5

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Vdh E`bbouuo`m |he`bbhmfu vdiv vdh mhhf c`| iffovo`mia dilhiu

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cosh hi| wh|o`f- Vdou {oaa |hyxo|h i cosh"càf ome|hiuh `sh| vdh ex||hmv &96-?

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yxiaocohf ai{h|u hbwa`hf l vdh Uvivh Wxlaoe Fhchmfh| iu {haa iu w|osivh

ai{h|u- Uxed iwwòmvbhmvu ud`xaf e`bwa {ovd ILI Kxofhaomh

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4- \he`bbhmfivo`mu c`| Chfh|ia Dilhiu E`|wxu \hsoh{ `c Eiaoc`|moi

Fhivd Nxfkbhmvu-

I uvivh w|ou`mh|! omeaxfomk `mh xmfh| uhmvhmeh `c fhivd! bi coah im

iwwaoeivo`m c`| i {|ov `c dilhiu e`|wxu om chfh|ia e`x|v `m vdh k|`xmf vdiv

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I chfh|ia iwwaoeivo`m c`| dilhiu e`|wxu eimm`v lh k|imvhf xmahuu ov iwwhi|u

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fo|hev iwwhia! lxv vdou wh|o`f ou uvihf {doah i uvivh dilhiu whvovo`m ou

whmfomk-

Ieehuu v` chfh|ia dilhiu |hsoh{ ou i e|xeoia uvhw c`| fhivd |`{

ombivhu! huwheoiaa om uvivhu {ovd i dokd |ivh `c fhivd whmiav icco|bimeh- I

mivo`mia uvxf e`mfxevhf l Eàxbloi Xmosh|uov |huhi|edh|u htibomhf vdh

|hsoh{ `c iaa fhivd nxfkbhmvu c|`b 9?;5"9??8! imf c`xmf vdiv 8?( {h|h

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vdh fhchmfimv |hvx|mu v` uvivh e`x|v v` htdixuv vdh |hbhfohu isioailah om vdh

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vdh ifbomouv|ivo`m `c nxuvoeh>

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Om iffovo`m v` vdh edòehu w|huhmvhf om Wi|v I! v` ahish vdh w|huhmv

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bitobxb uhmvhmeh `c aochvobh omei|eh|ivo`m- Vdh E`bbouuo`m bijhu m`

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i|h `ma |`xkd huvobivhu! fxh v` vdh xmisioailoaov `c ieex|ivh fivi-

9- Vdh Iavh|mivosh `c Mi||`{omk vdh Aouv `c Uwheoia Eo|exbuvimehu-

Uhsh|ia `c vdh {ovmhuuhu {d` vhuvocohf lhc`|h vdh E`bbouuo`m uxkkhuv

vdh w|obi| |hiu`m vdiv vdh Eiaoc`|moi Fhivd Whmiav Ai{ ou fucxmevo`mia ou

lheixuh ov ou v`` l|ìf! imf uobwa wh|bovu v`` bim bx|fh| eiuhu v` lh

w|ùhexvhf iu fhivd whmiav eiuhu- Vdh htwimuo`m `c vdh aouv `c uwheoia

eo|exbuvimehu om vdh L|okku Omovoivosh imf om uxluhyxhmv ahkouaivo`m! vdh

uxkkhuv! diu `whmhf vdh ca``fkivhu lh`mf vdh eiwieov `c `x| nxfoeoia

uuvhb v` ilu`|l- Iu c`|bh| Ca`|ofi Uxw|hbh E`x|v Edohc Nxuvoeh Kh|iaf

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J`kim vàf vdh E`bbouuo`m! disomk

8- Fhivd Whmiav Haokoloaov Ud`xaf Lh Aobovhf v` Cosh Ciev`|u>

Vdh bx|fh| `c i whieh `ccoeh| joaahf om vdh wh|c`|bimeh `c dou `| dh|`ccoeoia fxvohu {dhm f`mh v` w|hshmv `| |hviaoivh c`| vdiv wh|c`|bimeh:Vdh bx|fh| `c im wh|u`m $omeaxfomk lxv m`v aobovhf v` ombivhu! uvicc!imf souov`|u/ èex||omk iv i e`||hevo`mia cieoaov:Vdh bx|fh| `c v{` `| b`|h wh|u`mu |hki|fahuu `c {dhvdh| vdh fhivdu

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46 Vhuvob`m `c Kh|iaf J`kim! iv w- 57-

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eixuh fhivd `| e|hivh i uv|`mk w|`liloaov `c fhivd `| k|hiv l`foadi|b v` vdh bx|fh|hf omfosofxiau `| `vdh|u:Vdh omvhmvo`mia bx|fh| `c i wh|u`m omsàsomk vdh omcaoevo`m `c v`|vx|h-Om vdou e`mvhtv! v`|vx|h bhimu vdh omvhmvo`mia imf fhw|ishf omcaoevo`m`c htv|hbh wduoeia wiom c`| i w|à`mkhf wh|o`f c vobh lhc`|h vdhsoevobu fhivd: imf fhw|ishf bhimu vdiv vdh fhchmfimv |haoudhf vdhomcaoevo`m `c htv|hbh wduoeia wiom xw`m vdh soevob! hsofhmeomkfhliuhbhmv `| wh|sh|uo`m! `| vdiv vdh fhchmfimv hsofhmehf i uhmuh `cwahiux|h om vdh omcaoevo`m `c htv|hbh wduoeia wiom:Vdh bx|fh| l i wh|u`m {d` ou xmfh| omshuvokivo`m c`|! `| {d` diulhhm edi|khf {ovd `| diu lhhm e`msoevhf `c! i e|obh vdiv {`xaf lh icha`m! `| vdh bx|fh| `c im`mh omsàshf om vdh omshuvokivo`m!w|ùhexvo`m! `| fhchmuh `c vdiv e|obh! omeaxfomk! lxv m`v aobovhf v`!{ovmhuuhu! nx|`|u! nxfkhu! w|ùhexv`|u! imf omshuvokiv`|u-

3- Cha`m Bx|fh| Ud`xaf Lh Hteaxfhf iu vdh Liuou c`| Fhivd

Whmiav Haokoloaov-

Vdh cosh haokoloaov ciev`|u om \he`bbhmfivo`m 8! {doed i|h omvhmfhfv` lh im htdixuvosh aouv `c vdh `ma ciev`|u vdiv bi |hmfh| i bx|fh|h|haokolah c`| eiwovia wxmoudbhmv! f` m`v omeaxfh cha`m bx|fh| iu iliuou c`| obwùomk vdh fhivd whmiav- V` hmux|h vdiv vdh fhivd whmiavou |huh|shf c`| vdh bùv exawilah `cchmfh|u imf v` bijh vdh obwùovo`m`c vdh fhivd whmiav b`|h w|`w`|vo`mia! nx|oufoevo`mu vdiv mhsh|vdhahuued`ùh v` k` lh`mf vdhuh cosh haokoloaov ciev`|u ud`xaf uvoaa hteaxfhc|`b fhivd haokoloaov vdùh eiuhu om {doed haokoloaov ou liuhf uàhaxw`m cha`m bx|fh|- Im nx|oufoevo`m vdiv ed`ùhu v` |hviom cha`mbx|fh| iu i fhivd whmiav haokoloaov e|ovh|o`m ud`xaf m`v wh|bov xuomkcha`m bx|fh| iu im ikk|isivomk eo|exbuvimeh- $ Vdh Fhivd Whmiav \hsouovhf! w- ttos"tts $


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ieex|ivh! xmimob`xua e`meaxfhf vdiv vdh Oaaom`ou fhivd whmiav ai{ lh

mi||`{hf v` vdh cxmevo`mia hyxosiahmv `c vdh E`muvovxvo`m W|`nhev

|he`bbhmfivo`m>

Vdh E`bbouuo`m xmimob`xua e`meaxfhf vdiv vdh ex||hmv aouv `c


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fhivd |`{ ombivhu v` vd`uh {d`b {h v|xa dish vdh bhimu imf vdh {oaa v`

hthexvh-

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{doed uwheoia eo|exbuvimehu {h|h c`xmf om iaa eiuhu om {doed vdh fhivd

whmiav {iu obw`uhf om Eiaoc`|moi c|`b 9?;4 vd|`xkd


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{dh|h iv ahiuv `mhBimfiv`| Nxuvoeh ciev`| ou c`xmf- E`bwi|h 9?47!{dh|h `ma 5;( `c vdh eiuhu vdiv hi| dif iv ahiuv `mhBimfiv`|

Nxuvoeh ciev`|! {ovd


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WH\EHMVIKH @C EIAOC@\MOI FHIVD EIUHU [OVD IV AHIUV

@MHBIMFIV@\_ NXUVOEH CIEV@\ L_ E@XMV_?9

E`xmv V`via Fhivd Uhmvhmehu Wh|ehmvikh [ovd Iv

Ahiuv @mh Ciev`|Iaibhfi 88 89(E`mv|i E`uvi


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ou haokolah c`| i fhivd uhmvhmeh e`xaf lh haobomivhf om cis`| `c i uobwah| imf

mi||`{h| k|`xw `c haokoloaov e|ovh|oi-

Vdh xuh `c vdhBimfiv`| Nxuvoeh ciev`|u ou m`v vdh `ma `wvo`m

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vdhBimfiv`| Nxuvoeh ciev`|u vdh cx|vdh| aobovivo`m vdiv vdh e|obh om

yxhuvo`m bxuv lh c`xmf v` dish ahkiaa icchevhf iaa eovo~hmu `c vdh Uvivh `c

Eiaoc`|moi- Iee`|fomk v` vdou iww|ìed! im joaaomk `c i whieh `ccoeh|! i

e`||hevo`mia `ccoeh|! `| i wi|voeowimv om vdh nxuvoeh uuvhb {`xaf lh w|huxbhf

v` dish vdh |hyxouovh eovo~hm obwiev! uomeh vdùh e|obhu i|h! om hcchev!

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lhdiac `c iaa `c ovu eovo~hmu- C`| bxavowah bx|fh| imf bx|fh| omsàsomk

v`|vx|h! vdh|h {`xaf lh m` uxed w|huxbwvo`m: ov {`xaf vijh b`|h vdim i

uobwah iaahkivo`m `c bx|fh| `c b`|h vdim v{` wh|u`mu `| omcaoevo`m `c

v`|vx|h v` nxuvoc i eiwovia edi|kh- Om vdùh eiuhu! eovo~hm obwiev {`xaf

dish v` lh w|`shf l vdh w|ùhexvo`m-?5 Xmyxhuvo`mila! u`bh eiuh"l"eiuh

aomh"f|i{omk {`xaf lh |hyxo|hf! lxv vdh e`x|vu ia|hif f` vdiv jomf `c aomh"

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3;


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f|i{omk om omvh|w|hvomk imf iwwaomk `x| ex||hmv fhivd whmiav uwheoia

eo|exbuvimehu- Iu E`bbouuo`mh| Uv|hhvh| wxvu ov>

Vdh `sh|iaa ofhi lhdomf vdou iww|ìed {`xaf lh v` obwùh i aobovivo`mvdiv fouvomkxoudhu lhv{hhm wx|ha aèia e|obhu ${dh|h vdh eùvu `cw|ùhexvo`m {oaa lh l`|mh ai|kha l e`xmv vitwih|u/ c|`b e|obhu `cuvivh"{ofh obw`|v ${dh|h vdh eùvu `c w|ùhexvo`m {oaa lh l`|mhai|kha l iaa vitwih|u `c vdh uvivh/- M`v `ma f`hu vdou iww|ìedfo|heva iff|huu vdh ouuxh `c kh`k|iwdoeia fouwi|ov! lxv! lomv|`fxeomk vdh w|omeowah vdiv m` e|obh bi yxiaoc c`| vdh fhivdwhmiav xmahuu ov ou i bivvh| `c u`bh uvivh"{ofh e`muhyxhmeh! ov iau`bomobo~hu vdh mhhf v` f|i{ w`vhmvoiaa i|lov|i| fouvomevo`mu lhv{hhmfocch|hmv vwhu `c dhom`xu e|obhu- Bùv obw`|vimva! lheixuh vdh

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Vdh E`bbouuo`m ou m`v uxkkhuvomk im wi|voexai| c`|bxai `| aouv v`

mi||`{ Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd whmiav ai{- Vdou nxfkbhmv ou lhuv ahcv v` vdh

ahkouaivosh w|èhuu- @vdh| e|ovh|oi! uxed iu vdh bx|fh| `c edoaf|hm! e`xaf lh

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`c uwheoia eo|exbuvimehu ou mi||`{hf! vdou mi||`{hf aouv {`xaf `ma lh

iwwaohf om fhivd whmiav eiuhu- Vdh ex||hmv aouv `c uwheoia eo|exbuvimehu

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e`xaf uvoaa lh xvoao~hf v` obwùh uhmvhmehu `c aoch {ovd`xv wùuoloaov `c

wi|àh-

Oc Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd whmiav ai{ {h|h mi||`{hf! ov {`xaf lh xm{ouh

v` w|èhhf {ovd vdh hthexvo`m `c fhchmfimvu {dùh fhivd nxfkbhmv {iu m`v

liuhf xw`m `mh `c vdh ofhmvocohf uwheoia eo|exbuvimehu- [ovd |huwhev v` vdh

vdo|vhhm hthexvo`mu e`mfxevhf l Eiaoc`|moi uomeh 9?;4! vhm `c vdhb {`xaf

dish bhv vdh |he`bbhmfhf uwheoia eo|exbuvimeh c`| bxavowah bx|fh|u- @ma

vdh hthexvo`mu `c Vd`biu B- Vd`bwu`m! Bimxha Lillovv imf Uvhwdhm

[imh Imfh|u`m {`xaf m`v dish |huxavhf om i fhivd uhmvhmeh xuomk vdh

Bimfiv`| Nxuvoeh ciev`|u- Vdh fhivd uhmvhmeh `c im fhivd |`{ ombivh

{dùh e`msoevo`m fof m`v omeaxfh i comfomk `c `mh `| b`|h `c vdh hmxbh|ivhf

uwheoia eo|exbuvimehu e`xaf lh e`bbxvhf v` i uhmvhmeh `c aoch {ovd`xv

wùuoloaov `c wi|àh- Vijomk vdou uvhw {`xaf ievxiaa dish aovvah obwiev c`|

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{oaa foh om w|ou`m- Edimkomk vdho| uhmvhmeh v` `mh `c aochvobh omei|eh|ivo`m

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nxuv vdiv edimkh e`xaf uish vdh Uvivh c Eiaoc`|moi &


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wùuoloaov `c wi|àh `|fomi|oa uh|sh vdho| uhmvhmehu! ou &?7!777 wh| hi| wh|

ombivh-?6 [ovd Eiaoc`|moiu ex||hmv fhivd |`{ w`wxaivo`m `c 3;7! vdiv

iee`xmvu c`| &35-5 boaao`m immxiaa- \hfxeomk vdh fhivd |`{ w`wxaivo`m v`

vdùh {dùh fhivd nxfkbhmv ou liuhf xw`m `mh `| b`|h `c vdh cosh uwheoia

eo|exbuvimehu |he`bbhmfhf l vdh E`muvovxvo`m W|`nhev {`xaf obbhfoivha

|hfxeh vdh uo~h `c Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd |`{ v` 534! {d` e`xaf lh e`mcomhf `m

fhivd |`{ iv im immxia eùv `c &58 boaao`m- [ovd |huwhev v` vdùh m` a`mkh|

uxlnhev v` vdh fhivd whmiav! boaao`mu b`|h {`xaf lh uishf l haobomivomk

vdh mhhf v` aovokivh vdho| iwwhiau imf dilhiu whvovo`mu-

Om vh|bu `c vdh cxvx|h k|`{vd `c Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd |`{! vdh J|hov~lh|k

uvxf uxkkhuvu vdiv c`| vdh wiuv c`x| hi|u! ;7( `c vdh mh{ fhivd nxfkbhmvu

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w|ùhexv`|u uhhj vdh fhivd whmiav iv vdh uibh |ivh- Vdh mxblh|u! l`vd om

vh|bu `c lieja`k imf mh{ nxfkbhmvu! e`xaf lh bimikhf {ovd uxluvimvoiaa

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eùv `c obwahbhmvomk bim `c vdh |hc`|bu |he`bbhmfhf l vdou

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?6 Vhbwhuv!Fhivd \`{ @cvhm Bhimu i A`mk Aoch! Aù Imkhahu Vobhu! Bi|- 3!


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I 68( |hfxevo`m om vdh uo~h `c fhivd |`{ {`xaf iau` |hfxeh vdh `vdh|{ouh

mhehuui| htwimuo`m `c vdh Uvivh Wxlaoe Fhchmfh|! vdh Dilhiu E`|wxu

\hu`x|eh Ehmvh|! imf vdh E`x|v uviccomk mhhfhf-

?8

9- Vdh|h ou m` e`bwhaaomk hsofhmeh vdiv vdh fhivd whmiav |ivo`miaa uh|shu i

ahkovobivh whm`a`koeia wx|w`uh:


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3- Ilàovo`m {`xaf bijh uxccoeohmv cxmfu isioailah v` hmux|h ifhyxivh

uh|soehu imf ifsèie c`| vdh ciboaohu `c bx|fh| soevobu-

Vdhuh e`muofh|ivo`mu ahf vdh Uvivh `c Mh{ Nh|uh v` ilàoud vdh fhivd whmiav

vdou hi|! om cis`| `c vdh iavh|mivosh `c aoch obw|ou`mbhmv {ovd`xv wi|àh-

$A[@W/- [h dish vdh uibh iavh|mivosh isioailah om Eiaoc`|moi-

Eiaoc`|moi diu dif i uhmvhmeh `c aoch obw|ou`mbhmv {ovd`xv wùuoloaov

`c wi|àh isioailah uomeh 9?;4- Iee`|fomk v` vdh Eiaoc`|moi Fhwi|vbhmv `c

E`||hevo`mu! iu `c Nimxi| 9!


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nx|`|u bi lh uxbb`mhf c`| i fhivd whmiav eiuh- Eiaoc`|moi nx|

e`bbouuo`mh|u |ha uàha xw`m s`vh| |hkouv|ivo`m imf FBS aouvu v` uxbb`m

nx|`|u! iavd`xkd uvivh ai{ wh|bovu htwimuo`m `c u`x|eh aouvu-?3 Uhshmv"cosh

wh|ehmv `c w`vhmvoia nx|`|u {oaa lh htexuhf c`| comimeoia di|fudow lheixuh `c

vdh ahmkvd `c vdh v|oia- Eiaoc`|moi e`x|vu wi nx|`|u iv i |ivh `c &98 wh| fi-?;

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c|hyxhmva aobov vdh wibhmv v` m` b`|h vdim v{` {hhju- Vdh |hbiomomk

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`womo`mu il`xv vdh fhivd whmiav vdiv {`xaf w|heaxfh vdho| uh|somk om i fhivd

eiuh- Vdou w|èhuu `c fhivd yxiaocoeivo`m diu |huxavhf om ai|kh| mxblh|u `c

w`vhmvoia nx|`|u lhomk htexuhf iu wxlaoe `womo`m ikiomuv vdh fhivd whmiav

diu k|`{m-

[doah i nx| ou m`|biaa uhahevhf om `mh `| v{` fiu om bùv cha`m

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w|`w`|vo`m `c w`vhmvoia nx|`|u c`| he`m`boe di|fudow! v`khvdh| {ovd vdh

hteaxuo`m `c vdùh {d` fouiww|`sh `c vdh fhivd whmiav! |huxavu om nx|ohu vdiv

?3 Eiaoc`|moi E`fh `c Eosoa W|èhfx|h! Uhevo`m 9?;$i/- Om e`mv|iuv! Mh{ _`|j xuhu cosh u`x|eh aouvu!omeaxfomk uvivh ome`bh vitwih|u! uvivh xmhbwa bhmv! imf {haci|h |àau- Vhuvob`m `c Aòu Dhimh!Bi|ed


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f` m`v |hcahev i e|ùu"uhevo`m `c vdh e`bbxmov v` vdh htvhmv vdiv m`m"fhivd

nx|ohu f`-

Xw`m e`msoevo`m `c co|uv"fhk|hh bx|fh| imf i comfomk `c iv ahiuv

`mh uwheoia eo|exbuvimeh! vdh uibh nx| ou |hyxo|hf v` |hvx|m c`| i uhe`mf

v|oia! vdh whmiav wdiuh om {doed vdh nx| fheofhu lhv{hhm i uhmvhmeh `c fhivd

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cxaa v|oia! {ovd `whmomk uvivhbhmvu! w|huhmvivo`m `c hsofhmeh l l`vd uofhu!

eaùomk i|kxbhmvu imf nx| omuv|xevo`mu- Vdh nx| ou iujhf v` {hokd

ikk|isivomk imf bovokivomk eo|exbuvimehu! imf obwùh i uhmvhmeh `c fhivd oc

ikk|isivomk eo|exbuvimehu `xv{hokd bovokivomk eo|exbuvimehu! `| i uhmvhmeh

`c aoch obw|ou`mbhmv {ovd`xv wùuoloaov `c wi|àh oc bovokivomk

eo|exbuvimehu `xv{hokd ikk|isivomk eo|exbuvimehu- Vdh nx| bxuv

xmimob`xua ik|hh iu v` vdh whmiav: oc vdh i|h xmilah v` iedohsh xmimobov!

im`vdh| nx| bxuv lh obwimhahf v` fheofh vdh whmiav-?4

Vdh htwhmuhu c`| v|oia imf iwwhaaivh e`xmuha {`xaf iau` lh

uxluvimvoiaa |hfxehf oc aochvobh omei|eh|ivo`m lheibh vdh bitobxb whmiav

om Eiaoc`|moi- @ma `mh fhchmuh ai{h| {`xaf dish v` lh iwwòmvhf c`| vdh

v|oia- Vdh|h {`xaf lh m` ixv`bivoe iwwhia v` vdh Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v!

u` iwwhiau {`xaf lh dimfahf bxed b`|h htwhfovo`xua l vdh E`x|vu `c

?4 Eiaoc`|moi Whmia E`fh Uhevo`m 9?7-6 $l/-

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Iwwhia- Lhv{hhm Nxmh


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hthexvhf- Vdh uibh |huxav eim lh iedohshf iv i uisomku c {haa `sh| `mh

dxmf|hf boaao`m fàai|u l uhmvhmeomk vdh fhchmfimv v` aochvobh omei|eh|ivo`m

{ovd`xv wùuoloaov `c wi|àh-

I uokmocoeimv `mh"vobh uisomku ou iau` isioailah v` Eiaoc`|moi xmfh|

vdou `wvo`m- Iee`|fomk v` vdh Eiaoc`|moi Uvivh Ixfov`| \hw`|v c`|


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uvi|v fivh {oaa iff v` w|`nhev eùvu- Iffovo`miaa! E ||hevo`mu fof m`v

omeaxfh vdh eùvu v` ievosivh imf `wh|ivh vdh EOE om ovu huvobivhf eùvu-

@x| e`muxavimv huvobivhu vdh eùv v` e`muv|xev vdh EOE {oaa htehhf

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eùv v` ievosivh vdh mh{ EOE {oaa |hied &;-5 boaao`m- Cx|vdh|b`|h! `x|

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mh{ EOE {oaa ish|ikh &84-4 boaao`m wh| hi|! c`| i v`via `c

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eùv `c bx|fh| eiuhu om {doed vdh fhivd whmiav {iu m`v u`xkdv $&-; boaao`m/

imf e`meaxfhf vdiv uhhjomk vdh fhivd whmiav iffu ;7( v` vdh eùv `c i

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{dhm vdh fhivd whmiav {iu u`xkdv- Vdh |hw`|v e`meaxfhf vdiv vdh

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eùv `c i bx|fh| v|oia om Eiaoc`|moi- Vdh eùvu `c i uhe`mf fhchmuh ai{h|!

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hiuoa iff xw v` &877!777 om bùv eiuhu- Vdh ex||hmv |ivh `c


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omehmvosh v` wahif kxoav imf ieehwv im A[@W uhmvhmeh- Oc vdh omehmvosh ou

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e`mcomhbhmv {`xaf ib`xmv v` &5-8 boaao`m wh| hi|-

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isioailah iavh|mivoshu {`xaf lh $9/ v` e`mvomxh uwhmfomk iv ahiuv &95;-;

boaao`m wh| hi| v` biomviom `x| fucxmevo`mia uuvhb: $


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Vdh càa`{omk edi|v uxbbi|o~hu vdh iffovo`mia immxia edi|khu v` vdh

Eiaoc`|moi uvivh lxfkhv {doed hied `c c`x| iavh|mivoshu {`xaf obwùh> vdh

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|hu`x|ehu! vdh Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v diu lhhm xmilah v` uvi il|hiuv `c

vdh |ouomk vofh `c fhivd eiuhu i||osomk iv ovu f``|- Iu ia|hif m`vhf! vdh

fhaiu om iwwòmvbhmv `c e`xmuha c`| l`vd fo|hev iwwhiau imf uvivh dilhiu

w|èhhfomku i|h ivv|olxvilah v` aiej `c ifhyxivh cxmfomk |ivdh| vdim im

cioax|h `m vdh wi|v `c vdh E`x|v- Vdh E`x|v diu m` e`mv|à `sh| vdh mxblh| `c

fhivd sh|foevu |hvx|mhf hied hi|! imf vdh mxblh|u dish ci| ux|wiuuhf vdh

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diu iffhf ivv`|mhu v` vdh uvicc `c hied Nxuvoehu ediblh|u! imf e|hivhf i

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ahmkvd imf e`bwaht- @|fomi|oa! vdh E`x|v {oaa ouuxh wxlaoudhf `womo mu

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i{iovomk `|ia i|kxbhmv- Im`vdh| 977 cxaa l|ohchf dilhiu whvovo`mu i|h

lhc`|h vdh E`x|v-

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e|ouou! om {doed vdh fhivd whmiav lieja`k ou vd|hivhmomk vdh E`x|vu iloaov v`

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l|ohchf fhivd whmiav iwwhiau l ibhmfomk vdh Eiaoc`|moi e`muvovxvo`m v`

kosh vdh Uxw|hbh E`x|v foue|hvo`m v` v|imuch| cxaa l|ohchf eiuhu v` vdh

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|hsoh{ vdh E`x|v `c Iwwhiau nxfkbhmv imf e`xaf uxbbi|oa icco|b ov! `|

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ifhyxivha cxmf vdh iwwòmvbhmv `c l`vd iwwhaaivh imf dilhiu e`xmuha om

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[ovmhuuhu lhc`|h vdh E`bbouuo`m dish iff|huuhf i mxblh| `c `vdh|

e`meh|mu |hki|fomk vdh obwahbhmvivo`m `c vdou w|`wùia- E`meh|m diu lhhm

htw|huuhf vdiv v|imuch||omk iu bim iu vdo|v fhivd iwwhiau hied hi| v` vdh

momhvhhm focch|hmv fosouo`mu imf fouv|oevu `c vdh E`x|v `c Iwwhia {oaa |huxav om

ome`muouvhmv |xaomku! huwheoiaa om |huàsomk ouuxhu uxed iu di|bahuu h||`|-

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vdh e`muouvhme `c fhivd whmiav |hsoh{-

Vdh iuux|imeh `c vdh Uxw|hbh E`x|v vdiv E`x|v `c Iwwhia |xaomku

{`xaf lh ei|hcxaa ue|xvomo~hf ud`xaf lh ieehwvhf- Im immxia hsiaxivo`m `c

vdh hcchevu `c vdou w|`wùia e`xaf lh iuux|hf l vdh obwahbhmvivo`m `c vdh

E`bbouuo`mu |he`bbhmfivo`m v` huvilaoud i Eiaoc`|moi Fhivd Whmiav

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ai{ lh edimkhf v` wh|bov `|okomia dilhiu whvovo`mu om fhivd eiuhu v` lh coahf

om vdh Uxwh|o`| E`x|vu! {ovd |okdv `c iwwhia v` vdh E`x|vu `c Iwwhia imf

foue|hvo`mi| |hsoh{ l vdh Uxw|hbh E`x|v-995 Dh uxkkhuvu>

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xmoyxha yxiaocohf v` dhi| `|okomia dilhiu e`|wxu eaiobu lheixuh vdhi|h ia|hif ciboaoi| {ovd vdh hsofhmeh w|huhmvhf iv v|oia- Imf om `|fh|v` cieoaovivh iwwhaaivh |hsoh{! vdh uxwh|o`| e`x|v nxfkh dhi|omk vdhwhvovo`m ud`xaf lh |hyxo|hf v` ouuxh i {|ovvhm `|fh| htwaiomomk vdh|hiu`mu c`| k|imvomk `| fhmomk dilhiu e`|wxu |haohc-996

Vdh Iai|e`m w|`wùia bi m`v |hyxo|h ibhmfbhmv `c vdh Eiaoc`|moi

e`muvovxvo`m- Vdh Uxw|hbh E`x|v! vdh E`x|vu `c Iwwhia imf Uxwh|o`| E`x|vu

udi|h `|okomia nx|oufoevo`m `sh| dilhiu e`|wxu w|èhhfomku-998 Vdh |hiu`m

dilhiu eiuhu i|h coahf fo|heva om vdh Uxw|hbh E`x|v ou lheixuh `ma vdh

Uxw|hbh E`x|v ou ixvd`|o~hf v` wi e`xmuha- Vdh Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v

diu if`wvhf i wàoe {doed fheai|hu>

Iluhmv w|o`| ixvd`|o~ivo`m l vdou e`x|v! vdou e`x|v {oaa m`v

e`bwhmuivh e`xmuha c`| vdh coaomk `c im `vdh| b`vo`m! whvovo`m `|wahifomk om im `vdh| Eiaoc`|moi `| chfh|ia e`x|v `| e`x|v `c im`vdh|

995 Iai|e`m! uxw|i m-


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uvivh- E`xmuha {d` uhhj e`bwhmuivo`m c`| |hw|huhmvivo`m om im`vdh|e`x|v ud`xaf uhex|h iwwòmvbhmv l! imf e`bwhmuivo`m c|`b! vdive`x|v-993

If`wvo`m `c vdh Iai|e`m w|`wùia e`xaf iau` htwhfovh vdh e`muofh|ivo`m `c i

uxluhyxhmv dilhiu e`|wxu whvovo`m om chfh|ia e`x|v- Xmfh| vdh htouvomk

uuvhb! chfh|ia e`x|vu f` m`v dish vdh lhmhcov! om bùv eiuhu! `c i w|o`|

hsofhmvoi| dhi|omk `| i {|ovvhm `|fh| c|`b vdh Uxw|hbh E`x|v htwaiomomk

vdh |hiu`mu c`| ovu fheouo`m- Icvh| vdh Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v |hnhevhf

|hyxhuvu c|`b vdh nxfkhu `c vdh Momvd Eo|exov E`x|v `c Iwwhiau vdiv vdh E`x|v

uwhaa `xv ovu |hiu`mu c`| fhmomk whvovo`mu c`| dilhiu e`|wxu! fxh v` aiej `c

vobh imf |hu`x|ehu! Uhmiv`| Foimmh Chomuvhom {|`vh v` K`sh|m`| I|màf

Ued{i|~hmhkkh| |hyxhuvomk iuuouvimeh om iff|huuomk vdou w|`lahb- Udh

e`meaxfhf vdiv ZvRdh iluhmeh `c i vd`|`xkd htwaimivo`m `c vdh ZEiaoc`|moi

Uxw|hbhR E`x|vu |hiu`mu c`| ovu dilhiu e`|wxu fheouo`mu `cvhm |hyxo|hu

chfh|ia e`x|vu v` huuhmvoiaa uvi|v hied chfh|ia dilhiu fhivd whmiav iwwhia

c|`b ue|ived! {iuvomk hm`|b`xu vobh imf |hu`x|ehu-99;

Vdh E`bbouuo`m bin`|ov |he`bbhmfu vdiv edimkhu v` Eiaoc`|moiuvivxvhu! |xahu imf wàoeohu lh uh|o`xua e`muofh|hf v` hme`x|ikh b`|h

dhi|omku imf c`|bia comfomku om e`muofh|omk uvivh dilhiu e`|wxu whvovo`mu om

993 Uxw|hbh E`x|v Wàoeohu I|ouomk C|`b Nxfkbhmvu `c Fhivd! iv Wàoe 5!

4?


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fhivd whmiav eiuhu- Vdh Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|vu uxbbi| fhmoia c

dilhiu whvovo`mu {ovd`xv hsofhmvoi| dhi|omku imf {ovd`xv im htwaimivo`m `c

vdh |hiu`mu994 f`hu m`v uish vobh! uomeh ov iffu v` vdh fhai om |huàxvo`m `c

vdh omhsovilah uxluhyxhmv chfh|ia dilhiu e`|wxu eaiob- Uobwa if`wvomk vdh

Iai|e`m w|`wùia v` udocv vdh omovoia e`muofh|ivo`m `c dilhiu whvovo`mu v` vdh

Uxwh|o`| E`x|vu! d`{hsh|! {`xaf `ma iff v` vdh fhaiu oc vdh Uxwh|o`|

E`x|vu uxbbi|oa fhm vdh whvovo`mu iv vdh uibh |ivh! e`bwhvhme uvimfi|fu

c`| vdh iwwòmvbhmv `c e`xmuha i|h m`v hmux|hf! `| iffovo`mia |hu`x|ehu i|h

m`v w|`sofhf c`| cxaa fhsha`wbhmv `c vdh cievu mhehuui| v` |huàsh eaiobu c`|

|haohc- Ib`mk vdh uvivxv | edimkhu v` lh e`muofh|hf ud`xaf lh i

|hhtibomivo`m `c vdh uvimfi|fu c`| |hyxo|omk vdh Ivv`|mh Khmh|ia v` coah i

|hvx|m! imf vdh uvimfi|fu c`| |hyxo|omk im hsofhmvoi| dhi|omk- [|ovvhm

comfomku ud`xaf iau` lh |hyxo|hf-


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vdh|h diu lhhm |huhi|ed cèxuhf xw`m vdh eiuhu vdiv ievxiaa |huxav om i

uhmvhmeh `c fhivd- W|`chuu`|u Kahm Woh|eh imf Boediha \ifhahv htibomhf

vdh |ieoia! hvdmoe imf kh`k|iwdoeia si|oivo`m om vdh obwùovo`m `c vdh fhivd

whmiav liuhf `m im imiauou `c d`boeofhu vdiv èex||hf om Eiaoc`|moi

lhv{hhm Nimxi| 9! 9??7 imf Fhehblh| 59! 9???-99? Vdh c`xmf vdiv c`| vdh

55!?96 d`boeofhu èex||omk om Eiaoc`|moi fx|omk vdou wh|o`f! 57< fhchmfimvu

{h|h uhmvhmehf v` fhivd- Vdh uvivh{ofh |ivo` c`| vdou vhm"hi| wh|o`f {iu -4?

fhivd uhmvhmehu c`| hsh| 977 d`boeofh soevobu- Vdh ixvd`|u vdhm htibomhf

si|oivo`mu om vdou |ivo` liuhf xw`m vdh |ieh `c vdh soevob imf vdh kh`k|iwdoeia

aèivo`m `c vdh d`boeofh- Vdh c`xmf vdh |ivo` si|ohf uxluvimvoiaa ib`mk

Eiaoc`|moi e`xmvohu- Hteaxfomk e`xmvohu om {doed ch{h| vdim cosh fhivd

uhmvhmehu {h|h obwùhf!9


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om i||huv |ivhu l e`xmvomk d`boeofhu om {doed im `cchmfh| {iu ofhmvocohf

$`|fomi|oa l bijomk im i||huv/! imf vdhm e`bwi|omk vdh fhivd uhmvhmeomk

|ivh v` vdh x|lim edi|ievh| `c vdh e`xmv iu bhiux|hf l w`wxaivo`m fhmuov!

imf vdh w|`w`|vo`m `c vdh e`xmvu w`wxaivo`m vdiv {h|h m`m"Douwimoe {dovhu-

Vdou e`bwi|ou`m uv|`mka uxkkhuvhf vdiv vdùh e`xmvohu {ovd vdh dokdhuv

fhivd uhmvhmeomk |ivhu vhmf v` dish vdh dokdhuv w|`w`|vo`m `c m`m"Douwimoe

{dovhu om vdho| w`wxaivo`m! imf vdh a`{huv w`wxaivo`m fhmuov- Vdh b`|h

{dovh imf b`|h uwi|uha w`wxaivhf vdh e`xmv! vdh dokdh| vdh fhivd

uhmvhmeomk |ivh-

Woh|eh imf \ifhahv iau` uxlnhevhf vdho| fivi v` a`kouvoe |hk|huuo`m

imiauou v` iueh|viom {dhvdh| vdh |ieh imf hvdmoeov `c d`boeofh soevobu ou

iuuèoivhf {ovd obwùovo`m `c vdh fhivd whmiav om Eiaoc`|moi- @sh|iaa!

e`mv|àaomk c`| iaa `vdh| w|hfoev`| si|oilahu! vdh c`xmf iaa vdùh {d` joaa

Ic|oeim Ibh|oeimu! |hki|fahuu `c vdh hvdmoeov `| |ieh `c vdh wh|whv|iv`|! i|h

8?-5( ahuu aojha v` lh uhmvhmehf v` fhivd vdim vdùh {d` joaa m`m"Douwimoe

{dovhu- Vdou fouwi|ov ome|hiuhu v` 3;( {dhm e`bwi|omk vdh fhivd

uhmvhmeomk |ivhu `c vdùh {d` joaa {dovhu {ovd vdùh {d` joaa Douwimoeu!

ikiom {ovd`xv |hki|f v` vdh hvdmoeov `| |ieh `c vdh wh|whv|iv`|-

Ov ud`xaf lh eahi|a xmfh|uv``f vdiv vdou fivi f`hu m`v huvilaoud vdiv

w|ùhexv`|oia foue|hvo`m ou icchevhf l |ieh imf eaiuu loiu! xme`mueo`xu `|

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`vdh|{ouh- Vdh|h i|h bim vdh| waixuolah htwaimivo`mu c`| vdh e`muouvhmv

wivvh|mu liuhf `m |ieh `c soevob vdiv iwwhi| om hsh| fhivd whmiav uvivh-

Uoboai| wivvh|mu dish lhhm c`xmf om `vdh| uvivhu om |hehmv uvxfohu! omeaxfomk

Ca`|ofi! Oaaom`ou! Mhl|iuji! I|o~`mi! Bi|aimf! M`|vd Ei|`aomi imf

Whmmuasimoi! iu {haa iu om uvxfohu `c fhivd uhmvhmeomk om chfh|ia eiuhu-9


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Vdh uuvhbivoe eàahevo`m imf b`mov`|omk `c b`|h e`bw|hdhmuosh fivi

il`xv d`{ d`boeofh eiuhu i|h uhahevhf c`| w|ùhexvo`m iu fhivd eiuhu e`xaf

ohaf siaxilah omuokdvu omv` vdh obwiev `c vdh |ieh `c vdh soevob- Vdou fivi

ud`xaf lh |hkxai|a eàahevhf imf imia~hf-

W|ùhexv`|u uxkkhuv vdiv kh`k|iwdoeia si|oivo`m om xvoao~omk vdh fhivd

whmiav ou m`v i w|`lahb! lheixuh aèiaa hahevhf Fouv|oev Ivv`|mhu i|h

|huw`mfomk v` vdh fhbimfu `c vdh hahev |ivh {doed vdh |hw|huhmv- Vdh

Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v diu e`muouvhmva |hnhevhf eaiobu vdiv vdh foue|hvo`m

e`mch||hf `m vdh fouv|oev ivv`|mh `c hied e`xmv v` uhhj vdh fhivd whmiav

|huxavu om i e`xmv"l"e`xmv fouwi|ov om eiwovia w|ùhexvo`mu! eixuomk

i|lov|i|omhuu c`|loffhm l vdh chfh|ia E`muvovxvo`m-9


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Bim uvivhu iff|huu vdh w|`lahb `c kh`k|iwdoeia si|oivo`m l

obw`uomk i |hyxo|hbhmv `c e`bwi|ivosh w|`w`|vo`miaov om fhivd uhmvhmehu-

Vdh Xmovhf Uvivhu Uxw|hbh E`x|v diu |xahf vdiv vdh Hokdvd Ibhmfbhmv `c

vdh X-U- E`muvovxvo`m f`hu m`v |hyxo|h e`bwi|ivosh w|`w`|vo`miaov |hsoh{ om

fhivd whmiav eiuhu! e`meaxfomk vdiv fouwi|ovohu om fhivd uhmvhmehu eimm`v lh

ailhahf iu e|xha imf xmxuxia wxmoudbhmv- Vdh E`x|v iau` dhaf vdiv fhivd

whmiav uvivxvhu {ovd`xv w|`w`|vo`miaov |hsoh{ f` m`v so`aivh vdh C`x|vhhmvd

Ibhmfbhmvu kxi|imvhh `c hyxia w|`vhevo`m- Omfhhf! vdhuh |xaomku eibh om i

eiuh ediaahmkomk Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd whmiav uvivxvh c`| cioaomk v` w|`sofh

w|`w`|vo`miaov |hsoh{-9


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Eiaoc`|moi- Hsofhmeh `c fouwi|ovohu om vdh ifbomouv|ivo`m `c vdh fhivd whmiav

xmfh|bomhu wxlaoe e`mcofhmeh om `x| e|obomia nxuvoeh uuvhb khmh|iaa-

Eiaoc`|moi ou vdh bùv fosh|uh uvivh om vdh e`xmv|- Ov ou `x| fxv v` hmux|h

vdiv hsh| iuwhev `c vdh e|obomia nxuvoeh uuvhb ou ifbomouvh|hf cio|a imf

hshma! imf vdiv iaa |huofhmvu `c vdh uvivh i|h iee`|fhf hyxia v|hivbhmv xmfh|

vdh ai{- Vdou ou huwheoiaa v|xh {dhm vdh uvivh ed`ùhu v vijh i aoch om vdh

mibh `c vdh wh`wah- Vdh E`bbouuo`mh|u i|h xm{oaaomk v` |he`bbhmf i

|hyxo|hbhmv `c e`bwi|ivosh w|`w`|vo`miaov `| iww|`sia `c aèia fhivd

whmiav fheouo`mu l i uvivh{ofh l`f! d`{hsh|! {ovd`xv iffovo`mia fivi imf

|huhi|ed-

5- E`bw|hdhmuosh Fivi Eàahevo`m imf B`mov`|omk-

Vdh E`bbouuo`m bifh i e`meh|vhf hcc`|v v` ofhmvoc vdh w|èhuu l

{doed fheouo`mu i|h bifh l Eiaoc`|moi Fouv|oev Ivv`|mhu v` w|èhhf {ovd i

d`boeofh w|ùhexvo`m iu i fhivd whmiav eiuh- Icvh| e`bwahvomk w|haobomi|

|huhi|ed! W|`chuu`|u Di|| Eiaf{haa! Ei|à Ediuh imf Ed|ou Ediblh|u `c

Whwwh|fomh Xmosh|uov Ued`à `c Ai{ w|hwi|hf i ux|sh c`|b {doed {iu

uhmv v` vdh Fouv|oev Ivv`|mhu om hied `c Eiaoc`|moiu 84 e`xmvohu- Vdh ux|sh

u`xkdv omc`|bivo`m e`meh|momk vdh w|èhuu l {doed hied `ccoeh fhvh|bomhu

{dhvdh| v` coah i d`boeofh iu i eiwovia eiuh! iu {haa iu omc`|bivo`m fhuokmhf

v` |hshia {dhvdh| eh|viom vwhu `c uwheoia eo|exbuvimehu i|h b`|h aojha vdim

?3


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`vdh|u v` lh coahf iu eiwovia eiuhu! imf {dhvdh| eh|viom edi|ievh|ouvoeu `c

fhchmfimvu! soevobu! `| vdh e|obhu iaahkhf {h|h b`|h aojha v` |huxav om i

eiwovia edi|kh- Fhuwovh htvhmuosh c`aa`{"xw e`mvievu! v{hmv e`xmvohu mhsh|

|huw`mfhf v` vdh ux|sh! imf im`vdh| c`x|vhhm |huw`mfhf l fheaomomk v`

wi|voeowivh om vdh ux|sh- Vdh m`m"e``wh|ivomk e`xmvohu omeaxfhf cosh `c vdh

v`w vhm fhivd"uhmvhmeomk e`xmvohu om Eiaoc`|moi-9


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u`lh|omk- Vdhuh fheouo`mu ud`xaf lh bifh `ma icvh| ei|hcxae`muofh|ivo`m `c uwheocohf ciev`|u icvh| i eahi|a fhcomhf w|èhuufhuokmhf v` hmux|h cio|mhuu imf v` isòf i|lov|i| |huxavu- Iu vdhxavobivh fheouo`m c`| hied e`xmv |huvu {ovd im hahevhf `ccoeoia! vdhFouv|oev Ivv`|mh! `mh {`xaf d`wh vdiv vdh Fouv|oev Ivv`|mh {`xafsiaxh v|imuwi|hme om doudh| fheouo`m"bijomk w|èhuu! l`vd v` omux|hvdiv vdhuh obw`|vimv fheouo`mu i|h lhomk bifh iu hshmdimfhfa iuwùuolah imf v` kosh vdh hahev`|ivh vdh `ww`|vxmov v` sòeh ovuiww|`sia `| fouiww|`sia `c vdh w|èhuu l {doed vdh Fouv|oev Ivv`|mhbijhu vdùh fheouo`mu- Xmc`|vxmivha! `x| htwh|ohmeh diu |hshiahf i{i|omhuu il`xv foueaùomk omc`|bivo`m il`xv vdh fhivd whmiavfheouo`m"bijomk w|èhuu `m vdh wi|v `c bim fouv|oev ivv`|mhu `ccoehu-[doah u`bh `ccoehu omeaxfomk vdh `ccoeh `c vdh bùv w`wxa`xu e`xmv$Aù Imkhahu/! dish lhhm sh| c`|vde`bomk i |he`|f `c 98 |haivosha

e`bwahvh |huw`muhu `xv `c 84 e`xmvohu957 wiomvu i fouv|huuomk woevx|h `cvdh {oaaomkmhuu `c vdùh {d` vomjh| {ovd vdh biedomh| `c vdh fhivdwhmiav v` htwùh vdho| fheouo`m"bijomk w|èhuu v` vdh hahev`|ivh-959

\hk|hvvila! i uoboai| htwh|ohmeh `c {i|omhuu {iu |hw`|vhf l vdh \imf

E`|w`|ivo`m! {doed {iu |hviomhf l vdh E`bbouuo`m v` fhvh|bomh vdh

chiuoloaov `c i bin`| uvxf `c vdh ifbomouv|ivo`m imf vdh ifbomouv|ivosh eùvu

`c vdh fhivd whmiav om Eiaoc`|moi>

Iv vdh `xvuhv `c `x| e`msh|uivo`mu {ovd |hw|huhmvivoshu `c wi|voeowivomkikhmeohu! vdh |hahsimeh `c vdh xmfh|aomk wàovoeia fmiboe lheibhxmfhmoila iwwi|hmv- Mibha! vdiv bim $oc m`v bùv/ `c vdhwi|voeowimvu om vdh fhivd whmiav w|èhuu dish uv|`mka dhaf soh{uil`xv vdh fhivd whmiav! imf vdiv vdùh soh{u dish obwaoeivo`mu c`| `x|iloaov v` kivdh| vdh mhehuui| fivi c`| vdh w|`wùhf uvxf- Vdh|hw|huhmvivoshu `m vdh fhchmuh uofh {ovd {d`b {h uw`jh vhmfhf v` uhh

ov iu vdho| |huw`muoloaov v` w|hshmv `| fhai vdh iwwaoeivo`m `c eiwoviawxmoudbhmv- Vdh|hc`|h! m`v ux|w|ouomka! vdh iwwhi| v` ciaa ai|kha

957 Om iffovo`m v` Aù Imkhahu E`xmv! |haivosha e`bwahvh |huw`muhu {h|h |hehoshf c|`b Lxvvh! Eiaish|iu!Obwh|oia! Om`! Jomku! Aijh! Bhmfèom`! Mhsifi! Uim Lh|mi|fom`! Uim Bivh`! Uimvi Eai|i! Udiuvi!Vhdibi imf Vxàxbmh E`xmvohu-

959 Eiaf{haa! Ediuh # K``fbim!Fhivd Whmiav Ux|sh \hw`|v! w- ; $M`s- ;!


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{ovdom vdh k|`xw `c vdùh `wwùhf v` vdh xuh `c vdh fhivd whmiav-Imf vdh |hw|huhmvivoshu `m vdh w|ùhexvo`m uofh! huwheoiaa iv vdh aèiaahsha! ud`{hf im omvh|huv om biomviomomk iaa wùuolah uhmvhmeomk`wvo`mu c`| im koshm e|obh! {doed iaa`{u c`| vdh {ofhuv foue|hvo`m omfhvh|bomomk d`{ v` dimfah vdho| eiuhu! iu {haa iu w|`sofomk ahsh|ikhc`| wahi"li|kiomomk- Vdxu! vdh v{` k|`xwu `c jh uvijhdàfh|u m`v`ma wai ifsh|ui|oia |àhu om omfosofxia eiuhu! lxv vdh iau` ai|khafouik|hh {dhm ov e`bhu v` vdh fhivd whmiav-

Ov ou wh|diwu m`v ux|w|ouomk vdhm! vdiv bim `c vdh uvijhdàfh|uom vdh ex||hmv fhivd whmiav w|èhuu i|h {i| `c vdh jomf `comfhwhmfhmv uvxf {h dish w|`wùhf! c`| chi| vdiv ov e`xaf hmf xwu{iomk `womo`m om i fo|hevo`m e`mv|i| v` vdho| `{m e`msoevo`mu- Vdou{i|omhuu {iu htw|huuhf v` xu fo|heva l u`bh! iu {haa iu omfo|heva$h-k-! foccoexavohu {h hme`xmvh|hf khvvomk e`mmhevhf om i vobha ciudo`m

v` vdh |okdv wh`wah/- Om `x| htwh|ohmeh! uxed iblosiahmeh il`xv iuvxf eim bijh fivi eàahevo`m htv|hbha foccoexav oc m`v hcchevoshaobwùuolah-95 Edi|ievh|o~omk vdh Ifbomouv|ivo`m imfIuuhuuomk vdh Ifbomouv|ivosh Eùvu `c vdh Fhivd Whmiav om Eiaoc`|moi! w- 99 $\imf E`|w-! Ixkxuv


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soevob! kh`k|iwdoe aèivo`m imf `vdh| ciev`|u icchev fheouo`mu v` obwahbhmv

vdh fhivd whmiav! v` ieex|ivha fhvh|bomh vdh eùvu! imf v` v|iej vdh w|`k|huu

`c w`vhmvoia fhivd whmiav eiuhu- Vdou |he`bbhmfivo`m {iu ib`mk vdh bùv

sok`|`xua fhlivhf l vdh E`bbouuo`m! {ovd u`bh E`bbouuo`mh|u lhaohsomk

vdiv fivi eàahevo`m ou xuhahuu {ovd`xv i ei|hcxaa fhcomhf wx|wùh c`| vdh

fivi- Vdh E`bbouuo`m bin |ov e`meaxfhf vdiv i mh{a e|hivhf Fhivd

Whmiav \hsoh{ Wimha {`xaf wai i sovia |àh om fhcomomk {div fivi ou

mhehuui| v` ei|| `xv ovu b`mov`|omk imf ifsouomk cxmevo`mu-

Vdh E`bbouuo`m |hehoshf i |he`bbhmfivo`m c|`b W|`chuu`|u Haahm

J|hov~lh|k! Boediha \ifhahv imf Uvhshm Udiv~ fhue|olomk i e`bw|hdhmuosh

Documents

Report and Recommendations on the Administration of the Death Penalty in California