RADAR

CONTRIBUTIONS

TO MARITIME

SECURITY

KHALID S. ALSUWAIEYH

RSNFEW INSTRUCTOR

NFS, ALJUBAIL

Radar History

• 1842 Christian Andreas Doppler. described how he observed frequency of light and sound waves was affected by the relative motion of the source and the detector.

• 1865 James Clerk Maxwell Describe The Electromagnetic Waves And their Propagation.

• 1886 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz discovered the electromagnetic waves.

• 1921 The invention of the Magnetron as an efficient transmitting tube by Albert Wallace Hull.

• 1922 A. H. Taylor and L.C.Young locate a wooden ship for the first time.

• 1930 L. A. Hyland, locates an aircraft for the first time.

• 1931 A ship is equipped with radar. A parabolic dishes with horn radiators were used.

• 1936 The development of the Klystron by Metcalf and Hahn. This will be an important component in radar units as an amplifier or an oscillator tube.

• 1939 at the beginning of WW2 Different radar equipments are developed in the USA, Russia, Germany, France, Britain, Italy, and Japan.

Radar History

In 1903-1934German inventor Christian Hülsmeyer

who first used them to build a simple ship detection

device intended to help avoid collisions in fog

Numerous similar systems, which provided

directional information to objects over short ranges,

were developed over the next two decades.

The development of systems able to produce short

pulses of radio energy was the key advance that

allowed modern radar systems to come into existence

Radar History

• The original cavity

magnetron built by Randal

and Boot, in 1940 which

provided a leap forward in

radar design

Radar History

In the 1934–1939 period, eight nations developed independently, and

In great secrecy systems of this type:

1-Great Britain

2-Germany

3-The United States

4-The USSR

5- Japan

6-The Netherlands

7-France

8- Italy

Radar History

A Chain Home radar

Operating at 22-25 MHz

with maximum range of

40 miles

one of the first

comprehensive radar

systems

Radar History

The German Freya radar

(1938)

Worked at 250 MHz, 120

miles range and smaller

than its Chain Home

counterpart

Radar History

Ship at sea where the first target to be detected by

radar.

This leads us to our subject in today’s lecture

The radar contributions in maritime security.

Radar Contributions in Maritime Security

In 1939, the battleship New York (BB-34)

Received the US first radar, the XAF developed

by Naval Research Lab NRL

Aircraft carrier

Cruisers RADAR system

Destroyer multi

RADAR system

Madina ( F 2000S class )

Al Farouq ( PGG class )

Radar Contributions in Maritime Security

• The successful optimization of the detection performance

of maritime surveillance radars requires a detailed

knowledge and understanding of both forward and

backscattering from the ocean surface. Such an

understanding enables the development of suitable signal

processing techniques.

Radar Contributions in Maritime Security

• The quality of the antenna is something very

important in a radar system.

• To limit jamming efficiency it is necessary to have

a well designed antenna. The main radar antenna

types are :

• Slotted wave guide antenna,

• Parabolic antenna,

• Cosecant-squared antenna,

• Cassegrain antenna,

• Array antenna.

ANTENNA TYPE (Broadside array)

ANTENNA TYPE (Parabolic Antenna)

ANTENNA TYPE (Truncated parabolic)

ANTENNA TYPE (Cosecant-squared)

RAN 10-S (IT)SEA TIGER

ANTENNA TYPE (Cassegrain Antenna)

TYPE 909 (UK)

ANTENNA TYPE (Phase Array)

ANTENNA TYPE (Phase Array)

Radar Contributions in Maritime Security

The cost and power requirements of such systems need to

be lowered.

Their deployment must also take into account the coastal

environment, and they must integrate properly in the

landscape. They should interface seamlessly with existing

infrastructure supporting operations undertaken.

RADAR CIRCUITS

Sensitivity Time Control (STC) :

• STC is used to vary the gain or sensitivity of receiver as

the range of radar varies.

• STC is designed to reduce close sea returns and clutter.

• STC is a “no cost” EP which can be used to reduce

jamming at short range and prevent saturation.

Sensitivity Time Control

S

SVideo after FTC

PPIWithout FTC

PPIWith FTC

R

R

ACTIVE ANTI-SHIP MISSILE

• The missile itself is fitted with a transceiver/receiver radar.

• These seekers are tracking radar that can independently

engage targets after the launch, without further assistance.

They are called "fire and forget" missiles.

ACTIVE MISSILE

HARPOON

SEMI-ACTIVE ANTI-AIR MISSILE

• Radar: Semi-active guidance needs only one pulsed radar

tracking and illuminating the target and a data link (DT),

which provides a phase reference for the seeker in the

missile.

• The missile seeker antenna bistatically tracks the

reflections from the target

SEMI-ACTIVE MISSILE

NAVAL GUNS

Vickers 4.5 IN MK6Type 904

NAVAL GUNS

Castor 2CCreusot-Loire 100 mm

NAVAL GUNS (Phalanx 20 mm CWIS)

NAVAL GUNS (Goalkeeper CIWS )

Radar Contributions to Maritime Security

An integrated maritime surveillance (IMS) system, based

on high-frequency radar.

IMS provides low-cost, 24-hour, real-time, over-the-

horizon surveillance of large ocean areas, out to the 200

nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

The system can be used to coordinate search and rescue

operations, and to combat smuggling, drug trafficking,

illegal dumping of pollutants, and other undesirable

activities.

Radar Contributions to Maritime Security

The major challenges in using high frequency radars are:

1- Operating within the crowded EM spectrum.

2- Maintaining effective operation in high

environmental noise, ocean clutter,

ionospheric clutter and other undesirable

sources of interferences.

Radar Contributions to Maritime Security

• Numerous national and multinational initiatives in

maritime surveillance have been initiated, with the goal of

having knowledge of all coastal and open-seas activities

relevant to national security. As part of this effort.

• Multi-sensor fusion of data from maritime surveillance

assets provides a consolidated surveillance picture for

anomaly detection.

Airborne maritime radar

Maritime security aircraft

Radar Contributions to Maritime Security

The Global Hawk system is a high altitude endurance

unmanned aerial vehicle developed under the United

States Air Force Advanced Concept Demonstrator

program primarily as a reconnaissance system for use

against fixed and mobile targets.

The Global Hawk system deployed to Australia focus on

maritime surveillance.

Radar Contributions to Maritime Security

• The Australian deployment was the culmination of two

years collaboration between the United States and

Australia that included modifications to the radar sensor

and system control.

Global Hawk maritime surveillance

UAV maritime surveillance system

Maritime Security

• Maritime security is concerned with the prevention of intentional

damage through sabotage, subversion, or terrorism. Maritime

security is one of the three basic roles of the Coast Guards in all

countries have gradually developed in response to a series of

catastrophic events, which began many years ago.

• There are three main maritime security activities conducted by the

Coast Guard:

• Port Security.

• Vessel Security.

• Facility Security.

Port Security

• The Port Security requirements requires security measures

for ports in order to reduce the risks and to mitigate the

results of an act that threatens the security of personnel,

facilities, vessels, and the public.

• The regulations draw together assets within port

boundaries to provide a framework to communicate,

identify risks, and coordinate resources to mitigate threats

and consequences. These measures must ensure that the

total port security posture is accurately assessed, and that

security resources are appropriate to meet these programs.

Port Security

• We must identify critical assets within a port,

develop a prioritized list of those most susceptible

to acts of sabotage, and plan for adequate security

measures to meet specific needs.

Vessel Security

• Coast guard Code regulate vessel security.

• The regulations require the owners or operators of vessels

to designate security officers for vessels, develop security

plans based on security assessments, implement security

measures specific to the vessel’s operation, and comply

with current Marine Security levels.

Facility Security

• A facility is defined as: any structure or facility of any

kind located in, on, under, or adjacent to any waters

subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. and used, operated,

or maintained by a public or private entity, including any

contiguous or adjoining property under common

ownership or operation. Some examples of facilities are:

• Barge fleeting facilities.

• Container terminals.

• Oil storage facilities.

• Passenger vessel terminals.

Radar Contributions to Maritime Security

Activities in the sea related to border surveillance,

including fight against drug trafficking and illegal

immigration as well as search-and-rescue operations

require for the authorities to detect at a long distance

(typically: over the horizon) the presence of small vessels.

The performance of existing radar systems need to be

improved to that effect, or to be combined with other

technologies.

References

1- Radar Handbook Skolnik

2- Radar Principles Edde

3- US Navy Fact Files US Navy

4- Port and Maritime Security Online

5- Jane's fighting ships

6- Jane's Radar and EW equipment

7- EW course NFS Jubail

Any

questions

???