RELIGIOUS PRINCIPLES

RELIGIOUS RITUALS

CHURCH HIERARCHY

CHURCH VS. STATE

Catholic Good works + 7 sacramentsBible + tradition

7 sacraments Pope + hierarchy

Pope superior but Catholic rulers accepted

Lutheran FaithBiblePriesthood of all believers

BaptismCommunion

Organized Church, Congregation has leader

State in secular matters;Church in religion

Calvinist God’s grace needed; man’s nature is depraved; Predestination

BaptismCommunion (as ceremony, not as sacrament)

Congregation ruled democratically by elders

Church over state

Anglican Good works and7 Sacraments (as sign of faith)

7 sacraments Monarch of England Archbishop of Canterbury

State and church are combined

Radicals /Anabaptist

Faith; only adults can make religious decisions

Baptism but only for adults

Congregation rules itself democratically

Separation of church and state

Causes of the ReformationCauses of the ReformationPolitical: Secular rulers vs. PopePolitical: Secular rulers vs. PopeEconomic: Trade and commerce Economic: Trade and commerce

changing economic situationchanging economic situationSocial: Middle class and peasantrySocial: Middle class and peasantryReligious: Corruption, sale of Religious: Corruption, sale of

indulgences and failure of reformsindulgences and failure of reformsIntellectual: Renaissance attitude Intellectual: Renaissance attitude

questioned accepted beliefsquestioned accepted beliefsTechnological: Printing PressTechnological: Printing Press

The Reformation in EnglandThe Reformation in EnglandThe The Church of EnglandChurch of England ( (AnglicanAnglican)) was created was created and separated from the Roman Catholic Churchand separated from the Roman Catholic ChurchReigning monarch of England became the head of Reigning monarch of England became the head of the Church of Englandthe Church of EnglandArchbishop of Canterbury is the spiritual head of Archbishop of Canterbury is the spiritual head of the Church of Englandthe Church of EnglandAnglican ritual maintained the 7 sacramentsAnglican ritual maintained the 7 sacramentsAdded the Added the Book of Common PrayerBook of Common PrayerMost conservative (fewest changes) of any Most conservative (fewest changes) of any Protestant denominationProtestant denominationMary I attempted to force back Catholicism Mary I attempted to force back Catholicism Elizabeth I made England permanently ProtestantElizabeth I made England permanently ProtestantStrengthened the English monarchy, Parliament Strengthened the English monarchy, Parliament and English nationalismand English nationalism

The Basic Tenets of The Basic Tenets of Luther’s Reformed ChurchLuther’s Reformed Church

Justification by FaithJustification by FaithUltimate Authority of the BibleUltimate Authority of the BiblePriesthood of All BelieversPriesthood of All BelieversAll Christians are equal to God All Christians are equal to God no matter what their professionno matter what their profession

Results and Effects of the Reformation PeriodResults and Effects of the Reformation Period• Loss of religious unity in Europe (Catholics/Protestants)Loss of religious unity in Europe (Catholics/Protestants)• Protestantism emerged as a new branch of western Protestantism emerged as a new branch of western

ChristianityChristianity• Catholicism reformed itself as a new religious forceCatholicism reformed itself as a new religious force• Nation-states aligned Catholic vs. Protestant through mid-Nation-states aligned Catholic vs. Protestant through mid-

1717thth century century• Religious Warfare: 1524-1648, then religion declined in Religious Warfare: 1524-1648, then religion declined in

influence in politicsinfluence in politics• National interest became major influence in foreign policy: National interest became major influence in foreign policy:

new motivation for warfarenew motivation for warfare• Power of national monarchs, secular government and Power of national monarchs, secular government and

nationalism increasednationalism increased• Democracy, capitalism and individual rights encouragedDemocracy, capitalism and individual rights encouraged• Growth of Middle Class and its influence encouragedGrowth of Middle Class and its influence encouraged• Literacy and education increasedLiteracy and education increased• Influence of science increasedInfluence of science increased• Individualism, secularism and materialism increasedIndividualism, secularism and materialism increased• Religious tolerance slowly increasedReligious tolerance slowly increased

The Peace of Augsburg, 1555The Peace of Augsburg, 1555• Each prince chose between Catholicism and

Lutheranism for all of his subjects• Reaffirmed the doctrine that the lord ruled

his own land and subjects: Cuius regio, eius religio (Whose region, his religion)

• Calvinism or Anabaptism were not allowed (because their church-over-state or separation of church and state beliefs challenged the authority of the ruler)

• Lands taken after 1552 must be returned to the Church

Results and Effects of the ReformationResults and Effects of the Reformation•Protestantism emerged as a new branch of western Protestantism emerged as a new branch of western Christianity.Christianity.•Catholic Church reformed itself and emerged as a Catholic Church reformed itself and emerged as a renewed religious forcerenewed religious force•Religious unity of Western Christianity ended.Religious unity of Western Christianity ended.•Religious wars raged in Europe for over a century. Religious wars raged in Europe for over a century. (1524-1648)(1524-1648)•Protestant spirit of individuality encouraged Protestant spirit of individuality encouraged democracy, capitalism, and the scientific method.democracy, capitalism, and the scientific method.•Protestantism justified and advanced nationalism.Protestantism justified and advanced nationalism.•Influence of the Church and religion decreased.Influence of the Church and religion decreased.•Secularism and materialism increased.Secularism and materialism increased.•Power of monarchs and secular government increased.Power of monarchs and secular government increased.•Literacy and education increased.Literacy and education increased.•Religious toleration slowly emerged.Religious toleration slowly emerged.

Major Reforms of the Council of Trent Salvation came through Faith, good works, and

observing the 7 sacraments Authority of the Bible AND Church traditions Hierarchy and power of the Papacy re-affirmed Only Latin Bible (“The Vulgate”) approved Improved education for Catholic Clergy Banned pluralism, simony and absenteeism.

Stopped the sale of indulgences. Established Index of Prohibited Books Inquisition extended to combat heresy Jesuits empowered to extend Catholicism and fight

Protestant expansion

The Counter-Reformation in Practice:The Counter-Reformation in Practice: Council of Trent: Passes reforms Council of Trent: Passes reforms

answering Protestant challenge and answering Protestant challenge and changing the Catholic Churchchanging the Catholic Church

Jesuits: New religious order that Jesuits: New religious order that combats Protestantism (sometimes combats Protestantism (sometimes with force) and spreads Catholicismwith force) and spreads Catholicism

Inquisition: Extended to be used Inquisition: Extended to be used against Protestantism as heresyagainst Protestantism as heresy

Index of Prohibited Books: Banned Index of Prohibited Books: Banned books that contradicted Catholic books that contradicted Catholic theologytheology

Counter Reformation limited Counter Reformation limited Protestantism and spread Catholicism Protestantism and spread Catholicism outside Europeoutside Europe

Causes of the War between Spain and Causes of the War between Spain and England,England, Attack of the Spanish Armada, 1588Attack of the Spanish Armada, 1588

England returned to Protestantism under England returned to Protestantism under Elizabeth I; Philip II was the leader of the Elizabeth I; Philip II was the leader of the Catholic factionCatholic factionEnglish “Sea Dogs” attacked Spanish shipping English “Sea Dogs” attacked Spanish shipping

and coloniesand coloniesEngland was moving into Spanish-claimed England was moving into Spanish-claimed

America: Francis Drake attacked Spanish ships America: Francis Drake attacked Spanish ships in the Pacific; Walter Raleigh established a in the Pacific; Walter Raleigh established a colony in North America (North Carolina)colony in North America (North Carolina)England had sent aid to the Dutch in their England had sent aid to the Dutch in their

rebellion against Spanish rulerebellion against Spanish ruleMary, Queen of Scots, was executed after being Mary, Queen of Scots, was executed after being

part of a plot to overthrow Elizabeth Ipart of a plot to overthrow Elizabeth I

The Holy Roman Empire (German The Holy Roman Empire (German states) was the major battlegroundstates) was the major battleground

It started as another religious war: It started as another religious war: Catholics vs. ProtestantsCatholics vs. Protestants

It was a war of centralized power It was a war of centralized power against provincial poweragainst provincial power

It developed into an international war It developed into an international war over Habsburg powerover Habsburg power

It can be viewed as 4 separate wars: It can be viewed as 4 separate wars: Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, FrenchBohemian, Danish, Swedish, French

It marks the end of religious It marks the end of religious domination of European affairsdomination of European affairs

It was ended by the Treaty of It was ended by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.Westphalia in 1648.

The Thirty Years War: The BasicsThe Thirty Years War: The BasicsThe Thirty Years War: The BasicsThe Thirty Years War: The Basics

Causes of the Causes of the Thirty Years’ WarThirty Years’ War• Extreme tension between Catholicism and Protestantism• The Holy Roman Empire was religiously divided by the

Peace of Augsburg (1555); no Calvinism• The Holy Roman (Habsburg) Empire was divided and

unconsolidated• The Habsburgs ruled more land in Europe than anyone else• Many believed Habsburgs had upset the balance of power

controlling too much• Ferdinand II wanted to be HRE and to increase and his

consolidate power• The states of the Holy Roman Empire wanted to be as

independent and as sovereign as possible• German princes wanted independence and a weaker

emperor• Calvinists wanted the right to religion; Bohemians wanted

freedom of religion• Catholics and Protestants each wanted to extend territorial

rule• Protestants continued to seize lands of the Church; Catholics

objected

Results of the Thirty Years’ WarResults of the Thirty Years’ War France emerged as the greatest powerFrance emerged as the greatest power Major devastation and death occurred in the German Major devastation and death occurred in the German

states (1/3 of the population lost)states (1/3 of the population lost) Spanish Habsburg power was broken and declinedSpanish Habsburg power was broken and declined Portugal returned as a sovereign nationPortugal returned as a sovereign nation Austrian Habsburg power turned away from the Holy Austrian Habsburg power turned away from the Holy

Roman Empire toward the BalkansRoman Empire toward the Balkans Sweden became the greatest power in the North on the Sweden became the greatest power in the North on the

BalticBaltic German states of the Empire (300+) became independentGerman states of the Empire (300+) became independent Dutch Netherlands and Switzerland became independentDutch Netherlands and Switzerland became independent Calvinism was granted full rights in the EmpireCalvinism was granted full rights in the Empire The nation-state system now dominatedThe nation-state system now dominated

Causes for Revolution by the DutchPolitical: Nationalism – Philip II was SpanishPolitical: Absolutism – Philip II was an absolute rulerEconomic: Mercantilism – Philip II was a mercantilist who interfered with Dutch tradeEconomic: Business – Dutch merchants were used to economic and social independenceSocial: Religion – Philip II was a Catholic and wanted to destroy Protestantism (Dutch Calvinism)Social: Rise of Middle Class – Dutch middle class merchants wanted greater social status and political power

Motivation for European ExplorationMotivation for European Exploration• GoldGold: The pursuit of wealth from : The pursuit of wealth from

trade in spices and other goodstrade in spices and other goods• GodGod: The desire to spread : The desire to spread

Christianity to areas outside EuropeChristianity to areas outside Europe• GloryGlory: The effort to gain individual : The effort to gain individual

fame and national gloryfame and national glory• GatewayGateway: The desire to gain control : The desire to gain control

over vital areas and access to new over vital areas and access to new areas of wealth and powerareas of wealth and power

Effects of Exploration on Europe IEffects of Exploration on Europe I• Strengthened nationalism and the power of Strengthened nationalism and the power of

national monarchiesnational monarchies

• Further weakened feudalism and the old nobilityFurther weakened feudalism and the old nobility

• Created the need for strong naviesCreated the need for strong navies

• Brought political-economic alliance between Brought political-economic alliance between national government and the middle class national government and the middle class merchants and business interestsmerchants and business interests

• Brought mercantilism and a new government Brought mercantilism and a new government role in the economyrole in the economy

• Added new commodities to the European market Added new commodities to the European market place and new items in the dietplace and new items in the diet

Effects of Exploration on Europe IIEffects of Exploration on Europe II• Population increased due to the improved dietPopulation increased due to the improved diet• Caused inflation: higher prices, higher rents and Caused inflation: higher prices, higher rents and

demand for higher wagesdemand for higher wages• Brought a new financial system: insurance, Brought a new financial system: insurance,

corporations, and modern banking and creditcorporations, and modern banking and credit• Political and economic power shifted from the Political and economic power shifted from the

central corridor of Europe to the Atlantic coastcentral corridor of Europe to the Atlantic coast• Brought continuing growth of the Middle Class Brought continuing growth of the Middle Class

(merchants, bankers, investors) and their political (merchants, bankers, investors) and their political powerpower

• Continued and speeded the growth of the Continued and speeded the growth of the Commercial Revolution: capitalism, money Commercial Revolution: capitalism, money economy, global tradeeconomy, global trade

Effects on the non-European WorldEffects on the non-European World• European culture spread by dominance including European culture spread by dominance including

the force of armsthe force of arms• Europeans emigrated to non-European areas of the Europeans emigrated to non-European areas of the

worldworld• Massive loss of life to Native Americans mostly Massive loss of life to Native Americans mostly

from exposure to European diseasesfrom exposure to European diseases• African slave trade was developed to provide labor African slave trade was developed to provide labor

on European colonial plantationson European colonial plantations• Militarily-weaker areas (Latin America, Africa, Militarily-weaker areas (Latin America, Africa,

Asia) were dominated by Europe until 20th Asia) were dominated by Europe until 20th centurycentury

• Europeans became both admired and resented by Europeans became both admired and resented by the non-European worldthe non-European world

Long-term Impact upon EuropeLong-term Impact upon Europe• CompetitionCompetition: Europeans became competitive : Europeans became competitive

for colonial areasfor colonial areas

• Influence spreadInfluence spread: European affairs became : European affairs became world affairsworld affairs

• WarfareWarfare: European wars could be caused by : European wars could be caused by trade and spread outside Europetrade and spread outside Europe

• Economic effectsEconomic effects: Europe became dependent : Europe became dependent upon imports from coloniesupon imports from colonies

• Import-export systemImport-export system: Led to development : Led to development of global economyof global economy

Long-term Impact on the outside WorldLong-term Impact on the outside World• InfluenceInfluence: European colonization led to : European colonization led to

European domination of the worldEuropean domination of the world• EuropeanizationEuropeanization: Colonial system spread : Colonial system spread

political, economic, social styles of Europepolitical, economic, social styles of Europe• Colonial systemColonial system: Colonies lost sovereignty: Colonies lost sovereignty• DevelopmentDevelopment: Colonized areas were held : Colonized areas were held

back in political and economic back in political and economic developmentdevelopment

• Dependence economicsDependence economics: Colonized areas : Colonized areas lose their self-sufficiency; become lose their self-sufficiency; become dependent on industrialized nationsdependent on industrialized nations

Baroque ArtDramatic portrayal of the subjectDramatic portrayal of the subjectTension and conflict on a heroic often tragic scaleTension and conflict on a heroic often tragic scaleUse of light and dark for emphasisUse of light and dark for emphasisGrandiose expressionGrandiose expressionEmphasis on large overstatementEmphasis on large overstatementPassion, mystery, awe, activityPassion, mystery, awe, activityUsed by Catholic Church to decorate and bring back Used by Catholic Church to decorate and bring back peoplepeopleUsed by monarchs to glorify their reigns (especially Used by monarchs to glorify their reigns (especially architecture)architecture)Demonstrated wealth and worldliness gained through Demonstrated wealth and worldliness gained through exploration of the worldexploration of the worldIncorporated techniques gained through new scienceIncorporated techniques gained through new science