rahul report.doc

8/14/2019 rahul report.doc

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Department of Mechanical and Automobile

Engineering

ACE TRACTORS

Summer Training Report

RAHUL RAI

Roll No.- 100109801

Sharda Univeri!"# $rea!er NoidaSeptember, 2013


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Department of Mechanical and Automobile

Engineering

Summer Training Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

%ACHELOR O& TECHNOLO$'

by

RAHUL RAI

Roll No.- 100109801

Sharda Univeri!"# $rea!er NOI(A

September, 2013

A))RO*AL SHEET


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Summer training report, entitled: ACE TRACTORS is approved for

award of 12 credits.

Eaminer!

""""""""""""""""""

""""""""""""""""""

#oordinator

""""""""""""""""""

$ead of Department

""""""""""""""""""

Date%

TA%LEO& CONTENTS


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&age no'

i. Ac(no)ledgement! *

ii. Ab!tract +

iii. i!t of table! -

iv. i!t of figure! .

1' Action con!truction E/uipment imited """""" """"""" "" 101

1'1 ntroduction 10

1'2 ac(ground 1011

1'3 &roduct Range of The #ompany nclude! 12

1' Ace E/uipment 1

2' Agriculture E/uipment4! 1520

2'1 Tractor 15

2'2 $i!tory 151*

2'3 6arm Tractor De!ign, &o)er and Tran!mi!!ion 1+

2'3'1 Tractor #onfiguration 1+

2'3'2 Engine and 6uel! 1-

2'3'3 Tran!mi!!ion 1.20

3' $itche! and &o)er Application 212*

3'1 ntroduction 21

3'2 Dra)bar! 21

3'3 6ied Mount! 2122

3' Three &oint hitche! and 7uic( $itch 22

3'5 Three $itch Re8olutioni9ed and Their mplement 23

3'* &o)er ta(e :ff !y!tem and $ydraulic 23

3'+ &edal! 2 25

3'- e8er! and S)itche! 2*


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' A!!embly &lant 2+35

'1 ntroduction 2+

'2 A!!embly ayout 2-

'3 Rear Ale A!!embly 2-2.

' Tran!mi!!ion A!!embly 2.30

'5 A!!embly of Engine and #lutch Mechani!m 30

'* 6ront Ale A!!embly 3132

'+ &laint Shop 32

'- ;heel 6itment 33

'-'1 6ront and Rear ;heel 6itment 33

'. Radiator 6itment 3

'10 Muffler 6itment 3

'11 Air filter 6itment 35

5'


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*'2'2 &reci!ion Agriculture 1

*'3 Tractor Type! 1

*'3'1 Engineering Tractor 12

*'3'2 #ompact utility Tractor 2

*'3'3 Ro) > #rop Tractor 2

*'3' ?arden Tractor 23

+' #onclu!ion

-' ibliography 5

AC+NO,LE($EENT

ta(e thi! opportunity to epre!! my !incere gratitude to all the people )ho ha8e been

a!!ociated in the !ucce!!ful completion of indu!trial training and the pro@ect Ace TractorB'

)ould li(e to !ho) my greate!t appreciation to the highly e!teemed and de8oted technical !taff,

!uper8i!or! of the Action #on!truction E/uipment limited, 6aridabad' am highly indebted to

them for their tremendou! !upport and help during the completion of our training and pro@ect'

am grateful to the Action #on!truction E/uipment limited and Training #oordinator

Mr'=arun Sharma for admitting me in the !hed for my indu!trial training' )ould li(e to than(

to all tho!e people! )ho directly or indirectly helped and guided me to complete my training

and pro@ect in the !hed'


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Although the title of thi! report refer! e!pecially to Ace tractor, )hich are good in

manufacturing tractor! and the tran!mi!!ion !y!tem, it! good tractor! for agriculture and the

8ariou! hitche! i! u!ed' The different type! of tractor )ith different po)er and e/uipment'

A layman can ea!ily under!tand ho) 8ariou! part! of a tractor )or(! indi8idually and in

combined form in thi! report'

LIST O& TA%LES

)ae No.

Table 1'1 ST&, S;:T Analy!i! and #ompetition 121

Table *'1 Different Type! of loader and Tractor )ith Specification 3


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LIST O& &I$URES

&age o'

6igure 1'1 Action con!truction! E/uipment 10

6igure 2'1 Tractor 15

6igure 2'2 $arri!on Machine ;or(! 1--2 Tractor 1+

6igure 2'3 6our ;heel Tractor 1-

6igure 2' ?a!oline Tractor 1.

6igure 2'5 Tran!mi!!ion !y!tem in Morden Tractor 20

6igure 3'1 &oint $itch 22

6igure 3'2 &o)er Ta(e :ff Shaft 2

6igure 3'3 &edal 2

6igure 3' e8er 2*


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6igure '1 A!!embly ayout 2-

6igure '2 Rear Ale 2.

6igure '3 Tran!mi!!ion 30

6igure ' #lutch &edal 31

6igure '5 Engine 31

6igure''* 6ront Ale 32

6igure''+ &ainted ody Tractor 32

6igure '- 6ront ;heel 6itment 33

6igure '. Rear ;heel 6itment 33

6igure '10 Radiator 3

6igure '11 Tractor Muffler 3

6igure '12 Tractor Airlifter 35

6igure 5'1 Rear Ale 3+

6igure 5'2 Differential 3+

6igure 5'3 Trac( Te!t 3-

6igure 5' Trimo! Machine 3.

Cha/!er 1

ACTION CONSTRUCTION EUI)ENT LIITE(

Figure 1.1Action Construction quipment !ogo

1.1Introduction

A#T: #:STRC#T: E7C&MET MTED A#EF i! ndia4! leading material

handling and con!truction e/uipment manufacturing company )ith o8er 50G mar(et !hare in


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mobile crane! !egment' n addition to Mobile #rane!, A#E al!o offer! Mobile H 6ied To)er

#rane!, oader!, =ibratory Roller!, Truc( Mounted #rane!, #ra)ler #rane!, 6or(lift!, Tractor

and other #on!truction E/uipment' A#E ha! a con!olidated pre!ence in all ma@or nfra!tructure,

#on!truction, $ea8y Engineering and ndu!trial &ro@ect! acro!! the country'

Action #on!truction E/uipment imited i! the leading mobile crane manufacturing company in

ndia, )hich ha! progre!!ed all along to become a profe!!ionally managed S: .:: #ertified

company' A#E i! promoted by a technocrat, a!!i!ted by a team of eperienced manager! and

engineer!'

1.Background

A#E i! promoted and managed by profe!!ional! ha8ing rich eperience in #on!truction

E/uipment domain' A#E i! a 15 year! old enterpri!e )ith it! fullfledged !tate of the art

production facilitie! ba!ed at indu!trial to)n!hip! of 6aridabad $aryanaF and


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umbai, Chennai, 9ol5ata, *i6ag, aipur, anchi and $rich&. -t ensures the fastest suppl& of

spare parts and services, which is unmatched in the industr&.

-n its endeavor to grow the business and offer qualit& products, the compan& has

entered into series of mar5eting tie7ups with leading foreign companies li5e Autogru %7-tal&,

;oomlion7China, aber7-tal&, $igieffe S!7-tal&, which facilitate the availabilit& of latest

technolog& and machines from around the world.

$he compan& has sold its equipment to most of the leading private and government

sector companies in -ndia such as eliance -ndustries !td., umbai, %un+ !lo&d !imited, estern Coalfields !td.,


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Ta3le41.1 4 ST)# S,OT anal"i and Co5/e!i!ion

ST&

Segment

&eople and bu!ine!!e! )ho )ant e/uipment! and !er8ice! in

#rane!, Material $andlingH#on!truction E/uipment and Tractor

Target ?roup

&eople or u!ine!! epecting late!t technology #on!truction

E/uipment and efficient !ale! and product !upport aimed at

!ati!fying their real need!

&o!itioning #ommitment to)ard! total /uality management

S;:T Analy!i!

Strength

;ea(ne!!

1' A brand )ith a good recall in indu!trie!

2' All the company4! product! are increa!ing their

mar(et !hare )ith e8ery year

3' A ma@ority mar(et !hare in mobile crane!

!egment

' t! product portfolio include! To)er #rane!,

oader!, =ibratory Roller!, Truc( Mounted

#rane!, #ra)ler #rane!, 6or(lift!, Tractor

5' The brand ha! it! pre!ence in nearly 30 countrie!

:pportunity

1' imited brand recall !pecially in other countrie!

2' The di!tribution J after !ale! !y!tem i! !till not

a! !uperior a! global leader!

Threat!

1' Mar(eting tieup! )ith leading foreign

companie! )hich facilitate the a8ailability of late!t

technology and machine! from around the )orld

could ma(e it! RJD !tronger manifold

2' ?ro)ing Real E!tate !ector in A!ia

3' ntroduction of product! at regular inter8al! ha!

en!ured a regular ca!h flo)


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S;:T Analy!i!

Strength

;ea(ne!!

1' A brand )ith a good recall in indu!trie!

2' All the company4! product! are increa!ing their

mar(et !hare )ith e8ery year

3' A ma@ority mar(et !hare in mobile crane!

!egment

' t! product portfolio include! To)er #rane!,

oader!, =ibratory Roller!, Truc( Mounted

#rane!, #ra)ler #rane!, 6or(lift!, Tractor

5' The brand ha! it! pre!ence in nearly 30 countrie!

:pportunity

1' imited brand recall !pecially in other countrie!

2' The di!tribution J after !ale! !y!tem i! !till not

a! !uperior a! global leader!

Threat!

1' Mar(eting tieup! )ith leading foreign

companie! )hich facilitate the a8ailability of late!t

technology and machine! from around the )orld

could ma(e it! RJD !tronger manifold

2' ?ro)ing Real E!tate !ector in A!ia

3' ntroduction of product! at regular inter8al! ha!

en!ured a regular ca!h flo)

#ompetition

1' The current economic !lo)do)n in the

de8eloped countrie! could decrea!e it! !ale!

2' Stiff competition from international player! li(e

#aterpillar,


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1.6Ace Equipments

i. Mobile crane!

ii. To)er crane!

iii. ac(hoe and loader!

iv. Road con!truction!

v. 6or(lift!

vi. Agriculture e/uipment!

Cha/!er

Agriculture Equipments

.1 Tractor

A tractor i! an engineering vehiclespecificall& designed to deliver a high tractive effort)or

torque# at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a traileror machiner& used

in agricultureor construction. ost commonl&, the term is used to describe afarmvehicle that

provides the power and traction tomechani6eagricultural tas5s, especiall& )and

originall tillage, but nowada&s a great variet& of tas5s.Agricultural implementsma& be towed

behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor ma& also provide a source of power if the

implement is mechanised.

$he word tractor was ta5en from!atin, being the agent nounof trahere to pull.$he first

recorded use of the word meaning an engine or vehicle for pulling wagons or ploughs

occurred in 10'1, displacing the earlier term traction engine )1D0#.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractive_efforthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_(vehicle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_(grammar)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractive_efforthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_(vehicle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_(grammar)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_vehicle


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Figure 2.1 $ractor

.!istory

The fir!t po)ered farm implement! in the early 1.th century )ere portable enginesE steam

engines on wheels that could be used to drive mechanical farm machiner& b& wa& of a fle?ible

belt. Around 1D', the first traction engines were developed from these, and were widel&

adopted for agricultural use. $he first tractors were steam7poweredplowing engines. $he&

were used in pairs, placed on either side of a field to haul a plow bac5 and forth between them

using a wire cable. >here soil conditions permitted )as in the "nited States#,steam

tractorswere used to direct7haul plows, but in the "9 and elsewhere, plowing engines were

used for cable7hauled plowing, instead. Steam7poweredagricultural enginesremained in use

well into the 2'th centur& until reliable internal combustion engines had been developed.

-n 1D02,ohn Froelichinvented and built the first gasolinepetrol7powered tractor

in Cla&ton Count&, -owa,"SA. A *an 8u6en single7c&linder gasoline engine was mounted on a

obinson engine chassis, which could be controlled and propelled b& FroelichGs gear bo?. After

receiving a patent, Froelich started up the >aterloo @asoline ngine Compan&,investing all of

his assets, which b& 1D0, all would be lost and his business resigned to become a failure.

After graduating from the "niversit& of >isconsin, Charles >. 4art and Charles 4.

%arr developed a two7c&linder gasoline engine and set up their business in Charles Cit&, -owa.

-n 10'/, the firm built 1 tractors, a term with !atin roots coined b& 4art and %arr, and a

combination of the words traction and power. $heir 13,'''7pound H/ is the oldest survivinginternal combustion engine tractor in the "nited States, and is on displa& at the Smithsonian
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploughing_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploughing_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploughing_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Froelichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Froelichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_County,_Iowahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_County,_Iowahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_Gasoline_Engine_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_Gasoline_Engine_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploughing_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Froelichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_County,_Iowahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_Gasoline_Engine_Company


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ashington 8.C. $he two7c&linder engine has a

unique hit7and7miss firing c&cle that produced /' horsepower at the belt and 1D at the drawbar.

-n =ritain, the first recorded tractor sale was the oil7burning4ornsb&7Ac5ro&d%atent Safet&

il traction engine, in 1D0I. 4owever, the first commerciall& successful design was8an

AlboneGs three7wheel -vel tractor of 10'2. -n 10'D, the Saunderson $ractor and -mplement

Co.of=edfordintroduced a four7wheel design, and went on to become the largest tractor

manufacturer outside the ".S. at that time.

>hile unpopular at first, these gasoline7powered machines began to catch on in the

101's, when the& became smaller and more affordable. 4enr& Fordintroduced theFordson,

the first mass7produced tractor, in 101I. $he& were built in the ".S., -reland, ngland and

ussia, and b& 102/, Fordson had IIJ of the ".S. mar5et. $he Fordson dispensed with a

frame, using the strength of the engine bloc5 to hold the machine together. =& the 102's,

tractors with gasoline7poweredinternal combustion engineshad become the norm.

6igure 2'24arrison achine >or5s 1DD2 tractor

.2"arm tractor design# Po$er and Transmission

.2.1Tractor configurations

Tractor! can be generally cla!!ified a! two7wheel drive, two7wheel drive with front wheel

assist,four7wheel drive)often with articulated steering#, or trac5 tractors )with either two or

four powered rubber trac5s#.

$he classic farm tractor is a simple openvehicle,with two ver& large driving wheels
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Akroyd_Stuarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Albonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Albonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Albonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunderson_Tractor_and_Implement_Co.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunderson_Tractor_and_Implement_Co.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedfordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-wheel_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-wheel_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-wheel_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Akroyd_Stuarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Albonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Albonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunderson_Tractor_and_Implement_Co.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunderson_Tractor_and_Implement_Co.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedfordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-wheel_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-wheel_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle


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on an a?le below and slightl& behind a single seat )the seat andsteeringwheel consequentl& are

in the center#, and the engine in front of the driver, with two steerable wheels below the engine

compartment. $his basic design has remained unchanged for a number of &ears, but enclosed

cabs are fitted on almost all modern models, for reasons of operator safet& and comfort. -n

some localities with heav& or wet soils, notabl& in the Central *alle& of California,

theCaterpillaror crawler t&pe of trac5ed tractor became popular in the 10/'s, due to

superior traction and flotation. $hese were usuall& maneuvered through the use of turning

bra5e pedals and separate trac5 clutches operated b& levers rather than a steering wheel.

6igure 2'3Four >heel $ractor

6our)heel dri8e tractor! began to appear in the 1.*0!' Some four)heel dri8e tractor! ha8e the

!tandard Lt)o large, t)o !mallL configuration typical of !maller tractor!, )hile !ome ha8e four

large, po)ered )heel!' The larger tractor! are typically an articulated, centerhinged de!ign

!teered by hydraulic cylinder! that mo8e the for)ard po)er unit )hile the trailing unit i! not

!teered !eparately'

-n the earl& 21st centur&, articulated or nonarticulated, steerable multitrac5 tractors

have largel& supplanted the Caterpillar t&pe for farm use. !arger t&pes of modern farm tractors

include articulated four7wheel or eight7wheel drive units with one or two power units which are

hinged in the middle and steered b& h&draulic clutches or pumps. A relativel& recent

development is the replacement of wheels or steel crawler7t&pe trac5s with fle?ible, steel7

reinforced rubber trac5s, usuall& powered b& h&drostatic or completel& h&draulic driving

mechanisms. $he configuration of these tractors bears little resemblance to the classic farm

tractor design.

.2.Engine and "uels
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar,_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar,_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawler_tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar,_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawler_tractor


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The predece!!or! of modern tractor!, traction engine!, u!edsteam enginesfor power. Since the

turn of the 2'th centur&, internal combustion engineshave been the power source of choice.

=etween 10'' and 10(',gasolinewas the predominant fuel, with5erosene)theumel& il

%ullwas the most notable of this 5ind# and ethanolbeing common alternatives. @enerall&, one

engine could burn an& of those, although cold starting was easiest on gasoline. ften, a small

au?iliar& fuel tan5 was available to hold gasoline for cold starting and warm7up, while the

main fuel tan5 held whatever fuel was most convenient or least e?pensive for the particular

farmer.8ieselisationgained momentum starting in the 10('s, and modern farm tractors

usuall& emplo& diesel engines,which range in power output from 1D to Ihorsepower)1 to

3D' 5>#. Si6e and output are dependent on application, with smaller tractors used for lawn

mowing, landscaping, orchard wor5, and truc5 farming, and larger tractors for vast fields of

wheat, mai6e, so&, and other bul5 crops.!iquified petroleum gas)!%@# orpropanealso have

been used as tractor fuels, but require special pressuri6ed fuel tan5s and filling equipment, so

are less prevalent in most mar5ets. -n some countries such as @erman&, biodieselis often

used.Some other biofuels such as straight vegetable oil are also being used b& some farmers.

6igure2'@asoline $ractor

.2%& Transmission

Mo!t older farm tractor! u!e a manual transmission. $he& have several gear ratios,t&picall&

three to si?, sometimes multiplied into two or three ranges. $his arrangement provides a set of

discrete ratios that, combined with the var&ing of the throttle, allow final7drive speeds from less

than one up to about 2 miles per hour )3' 5mh#, with the lower speeds used for wor5ing the

land and the highest speed used on the road.

Slow, controllable speeds are necessar& for most of the operations performed with a
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumely_Oil_Pullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumely_Oil_Pullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumely_Oil_Pullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieselisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieselisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_mowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_mowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_farminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratioshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratioshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumely_Oil_Pullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumely_Oil_Pullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieselisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_mowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_mowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_farminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratios


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tractor. $he& help give the farmer a larger degree of control in certain situations, such as field

wor5. 4owever, when travelling on public roads, the slow operating speeds can cause

problems, such as long queues or tailbac5s, which can dela& or anno& motorists in cars and

truc5s. $hese motorists are responsible for being dul& careful around farm tractors and sharing

the road with them, but man& shir5 this responsibilit&, so various wa&s to minimi6e the

interaction or minimi6e the speed differential are emplo&ed where feasible. Some countries )for

e?ample the


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ranges, high and low# or a C*$ allow the engine speed to be matched to the desired final7drive

speed, while 5eeping engine speed within the appropriate speed )as measured in rotations per

minute or rpm# range for power generation )the wor5ing range# )whereas throttling bac5 to

achieve the desired final7drive speed is a trade7off that leaves the wor5ing range#. $he

problems, solutions, and developments described here also describe the histor& of transmission

evolution insemi7trailer truc5s.

Cha/!er 2

Hi!7he andPo$er applications

2.1 In!rod7!ion

The po)er produced by the engine mu!t be tran!mitted to the implement or e/uipment to do the

actual )or( intended for the e/uipment' Thi! may be accompli!hed 8ia a dra)bar or hitch

!y!tem if the implement i! to be to)ed or other)i!e pulled through the tracti8e po)er of the

engine, or 8ia a pulley or po)er ta(eoff !y!tem if the implement i! !tationary, or a combination

of the t)o'

2.'ra$(ars

Cntil the 1.50!,plowsand other tillage equipment usuall& were connected to the tractor via

a drawbar, or a proprietar& connecting s&stem. $he classic drawbar is simpl& a steel bar

attached to the tractor )or in some cases, as in the earl& Fordsons, cast as part of the rear

transmission housing# to which the hitch of the implement was attached with a pin or b& a loop

and clevis. $he implement could be readil& attached and removed, allowing the tractor to be

used for other purposes on a dail& basis. -f the tractor was equipped with a swinging drawbar,

then it could be set at the center or offset from center to allow the tractor to run outside thepath of the implement.

$he drawbar s&stem necessitated the implement having its own running gear

)usuall& wheels# and in the case of a plow, chisel cultivator or harrow, some sort of lift

mechanism to raise it out of the ground at turns or for transport. 8rawbars necessaril& posed a

rollover ris5 depending on how the tractive torque was applied. $he Fordson tractors )of which

more units were produced and placed in service than an& other farm tractor# was e?tremel&

prone to roll over bac5wards due to an e?cessivel& short wheelbase. $he lin5age between the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-trailer_truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawbar_(haulage)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-trailer_truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawbar_(haulage)


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implement and the tractor usuall& had some slac5 which could lead to +er5& starts and greater

wear and tear on the tractor and the equipment.

2.2"i)ed mounts

Some tractor manufacturer! produced matching e/uipment that could be directly mounted on

the tractor' Eample! included frontend loader!, belly mo)er!, ro) crop culti8ator!, corn

pic(er! and corn planter!' n mo!t ca!e!, the!e fied mount! )ere proprietary and uni/ue to each

ma(e of tractor, !o an implement produced by Kohn Deere, for eample, could not be attached to

a Minneapoli! Moline tractor' Another di!ad8antage )a! mounting u!ually re/uired !ome time

and labor, re!ulting in the implement being !emi permanentl& attached with bolts or other

mounting hardware. "suall&, it was impractical to remove the implement and reinstall it on a

da&7to7da& basis. As a result, the tractor was unavailable for other uses and dedicated to a

single use for an appreciable period of time. An implement generall& would be mounted at the

beginning of its season of use )such as tillage, planting or harvesting# and removed onl& when

the li5el& use season had ended.

2.6 Three*point hitches and quick hitches

The dra)bar !y!tem )a! 8irtually the eclu!i8e method of attaching implement! other than

direct attachment to the tractorF before4arr& Fergusondeveloped the three7point hitch.

quipment attached to the three7point hitch can be raised or lowered h&draulicall&with a

control lever. $he equipment attached to the three7point hitch is usuall& completel& supported

b& the tractor. Another wa& to attach an implement is via a quic5 hitch, which is attached to the

three7point hitch. $his enables a single person to attach an implement quic5er and put the

person in less danger when attaching the implement.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Fergusonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-point_hitchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Fergusonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-point_hitchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic


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Figure /.1 $hree %oint 4itche

2.The three*point hitch re+olutioni,ed farm tractors and their implements

Almo!t e8ery tractor today feature! 6ergu!on! threepoint lin(age or a deri8ati8e of it' Thi!

hitch allo)! for ea!y attachment and detachment of implement! )hile allo)ing the implement

to function a! a part of the tractor, almo!t a! if it )ere attached by a fied mount' &re8iou!ly,

)hen the implement hit an ob!tacle, the to)ing lin( )ould brea( or the tractor could flip o8er'

6ergu!on! geniu! )a! to combine a connection 8ia t)o lo)er and one upper lift arm! that )ere

connected to a hydraulic lifting ram' The ram )a!, in turn, connected to the upper of the three

lin(! !o the increa!ed drag a! )hen a plough hit! a roc(F cau!ed the hydraulic! to lift the

implement until the ob!tacle )a! pa!!ed'

ther manufacturers copied FergusonGs invention, or developed variations of it. For

e?ample, -nternational 4arvestorGsFarmall tractors had a two7point Fast 4itch and ohn

8eere had a power lift that was similar to, but not as fle?ible as the Ferguson invention.

ecentl&,=obcatGspatent on its front loader connection )inspired b& these earlier s&stems# has

e?pired, and compact tractors are now being outfitted with quic57connect attachments for

theirfront7end loaders.

2.:Po$er take*off systems and !ydraulics

n addition to to)ing an implement or !upplying tracti8e po)er through the )heel!, mo!t

tractor! ha8e a mean! to tran!fer po)er to another machine !uch a! a baler,swather, ormower.

"nless it functions solel& b& pulling it through or over the ground, a towed implement needs its

own power source )such as a baler or combine with a separate engine# or else a means of

transmitting power from the tractor to the mechanical operations of the equipment.

arl& tractors used beltsor cables wrapped around thefl&wheelor a separate belt

pulle& to power stationar& equipment, such as a threshing machine, bu66 saw, silage blower, or

stationar& baler. -n most cases, it was not practical for the tractor and equipment to move with

a fle?ible belt or cable between them, so this s&stem required the tractor to remain in onelocation, with the wor5 brought to the equipment, or the tractor to be relocated at each turn and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobcat_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobcat_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loader_(equipment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loader_(equipment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobcat_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loader_(equipment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheel


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the power set7up reapplied )as in cable7drawn plowing s&stems used in earl& steam tractor

operations#.

Figure /.2 %ower ta5e off Shaft

Modern tractor! u!e apower ta5e7off)%$# shaft to provide rotar& power to machiner& that

ma& be stationar& or pulled. $he %$ shaft generall& is at the rear of the tractor, and can be

connected to an implement that is either towed b& a drawbar or a three7point hitch. $his

eliminates the need for a separate, implement7mounted power source.

2.;Pedals

Modern farm tractor! u!ually ha8e four or fi8e footpedal! for the operator on the floor of the

tractor. $he pedal on the left is the clutch. $he operator presses on this pedal to disengage

the transmissionfor either shifting gears or stopping the tractor. Some modern tractors have

)or as optional equipment# a button on the gear stic5 for controlling the clutch, in addition to

the standard pedal.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_take-offhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)


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Figure /./ $ractor %edal

T)o of the pedal! on the right are the bra5es.$he left bra5e pedal stops the left rear wheel and

the right bra5e pedal does the same with the right side. $his independent left and right wheel7bra5ing augments the steering of the tractor when onl& the two rear wheels are driven. $his is

usuall& done when it is necessar& to ma5e a sharp turn. $he split bra5e pedal is also used in

mud or soft soil to control a tire spinning due to loss of traction. $he operator presses both

pedals together to stop the tractor. For tractors with additional front7wheel drive, this

operation often engages the 37wheel loc5ing differential)diff7loc5# to help stop the tractor when

traveling at road speeds.

$he pedal furthest to the right is the foot throttle."nli5e in automobiles, it can also

be controlled from a hand7operated lever )hand throttle#. $his helps provide a constant speed

in field wor5. -t also helps provide continuous power for stationar& tractors that are operating

an implement b& shaft or belt. $he foot throttle gives the operator more automobile7li5e control

over the speed of the tractor for roadwor5. $his is a feature of more recent tractorsK older

tractors often did not have it. -n the"9,foot pedal use to control engine speed while travelling

on the road is mandator&. Some tractors, especiall& those designed for row7crop wor5, have a

Gde7acceleratorG pedal, which operates in the reverse fashion to an automobile throttle, in that

the pedal is pushed down to slow the engine. $his allows fine control over the speed of the

tractor when maneuvering at the end of crop rows in fields7 the operating speed of the engine is

set using the hand throttle, and to slow the tractor to turn, the operator simpl& has to press the

pedal, and turn and release it once the turn is completed, rather than having to alter the setting

of the hand throttle twice during the maneuver.

A fifth pedal is traditionall& included +ust in front of the driverGs seat to operate the

rear differential loc5 )diff7loc5#, which prevents wheel slip. $he differential normall& allows the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locking_differentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throttlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throttlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locking_differentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throttlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom


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outside wheel to travel faster than the inside wheel during a turn. 4owever, in low7traction

conditions on a soft surface, the same mechanism could allow one wheel to slip, further

reducing traction. $he diff7loc5 overrides this, forcing both wheels to turn at the same speed,

reducing wheel slip and improving traction. Care must be ta5en to unloc5 the differential before

turning, usuall& b& hitting the pedal a second time, since the tractor with good traction cannot

perform a turn with the diff7loc5 engaged. -n modern tractors, this pedal is replaced with an

electrical switch.

2.8-e+ers and S$itches

Many function! once controlled )ith le8er! ha8e been replaced )ith !ome model of electrical

!)itch )ith the ri!e of indirect computer controlling of function! in modern tractor!'

Cntil the beginning of the 1.*0!, tractor! had a !ingle regi!ter of gear!, hence one gear !tic(,

often )ith three to fi8e for)ard gear! and 1 re8er!e' Then, group gear! )ere introduced, and

another gear !tic( )a! added' ater, control of the for)ardre8er!e direction )a! mo8ed to a

!pecial !tic( attached at the !ide of the !teering )heel, )hich allo)ed for)ard or re8er!e tra8el

in any gear' o)aday!, )ithC*$sor other clutch7free gear t&pes, fewer stic5s control the

transmission, and some are replaced with electrical switches or are totall& computer7

controlled.

Figure /.3 $ractor !evers

$he three7point hitch was controlled with a lever for ad+usting the position, or as
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission


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with the earliest ones, +ust the function for raising or lowering the hitch. >ith modern electrical

s&stems, it is often replaced with a potentiometer for the lower bound position and another one

for the upper bound, and a switch allowing automatic ad+ustment of the hitch between these

settings.

$he e?ternal h&draulics also originall& hadlevers, but now are often replaced with some form

of electrical switchK the same is true for thepower ta5e7offshaft.

Cha/!er 6

Ae53l" )lan!

6.1 In!rod7!ion

The final proce!!ed part! from the 8ariou! part! of production !hop and $eat Treatment

reach the a!!embly Shop' A#E ha8e t)o a!!embly !hop different for each po)ertrac and

farmtrac' n farmtrac a!!embly line a!!embled 120 tractor per day and po)ertrac capacity i! -0

tractor per day' 6or lifting the component there are hydraulic lift are u!ed and for !mall part the

u!ed roller' #on8eyor i! u!ed for mo8ing in for)ard direction' The 8ariou! part! reache! the

a!!embly !hop only after being )a!hed, clean!ed and dried, )hich ta(e! place )hen the

different part! are on their )ay to a!!embly !hop' The abo8e )a!hing proce!! ta(e! place

automatically i'e' the machini!t ha! to drop the final &art on the roller con8eyor, and the part!

reach the a!!embly !hop after being automatically )a!hed and dried ';e )ere ad8i!ed to )al(

)ithin the yello) line boundary becau!e of the !afety mea!ure!'

The a!!embly !hop can be di8ided into 8ariou! !ubpart! being a!!embled' The!e group! are

i' Rear ine

ii' Tran!mi!!ion A!!embly

iii' Engine A!!embly ine
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_take-offhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_take-off


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i8' 6ront ine

8' &aint Shop

8i' ;heel A!!embly

8ii' Radiator fitment

8iii' Muffler fitment

i' Air filter fitment

6. Ae53l" La"o!


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6igure '1 A!!embly ayout

6.2 Rear a


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6igure '2 Rear ale

6.6 Tran5iion Ae53l"

The gear bo a!!embly i! the third !tage of the a!!embly unit in )hich the gear bo i!

a!!embled' 6ir!tly, the gearbo cage i! collected from the con8eyor roller and !ucce!!i8ely part!

!uch a! the counter !haft!, clutch !haft!, main !haft along )ith the ball bearing! are a!!embled

to the unit' There i! !eparate !ub unit a!!embling the planetary cage and gear!, )hich i! then

attached to the gear bo output !haft'

6ir!t gear on main !haft )ith 3- teeth and re8er!e gear )ith 3- teeth, !econd gear )ith 35 and

and third )ith 2- teeth' Thi! i! the con!tant me!h type tran!mi!!ion'

After a!!embly of the tran!mi!!ion there i! lea(age te!ting i! perform' n thi! te!t

fir!t gear bo i! full of oil and then !ealed' After that the pre!!ure i! increa!e up to 10 bar' Then

the by the motor po)er the clutch !haft i! re8ol8e at 2+00 rpm' Thi! te!t chec( me!hing of

gear!' After that )hole unit i! a!!embled to the main line and ma(e a complete one unit

'

6igure '3 Tran!mi!!ion

6. Ae53l" o= Enine and Cl!7h 5e7hani5

6ir!t there i! clutch a!!embly' Single clutch organic coil type clutch are fitted' efore the engine

a!!embly there i! a!!embly of 8ariou! other acce!!orie! !uch a! 6oot board, battery clamp and


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other lin(! !uch a! accelerator pedal lin(, clutch lin(, bra(e lin( etc'

Engine from !ub a!!embly are a!!embled to the main line' A four !to(e 3 cylinder die!el engine

fir!t a!!embled at the engine !ub a!!embly'

The 8ariou! lin(! and mechani!m bet)een the engine and the gear bo i! fa!tened

together and the )hole integral unit i! chec(ed for it! complete acce!!orie! etc' n all the abo8e

!tage! of a!!embly, the !(illed )or(er! are u!ed to accompli!h all the !tage! of a!!embly' ut

they are al!o held by the pneumatic bolt gun! and the o8er head automatic con8eyor! and the

alarm con8eyor etc to ma(e their @ob ea!y'

6igure ' #lutch pedal


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6igure '5 Engine

6.: &ron! a


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6igure '* 6ront ale

6.; )ain! Sho/

&aint !hop i! completely automatic' n the paint !hop fir!t there i! degre!!ing , )ater rin!ing and

deminerali9ed )ater rin!ing' After that air blo)ing i! done'

&aint a(ing :8en remo8e! the moi!ture from )aterba!ed coating! and adhe!i8e!' After that

unma!(ing and touch up and painted the body'

6igure '+ &ainted body of Tractor

6.8 ,heel &i!5en!

6.8.1 &ron! and Rear >heel =i!5en!

After painting there i! fitting of rear )heel )ith tyre !i9e of 12'N2- and front )heel fitment

)ith the tyre !i9e of *N1*'


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6igure '- 6ront )heel 6itment

6igure '. Rear )heel 6itment

6.9 Radia!or &i!5en!

Radiator! are u!ed for cooling internal combu!tion engine!, mainly in automobile! but al!o in

pi!tonengine aircraft, rail)ay locomoti8e!, motorcycle!, !tationary generating plant or any

!imilar u!e of !uch an engine'


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6igure '10 Radiator

6.10 ==ler &i!5en!

Muffler! are in!talled )ithin the ehau!t !y!tem of mo!t internal combu!tion engine!, although

the muffler i! not de!igned to !er8e any primary ehau!t function' The muffler i! engineered a!

an acou!tic !oundproofing de8ice de!igned to reduce the loudne!! of the !ound pre!!ure created

by the engine by )ay of Acou!tic /uieting'

6igure '11 Tractor Muffler

6.11 Air=il!er &i!5en!

Air 6ilter can greatly reduce the effecti8ene!! of the 8ehicle! air conditioning and heating

performance' #logged or dirty cabin air filter! can !ignificantly reduce airflo) from the cabin

8ent!, a! )ell a! introduce allergen! into the cabin air !tream


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6ig '12 Tractor Airfilter

Cha/!er

+no>lede anae5en! Cen!re

.1 In!rod7!ion


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A#E Engineer

iii' ACT:#AD 2DF

i8' De!ign Simulation J =erification u!ing 6EA tool! &re proce!!ing Me!hingF

8' Structural analy!i!

8i' Dynamic analy!i!

8ii' 6atigue analy!i!

8iii' :ptimi9ation of !tructure

i' Multibody dynamic! including fleible body

6igure 5'1 Rear ale 6ig 5'2 Differential


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.2 Te!in

n te!ting department te!ting of engine, tran!mi!!ion and tractor te!ting are done' t include!

engine te!t lab, tran!mi!!ion lab and tractor lab'

i' Engine Rigorou! te!ting at the !tate of art Engine Te!t ab include!

ii' 6riction Mea!urement 6or friction mea!uring motoring dynamometer i! u!ed' n thi!

te!t the engine i! fir!t run up to the de!ired !peed by it! o)n po)er and allo)ed to

remain at the gi8en !peed and load condition! for !ome time !o that oil, )ater, and

engine component temperature! reach !table condition!' The fuel !upply i! then cutoff

and dynamometer i! con8erted to run a! a motor to dri8e for the engine at the !ame

!peed at )hich it )a! pre8iou!ly running' The po)er !upply to the motor i! mea!ured

)hich i! a mea!ure of the friction of the engine' t i! about 22(; for 3hp engine

iii' ?o8erning Te!t Thi! te!t i! performed at high idle !peed, rated !peed and an

intermediate !peed'r'p'm i! decrea!ed in !tep! of 20 and it i! ob!er8ed at )hat r'p'm

maimum po)er i! obtained' 6or a good engine, the difference bet)een maimum

po)er r'p'm and the r'p'm at )hich the te!t i! being performed !hould not be more than

100120 r'p'm' ?a!eou! J &articulate Emi!!ion E8aluation 6lame oni9ation Detector

i! u!ed for $# emi!!ion' o!ch !mo(e meter i! u!ed for !mo(e mea!urement'

i8' Endurance Te!t Thi! te!t i! done to e!timate the life of the engine' Thi! te!t i! generally

performed on a ne) engine or an engine )ith !ome part modified' The te!t procedure

depend! on type of modification done' A ne) engine i! run continuou!ly for 3000 hour!'

After e8ery 0 hour! engine oil i! chec(ed, e8ery 100 hour! 6T& te!t i! done and in

e8ery 500 hour! engine oil i! chec(ed'

8' :il #on!umption E8aluation Thi! te!t i! done for oil con!umption e8aluation' n thi!

te!t po)er i! mea!ured by dynamometer and fuel con!umption i! mea!ured'

8i' =ehicle te!ting > 6or 8ehicle there are mainly fatigue te!t, hydraulic lift te!ting, field te!t

and noi!e te!t are done'

8ii' Trac( te!t n thi! te!t tractor i! run! on a trac( ha8ing cleat!, or grou!er!'

8iii' &T: performance Thi! i! done by the help of po)er ta(e off dynamometer )hich


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mea!ure engine po)er at the po)er ta(eoff' Thi! dynamometer ha! range of po)er and

tor/ue' &T: i! 50 rpm at 1+10 rpm'

i' &o)er lift Thi! te!t i! done by po)er lift !et up' n thi! te!t lift i! continuou!ly lifting

the )eight of 1050 (g

' oi!e te!ting Sound meter are u!ed for thi! purpo!e' Thi! gi8e! the -1 d'

i' =ibration te!ting > =ibration te!ting i! done u!ing =ibration mea!urement in!trument!

con!i!t! of

6igure 5'3 Trac( te!t

.6 e!rolo"

3D #MM )ith !oft)areA coordinate mea!uring machine i! a 3D de8ice for mea!uring the

phy!ical geometrical characteri!tic! of an ob@ect' Thi! machine may be manually controlled by

a computer control'

.6.1 Tri5o heih! 5earrin "!e5

Trimo! $eight mea!uring !y!tem Trimo! hight gauge i! u!ed for hight mea!urement'&rofile

&ro@ector )ith optical eye J !oft)are t employed for in!pecting and comparing 8ery !malland

comple part!'&ortable Surface roughne!! mea!uring e/uipment #on8entional in!trument!'


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6ig 5' Trimo! machine

Cha/!er :

Sa=e!"

:.1Introduction

Agriculture in the Cnited State! i! one of the mo!t ha9ardou! indu!trie!, only !urpa!!ed by


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mining and con!truction'o other farm machine i! !o identified )ith theha6ardsof production

agriculture as the tractor.L10M$ractor7related in+uries account for appro?imatel& /2J of the

fatalities and (J of the nonfatal in+uries in agriculture. ver 'J is attributed to tractor

overturns.$he roll7over protection structure)%S# and seat belt, whenworn, arethe most

important safet& devices to protect operators from death during tractor overturns. odern

tractors have a %S to prevent an operator from being crushed if the tractor turns over. $he

%S does not prevent tractor overturnsK rather, it prevents the operator from being crushed

during an overturn. $his is especiall& important in open7air tractors, where the %S is a steel

beam that e?tends above the operatorGs seat. For tractors with operator cabs, the %S is part

of theframeof the cab. A %S with enclosed cab further reduces the li5elihood of serious

in+ur& because the operator is protected b& the sides and windows of the cab.

$hese structures were first required b& legislation in Sweden in 100. =efore the&

were required, some farmers died when their tractors rolled on top of them. ow7crop tractors,

before %S, were particularl& dangerous because of their Gtric&cleG design with the two front

wheels spaced close together and angled inward toward theground. Somefarmerswere 5illed

b& rollovers while operating tractors alongsteepslopes. thers have been 5illed while

attempting to tow or pull an e?cessive load from above a?le height, or when cold weather

caused the tires to free6e to the ground, in both cases causing the tractor to pivot around the

rear a?le.

For the %S to wor5 as designed, the operator must sta& within its protective

frame. $his means the operator must wear the seat beltK not wearing it ma& defeat the primar&

purpose of the %S.

:.Applications and +ariations

:..1 "arm tractor applications

The mo!t common u!e of the term LtractorL i! for the vehiclesused onfarms. $he farm tractor

is used for pulling or pushing agriculturalmachiner& or trailers, for ploughing, tilling, dis5ing,

harrowing, planting, and similar tas5s.

A variet& of specialt& farm tractors have been developed for particular uses.

$hese include row crop tractors with ad+ustable tread width to allow the tractor to pass down

rows of corn, tomatoes or other crops without crushing the plants, wheatland or standard

tractors with fi?ed wheels and a lower center of gravit& for plowing and other heav& field wor5for broadcast crops, and high crop tractors with ad+ustable tread and increased ground
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor#cite_note-19http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/overturnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_(vehicle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmerhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/steephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(slope)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll-over_protection_structurehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/overturnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_(vehicle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmerhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/steephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(slope)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture


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clearance, often used in the cultivation of cotton and other high7growing row crop plant

operations, and utilit& tractors, t&picall& smaller tractors with a low center of gravit& and

short turning radius, used for general purposes around the farmstead. an& utilit& tractors are

used for nonfarm grading,landscape maintenanceand e?cavation purposes, particularl& with

loaders, bac5hoes, pallet for5s and similar devices. Small garden or lawn tractorsdesigned for

suburban and semirural gardening and landscape maintenance also e?ist in a variet& of

configurations.

Some farm7t&pe tractors are found elsewhere than on farms: with large

universitiesG gardening departments, in public par5s, or for highwa& wor5man use with

blowtorchc&linders strapped to the sides and apneumatic drillair compressorpermanentl&

fastened over thepower ta5e7off. $hese are often fitted with grass )turf# t&res which are less

damaging to soft surfaces than agricultural tires.

:..Precision agriculture

Space technologyhas been incorporated intoagriculturein the form of @%Sdevices, and

robust on7board computersinstalled as optional features on farm tractors. $hese technologies

are used in modern,precision farmingtechniques. $hespin7offsfrom thespace racehave

actuall& facilitated automationin plowing and the use of autosteer s&stems )droneon tractors

that are manned but onl& steered at the end of a row#, the idea being to neither overlap and use

more fuel nor leave strea5s when performing +obs such as cultivating. Several tractor

companies have also been wor5ing on producing a driverless tractor.

:.2 Tra7!or !"/e

:.2.1Engineering tractors

The durability and engine po)er of tractor! made them 8ery !uitable for engineering ta!(!'

Tractor! can be fitted )ith engineering tool! !uch a! do6er blades, buc5ets, hoes, rippers, etc.

$he most common attachments for the front of a tractor are do6er blades or buc5ets. >hen

attached to engineering tools, the tractor is called anengineering vehicle.

A bulldo6eris a trac57t&pe tractorwith a blade attached in the front and a rope7

winch behind. =ulldo6ers are ver& powerful tractors and have e?cellent ground7hold, as their

main tas5s are to push or drag.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_maintenancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_maintenancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_mowershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowtorchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackhammerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_take-offhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_farminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_spin-offhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_ground_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulldozerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loader_(equipment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoe_(equipment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulldozerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor_crawlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor_crawlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_maintenancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_mowershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowtorchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackhammerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_take-offhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_farminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_spin-offhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_ground_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driverless_tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulldozerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loader_(equipment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoe_(equipment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulldozerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor_crawler


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:.2. Compact utility tractor

A compact utility tractor #CTF i! a !maller 8er!ion of an agricultural tractor, but de!igned

primarily for land!caping and e!tate management ta!(! rather than for planting and har8e!ting

on a commercial !cale' Typical #CT! range from 20 to 50 hor!epo)er 153+ (;F )ith

a8ailablepower ta5e7off)%$# horsepower ranging from 1 to 3 hp )117/3 5>#. C"$s are

often equipped with both a mid7mounted and a standard rear %$, especiall& those below 3'

horsepower )/' 5>#. $he mid7mount %$ shaft t&picall& rotates atnear 2''' rpm and is

t&picall& used to power mid7mount finish mowers, front7mountedsnow blowersor front7

mounted rotar& brooms. $he rear %$ is standardi6ed at 3' rpms for the


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&o)er


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Cha/!er 4 ;

CONCLUSION

ndu!trial training help! a lot to gain practical eperience of 8ariou! !mall and big topic! that )e ha8e

undergone during our !tudie!' ;ith help of thi! training not only got my!elf (no)n to 8ariou!

machine! but al!o the acti8itie! that happen! in!ide an indu!try'

ndu!trial training )a! a !ource of (no)ledge about the technical a!pect!' t )a! a good platform for

achie8ing 8a!t practical (no)ledge'

A great opportunity )a! pro8ided to ha8e a loo( on ho) my future )ould be after !ometime'

%I%LIO$RA)H'


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;eb in(! %

TractorB 13thKuly 2012 Phttp%HHen')i(ipedia'orgH)i(iHTractorQ

Action con!truction E/uipmentB 13thKuly 2012 P)))'ace'co'inQ

Documents

rahul report.doc