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Quote of the Day
There is no “there” there, because if it isn’t virtual, it isn’t real.
-John Hartzog CSUN Learning Center
Data sources – Four alternatives
C. Make up the data - Simulation
D. Use another’s Data - Existing Data
A. Ask Someone Directly – Survey Research
B. Ask Someone else to Report - Observation
I. Reactive Measures (Potential for Hawthorne Effect)
II. Non-Reactive Measures (Unobtrusive data )
I. Simulation
Unobtrusive / Non-Reactive Measures
Definition – A model or representation of a process involving: 1) a definition of the components; 2) their relationship; and 3) the realization of an outcome.
Involves three contexts in which data is generated: 1) Pure Machine; 2) Person-Machine; and 3) Pure Person..
Generally used when: 1) Time frame is restricted; 2) the Scope is too broad; or 3) there are ethical considerations
C. Pure-Person
Simulation
A. Pure Machine
- Types
The computer creates both the independent and dependent variables by: 1) making assumptions; 2) specifying a functional relationship; and 3) calculating their outcomes. Also known as Math Modeling
B. Person-Machine
The computer creates the the independent variable while the person responds, thereby creating the dependent variable. Also known as Computer Mediated Simulation
The persons involved create both the independent and dependent variables through contingent interaction. Also known as Game Theory.
Pure Machine Example
Graph Theory
In graph notation, the circles are people and the arrows are relationships (one direction for asymmetric relations, double headed for reciprocal relations).
The matrix reflects the graph in that the rows are the choosers and the columns are those chosen; there is a 1 present if the relation exists, 0 otherwise.
A mutual choice pair matrix can be obtained easily via computer by multiplying the matrix times its transpose (the matrix rotated 90 degrees). This can be further multiplied to obtain all three-way mutual choices-the typical minimum definition for a “clique in social groups.
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0
Sociomatrix (A)
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
Sociomatrix (A x A’)
Pure Machine - Types
In general there are three criteria by which to categorize mathematical models:
1. Deterministic vs. Probabilistic
2. Static vs. Dynamic
3. Discrete vs. Continuous
Are we analyzing all or some of the elements?
Is the measurement happening once or over time?
Is the measurement whole numbers or include fractions?
Pure-Person Example
I. Zero-sum Games
II. Non-Zero-sum GamesA. Cooperative
B. Non-Cooperative (Prisoner’s Dilemma)
The Definition is: 1) T>R>P>S and 2) 2R>T+S>2P The name comes from the best individual outcome being in direct conflict with best collective outcomes
Here the individual and collective outcomes are the same; that is, both cooperate. Hence there is no dilemma. This is a non-zero sum cooperative game.
These numbers reflect the prisoner’s dilemma described above. Because the individual and collective motive are in conflict, we call this a mixed motive or non-zero-sum non-cooperative game.
- One’s gain is another’s loss
- Joint gains and losses
Unobtrusive Measures – Existing Information
I. Secondary Analysis
Public Sources – Bureau of Census
Private Sources – ICPSR
II. Content Analysis - Text Based
- Data Based
Public Sources – Thomas
Private Sources – DataWarehouse