16 Ciln

r-n- ~roce.ss <~n il.nfl.~e~l ~ ~ ~~

?~ . -t!S'-t.o moc0'P~. Ck /n

rJ . J >> be ~ n, A.e <t

')

S'6Yne · Wclj

?w ~n

-~-~-~ . . I

J s 0 f::h rL:C L:t

0:J- ~· l::JVI1f~~te

~M . \ . ~ , ''"'' _,J l fLLrorh:~J e_ )-·~.rr ro cess I~ d(, 1\Vt h !JUI vd YYir)CropJ<t;es

~ cdk/~T celR

Jn V .J<.v.e~ if'> 1,..,'/fo YJ f-o s ; s cvd . ? <I r n til cl fj e.r hoYJ 1; -u~ r) n hj 'in s

S<J'M ~ d r21:t.d r ,· .0 'c

-7 1:(_~- {l!OCeA-1

·f:t~ pkoru fl

cef_r'j CL~ Nor PAI)fvbh~ -(;(,!...{_ s 1,'/( 1/t t f o'6

_.;;;;: .... '

c1 n h!J ~17 OYJ.

"Ylll e. yn (sy rln er I I

r:;-::- " cn•_:jen fMSetJh., cdJ.s

---- l ~ f\ mncroph~e_-

* + :r r-... o'fcte_t\ ~ be_ r~CJ03vti zeJ CVJ ~e..t· ~ ~ ~ y cuJs -»~

. '

~hot[ t'X:~e~ovU ~ ~td~erwus ~s (&ctZl-uft\3 t,J);L r Ct.._ ·~r...-l'l-~--e_-=-.x.--::-"o-=q UlOUS ctl'l ~jt-n.s· CJY\. f(;,e_~'t S i.ttrrf cLCH ~

t cl: cJ / t/ ' fttt ve

0vtd.;::; <IIOL{j

~;1 ~J t~1f (SVJ

~ .514ft~/} a VL 1-1 j ens .WI"' r t k. , ~ r o ce SH)

>~ Ci/no ucuel w;tt\ M HC- li Proteivu

iVl vtst ~ f roce S5€J_ ~(iiJ~ye~~iiJJ f1(\ tyeMs <:f.' ~ o u· tLted. w ;tf: MHC-1 prot elrt s

~ The bacterial antigen fragments that associate with MHC-II proteins are presented to (recog­

nized by) helper T cells (T4 cells), triggering activation of the helper T cells and the release of lymphokines such a~ interleukin-2 (IL-2), which helps to activate B cells. Uncomplexed anti­gen fragments are r~~gnized by receptors on B cells, triggering their activation and transfonna­tion into antibody-secreting plasma cells.

ANTIGEN PROCESSING

2.

~l.t-:>t~· '

Example: A Macrophage Processing Bacterial Antigens

Protein

'"--'

uncomplexed antigen fragment ,

antigen fragment

5. Exocytosis and Insertion of antigen-MHC-11 complex

into plasma membrane

-~f;,

('An<hbot!}- l"tled/at~J ;Yv1YI1Ur?;t;j ~ 3 + Z:d+c.A'u-._ -/ ~ + t!(v "' i r1s+- Lt...::,f; ,.

1/tJAjenf diJr~J :.., bred4 ... /)() ;Js e . o

-...} ~ .J . b "' ct.er; ttK_ +o 'X. ~ f\S

M e_dilvt: sV\1\

1

~ct-)\)1\ f1'v'Y\ db 6 cJls > hM{J~ 7>- g C e.Qls O\ 1'1 t€.S~ond -&, , lkn r to CH£ cd c) rl tljb\ ."). ~~:. ;si)IJ ;J_

b vJ , ~ K-SfcSY\Fie 0 f"h'l ~' 'Yvt u"L<. i n+tnk i-{ -t?-.z ~u d 0-V\h~s ~ fr-oce.s{e.J.. h-u ~ .. , .. · .. , .. )}" .... acrop~i1o,.e~ J , ,

U · · · · :~.J """ .. ~ ' · a-,; " · fl v'\ h. 'eV\ fM.Jer'tf-tj · -~, .... , ..... ~qle(ljy',.t)c. cell;; cill__ (fl Pc)

~ Vn. t€ Co 3 viii\~ ( -. !;en -to .~ b i nd,j;j- o6 .''1" c1nC!"" 1;<, fS c-UR KCe-f10r> ~ E'lLf... speci/,c i:yfe c!J il11tyu-, /SJA/iJs ~ ~ .-tt.c~ /!J ce!)s .~rrJ:- : a~ . lrfj rll f'IIWI(d. 1;o SC'(ft1:i_ r\ 11-f> b o.QJ e 5 1)..,_):- r\.J:t c)( r. ( b ' .J "U>) -f:f,Af .f1 M( fy ('e "'), <'!VI t;j'lon ,

@)~'ABc~ e~e n~Jl~ ·thy -e:vJ·~~ -;;iJ.z C/. oU e 1'1 h r'Lt-e i Y\ ru ~( ( r <1f cJ Rh'<M d(, ide .. hcJ

c JJs) of:, ~_e n.sw.rt cdJs. ~ pb SIIA~ c d.lr Rcre:U_ . sf eii/s 0- r- ~ JJ c1 &_; e S' tt. c'L't c.i.JLcul ;U e ~ -(J.z ~ fYI f h 0.. f'\ d b ( 0 0 d --co rznc~ &;~ s;K cfb in vas/6'n WHERE Trl'&£ IS iNb TD Ttl ETR ANTiG-t=NS · .

r /) :A j i s lfYVlt_ db -8~ d'l c~ v n.le d__ £ c e}jj' M-t . .rncrYY' t~ C~s · ..t-!~.~ c__~.JL-~--n;~_.-J I A-'- • h rfJTJJ w, fl reJ.J s )' ~ !'fAvl!)i 1'1

d t c{ I -e_.r~ (/ h ret f 1 f1 J r!!:J_

0 n () . t? C e.JJ.s ~ f} ... o }J }'-f_ S r(J}1.. tY1 OYQ r r1nJ / OJ? (Yle.-M 6YJ. r~ v--:] I - .J/_ -

of- ./hce..-6t.J&J g,,svJ.d t0_ S1lW\e d n ?Jtn 11ff_etlr _cy

~ ~ t-e rJ (\A.(_

w~ fe_n~trrtte tk_ St611J ((Y

ouJ:WKe_ 7. 1, \

t

n1 UC(JuS) l

{-ose) u KJ1Wvw_ YVtfiCroffii:.,

(jJ · roceJ!,S CJ- J/':l , ~ jlrrl>:n.~ ® t'11G.RA T£ tv~.n3 J{.._ * b &c{e.r; :ct. d n11J~ dYI. . "-- . 4; /ltf Aflh'c , I,J'Ss d ftt11 t:t..W. ~ 4:MfeJ.d (JJ)ct oJrr "J -th._ A.Vl hf"' info MHC,_ 1l ~ /4 Mdcro t.. c q_ M h t7or.Le_ S/ fN..Mtlf

cmit!j ~nf n-h' ~-t1HC- t~} ~ :L.JA~ 1~ .()v r 1'"\1\J\ aJ t'J< _,..,.__ 9 !; · t"- 0 v ~.A-t '--/e._ ~ ----- -e:/:C-'---0 • • •r : (N ""' c s , ,.. nell r 'V kJ""f M h 'c n· S) w. . ..,.. flcliv!t.().... . . . . ® M I G-R. A Tt" ~.j 6t-·

11() /S cdJ- ____ j,p{Asw.A cdl::-~ blo<x:t wscf Cr1rr.yi':'j (j" ) m e1t1. OYJ:. /?. e:e.U. f:hjen _to ttv_. sfl!ee..,.. v

I ttl( 'ut_ to (/\._ e ceU

®{II I --- , J (1\ "'- .foRl.tdt. Locl.:f.ed · ~pn(f~tvJed b!!ckrt" _ --~ WA/H tdp' "" ~ e.-r~ te"'- (}l.. h!V! flitri.h c. ve ss.·t-[ ~ 0 P ; ~ % '- . 1

-" L . @- Mv h 1100. ~J....:;,.. n~, ocyfo~.f:d !w ~ ~Yl ~ o.. ~~ '\~sef,.,.. · .f.ee, f " · _,_, ~-J A. ~ . /1..4 ~ t 10\. ( v~'L' JU..c4..L fw J uCyfo~ S; in 1/I.Se.S dJ. - P,; i 1. ~.J ma.cr:afh~s ~a .At.JfVIfn. nc(.I.R._ t~Ao-t- 1;. ~ ~ il'tU.St' f s'AleUt ·

~.eJ og ~ O~tS ~ o<:i:u/L ~r~bneo,~ld -• 1\..D s {; ' . b ' . ' _J_ f Af"\ frYIMUtlt:.. 1~ SctV(II.t l1Ylf{~ M~ L i/lf(}(}tetJ

ir1. J; 'rcnf ):;wttfrr?hc 1lS:5[i(S ob {be_ boi:J fj:t: tk SaMe. h'll.A_e_

Ag Receptor

MHC II~ Ag Receptor

ll ~ 1 Receptor

MHC 1- Ag Receptor

ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

-,o'

Antigen ----l

Costimulation ............ _....._.. ... ... .......... ,. -2 ....... - ...

I \ PROLIFERATION ...

I \

.. r: :· .:-~ .,. "

·s

I I I

I IL- 1 I

I I I

..1!

•

... ~ ............ ~ I

IL- 2 stimulates

cell division

I ~Lt.,.

r-~1· DIFFERENTIATION I

Antibodies travel via the blood to all regions of the body • and bind to antigens of the kind that stimulated their production, forming antigen-antibody complexes.

Antibodies released

~ ~~ ~ ~~

~(/ ~ Antigen-antibody complexes have three functions : (1) activation of complement. (2) enhancement of phagocytosis (by opsonization). (3) neutralization of toxins and viruses.

Costimulation Macrophages also present antigen to helper T cells. This stimulates the helper T cells to prdiferate and secrete cytokines that costimulate the antigen-bound B cells. Helper T cells bind to the antigen-MHC-II complex and secrete IL-2 that acts as a costimulator to initiate B cell division and differentiation; IL-2 also acts as an autocrine, stimulating proliferation of the same helper T cells that secreted it.

~~-- ·,!

~

'qf~f-~, b ANTIBODY FUNCTIONS

Activation of Complement a ..

Antigen _ __.,_,.,.,..,.-~.... Enhances i nflam mati on

~ (C3a and C5a) .....

~~~-~

..

Phagocytosis

Bacterium =-Antigen

Neutralization

Antibody :1

Antibody Functions

--------~ Enhances phagocytosis .... - C1 receptor

Bacterial Toxin

(opsonization by C3b)

~ Directly kills bacteria (cytolysis by M~C)

Antibodies destroy antigens by three basic mechanisms: (1) Activation of Complement Complement kills bacteria by cytolysis and enhances phagocytosis. (2) Phagocytosis Coating of bacteria with antibody (opsonization) enhances phagocytosis. (3) Neutralization Antibodies link toxins or viruses, forming nonpathogenic substances.

·'if.:"~ .-;··.;

ANTIBODY PRODUCTION IN LYMPH NODE ·-r

Antigen Bacterium ._,

·· Afferent Lymphatic Vessel

Macrophage ,

Efferent Lymphatic Vessel

· Antibody

~~ ?ft~t-%.,, I

,I

I

u-

~ r Lt_

.,::..)...

l)ire~ K(2J

-JE·~ 1"' tva.cJlu.lM

* (f?lV\C'e/L ------------;;-* ~ill~- 1J .;;,'s·rV-~ "

I Hec_~a\1\·,svv. ~

r (."21

L ~IJ A <.lfy' -(,...l(_f S' I

CUJr

,-------------.......-----r-----------.-------------· ~ONe OF -1 HE \viRAl!' 1"J£oTp;/tJSj ARE IN.St;R.Tef)

TN THE PL-A.5MA 1'-1EMgRANE oF -erie H0ST CELL

((lt'\(pLfXEb wiTI-1 rMHC-1 proteins) S\vH~ MHC:-1 frote.lflr 0\J"-t P~e/lf on r

~ ry~ ct cit"-Ajef\- MHc-I C<J-mrf<?-_ eM, h<-Ovr\ vi n/ts __ ~t.~

..---- 1 ~ /)A _ f'1) S ~ · !l CYI/t Q t:(l-C he C _)._ di'Uj.A ~ ___,....\ TU.Mt}v~.,r tlj~j_hCIP~"s . CAnCeA c~ 1 L l)...vt-. ((. U . I v":J

\.1~· t rt~~cf~.-t;ed &:J vlr~Ases._..~ c~.,_e .. ,-Vtr((~s <fY r,>chilh<Jn

3_ etl-e h CJ.~ r'LLt:-e.A.ei~ . C<"trtC~ ce_lls {Jrocfut.c~ l{_t\J(A51A..ltt,. P'ROIEttV5 NOT FOLJtVb .171J

NoR~A L l?.ob y CELLS

SDMf' 0 r THESE cA"tcER-IJ.Jbuq;_b PRoTcilJ5 Cfl L- L/3l) TUMo ·'K ANTi G~ ~ N.S d\ R e II\/ s !5'1{ TeD I Ai TI-l~ ?U1SHFJ M~H/Jf(AJJe-~ ·oF TuMoR_ Cel-l-S fiSSocilfTE:lJ VJ I TI-T M H C- "l P£oTeiAJS

r::J'\ IH·,~cs ~G f:l>.l- M HC-If ~~ex..s Se_rw_ "'-" l?iNDii!!J. \15) ~- y- qtf-.o.f"Ox:c T ~

u.J.l':J

C/}/;· q ~tf5vt.-~'-

·R~r ~ '6 .. clt\. . r\n h'3e.n ~ Cit T c /J IJ fir ctt;;r_t

c...zx_ I

R_e_u.phrf (Tel<) ~

-~t_~ OV\.Q. rtY':J.Q ,· o ns cf6 d..!/f.e rt.t?f C¢f 1-o foX.~ c I cdts

THAT CfiA! ~

EACH wi·TH UtJIQut TCR:s R ec.o G-tJ I z.~ s:pecc Fi c A tJT/G ftJ --~· --------

- M c H- 1 C6YVI~ e.-4.

w~ CJ5·

()..._

(')l/) h8~

~~{\Q ~ IS (NDS /0

, , + LL-.... ' ·T J)llll r e_ S h' r:!j ( I n f1 cJ1 v:) ~ ·r u l uK I C CCJL.I( ~ ({) U./11 te:.rs Co'<'V\f2-e:<ed l.).)tth . M r/c-:r Pratein5 6'Y\ ~

a.... vtnJS- ;~e.ut~( (}( Cttnc~ em_,· (;c-

( Re.CD~n/;ze_s J fk CFrvt~e.'t

~~ 0.. cJdYL.e_ c C!Jfofoxic T ~5

~ T

ft +:- tt~ S' lU'VLt h ~"v\..t. t'¥l e.I'Vl O"Yj C&+o foX; c T c. Uls CL-~ p 'red. u. ced

J'Tk ~·If,;;;[ 'i:Jfofo')(_\c_. ~ QU...l • CttyrceJ ~ ~ 6 Laob fvc'YIA ~ fh na e._s Cf'( sf(ee.n ~ ill ~S)\NLS cfb ~ ·JSod.!} -> W~ ~ 0n4JLLVlte;- CeJis

fb_ct-r c1 ( 5 p}rty f ?u~-~'- r) ft hjeru ~t-f_{~d w ; t£\ /Vl f/c -I fro-1t-i f\ ~ -----?> ·~ 6; fld oJ- R ELEIJSE JJflt'-111 (}-i A) f­C..y To /C(ivES

Attack by Cytotoxic T Cells Cytotoxic T cells have three killing mechanisms: (1) Cytolysis (Lysis) A cytokine called perforin forms pores in the plasma membranes of target cells, causing them to burst and die. (2) DNA Fragmentation A cytokine called lymphotoxin kills target cells by DNA fragmentation. (3) Phagocytosis A cytokine called gamma-interferon enhances the phagocytic activity of mac­rophages, which ingest and kill the target cells.

Costimulation @!acrophag~)phagocytize virus-infected cells and cancer cells. The process and insert fragments of the antigens into their plasma membranes ssociated with MHC II. The macro­phages present these antigens to resting helper T cells locate in lymphatic tissues.\ The helper T cells are costimulated by IL-l, which is secreted by the macrophages. The activated helper T cells prolif­erate and secrete a variety of cytokines, especially IL-2. The IL-2 acts as a costimulator for antigen­bound cytotoxic T c:eils. IL-2 also acts as an autocrine, increasing the proliferation of helper T cells (a positive feedback mechanism).

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY CZ!f.( [0

T cell RE--ceptor--

ACTIVATION

Costimulation ........ ~...... IL-2 -

~ ;._)i·· --~ .. , .... :..~·t·-.~ .. ;1

'-Lllf-1 •

' ' ' • I IL- 1 I I I I

• •

I \ ~ . .. ~ ~

PROLIFERATION ......... ~

' ' IL- 2

stimulates cell division

l ATTACK

Activated cytotoxic T cells are carried from lymphatic tissues via the blood to all parts of the body. They bind to virus-infected cells that display the same antigens that triggered their production and secrete cytokines.

--------------···· ~- ·-.... --- .. .. • • • • • • ... Gamma-IFN -- .. ( h ... ... ... Lymphotoxin .. .. P agocytosis)

.. ...._(DNA fragmentation) ....._ --==- ·

~ Perforin (cytolysis) ~ ....... _ _ __ .,. -------

;·+· -)

§)·.

)

~ .. ~~ .. ..,~._

c; Svf~1Ac~ c'L~ l C::le_~

. ~':i 1'.( p ~ fl n· c ~ ·.-

-(Viov-1 <:...·

U<?.iflS' ( -"lrf~:ri~ s ~ ·~·

c--

~'t, 7S.

/_itt. i, fJA.. Cenfyt. l1, \ I q4'y• ?>..rx (Jltt. +-·. ··~-. · SUpr<Jcl~\liCUIM

1

@centra\·.axillilry .,Jf6'1' .··e.·.. ··· · d V . lie. ':'-~. tt--L ~-c.x-(<!c~i~K-+ hAf~:~ -;:r ··- .• ~~·~· L "'<1 ~11.~ , §~ rr.;:.:z.--t=~7 /// /.?(_ /1 f . . y- rtct?; w.. .)1flwf/.. 1?~ .

...:..----~ I / / // . Aptca I 1 + "2.. + "3 + f . ·. , ,''>' ,'/ I ®Antcrior~xill!i-{ 'i)l'o (i'ec.+oY.t @Lateral axrllary / ./ {. 1 ~ ••••• 1· 0 ~ · 1 ? Uf ~ot.cr.

'}f"cwfl ·'/'--.....:.&~: ,·,:&··-··. / :e~ - (.{S, e If\(}.. ectOY.J.I~ 'Milll...Y' _ . . . . . : v_.: : ·. ·. . : _ /? e ct. r v!. ,,.. ~fi"»> : " ·

-LL;. ~J i/,4_. C\"l~i.J..l,,u I . :0: ·-~~<. . ~-: ~ :. ·. (}.- l.l'o t tfs ~ c/6 b rtt)St \/lin f · .. · /:-.·. · \.."""'- 4 : : 6- .tbJ.d""A.;.,~ w•..L1 c1bc""l!.

, . ~-: U.~Mbdicu.s ~ _L;}rnfh ~..Js ' )\'j ( ;( :_ 1 : ,lnt:rnal rn~_m":13t'V t tiM.. C/f/'f.A. .(_ 1 ,. ) ) / :11 : : { msu)(., ~~) £x.rt-rt .t...J?<trt.. 1v- •• 1 • •• ' J1 :I; _ Rtct.iw ~!<A ;rh .fr~ ~~d.,",,j

ll\ Tef<.AL Sidt "6_ ~JJ 11 . • • :1 :e: ~ '6 bt-tiiSr {vy-r.llA .... o,l ~- + cl ~il .. , 1tt?~. t-'1'-•JJ;Jl. · •.• · UO... ~-f'~ i"-1-tr · oi.~J. >--"1..-- . · Y'L-

'itf 11 u.r "''· ~ ~ ([) Posterior ilXil,lary ':}T<Ht.f a. s!-'-bsc~~.rc.J.M. OJ ra ~

- -id. cl n·H .. fi llY to Su.bJ("fdl.,,;~ f ...,.., u. s (b.- 0 :r

- Rtctr'v-L ~Y>t"f).., vt!..S!.4:.P tycu E ·lk b "<" "-' -!'lA '-"> r_b.L \ • ~ ~ u_._:c crw . (£ymph nod~ drai~lilg the bre:ts.tj . . . . • ~:::::.::.

- 7?..~ tr-4f' c(L.~ l..r.;;,-.,f"h no-dcr. dr~;,. .'·11ro Ct._,_ • S~(ll viAh- . lome/~ .... ttu.:-~ . . ~~ _ cfY., -t~ J..e...f;t tt...~.--__, fyt.,tnf: Jr, 1 rrr lf1h:J f.lur"Yrlet.:: At;U_.f ----=r- \/c..rHtt.A~ Ctrcr.Ja/id;,_ - ·· - ,, --.. r,~h r- .... ~-- '- ~ R-t .. ~n..,ph -frt...tn;< -=7 -';.. ..... .;.

..

.• ... :

~

SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL LYMPH NODES · -

The superficial inguinal lymph nodes are ~ variable in their number and size. Their arrange­ment· is 'T'-shaped, having a lower vertical group and an upper horizontal group. The upper nodes can be subdivided into the upper lateral and upper medial groups.

1

Upper lalttal group~· ___ _

lower vtrllcal oroup _,, _____ _

~c.

FJa. 5 Superfldal inguinal lymph nodes •.

l. The lower vertical group is placed along both sides of the upper part of great saphenous vein. It drains the skin and fasciae of the lower limb, except the buttock (to upper lateral group) and tlre short saphenous territory (to popliteal nodes).

2. The upper lateral group is placed beiow the lateral part of inguinal ligament. It drains : the buttock, :flank and the back below the : waist.

3. The upper· meJitl group is placed below the medial ('!nd cf t_h& inguinal ligament; one or two nodes ma} lie ~ove the inguinal ligament on the course of tbe superficial epigastric ves­sels. They drdiu r.utvior abdominal wall below the umbilicus, ~nd the perineum.

{

The ejferents from all superficial nodes pierce tht. cribriform fascia~ and terminate into the deep inguinal lymph nodes which lie along the upper part of the femoral vessels. .

. .

---~ r ~ Painful cnlargeme~t of the superficial inguinal '

iymph nodes may therefore indicate ~a disease of the superficial parts of the lower limb includ-ing the buttock, infraumbilical part of anterior abdomial wall, perineum, external genitalia, anus, vagina and round ligament of uterus.

•

@ ............... c -'"f.,~ J' t:>··-" 1}::,~7--~,

)

" I~

LYll\t!HP~i=~ YRU~KS AN'D fL y·~u~JP'tM!'~Lf'WC ~UCT~ ~\

Right ':.ymphatic Duct-

!·_,

Right 3ubclavian Trunk --

>'~'·~i·'""'· "'""'"\ Subclavian Vein ·; ·

Right Bronchomediastinal Trunk .':lr

Vena Cava

Internal Jugular Veins

~·

Left -"' . .. .. . 1.1.. \~ Jugular Trunk y ~'~~·~';\~ ·6~"' "''"-

. · ~ kAA • "~~ .

Left Subclavian Trunk

Left Subclavian Vein

Left Bronchomediastinai Trunk -.~~~,~~~:,~····.·''

0 )ff\, ~' It ? .r>· •• . -•.. l'f \~-. ~ f·A._(!J:t~t!:~t!.. ' ·'11 ~ .. , .}'\ -o' ,: . . ·. . ~"' ' ~

"'\~~ ',j? '

Qll ~~'-'·~ P~'f·of at ~,. ~ ''f~ '\ )._ ·., - •

A• ~~.,.v-~0W1 ~···' .. r .

-s)"l4~ ~fls 'f) l~~ ~

'~~i" ., ... "_,~· 1.

:. Cisterna Chyli

F.ti§ht li..umharTrunk .~7 Left .

\;':. Lumbar Trunk J. f~, if.!" !

,,. . ... J.•·~,~s -~

lntestir~ai Trunk -,

; st~·~", ;,..., .. ,.,,.,.of_. ? ~~.t~fl. f' ,,~. .... " flo ,,,. t4 llt!itt:ff =

·'4J

, ·- - fL..- i : ~ &... ft ~"l _., . ~-"!"'U ' r ··lbd~?~ ~w

. .,., :iJ!i?L;r ~L~,.,£b·~>~<" ~- '~\:f-~; ~;~"':'"~·:. ~¥- ~:.:'·.-~.)

t.

~:~~~··r:·•; • .- , .. ,.. ~~ .....- .• '""' -·.r• t~o~• ~· ~:~""'~1'-..iii:.i. ~:·"'·. ~·..,..m···.·'). 'f .··"'\A .~ ..... :~o."¥1'"' r-.•• J ~~~M'_.f.il!..._ £'.: ...... ..!•1!:-.. --~~. ". ~.; ~ ·~ ~- ~ ~<';-" -~JfJJ.a;o~'•.A-~- rr._.i•'_,.l,' .. ·• ', ·•-· I' ,. "'•~ ~ ;·..-.x_. . l '\:.:1.10,.":;. , #..!'»·."'~· . ·. ·-.,_ •. ·. _,, .:.:_? ~~. ,.;. • ~ · '~.;,. ~ ·f.:·· ~?_'/ ... i/'iw ,-: ~r} . ~ • _ .. ~ "!~-b~-~. , "-~~-;,;, ~ '~~· ?j~·'·'• . ""' ~ •. ;i ... ~~.~R,..-:!~'h!'lli~- \Z.

~~·~~~·?: .. ;.-~~~~-~~-~,!~ ~:-.~~-:~:::,:::~:;·~,~1:~:;~~:~~:~~ ~·t,:"•,~5-1':'-.J)-i .... • . ., ·•·"' ''' ~ •.,.. P,(·•.,::;...·\f•-:. io••o~•_l,.to-~1) ..... -~..... ~ .c ~~ ' tA.Jte• • ~ • . ., .. ....It 1i! .. • • . 1 ~: ~·4 • ...:.._'- ~.;.. t;,.. ~-:... , .... ...;. ~ .... :..; .... .;A·~ • . -~~--~~. :._ .. ~ "! -.• ·•· 14'~-~ 'e .. ,. llr: «:.; II'' 0 • » .... _. •· F -·-· • ~ot.:~- -. " .!,.;,~.· \·~ , .. :_• .. .. ,·.,~ '..!'..:.· • -- ·~·· -:_Ll __ 9' ~ ., IIIJ' , - _,.- ""'i. •• -- ....... " . .,...:l --... ,. r . .:::~ '4."111'[_, -~~ ~9 ,.,"":.:.t.,<i.'/:. : ... .;·'-'loc'tiiT.~. --~1~ l!j;.~·· ~ ,•'"IT:ot<>..l'.:'~ ~ ..... ~ ~- i _..,,~·~ -~~ \( J~t' ,.. '- : ...... ':•:.'- .... -..:;~ ... ,.... h-~- "'~: ''S

'" •• ... • ~· •••• ,,_... '- ., .. ' '"'If! .... 10 -.:.t·~,~:~L'o!i --~~~ ...... ,.,, ... ,..,.:+',~I'._:.,. ..... .,-:··~"?.! ~~,-...~a;:: ~~·~~~--·· . ~, . .. 7'=' If • .. rt.:-;t;. ·.1. ,. ~~-~·~~ ..... ~-~ . .... 1f'l ~·. ~-.••• r.; ;t'; _,_~-l"'.f...._,t_-"" "" .· ... ~-Tot·~-. •.. . '........ . .. ,'-;w.~ -..,.; ·::.o..Df ' ;;e·;: J.• ... ··~"f!#~, ·.0!.· ,.;t;:._.,;;:.ot~[J.~·>'."' .--~ii'" ...... ""'~ .... ~ l .. t~h ~-"'·?-II··· .;;ta""'..-; --~..,_~-;-•. ~\( .. 4;-...,. A~·\-• .... t!.__ o ...... . 4 --1"" • ~ I ·<t_R- ,. p~ ~ 'f!!:. o •-..:· •J .. ~. ...,.. ~ ~~~~~ '+":....,~:-.. 7~tt't;·.~· .. ·.-:.z- ~· --:' ... . , !"~~~· ~ :.:~ -~. --~-<t· '-i!... • •• 'l'-l' .. ~ "" .,, ~i.-1 ... ""' :J!..trJI ... ~1 .. ,.!?.:.,.~ ~:-~ .~: ..... ~:~.-~ ... ~ ••. ~:.~ ....... £. ~·

Postcapillary venules lined with si cuboidal endothelium

Feature

Role

Cortex and medulla

Lymphatics

Main derivatives

Plasma cells

<lSkecirculating lymphocytes

Thymus

Primary

·.,Present

Present

Efferent only -Epithelial reticular cells and thymic corpuscles

T cells; thymic hormones

Cortex is partly shielded

Absent from cortex

Absent from cortex; uncommon in medulla

Present in medulla only

Lymph Node

Secondary

Present

Present

Afferent and efferent

Absent

Immunoglobulins; T&t8 cells

In lymph

Present in cortex

Present in medulla

Present

• Excluding vascular endothelium or covering mesothelium.

·~;:!'~Jr~:<:·x:;~:-~·,:l't:,. ~ ... :• ·" .

Spleen

Secondary

Present

Absent

~fferent only

Absent

Immunoglobulins

In blood

Present in white pulp (associated with arteries)

Present in red pulp

Present

~ I. ~

~ l([j) t

Figure 7-8 Sheathed (central) artery of the spleen, showing the lymphoid sheath, a lymphoid nodule and its follicular artery, ar1d the bor­der between the white pulp and red pulp (nHlrgiri;.::..l