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Psychology-
Chapter 5
Consciousness
Study of consciousness
Construct Concept used to talk about something
we cannot see, touch, or measure directly
Intelligence, emotions, and consciousness are hard to define
Consciousness tends to mean awareness
Types of Consciousness
Consciousness as sensory awareness Sounds or smell around you Selective attention- Focusing on
particular stimulus- Watching TV and Studying Experiment Pick out the speech of an individual in a
crowded room with everyone talking
Consciousness as direct inner awareness Imagination is a different kind of
consciousness
Consciousness as sense of self Young children talk in first person
because they don’t know who they are yet
How we exist in the world
Levels of consciousness
Preconscious level not aware of right now but can be
thought of in an instant
Unconscious level Not available in most instances, gut
feeling on things??? Sigmund Freud
Non-conscious level internal organs working, fingernails
growing, judging distance, shapes
Altered states of consciousness sleep, drugs, hypnosis
Sleep and dreams Circadian rhythms-
24 hours long Stages of sleep-
Measured by EEG
Brain wave patterns
Beta When we are awake and alert, short and
quick
Alpha When brain waves slow and we start to relax
Theta First stages of sleep, slower waves
Delta Deepest level of sleep, very slow waves
Stages of Sleep
Stage 1- Stage 2- Stage 3- (deep sleep) Stage 4- (deep sleep) REM- Rapid eye movement
Sleep Facts Sleeping and coffee
Only a short term effect, crash after
Sleeping and Alcohol When tired, effects of alcohol are higher and work faster
Sleep and Driving 1 in 6 accidents are because of lack of sleep
What is the good habits of sleep? Wake up and go to bed at same time, use bed for sleep
only, don’t use alarm clock
Why is it difficult to accomplish? Different circumstances
Interesting Sleep Facts Ducks at risk of attack by predators are able to balance
the need for sleep and survival, keeping one half of the brain awake while the other slips into sleep mode
A new baby typically results in 400-750 hours lost sleep for parents in the first year
REM sleep occurs in bursts totalling about 2 hours a night, usually beginning about 90 minutes after falling asleep.
Dreams, once thought to occur only during REM sleep, also occur (but to a lesser extent) in non-REM sleep phases. It's possible there may not be a single moment of our sleep when we are actually dreamless.
Seventeen hours of sustained wakefulness leads to a decrease in performance equivalent to a blood alcohol-level of 0.05%.
- The 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill off Alaska, the Challenger space shuttle disaster and the Chernobyl nuclear accident have all been attributed to human errors in which sleep-deprivation played a role.
The NRMA estimates fatigue is involved in one in 6 fatal road accidents
It's impossible to tell if someone is really awake without close medical supervision. People can take cat naps with their eyes open without even being aware of it.
Anything less than five minutes to fall asleep at night means you're sleep deprived. The ideal is between 10 and 15 minutes, meaning you're still tired enough to sleep deeply, but not so exhausted you feel sleepy by day
Experts say one of the most alluring sleep distractions is the 24-hour accessibility of the internet.
The extra-hour of sleep received when clocks are put back at the start of daylight in Canada has been found to coincide with a fall in the number of road accidents
The record for the longest period without sleep is 18 days, 21 hours, 40 minutes during a rocking chair marathon. The record holder reported hallucinations, paranoia, blurred vision, slurred speech and memory and concentration lapses
After five nights of partial sleep deprivation, three drinks will have the same effect on your body as six would when you've slept enough.
Some of the more scientific explanations of why we yawn are caused by physical needs. One likely explanation is that the yawning reflex is triggered when our blood needs more oxygen. The deep breath helps replenish the levels of oxygen in our blood. Another common theory is that the yawn help regulate our body temperature. Other hypotheses suggest that the same chemicals in our brain that affect our moods and emotions cause us to yawn.
Interesting Yawning Facts
* The average yawn lasts about six seconds. * Your heart rate can rise as much as 30 percent during a yawn. * 55 percent of people will yawn within five minutes of seeing
someone else yawn. * Blind people yawn more after hearing an audio tape of people
yawning. * Reading about yawning will make you yawn. * Olympic athletes often yawn before competition.
Sleep facts
We go through the stages an average of 5 times
Bodies are paralyzed (most of the time)
Each cycle lasts about 90 minutes REM becomes longer closer to
morning Each cycle is shorter in time
Why do we sleep? Rest, stress reliever, helps immune
system Will change the aging process if you
don’t get enough sleep Some need 8 hours a night You cannot catch up on your sleep
Damage has already been done
Polyphasic Sleep Awake for 4 hours and you sleep for 30
minutes and repeat this No deep levels of sleep
Micro sleep
Microsleeps are brief, unintended episodes of loss of attention associated with events such as blank stare, head snapping, prolonged eye closure, etc., which may occur when a person is fatigued but trying to stay awake to perform a monotonous task like driving a car or watching a computer screen.
Microsleep episodes last from a few seconds to several minutes, and often the person is not aware that a microsleep has occurred. In fact, microsleeps often occur when a person's eyes are open.
While in a microsleep, a person fails to respond to outside information. A person will not see a red signal light or notice that the road has taken a curve.
Microsleeps are most likely to occur at certain times of the day, such as pre-dawn hours and mid-afternoon hours when the body is "programmed" to sleep.
Dreams
Lucid Dreams- Know that you are dreaming and can control it
Freuds dreams- dreams reflect a persons unconscious wishes and urges- “wishes your heart makes”
Biological Approach
When neurons fire in the brain, our brain likes to make sense of everything, so it makes up dreams to make sense of it.
Dreams interpretation
http://www.dreammoods.com/http://www.dreammoods.com/dreamdictionary/http://petrix.com/dreams/everything.html
Sleep problems
Insomnia Inability to sleep Americans spend $34 billion a year on sleep aids
Nightmares Night terrors- deep stage of sleep
Usually don’t remember dreams
Sleep walking- Sleepwalkers are not conscious of their actions on a level where memory of the sleepwalking episode can be recalled, and because of this, unless the sleepwalker is woken or aroused by someone else, this sleep disorder can go unnoticed. Sleepwalking is more commonly experienced in people with high levels of stress, anxiety or other psychological factors and in people with genetic factors (family history) or sometimes a combination of both.
18% of the world's population is prone to sleepwalking Sleep talking-Sleep talking or somniloquy, refers to any utterance
made during sleep, and may range from a single word to entire sentences. Although sleep-talking episodes vary, a person typically starts while in deep sleep or NREM. Sleep talking can, however, happen during REM sleep too. It can be initiated by stress or illnesses and is relatively harmless, although disturbing to roommates.
Sleep apneais a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. These episodes, called apneas (literally, "without breath"), each last long enough so one or more breaths are missed, and occur repeatedly throughout sleep. The standard definition of any apneic event includes a minimum 10 second interval between breaths, with either a neurological arousal
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qQtDDO1gPY&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6QcmK24ZNyQ&feature=related
Meditation Narrow their consciousness so that
the stresses of the outside world fade away.
Biofeedback
System that provides information about something happening in the body. Willpower, knowing how
Hypnosis Altered state of consciousness during
which people respond to suggestions and behave as if in a trance.
Effectiveness of hypnosis
Memory- lose or gain? Pain prevention Habits Dangerous suggestions
Drugs and consciousness
Addiction After taking a drug for a while their
body craves the drug just to feel normal.
Depressants
Alcohol Intoxication-1/2 traffic deaths Narcotics- numbness or stupor
Heroine, morphine, codeine
Ten warning signs of alcoholism 1. Drinking alone 2. Making excuses, finding excuses to drink 3. Daily or frequent drinking needed to function 4. Inability to reduce or stop alcohol intake 5. Violent episodes associated with drinking 6. Drinking secretly 7. Becoming angry when confronted about drinking 8. Poor eating habits 9. Failure to care for physical appearance 10. Trembling in the morning
Stimulants
Nicotine- 400,000 die birth defects second hand smoke 50,000 deaths each year
Narcotics- numbness or stupor Heroine, morphine, codeine
Crack Cocaine
Meth
Amphetamines
uppers, speed-effects of the drug?
Hallucination
perception of an object or sound that seems real but is not
Delusion- false thought or idea that seems real.
Cocaine
What are the effects of this drug?
Hallucinogens
Marijuana what are the effects of the drug
LSD-effects?
Drug treatment
Detoxification Maintenance programs Counseling support groups.