Introduction To Networking LANS and WANS

Foundation Degree in IT for Business

By: Emma Jessup

Staffordshire University

Date Issued: 23/02/09Submission Date: 27/03/09

Recipient: Ivo Chakarov

A Report On The Networking LANS and WANS case study.

By Emma Jessup

Recipient: Ivo Chakarov

Abstract

The evidence in this report shows how to configure the new network for the Warmingham Health Authority. The report will include how the IP addresses were worked out so that the network could be configured; there will be an estimate of the costs to put the project together for the all the sites, the report will show the cabling diagram. This will show where the cabling has to be placed under the floorboards so that the end machines will be connected to the switches. The cabling diagram will be an example of one floor at one of the sites, therefore, this will give an idea of what needs to be completed at all sites for the network to operate correctly. The report will explain how the system will be configured. It will explain how the simulation on packet tracer works. This will give the hospital a proposal of how this network is going to work for what the want it to do. The simulation will show a fully working design, which the hospitals network will be based on.

Acknowledgements

None

Contents

Terms Of Reference

Forward

This report will consider the hospitals requirements for the new future proof network that the hospitals require so that they can work to the appropriate degree of accuracy. The report will explain how to work out the correct IP addresses for the given network address for the machines. A cabling diagram will be shown to explain how the machines are going to reach the two switches on one floor of one of the three sites. Also the way in which the network is going to be configured will be explained and what it has been done is this particular way. The main objective of the report is to show the hospital, which is described in the case study how the desired structure of the network is possible and how this may be completed so that all three sites have a fully working, future proof network.

Aim

1. To describe how the IP addresses we found out.2. To describe how and why particular goods were chosen for costing.3. To provide a cabling diagram to show how the computers will be connected to the switches on one floor of one of the sites.4. To show how the full network can be configured so that everything is connected as shown in the diagram in the case study.5. To explain the costing of the project and why chose certain equipment6. Write a conclusion involving the case study and how the findings were created.

Objectives

1. To gather information on subnetting and VLSM.

2. To evaluate how the costs were put together and why.

3. To use the internet to find out information on costing for equipment and labour

4. To use books and discussions with engineers on how use cabling.

5. To collate all relevant information and findings in a report to show how the network can be configured accurately for the hospital described in the case study.

1.0 Method

The information within this report was collected from…

The internet to investigate subnetting, VLSM and costing for the equipment to make the network useful.

Discussions with engineers to investigate best ways for cabling.

Packet tracer to show a simulation to show the hospital what their network is going to be like and to show that it is possible to get the network working.

1.1 Introduction

This report is designed to show that it is possible for the scenario in the case study to be successful in a working environment. The report will explain how the IP configuration has been worked out so that all three hospitals can talk to one another via the network. The report will show how one floor in one of the sites is going to be cabled. This will then give an estimate of what is needed in cable for the whole network as a rough estimate can be worked out. The network needs to be built so that if changes need to be made in the future it is possible to do so. Prices will be shown and described why certain equipment has been chosen for this particular network shown in the case study. Overall the report is going to explain how the network can be configured so that it will work effectively and efficiently for the hospitals involved.

2.0 Findings

2.1 IP Addressing

The given IP address for the hospital in the case study is 172.168.0.0. Therefore this makes the IP address a class B IP address. As the address is class B, this would make the default subnet mask 255.255.0.0. Knowing this helps when requiring the IP addresses that are needed as shown in the table below.

The Case study required VLSM (variable length subnet mask) to be used to address the network. VLSM is a means of allocating IP addressing to subnets according to their individual need. VLSM is used so that the minimum amounts of subnets are used so that they can be used for future growth.

When addressing the network described in the case study I will use VLSM. To work this out correctly I will start with the highest number of hosts and then work from the highest number of hosts to the lowest. This is done so that no IP addresses will be wasted by going in the highest number of hosts.

The numbers of hosts required for the network are…

120 hosts – For doctors at the Audley hospital 120 hosts – For the doctors at the Peover hospital

90 hosts – For the administration at the Audley hospital

90 hosts – For the administration at the peover hospital

25 hosts – For the warmingham HQ site

2 hosts – For the Patient records and the healthcare server

The starting point was finding IP addressing for 120 hosts. This was worked out by using subnetting as shown below.

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

This table shows how many bits are needed to get to 120. As the bits start at 64 to equal to 120 it shows that 7 bits are required. This is because the table above shows that from 64 to 1 there are 7 numbers used. This is how the number of bits is worked out.

Once the number of bits is worked out the subnet needs to be considered.

The default subnet mask for a class B IP address is 255.255.0.0. The first two octets of the subnet mask do not change. This is because it is a class B IP address.

This subnet mask needs to be worked out in binary which is

255.255.00000000.00000000

When dealing with the subnet mask, 0 is equivalent to host bits and 1 is equivalent to network bits.

As the case study requires 120 hosts, it is essential that the subnet mask has 7 host bits. Therefore, this would make the subnet mask

255.255.11111111.10000000

This address shows that there are now seven host bits and that any remaining bits within the octet will become network bits.

When this subnet mask is converted back into decimal the new subnet mask for this range is created which is

255.255.255.128

For the network to work correctly we need to work out the ranges. The ranges are found out by taking the lowest number in the subnet mask and then find the equivalent to the numbers position in binary.

I.e. 10000000 = 1 = 128

As this 1 represents 128 in binary it means that you need to add 128 to the address in the fourth octet. You go up in 128s until you have reached 255. This is because it is valid within this range.

From this it can be shown that there are two network ranges for this for the network to support 120 hosts. To find out the end address you must minus one from the next range.

e.g. 172.168.0.0 end address is 172.168.0.127 etc. (the 1 has been subtracted from the 128.)

From this you can work out that the range of IP addresses in the first network (Audley Hospital) will be 172.168.0.0 – 172.168.0.127 and the last range is 172.168.0.255.

As all of the IP addresses have been used for both sets of the 120 hosts (172.168.0.0 – 172.168.0.255) the next range will have to be used for the 90 hosts. This will start from 172.168.1.0.

Here are the ranges that I have used for all hosts.

IP address = 172.168.0.0

Subnet Mask = 255.255.0.0

120 hosts = 172.168.0.0 – 172.168.0.127 /25

172.168.0.128 – 172.168.0.255 /25

90 hosts = 172.168.1.0 – 172.168.1.0 – 172.168.1.127 /25

172.168.1.128 – 172.168.1.255 /25

25 hosts = 172.168.2.32 – 172.168.2.31 /27

2 hosts = 172.168.2.32 – 172.168.2.35 /30

172.168.2.36 – 172.168.2.39 /30

Below you will find the table which shows all of the required IP addresses needed for each site described in the case study. These addresses have been worked out by using the above method. The IP addresses have also been used for configuring the network via packet tracer.

2.2 IP Address Configuration

Host/ Interface IP address start

IP address end Mask DCT/DTE* Default Gateway*

Broadcast address

Network Address

Doctor Machine Audley

172.168.0.1 172.168.0.126 25 N/A 172.168.0.126 172.168.0.127 172.168.0.0

Admin Machine Audley

172.168.1.1 172.168.1.126 25 N/A 172.168.0.126 172.168.1.127 172.168.1.0

Doctor machine peover

172.168.0.129 172.168.0.254 25 N/A 172.168.0.254 172.168.0.255 172.168.0.128

Admin machine Peover

172.168.1.129 172.168.1.254 25 N/A 172.168.1.254 172.168.1.255 172.168.1.128

Audley router Fa0/0

172.168.0.126 N/A 25 N/A N/A 172.168.0.127 172.168.0.0

Peover router Fa0/0

172.168.0.254 N/A 25 N/A N/A 172.168.0.255 172.168.0.128

Audley router Fa0/1

172.168.1.126 N/A 25 N/A N/A 172.168.1.127 172.168.0.0

Peover router Fa0/1

172.168.1.254 N/A 25 N/A N/A 178.168.1.255 172.168.1.128

Audley router serial 0/0

172.168.2.34 N/A 30 DTE N/A 172.168.2.35 172.168.2.30

Peover router serial 0/0

172.168.2.37 N/A 30 DTE N/A 172.168.2.31 172.168.2.0

Warmingham router Fa0/0

172.168.2.30 N/A 27 N/A N/A 172.168.2.31 172.168.2.0

Warmingham router serial 0/0

172.168.2.33 172.168.2.34 30 DCE N/A 172.168.2.35 172.168.2.32

Warmingham router serial 0/1

172.168.2.37 172.168.2.38 30 DCE N/A 172.168.2.39 172.168.2.36

Warmingham router serial 0/2

145.45.5.100 N/A N/A DTE N/A 145.45.5.100 145.45.5.100

Patient records 172.168.2.1 172.168.2.30 27 N/A 172.168.2.30 172.168.2.31 172.168.2.0Health care server

172.168.2.2 172.168.2.30 27 N/A 172.168.2.30 172.168.2.31 172.168.2.1

2.2 Project costs

The average price for a technician is £250 for 2 hours work and if the technician works on average eight hours a day, five days a week this averages to about £1250.00 for employ the technician for the week. It is estimated that the job will take approximately eight months to complete. This gives the total cost for a technician to set up the network for £40,000.00. I have used eight months as the technician will have to set up each of the computers on each site, complete the cabling and configure the routers so that they can talk to on another from all of the sites. Eight months should give the technician enough time to complete the job to a good standard and make the network do what the hospital wants it to do.

The desktop that I have chosen to use to set up the network is the Zoostorm advanced premium PC plus the Samsung 22” TFT monitor. For the 420 desktops needed this would cost £275440.20 altogether. This desktop is ideal for use in the hospitals as it can store up to 4GB of RAM. This will be enough room for the desktops to store the necessary information which is needed to store patient information. The PC also has a 640GB hard drive which means that it will run much faster when compared to a normal PC. This will be ideal for the hospitals as the large amount of RAM and large hard drive mean that the PCs have room for further growth if needed in the future. The PCs will be able to store much more data in the future if needed when compared to what they need now and this is why this particular PC has been chosen.

The switches that have been chosen are the WS-C3560-48TS-S - Cisco Catalyst 3560-48TS SMI - switch - 48 ports. I will need eleven of these switches to allow for future expansion. The eleven switches will cost £24803.35. This particular switch has been chosen because it has a data transfer rate of 100mbps. This is fast enough for the three sites to transfer data across to one another without delay. This is necessary as it is a hospital and patient records will be needed quickly. This is why this particular switch has been chosen it allows room for expansion and has an ideal data transfer rate for the hospital in question.

The router chosen for the network is a CISCO2801-SEC/K9 - Cisco 2801 Security Bundle – router. The costing for three of these routers is £3708.66. One router will be used per site. This router has been chosen because it has a high RAM of 256mb to store data. This will allow the hospital store more information and the data transferred from site to site can be stored more efficiently. Also this particular router has hardware encryption installed on it and uses advanced Cisco security. Therefore, the network is less likely to catch any viruses or get hacked into which would be a serious problem for the hospital as they hold highly confidential data on its patients.

The cabling has been priced up for the floor plan shown further down in the report. This is so that an average cost can be given to estimate the price of cabling for the whole project. The costing for the cabling on the one floor of one site is £202.40. It is approximately 600 metres that is needed. I have calculated spare cabling into this costing for error and in case it is needed in the future. From this figure it can be estimated what needs to be completed on the other floors or the other buildings and how and how much each site might cost for the total project.

Total costing for this project is = £344154.61

2.3 Cabling Diagram

2.4 Configuration explained

Within packet tracer I set up the network diagram as shown in the case study. Once the diagram was set up I started to configure the network. I did this by working from one site to another. This made it clear and concise to follow when building the network. The first thing that I did before configuring the system was to give the hosts in each site the correct IP addresses and subnet. This was done so that each host could communicate with one another. When starting configuring the first thing to do is to give the router a host name.To give the router a host name you need to start from global configuration mode. To get to global configuration mode you need to…Enable – exec modeConfigure terminal – global configuration modeHostname <hostname>By doing this it gives you the name of your router.

Once this was completed I configured the interfaces with the correct IP addresses and subnet masks.To do this I did..Interface <interface> <IP address> <subnet mask>No shut (the interface is shut down by default, however to turn it on this command is used.)If the router has a serial cable connected to it which is DCE then the clock rate needs to be set for that line. The command isClock rate <speed in bits>The clock rate is usually set by the internet service provider. However in this given network the clock rates have been set individually.Once the PCs and routers interface was set up with IP addresses, I tested that they were configured correctly by completing a ping test. A ping test allows you to see if data can reach across the network.When all of the sites were talking to each other I implemented EIGRP. EIGRP is a routing protocol. This routing protocol allows all of the routers to send updates about routing to one another. Routers can talk to networks which are directly connected to them. Without the routing protocol the routers would not be able to talk to other networks that were connected.

Within packet tracer to configure EIGRP I carried out the following commands.Router eigrp < autonomous system number> Network <network advertising> <wild card mask>Doing this in configuration allowed the network to set up neighbour relationships to exchange router information.The protocol used on serial 2/0 that connects the internet service provider is showing as being down. This is because packet tracer does not allow you to set the clock rate of the line from the internet service provider. To overcome this problem I simulated

an internet service provider address as a loopback address set on the Warmingham SH site. The commands which I used to do this are as follows from the global configuration mode…Interface loopback <loopback number> < IP address> <subnet mask>On a network you would usually set a default route to the internet as it is not advised to advertise the IP address via the routing protocol as this will decrease the security set on the network.Once this was completed each site had full connectivity. Therefore, once this was done I put a description on each of the interfaces to do this you need to use the commands:-Description <description>A message of the day (MOTD) also needed to be added to the configuration. For this you need to make up a message for example unauthorised access will be reported.To configure the message of the day you useBanner motd <unauthorised access will be reported>The next step is to configure the passwords on the network. The passwords are needed for when someone tries to gain access to a privileged exec mode they will require a password to gain access to this. (All of the passwords set in packet tracer are cisco0To enable a password within configuring you use the commandsEnable secret <password>Using the enable secret command is a very secure method to use so that no unauthorised access in gained into the network.The next password to set is the password for the console port. This is also done from global configuration mode.

The commands are:-Line console 0password <password>LoginThe login command is the most important command as it specifies the router needs to send a prompt for a password.The next task is to set the passwords for the vty ports the commands to use are:-Line vty 0 4 (supports five terminal sessions)password <password>loginThe final thing to complete within configuration is to set up a host table. This enables the user to type the name of the device rather then using telnet and the IP address of the interface of the router.This is completed by using the command:-IP host <hostname of router> <IP address of the interface>The final thing to configure was to use write memory. This saves the configuration which has been carried out on the network. Once this has been completed the configuration is saved and used as all of the devices have full connectivity and can talk to one another by configuring the network in this way.

3.0 Conclusion

Overall by writing this report it is evident that the network that the hospital requires is possible to complete even though it may be timely and costly. The report shows how the configuration of the network can be carried out and why it is done in such a way. However, if I were to do this project again I would change the way of doing the cabling as it is difficult to estimate how much it would cost for three sites to be cabled in different ways. Overall, the report is trying to show how much a project like this would cost to set up and hoe IP addresses can be found out for the whole network to be configured and have full connectivity throughout the whole network.

References/Bibliography

Cabling4less [online] available at http://cabling4less.co.uk/index.php?action=search&searchTerm=rj45 [Accessed 24 March 2009]

Cisco [online] available at http://www.hardware.com/store/Cisco/WS-C3560-48TS-S[Accessed 24 March 2009]

Cisco [online] available at http://www.hardware.com/store/Cisco/CISCO2801-SEC/K9 [Accessed 24 March 2009]

Ebuyer [online] available at http://www.ebuyer.com/product/159365[Accesses 24 March 2009]

Foundry [online] available at http://www.hardware.com/store/Foundry/EIF48G [accessed 25 March 2009]