Protective Packaging and Protective Packaging and Materials HandlingMaterials Handling

5-2

Product Characteristics Physical Characteristics

Density of bulk materials Ability to withstand exposure to elements Respiration

Chemical Characteristics Incompatible products Products requiring chemicals

Characteristics must be made known to consumers

5-3

Product Characteristics Hazardous Cargo

Explosives Compressed gases Flammable liquids Oxidizers Poisons Radioactive materials Corrosive materials

5-4

Product Characteristics Environmental Protection

Reduce packing materials used Use packaging materials that are more

environmentally friendly with recycled content Use reusable containers Retain or support services that collect used packaging

and recycle it

5-5

Packaging Building-blocks concept

Smallest unit is consumer package Each unit is stacked within the next larger one to

protect the product

Promotional functions of boxes

5-6

5-7

5-8

5-9

5-10

5-11

5-12

5-13

Packaging Protective functions of packaging

Enclose materials Restrain materials from undesired movement Separate contents to prevent undesired contact Cushion contents from outside vibrations and shocks Support the weight of identical containers stacked above Position the contents to provide maximum protection Provide for uniform weight distribution Provide exterior surface for labeling Be tamperproof Be safe for consumers or others

5-14

Packaging Package testing

Vibrations Dropping Horizontal impacts Compression Overexposure to extreme temperatures or moisture Rough handling

5-15

Packaging Designing a package requires 3 types of

information Severity of the distribution environment Fragility of the product Performance characteristics of various cushion

materials

5-16

Unit Loads in Materials Handling

A unit load is one or more boxes secured to a pallet or skid. The term “unitization” describes this type of handling.

Basic unit is a pallet or skid Lumber is expensive so firms want pallets returned Provides cushioning effect in transport Quality of pallets varies widely Chep USA rents pallets in wood or plastic; used in closed-

loop system Should be less than 50 pounds—difficult with plastic Metal also used in closed loop systems

5-17

Figure 15-25: The Building-Blocks

Concept of Packaging: A

Summary

5-18

Unit Loads in Materials Handling

Slip sheet can be used in place of pallet Saves vertical room Weighs far less than pallet Requires more care when moving

5-19

Unit Loads in Materials Handling

Advantages Additional protection Pilferage is discouraged More fragile items can be

stacked inside the load Mechanical devices can

be substituted for hand labor

Disadvantages Provides large quantity

that sometimes is of limited value to resellers dealing in smaller quantities

Must use mechanical or automated device to move

5-20

Figure 5-19: A Battery Powered Lift Truck Used for Stock

Picking

5-21

Unit Loads in Materials Handling

An intermodal container holds the unit load Interchangeable among rail, truck, and water

carriers Air carriers usually use irregular shaped

containers made to fit fuselage

5-22

Figure 5-21: Various Types of

Intermodal Surface

Containers

5-23

Materials Handling

Materials handling refers to how the materials or products are handled physically.

How the products are handled depends on whether they are packaged or in bulk

Handling may change the characteristics of the product

5-24

Materials Handling Principles

Orientation – understand entire system, relationship to other systems

and physical limitations Requirements – expected

performance

Integrated system – coordination of all storage & handling systems

Standardization – of package sizes

Just-in-time – products not moved until needed

Unit load – handling materials in large blocks

Minimum travel Maximize space utilization Ergonomics – protect workers

from difficult or repetitive functions Energy efficiency Ecology – environmental friendly

Mechanization – substitute machines for humans

Automation – very capital intensive; less flexible

Flexibility

5-25

Materials Handling Principles

Simplification – avoid overly complicated systems

Gravity – rely on gravity to move materials when possible

Safety

Computerization Systems flow

Systems flow Layout Cost Maintenance Obsolescence Team solution

5-26

Problems in Materials Handling

5-27

5-28

5-29

5-30

5-31