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Experience of Mexico in the field of bioenergy & perspectives in the field of bioenergy technology
Dr. Roberto Parra Saldívar Centro del Agua Para America Latina y el Caribe, Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey, México
EUROCLIMA Project Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (EC JRC)
Centre of Renewable Energies of Chile (CER, Ministry of Energy)
International cooperation in the field of bioenergy technology
Santiago de Chile: 12-13 March 2013
Reserve/production = 54 years! Estimated of 471.8 EJ total consumption with fossil
fuels supplying 87 %*
Due to this level of use, the current world reserve/production ratio for oil is 54.2 years.
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NorthAmerica
S. andCent.
America
Europeand
Eurasia
MiddleEast
Africa AsiaPacific.
GlobalRe
serv
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du
ctio
n
rati
o (
yea
rs)
*Energy Information Administration’s 2011
Global RE consumption 16.7 % RESs include biomass, hydropower, geothermal, solar,
wind and marine energies
Energy status in Mexico Mexico is one of the largest oil producers in the
world.
Oil production in the country has begun to decrease, as production at the giant Cantarell oil field declines.
•Imports: 15% natural gas. 40% for gasoline 15% of diesel
Mexican Petroleum Company (PEMEX) is the seventh largest petroleum company worldwide by crude oil output .
Federal Electric Commission (CFE) is the 6th largest power company in the world.
Renewable energy status in Mexico An estimated of 88.7 % came from fossil fuels, 7.0 %
from renewable *
*Secretaría de Energía
There are 204 RESs power stations functional or under construction
Total installed capacity of 5,505 MW.
75 % of this capacity is concentrated in the states of Oaxaca, Baja California, Veracruz and Nuevo Leon.
Research efforts in Mexico (1982-2012)
Almost 3/4 related to the use of biomass
The lowest contribution in hydropower and wind energy (started much later than the others; 1994 and 1996)
*Scopus database.
Trends
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Nu
mb
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pu
bli
cati
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s
Year
Biomass
Solar
Wind
Geothermal
Hydropower
Institutions Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 25.74%
Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados 9.17%
Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5.52%
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 11.49%
Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo 6.51%
Instituto Politécnico Nacional 6.13%
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 12.01%
Colegio de Postgraduados 4.05%
Instituto Politécnico Nacional 3.91%
Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas 40.10%
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 12.38%
Comisión Federal de Electricidad 7.43%
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 13.39%
Comisión Federal de Electricidad 9.82%
Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas 7.14%
SOLAR
WIND
GEOTHERMAL
BIOMASS
HYDROPOWER
Solar energy Mexico is among the top five most attractive countries
in the world to invest
Facilities: In operation capacity (33 MW) Under construction (39.1 MW) TOTAL: 72.1 MW
Solar Potential
Wind Energy
Mexico has wind energy potential of 71000 MW . However, only 1.7 % of this potential is currently in use. Potential zones:
A) Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Oaxaca)
B) State of Baja California.
C) The coast Gulf of Mexico.
D) Northern and Central Region.
E) Coast of the Yucatan Peninsula.
Wind Potential
B
C
A
D
E
Facilities: In operation capacity (1214 MW) Under construction (2069 MW)
TOTAL: 3283 MW
Geothermal Energy Mexico is ranked fourth in geothermal power
generation worldwide and estimated potential of 7560 MW.
Cerro Prieto plant (Baja California) accounts for close to the three quarters of total installed capacity
Potential: 7560 MW.
Facilities: In operation capacity (980 MW) Under construction (75 MW) TOTAL: 1033 MW
Hydropower 72 stations in operation.
Identified over 100 possible sites for its exploitation
Facilities: In operation capacity (11603MW) Under construction (136MW) TOTAL: 11739MW
Bioenergy 59 reported operating projects for co-generation and
power supply in 2012.
This source has the highest potential: around 2,635 to 3,771 PJ/year:
A) 77.9 % of it would come plantations.
B) 20.1 % from liquid bioenergetics.
C) 2 % from biogas.
Facilities: In operation capacity (908 MW) Under construction (93 MW) TOTAL: 641 MW
Barriers and solutions
Energy strategy: policies and energy prospective are based on fossil fuels reserves.
Policies: economical and fiscal incentives should be considered.
Technology: increase exploration of renewable energy sources.
Promote energy small producers.
Standardization and simplification of procedures
Investment in exploration and perforation
Promotion of educational programs and university
International status quo and future directions
Contents Biobased Economy
Bio
refi
ner
ies
Definition
Categories
Objective
Products
Systems
Systems revisted Conclusions
The Biobased Economy
Closing the loop: No waste & CO2 - neutral
Drivers: Kyoto Security of
supply Agricultural
policies Sustainability Economics
World biomass demand in 2050 Food/Feed 10 billion ton biomass for 3billion ton food
Energy 10 billion ton equivalent to 160 EJ
Chemical industry 1 billion ton for 0.3 billion top product
Specialities 1 million ton
Wood and composities 2 to 3 billiion ton
Current production 170 billion ton biomass of wich 6 billion ton is used: • 1.8 grains • 2.2 other food (sugar, vegetables, starch, etc) • 2 wood • 0.01 other non - food
The new biomass value chain: a new €- game
Agro logistics Food
pretreatment Food
conversion Food
production
Biomass sources: Agro – food
production by products & waste
Logistic & storage,
production imports
New pre-treatment % conversion
New production. Performance materials.
Base&platform chemicals. Performance chemicals. Bio Energy.
Existing conversion
Existing production
€
€
Comparison of the basic – principles of the petroleum refinery and the biorefinery
Petroleum
Fuels and Energy
Chemistry
Biomass
Fuels and energy
Bioethanol, Biodiesel, Biogas Hydrogen
Material Utilisatoin, chemistry
Basic and Fine
chemicals,
Biopolymers and
bioplastics
Refinery
BioRefinery
Biorefinery Definitions NREL
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/biorefinery.html)
A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipmento to produce fuels, power, and value – added chemicals from biomass. The biorefinery concept is analogous to today petroleum refinery, which produce multiple fuels and products from petroleum.
US-DOE:US Department of Energy (http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/)
A biorefinery is an overall concept of a processing plant where biomass feedstocks are converted and extracted into a spectrum of valuable products.
Shell (http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/pdf/gp/gp_events/biorefinery/04_schaverien_en.pdf)
Addition of Pure Plant Oil into traditional oil refineries.
Cluster of biobased industries producing chemicals, fuels, power, products, and materials.
Schematic overview of a general biorefinery concept
Biomass
Pretreatment
Primary separation
• Primary Product 1
• Primary Product 2
• Intermediate
Conversion/
Pretreatment
Secondary separation
• Product 3
• Product 4
• Intermediate 2nd
conversion
Product 5
Primary Biorefinary
Secondary Biorefinary
Which Products? Chemicals
Fuels
Power and heat All biorefineries should become Heat and may be power independent
Materials (Fibres, Starch, Wood) Can be important (economic) products but are by itself outside the
Biorefinery definition
Food and Feed Can be important (economic) products but are by itself outside the
Biorefinery definition.
Ashes, CO2, H2O,…
Biorefinery Categories Generation I Biorefinery
Dry – milling bioethanol plant
Generation II Biorefinery Wet – milling bioethanol plant
Generation III Biorefinery
Biorefinery Development 2005 2010 2015
Existing Starch based
biorefineries: Wet & Dry
Mills
Increase Ethanol production by
access to residual starch & increased
protein in Coproducts
Use of residues in a dry mill to increase
ethanol production
Fractionation of residue in dry for
new coproducts from lignin
Fractionation of grain and residues
introduction of energy crops in dry mill
Integrated industrial bioR multiple
feedstocks fractionated to high value products for
economics and fuels production drive scale
General Objective There is an agreement about the objective, which is
briefly defined as (Kamm & Kamm, 2005):
«Developed biorefineries, start with a biomass – feedstock – mix to produce a multiplicity of most
various products by a technologies – mix».
Biorefinery Systems Lignocellulosic feedstock biorefinery which use nature – dry
raw material.
Whole crop biorefinery which uses raw material such as cereals or maize.
Green biorefineries which use nature – wet biomasses such as green grass, alfalfa, clover, or immature cereal.
Biorefinery two platforms concept includes the sugar platform and the syngas platform.
Lignocellulosic Feedstock Biorefinery
Lignocelluloses Lignocellulosic
Feedstock (LCF)
Cellulose «Biotech/Chemical
»
Hemicelluloses (Polyoses)
«Biotec/Chemical»
Cogeneration Heat & Power
Extractives
Ligning «Chemical»
Sugar Raw material
Fuels, Chemicals Polymers
And materials
Ligning Raw material
Residues
Residues
The Forest Biorefinery
Extract Hemicelluloses New products
chemicals polymers $3.3 billion
66x106 mt CO2 O2
BL Gasifier Wood Residual Gasifier Combined Cycle System Process to manufacture
Liquid Fuels and Chemicals
Syngas
Power Export $3.8 billion Or
Liquid Fuels/chemicals
$5.5 billion
Steam, Power & Chemicals
Black Liquor & Residuals
Net Revenue Assumptions: Acetic Acid - $1.73/gallon
Ethanol - $1.15/gallon Pulp - $100/ton net profit
Purchased Electricity - $43.16/MWH Exported Electricity - $40.44/MWH
Renewable Fisher Tropsch Fuel - $57/bbl
Pulp $5.5 billion
Value Added Chemicals From wood Wood Chips Pulp mill Pulp Paper
Intermediates Bark Tail Oil Pulpong liquor
Suberin Extractives
Fatty acids Carbohy-
drates Phenolics Methanol
Functional polymers
Fine chemicals Pharmaceuticals
Antioxidants
Water based alkyds Wood
treatment agents
Hydrogels Chelators
Emulsifiers Food
ingredients
Liquid fuels
Polymers Speciality
Whole Crop Biorefinery Concept
Whole Crop Cereals
– Dry Mil -
Grain «Biotech/Chemical» «physical/chemical»
Flour (meal) «Physical/Chemical»
Cogeneration Heat & Power
Extractives
Straw «Biotech/Chemical»
Starch line, Sugar,
Raw material
Fuels, Chemicals Polymers
And materials Residues
Lignocellulosic Raw material
Green biorefinery concept
Green Biomass Techn. Press
Press Juice «Biochemical»
«Biotech/Physical»
Biogas Cogeneration
Heat and Power Hydrogen
Press Cake «Hydrothermal»
«Enzymatic» «Thermal chemical»
Proteins Soluble Sugars
Feed, Fuels, Chemicals Polymers
And materials
Residues
Residues
Cellulose Lignocellulose
Composition of grass
Porcentaje
Oligo - saccharides
Lipids
Organic acids
Mono/di -saccharides
Minerals
Water 80 – 90 %
Dry Susbtance 10-20%
Biorifinery two platforms concept
Biomass
Sugar Platform «Biochemical»
Cogeneration Heat and Power
Extractives
Syngas Platform «Gasification»
«Thermal chemical»
Sugar Raw material
Fuels, Chemicals Polymers
And materials
Clean Gas
Residues
Conditioning Gas
Plants and Sun
Torrefaction
Gasification
Tar removal «Olga» Unit
Aqueous scrubber
CO2 removal
Cryogenic distillation
Syngas
Combined cycle
The staged catalytic biomass conversion process scheme
Torrefaction area 180 – 290°C
Catalyst?
Pyrolysis area 290 – 600°C
Catalyst?
Gasification area > 600°C Catalyst?
Product separation and upgrading
Crude Crude
Crude
Biomass
Fuels Power Heat
Base / Plarform Chemicals
Staged (catalytic) biomass degasification
Location A highly evolved industrial ecosystem is located in the
seaside industrial town of Kalundborg, Denmark.
The case of Kalundborg, Denmark is a seminal example of industrial symbiosis (IS) in the industrial ecology (IE).
History A new oil refinery decided to use Lake Tissø water instead of groundwater, which is very scarce in Kalundborg.
1961
• The city of Kalundborg took the responsibility for building the pipeline while the refinery financed it.
• The collaborations among the municipality and enterprises began to flourish.
The partners realized how well the ‘self-organized.’
End of the 1980’s
Actually Eleven physical linkages comprise much
of the tangible aspect of industrial symbiosis in Kalundborg.
The development of the IS:
Several allocated
companies
local municipality
complex web of symbiotic interactions
Participants in the Industrial Symbiosis
According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), there are several companies participating as recipients of material and energy, but the main partners of the IS are:
a 1,500-MW power plant which is part of SK Power Company and the largest coal-fired plant producing electricity in Denmark.
Asnaes power station:
an oil refinery belonging to the Norwegian State oil company.
Statoil:
Participants in the Industrial Symbiosis
a multi-national biotechnology and pharmaceutical company. It is the largest producer of insulin and industrial enzymes.
Novo Nordisk:
a Swedish company producing plasterboard for the building industry.
Gyproc:
a soil remediation company that joined the symbiosis in 1998.
Bioteknisk Jordrens:
which receives excess heat from Asnaes for its residential district heating system. (UNEP).
The town of Kalundborg:
Interaction Among Participants in the Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis
The staring resource of the Kalundborg symbiosis is water, which is a highly valorized resource in Denmark (UNEP).
Wastewater and cooling water from the Statoil refinery are reused at the power plant of Asnaes.
Interaction Among Participants in the Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis
For secondary purposes, the cooling water is used to feed water for boilers producing stream, electricity and also for desulfurization processes.
The desulfurization process produces calcium sulfate (gypsum) used in the production of plasterboards by Gyproc where part of the natural gypsum used is replaced. The heated cooling water from condensation is piped out to fish farms nearby, increasing its efficiency.
Interaction Among Participants in the Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis
Asnaes power plant produces heat for the town of Kalundborg and steam for the Statoil refinery and for the Novo Nordisk for heating of their processes.
The excess of gas from Statoil is treated to remove sulfur, to be later sold as raw material for production of sulfuric acid. The clean gas is supplied to Asnaes and to Gyproc as an energy source.
Interaction Among Participants in the Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis
Asnaes power plant produces heat for the town of Kalundborg and steam for the Statoil refinery and for the Novo Nordisk for heating of their processes.
The excess of gas from Statoil is treated to remove sulfur, to be later
sold as raw material for production of sulfuric acid. The clean gas is supplied to Asnaes and to Gyproc as an energy source.
Novo Nordisk creates large quantities of used biomass containing
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which are used as liquid fertilizer by local farmers.
In addition, slid by-products such as fly ash, sludge, and biomass are
recycled locally and no locally
Results Several reductions in use of materials have been achieved through the process of industrial symbiosis in Kalundborg.
Asnaes has reduced the fraction of available energy directly discarded by about 80%.
Since 1981, the town of Kalundborg has eliminated the use of 3,500 oil-fired residential furnaces by distributing heat from the power plant through a network of underground pipes.
Results Homeowners pay for the piping, but receive cheap, reliable heat in return.
The Statoil refinery receives 40% of its steam requirements while Novo Nordisk receives all of its steam requirements from Asnaes.
Asnaes’s scrubber meets two-thirds of Gyproc’s gypsum needs.
Symbiotic linkages have reduced the water demand by around 25%.
Results
In total, IS in Kalundborg counts approximately 20 different by-products exchanges in operation (Jacobsten, 2006).
Even though material flows in the IS of Kalundborg are based either on water, solid waste, or energy exchange, the main reason why the Kalundborg symbiosis started was in order to lessen the use of groundwater.
Jacobsten (2006) focuses on the water and stream exchanges in the Kalundborg IS complex in order to save groundwater, showing that pure water-related exchanges lead to economic benefits because of scarcity and costliness of groundwater resources.
Conclusions
Mexico ranks ninth in the world in crude oil reserves.
Only 7 % of its energy is produced from RESs
Research efforts (1982-2012) have been led by Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico in hydropower, wind, solar and biomass energy and Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas.
Research focused mainly in biomass and less in hydropower.
Conclusions
Hydropower has the highest installed capacity.
Mexico is ranked fourth in geothermal power generation worldwide.
Mexico is among the top five most attractive countries in the world to invest in solar energy.
Wind energy is mainly in the state of Oaxaca.
Biomass energy has the highest potential for energy production.
Conclusions
Efforts should be addressed to avoid having an energy strategy based on fossil fuels
The implementation of triple helix project for the implementation of biorefineries should be develop urgently
An inventory on byproducts in Mexico with potencial for energy need to be produced
Conclusions
Life Cycle Assessments for new biofuels need to be generated and use as a decision tool for imp0lementation of new technologies
A triple helix proyecto at regional level or in cluster zones should be favored
Thank you [email protected]
