Protection System Design for Substation

7/30/2019 Protection System Design for Substation

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QYM\DC\FMK SVS\DG LDSFNK@MYSTIS\O\FMK

Qrdsdktdl Iy8

Qobbovf Onorwob

\rofkdd


2/35

\ED KDDL @MY QYM\DC\FMK

Obb dbdctrfcob dqufpgdkts ukldrnm oikmrgobftfds fk tedfr bf`d tfgd lud tm

vorfmus rdosmks+

@mr dxogpbd8 O trdd òbbfkn mr tmucefkn ok mvdredol bfkd goy cousd o òubt+

O bfnetkfkn strfjd cok cousd fksubotfmk òfburd+

Ft fs kdcdssory tm ovmfl tedsd oikmrgob mpdrotfkn rdnfmks `mr so`dty m` ted

dqufpgdkt+

Dvdk gmrd fgpmrtokt fs so`dty m` ted eugok pdrsmkkdb wefce goy id

dklokndrdl lud tm dxpmsurd tm bfvd ports ukldr òubt mr oikmrgob mpdrotfkn

cmklftfmks+

O sgobb currdkt m` ted mrldr m` 41 gO fs su``fcfdkt tm id òtob/


3/35

@TKC\FMK M@ QYM\DC\FPD YDBOVFKN

\ed FDDD ld`fkds prmtdctfvd rdboys os8 rdboys wemsd `ukctfmk fs tm ldtdct

ld`dctfvd bfkds mr opporotus mr mtedr cmklftfmks m` ok oikmrgob mr lokndrmus

koturd okl tm fkftfotd opprmprfotd cmktrmb cfrcuft octfmk +

\ed gmst fgpmrtokt rmbd m` prmtdctfvd rdboys fs tm `frst prmtdct fklfvfluobs"

okl sdcmkl tm prmtdct dqufpgdkt+

\edmrdtfcobby spdojfkn" o rdboy systdg semubl id copoibd m` rdspmklfkn tmok fk`fkftd kugidr m` oikmrgobftfds teot goy eoppdk wftefk ted kdtwmrj+

Emwdvdr" fk proctfcd" smgd cmgprmgfsds gust id gold iy cmgporfkn rfsjs+

\m bfgft ted dxtdkt m` ted pmwdr systdg teot fs lfscmkkdctdl wedk o `oubtmccurs" prmtdctfmk fs orrokndl fk zmkds+

\ed zmkds m` prmtdctfmk semubl mvdrbop" sm teot km port m` ted pmwdr systdgfs bd`t ukprmtdctdl+


4/35

@OTB\S FK O QM^DY SVS\DG

O òubt fk ok dbdctrfcob systdg fs ld`fkdl os o ld`dct fk ted dbdctrfcob cfrcuftlud tm wefce currdkt fs lfvdrtdl `rmg ted fktdkldl pote+ \ed gmst cmggmkokl lokndrmus typd m` òubt teot mccurs fk o pmwdr systdg fs ted Semrt'Cfrcuft mr Seukt òubt+

@mrtukotdby" gmst m` ted òubts ord troksftmry fk koturd okl goy vokfse

wftefk o `dw cycbdsos wmubl id ted cosd wedk o twfn òbbs ocrmss o bfkdokl iurks mut ftsdb`+

\ed iobokcdl terdd'peosd òubt mccurs vdry rordby" occmuktfkn `mr oimut 4$fk tmtob" iut fs ted sdvdrdst m` obb typds m` òubts" okl fs usdl fk tedldtdrgfkotfmk m` cfrcuft irdojdr rotfkn+


5/35

YDBO\FPDQYMIOIFBF\VM@ MCCTYYDKCDM@

GMS\@YD_TDK\ SEMY\'CFYCTF\ @OTB\S

S+Km+ \ypd m` S'C `oubt QdrcdktondMccurrdkcd

?+ Sfknbd peosd tm Nrmukl %B'N& >1

9+ \wm Qeosds tm Nrmukl %B'B'N& ?4

3+ \erdd peosds tm Nrmukl %B'B'B'

N&

?1


6/35

@OTB\ OKOBVSFS & D_TO\FMKS

Ot ted tfgd m` o `oubt" suce os ok mpdk'peosd" systdg wfbb id ukiobokcdl+

Edkcd pmsftfvd" kdnotfvd okl pmssfiby zdrm sdqudkcd currdkts okl vmbtonds

dxfst+ Tsfkn peosd vmbtonds okl currdkts obmkn wfte @mrtdscuds `mrgubos"

obb pmsftfvd" kdnotfvd okl zdrm sdqudkcd currdkts cok id cobcubotdl+


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o Sdqudkcd CTYYDK\S `mr lf``drdkt typds m` `oubts

i Sdqudkcd PMB\ONDS `mr lf``drdkt typds m` `oubts


8/35

GOFKCMGQMKDK\SM@QYM\DC\FMKSVS\DGS

\ed gofk cmgpmkdkts m` prmtdctfmk systdgs ord lfscussdl irfd`by idbmw8

Fkstrugdkt \roks`mrgdr8 \ed C\s okl P\s+ \edfr purpmsd fs tm stdp lmwk ted

currdkt mr vmbtond m` o ldvfcd tm gdosuroibd vobuds" wftefk ted fkstrugdktotfmk

gdosurdgdkt roknd 4O mr ?O fk ted cosd m` o currdkt troks`mrgdrs %C\s" okl

??1P fk ted cosd m` o vmbtond %mr pmtdktfob troks`mrgdrs %P\s- Q\s+ Edkcd"

prmtdctfvd dqufpgdkt fkputs ord stoklorlfzdl wftefk ted roknds oimvd+

Qrmtdctfvd Dqufpgdkt8 o cmbbdctfmk m` prmtdctfmk ldvfcds %rdboys" usds" dtc+

Ydboys fkcbuld fktdbbfndkt dbdctrmkfc ldvfcds %FDLs wefce rdcdfvd gdosurdl

sfnkobs `rmg ted sdcmklory sfld m` C\s okl P\s okl ldtdct wedtedr ted

prmtdctdl ukft fs fk o strdssdl cmklftfmk %iosdl mk tedfr typd okl cmk`fnurotfmk

mr kmt+ @usds bfgft ted ogmukt m` dkdrny wefce `bmws tm o òubt" okl `mrg o

gohmr iocjup prmtdctfmk fk gdlfug'vmbtond okl efne'vmbtond lfstrfiutfmk tm?? jP+

Cfrcuft Irdojdrs8 Cfrcuft Irdojdrs oct upmk mpdk cmggokls sdkt iy prmtdctfvd

rdboys wedk òubts ord ldtdctdl okl cbmsd cmggokls wedk òubts ord cbdordl+

\edy cok obsm id gokuobby mpdkdl" `mr dxogpbd" tm fsmbotd o cmgpmkdkt `mr

gofktdkokcd+


9/35

YDBOV

O rdboy fs o bmnfcob dbdgdkt wefce prmcdssds ted fkputs %f+d+ vmbtonds okl

currdkts `rmg ted systdg-opporotus okl fssuds o trfp ldcfsfmk f` o `oubtwftefk ted rdboy.s hurfslfctfmk fs ldtdctdl+


10/35

DPMBT\FMK M@ YDBOVS

F` wd zmmg fktm o rdboy" wd sdd terdd lf``drdkt typds m` rdobfzotfmks8

Dbdctrmgdceokfcob Ydboys

Smbfl Stotd Ydboys

Kugdrfcob Ydboys


11/35

YDBOV @DO\TYD

Dbdctrmgdceokfcob

Ydboys

Qrfkcfpbd m` dbdctrmgdceokfcob dkdrny cmkvdrsfmk fs usdl `mr

ldcfsfmk gojfkn

Jkmwk `mr tedfr runndlkdss okl fggukfty tm DbdctrmgonkdtfcFktdr`drdkcd %DGF&+

Smbfl Stotd Ydboys Ldsfnk fs iosdl mk ted usd m` dbdctrmkfc ldvfcds fkstdol m` cmfbs

okl gonkdts tm crdotd ted rdboy ceoroctdrfstfc

Olvokcds fk dbdctrmkfcs dkoibdl ted usd m` bfkdor okl lfnftob

fktdnrotdl cfrcufts+

Qrmvfld gmrd `bdxfifbfty okl eovd bdss pmwdr cmksugptfmk teok tedfrdbdctrmgdceokfcob cmuktdrport

Obsm eovd sdb` cedcjfkn òcfbfty f+d+ ted rdboys cok gmkftmr tedfr mwk

edobte okl rofsd ok oborg f` tedfr mwk cmgpmkdkt òfbs

Kugdrfcob Ydboys Fkvmbvds okobmn tm lfnftob %O-L& cmkvdrsfmk m` okobmn vmbtond okl

currdkts mitofkdl `rmg C\s okl P\s+Qrmvfld goxfgug `bdxfifbfty fk ld`fkfkn rdboyfkn bmnfc+

vorfmus rdboy ùkctfmks cok id gubtfpbdxdl fk o sfknbd rdboy+

êdk dkoibdl wfte cmggukfcotfmk òcfbfty" octs os ok Fktdbbfndkt

Dbdctrmkfc Ldvfcd %FDL&" pdr`mrgs imte cmktrmb okl prmtdctfmk

ùkctfmkobfty


12/35

MPDYCTYYDK\ QYM\DC\FMK

@oubts" typfcobby semrt cfrcufts" bdol tm currdkts guce oimvd ted bmol currdkt" obsm

jkmwk os fkruse mr mvdrcurrdkt+ @rmg tefs" tednroldl mvdrcurrdktsystdg" olfscrfgfkotfvd òubt prmtdctfmk" eos iddk ldvdbmpdl+

\efs semubl kmt id cmkùsdl wfte Mvdrbmol prmtdctfmk" wefce kmrgobby gojds

usd m` rdboys teot mpdrotd fk smgd ldnrdd tm ted tedrgob copoifbfty m` ted pbokt tm

id prmtdctdl+

Mvdrcurrdktprmtdctfmk" mk ted mtedr eokl" fs lfrdctdl dktfrdby tm ted cbdorokcd m`

òubts" sfkcd mvdrcurrdkt prmtdctfmk fs prfgorfby fktdkldl tm mpdrotd mkby ukldr

òubt cmklftfmks+ Obtemune wfte ted sdttfkns usuobby olmptdl smgd gdosurd m`

mvdrbmol prmtdctfmk goy id mitofkdl+


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\ed rdboy sdttfkns ord `frst ldtdrgfkdl tm nfvd ted semrtdst mpdrotfkn tfgds ot

goxfgug òubt bdvdbs okl tedk cedcjdl tm sdd f` mpdrotfmk wfbb obsm id

sotfsòctmry ot ted gfkfgug òubt currdkt dxpdctdl+

Mvdrcurrdkt Qrmtdctfmk ceoroctdrfstfc


14/35

LFYDC\FMKOB MPDYCTYYDK\

QYM\DC\FMK

\edrd cok id sftuotfmks wedrd `mr ted purpmsd m` sdbdctfvfty: peosd oknbd fk`mrgotfmk%obwoys rdbotfvd tm o rd`drdkcd peosmr goy id rdqufrdlos fk cosd m` o rolfob

systdg wfte smurcd ot imte dkls+

Cmksdqudktby" òubt fs `dl `rmg imte ted dkls m` ted `ddldr+ \m fktdrrupt ted òubt

currdkt" systdgs wefce eovd gubtfpbd potes tm smurcd rdqufrd rdboys ot imte dkls+

Emwdvdr" fkstobbfkn rdboys ot imte dkls lmds kmt prmvfld o cmgpbdtd rdboyfknsmbutfmk+

@rmg ted gonkftuld m` ted currdkt sddk iy ted rdboy Y9" ft fs kmt pmssfibd tm

lfstfknufse wedtedr ted òubt fs fk ted sdctfmk OI mr IC+

Sfkcd òubts fk sdctfmk OI ord kmt fk fts hurfslfctfmk" ft semubl kmt trfp+ \m mitofk

sdbdctfvfty" o lfrdctfmkob mvdrcurrdkt rdboy fs rdqufrdl+


15/35

LFSCYFGFKO\FMK QYFKCFQBD

\ed .lfscrfgfkotfmk prfkcfpbd. iosdl mk peosd oknbd cmgporfsmk idtwddk o sdt m`

peosmrs" mkd m` wefce fs usdl os rd`drdkcd fs cobbdl .lfrdctfmkob lfscrfgfkotfmk

prfkcfpbd.+

\ed rdboy Y9 semubl mpdrotd f` òubt fs ot @? idcousd ft fs mk prfgory `ddldr iut kmt

idefkl f+d+ ot @9+ Ft fs oppordkt teot `mr òubt @? currdkt F? sddk iy ted rdboy bons Ppiy 61 ldnrdds+ \efs fs ukldr ted ossugptfmk m` imbtdl òubt okl rdoctfvd koturd m`

cfrcuft fgpdlokcd+ Emwdvdr" wedk ted òubt fs fk ted pmsftfmk @9" tedk rdboy currdkt

bdols ted vmbtond Pp .+

F` ted rdboy .ldtdcts òubt. okl currdkt bons Pp

"

tedk pdrgft rdboy trfppfkn+

F` ted rdboy .ldtdcts òubt okl currdkt bdols Pp "

tedk fkefift ted rdboy trfppfkn+


16/35

LFS\OKCD QYM\DC\FMK

Lfstokcd Qrmtdctfmk rdboy fs ldsfnkdl tm mpdrotd mkby `mr òubts mccurrfkn idtwddk

ted rdboy bmcotfmk okl ted sdbdctdl rdoce pmfkt+

Qrfkcfpbd fkvmbvds ted lfvfsfmk m` ted vmbtond ot ted rdboyfkn pmfkt iy ted gdosurdl

currdkt+ \ed oppordkt fgpdlokcd sm cobcubotdl fs cmgpordl wfte ted rdoce pmfkt

fgpdlokcd+

\ed ukldrbyfkn òctmr fk lfstokcd rdboy fs teot ted oppordkt fgpdlokcd idtwddk ted

rdboy okl ted rdoce pmfkt" sddk iy ted rdboy" wefce fs ld`fkdl os ted rotfm m` peosd

vmbtond tm bfkd currdkt m` o troksgfssfmk bfkd %Xopp" rdlucds lrostfcobby fk ted

prdsdkcd m` o bfkd òubt+

\ed rotfm m`Xopp- Xoctuobobsm fklfcotds ted lfstokcd m` ted òubt `rmg ted rdboy+


17/35

CEMFCD ID\^DDK FGQDLOKCD" YDOC\OKCD" MY GEM

@mrvdry semrt bfkds" ted Ydoctokcd typd fs prd`drrdl `mr ted rdosmk teot gmrd m`

ted bfkd cok id prmtdctdl ot efne spddl+ \efs fs idcousd ted rdoctokcd rdboy fs

proctfcobby uko``dctdl iy rdsfstokcd wefce goy id bornd cmgpordl wfte ted bfkd

fgpdlokcd+

\ed Gem typd fs idst suftdl `mr peosd'òubt rdboyfkn `mrbmkndr bfkds" okl

portfcuborby wedrd sdvdrd sykcermkfzfkn'pmwdr surnds goy mccur+ Ft cmgifkds

imte ted lfrdctfmkob okl ted lfstokcd gdosurfkn ukctfmks fk mkd ukft" gojfkn ft

gmrd rdbfoibd+

\ed Fgpdlokcd Ydboy fs idttdr suftdl `mr peosd'òubt rdboyfkn `mr bfkds m`

gmldrotd bdknte+ Orcs o``dct ok fgpdlokcd rdboy gmrd teok o rdoctokcd rdboy iut

bdss teok o gem rdboy+ Sykcermkfzfkn'pmwdr surnds o``dct ok fgpdlokcd rdboy bdss

teok o rdoctokcd rdboy iut gmrd teok o gem rdboy+

Octuobby" tedrd fs ok mvdrboppfkn idtwddk ordos m` oppbfcotfmk m` mkd mr okmtedrtypd m` lfstokcd rdboys+ Obsm" ceoknds fk systdgs" suce os ted ollftfmk m` tdrgfkobs

tm o bfkd" cok ceoknd ted typd m` rdboy idst suftdl tm o portfcubor bmcotfmk+

Edkcd" tm rdobfzd ted ùbbdst copoifbftfds m` lfstokcd rdboyfkn" mkd semubl usd ted

typd idst suftdl `mr doce oppbfcotfmk+


18/35

LF@@DYDK\FOB QYM\DC\FMK

Qrfkcfpbd8 Lf``drdktfob prmtdctfmk fs iosdl mk ted òct teot oky òubt wftefk ok

dbdctrfcob dqufpgdkt wmubl cousd ted currdkt dktdrfkn ft" tm id lf``drdkt" `rmg ted

currdkt bdovfkn ft+ \eus iy cmgporfkn ted twm currdkts dftedr fk gonkftuld mr fkpeosd mr imte wd cok ldtdrgfkd o òubt okl fssud o trfp ldcfsfmk f` ted lf``drdkcd

dxcddls o prdldtdrgfkdl sdt vobud+

Obtemune ted currdkts F? okl F9 goyid lf``drdkt" imte sdts m` C\s eovd opprmprfotd

rotfms okl cmkkdctfmks+ Tkldr kmrgob bmol cmklftfmks mr wedk tedrd fs o òubt

mutsfld ted prmtdctfmk zmkd m` ted dbdgdkt" ted sdcmklory currdkts wfbb cfrcubotdidtwddk ted twm C\s okl wfbb kmt `bmw termune ted mvdrcurrdkt rdboy+

Iut f` o òubt mccurs fk ted sdctfmk idtwddk ted twm C\s ted òubt currdkt wmubl

`bmw tmworls ted semrt'cfrcuft `rmg imte sflds okl ted sug m` ted sdcmklory

currdkts wmubl `bmw termune ted lf``drdktfob rdboy+


19/35

YDPDYSD QM^DY YDBOV Lfstrfiutfmk systdgs ord usuobby rolfob fk koturd+ F` tedrd fs o òubt mk ted utfbfty.s

lfstrfiutfmk systdg" ft goy trfp o irdojdr tedrdiy fsmbotfkn pbokt `rmg ted nrfl+\efs pbokt goy stfbb rdgofk cmkkdctdl wfte lmwkstrdog bmols+ Cmksdqudktby"

pmwdr wfbb `bmw `rmg ted pbokt ndkdrotmr tm tedsd bmols+

F` fk ted prd'òubt stotd" pmwdr wos idfkn `dl tm ted pbokt" tedk tefs rdvdrsob m`pmwdr `bmw cok id usdl tm fsbokl ted pbokt ndkdrotfmk okl bmol rmg tedrdgofkfkn systdg+ \efs opprmoce fs usdùb tm ldtdct bmss m` nrfl suppby wedkdvdrted lf``drdkcd idtwddk bmol okl ovofboibd ndkdrotfmk fs kmt su``fcfdkt tm mitofk okopprdcfoibd rotd m` ceoknd m` `rdqudkcy iut ted octfvd pmwdr cmktfkuds tm `bmw

fktm ted nrfl tm `ddl ted dxtdrkob bmols+


20/35

YDBOV CMMYLFKO\FMK \FGD NYOLFKN

Qrmtdctfmk systdgs fk succdssfvd zmkds mpdrotd fk tfgds teot ord nroldl termune

ted sdqudkcd m` dqufpgdkts" sm teot upmk ted mccurrdkcd m` o òubt" obtemune o

kugidr m` prmtdctfmk dqufpgdkts cok rdspmkl" mkby temsd rdbdvokt tm ted òubtyzmkd cmgpbdtd ted trfppfkn ùkctfmk+ \ed mtedrs gojd fkcmgpbdtd mpdrotfmks okl

tedk rdsdt+

Ogmkn ted vorfmus pmssfibd gdtemls usdl tm ocefdvd cmrrdct rdboy cm'mrlfkotfmk

ord temsd usfkn dftedr tfgd mr mvdrcurrdkt" mr o cmgifkotfmk m` imte+ \ed

cmggmk ofg m` obb terdd gdtemls fs tm nfvd cmrrdct lfscrfgfkotfmk+


21/35

?+ LFSCYFGFKO\FMK IV \FGD

Fk tefs gdteml" ok opprmprfotd tfgd sdttfkn fs nfvdk tm doce m` ted rdboyscmktrmbbfkn ted cfrcuft irdojdrs fk o pmwdr systdg tm dksurd teot ted irdojdr

kdordst tm ted òubt mpdks `frst+

\ed tfgd ldboy dbdgdkt prmvflds ted gdoks m` lfscrfgfkotfmk+

Doce prmtdctfmk ukft cmgprfsds o ld`fkftd'tfgd ldboy mvdrcurrdkt rdboy fk wefceted mpdrotfmk m` ted currdkt sdksftfvd dbdgdkt sfgpby fkftfotds ted tfgd ldboydbdgdkt+ Qrmvfldl ted sdttfkn m` tefs dbdgdkt fs idbmw ted òubt currdkt vobud"

tefs dbdgdkt pboys km port fk ted ocefdvdgdkt m` lfscrfgfkotfmk+

@mr tefs rdosmk" ted rdboy fs smgdtfgds ldscrfidl os ok fkldpdkldkt ld`fkftd'tfgd ldboy rdboy" sfkcd fts mpdrotfkn tfgd fs `mr proctfcob purpmsds fkldpdkldktm` ted bdvdb m` mvdrcurrdkt+

\ed gofk lfsolvoktond m` tefs gdteml m` lfscrfgfkotfmk fs teot ted bmkndst òubtcbdorokcd tfgd mccurs `mr òubts fk ted sdctfmk cbmsdst tm ted pmwdr smurcd" wedrdted òubt bdvdb %GPO fs efnedst+

\edsd scedgds ord oppbfdl tm bmw vmbtond systdgs os ok fktdnrob port m`ted cfrcuft'irdojdr wedrd ft wmubl id ukdcmkmgfcob tm prmvfld prmtdctfmkrdboys+


22/35

9+ LFSCYFGFKO\FMK IV CTYYDK\

Lfscrfgfkotfmk iy currdkt rdbfds mk ted òct teot ted òubt currdkt vorfds wfte ted

Qmsftfmk m` ted @oubt idcousd m` ted lf``drdkcd fk fgpdlokcd vobuds idtwddk ted

smurcd okl ted òubt+ Edkcd" typfcobby" ted rdboys cmktrmbbfkn ted vorfmus cfrcuftirdojdrs ord sdt tm mpdrotd ot suftoiby topdrdl vobuds m` currdkt suce teot mkby

ted rdboy kdordst tm ted òubt trfps fts irdojdr+

Ft fs kmt proctfcob tm lfstfknufse idtwddk o òubt idtwddk twm òubt pmfkts

pbocdl ot obgmst dquflfstokcd `rmg ted irdojdr" sfkcd tedfr fgpdlokcd

wmubl id kdorby dquob+

Obsm" `mr òubt pmfkts mkby o `dw gdtdrs oport cmgpordl tm tedfr octuob

lfstokcd `rmg ted irdojdr" lfscrfgfkotfmk iy currdkt fs kmt o suftoibd

prmpmsftfmk+


23/35

3+ LFSCYFGFKO\FMK IV IM\E \FGD OKL

CTYYDK\

Ft fs idcousd m` ted bfgftotfmks fgpmsdl iy ted fkldpdkldkt usd m` dftedr tfgd mr

currdkt cm'mrlfkotfmk teot ted fkvdrsd tfgd mvdrcurrdkt rdboy ceoroctdrfstfc eosdvmbvdl+

^fte tefs ceoroctdrfstfc" ted tfgd m` mpdrotfmk fs fkvdrsdby prmpmrtfmkob tm ted

òubt currdkt bdvdb okl ted octuob ceoroctdrfstfc fs o ùkctfmk m` imte tfgd okl

.currdkt. sdttfkns+

@mr o bornd vorfotfmk fk òubt currdkt idtwddk ted twm dkls m` ted `ddldr" òstdr

mpdrotfkn tfgds cok id ocefdvdl iy ted rdboys kdordst tm ted smurcd" wedrd ted

òubt bdvdb fs ted efnedst+


24/35

FGQBDGDK\O\FMKM@QYM\DC\FPDYDBOVSFK

QM^DYSVS\DGS

Qrmtdctfvd rdboys ord cotdnmrfzdl ldpdklfkn mk ted cmgpmkdkt wefce tedyprmtdct8 Ndkdrotmrs" \roks`mrgdrs" \roksgfssfmk Bfkds" okl Gmtmrs


25/35

XMKDS M@ QYM\DC\FMK


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31/35

\YOKS@MYGDYQYM\DC\FMK

LFS\YFIT\FMK \YOKS@MYGDY

%Tp tm 411jPO 8

Mvdrcurrdkt Ydboy

Dorte'`oubt Ydboy

@usd Qrmtdctfmk Ydboy

Gmrd teok ?111jPO8

Mvdrcurrdkt Ydboy

Dorte'`oubt Ydboy Iuceembz Ydboy

M\F" ^\F %Oborg & \rfp

@usd Qrmtdctfmk Ydboy

QM^DY \YOKS@MYGDY8

Mvdrcurrdkt Ydboy

Mvdrvmbtond Ydboy

Lf``drdktfob Ydboy

Ydstrfctdl Dorte @oubt Ydboy

Iuceembz Ydboy %Oborg & \rfp

Gfk+ Mfb Nound Ydboy Qrdssurd Ydboy Pobud %\rfp

M\F & ^\F %Oborg & \rfp


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BFKD QYM\DC\FMK

B\ %TQ \M ?? jP & EP BFKDS

%33 jP \M ?39 jP

Mvdrcurrdkt Ydboy

Dorte'òubt Ydboy

LQY %Lfstokcd Qrmtdctfmk Ydboy

DEP BFKDS %991 jP OKL OIMPD

Mvdrcurrdkt Ydboy

Dorte'òubt Ydboy

LQY 8 M-C" D-@

Gofk Ius'?

Gofk Ius'9 %iocjup

Lfrdctfmkob M-C" D-@

P\ @usd òfburd

Tkldr'vmbtond- Mvdr vmbtond %TP- MP

Tkldr'`rdqudkcy- Mvdr `rdqudkcy

%T@-M@

@rdqudkcy ceoknd Ydboy %l`-lt


33/35

OC GM\MY OKL NDKDYO\MY

QYM\DC\FMK

Mvdrcurrdkt Ydboy

Dorte'`oubt Ydboy

Gmtmr Qrmtdctfmk

Qeosd Sdqudkcd

Mvdr Spddl Qrmtdctfmk

Tkldr'vmbtond- Mvdr vmbtond %TP- MP

Tkldr'`rdqudkcy- Mvdr `rdqudkcy %T@-M@

LQY %Lfstokcd Qrmtdctfmk8 M-C" D-@" Qmwdr Swfkn

QYM\DC\FMK SCEDGDS @MY SVS\DG CMGQMKDK\S


34/35

CMGQMKDK

\ YDBOV

\VQD

OKSF

CMLD

MQDYO\FKN QYFKCFQBD FKQT\

QOYOGD\DYS

MT\QT\

QOYOGD\DYS

NDKDYO\MYMut'm`'StdpYdboy

>5

Ydboy trocjs ted fgpdlokcd iy ldtdctfkn ted

vorfotfmks m` ted vmbtond-currdkt+ \ed vorfotfmk fs

sgobb lurfkn kmrgob cmklftfmks emwdvdr ft

ceoknds kdorby stdpwfsd fk ted cosd m` òubt

cmklftfmks+ \efs gdoks teot ted fgpdlokcd fs

ceokndl oiruptby+

Currdkt oklPmbtond %P" F&

Fgpdlokcd %X 7P F &

\YOKS@MYGDY Lf``drdktfob

Ydboy5>

Qrmtdcts ted troks`mrgdr `rmg fktdrkob òubts iy

tojfkn ted currdkt fkputs `rmg imte prfgory okl

sdcmklory sfld m` ted troks`mrgdr+ \ed sug m`

tedsd currdkts %tojfkn fktm cmksfldrotfmk

troks`mrgdr turks rotfm& fs zdrm ukldr kmrgobcmklftfmks mr dxtdrkob òubts iut kmt dquob tm

zdrm fk cosd m` òubt cmklftfmks+

Currdkts `rmg

prfgory okl

sdcmklory sfld

%Fprfgory "Fsdcmklory&

Currdkt %F&

\YOKSGFSSFMK

BFKD

Lfstokcd

Qrmtdctfmk9?

O òubt fk o troksgfssfmk bfkd wfbb rdsubt fk ted

ldcrdosd m` bfkd fgpdlokcd wefce fs cmgpordl

wfte o prd'ld`fkdl terdsembl vobud+ \ed trfp

sfnkob wfbb id sdkt tm ted irdojdr f` ted

gdosurdl fgpdlokcd fs sgobbdr teok ted

terdsembl+

Currdkt okl

Pmbtond %P" F&

Fgpdlokcd %X 7

P F &

Mvdr'

currdkt

Qrmtdctfmk

41-4?

O òubt fk o troksgfssfmk bfkd wfbb rdsubt fk ted

fkcrdosd m` currdkt possfkn termune ted bfkd

wefce fs cmgpordl wfte o prd'ld`fkdl terdsembl

vobud+ \ed trfp sfnkob wfbb id sdkt tm ted irdojdr

f` ted gdosurdl currdkt dxcddls ted terdsembl+

Currdkt %F& Currdkt %F&

BMOL

Tkldr-Mvdr

Pmbtond

Qrmtdctfmk

9>-46

O òubt ot ted bmol ius wfbb vory ted tdrgfkob

vmbtond+ \ed gdosurdl vmbtond fs cmgpordl

wfte prd'ld`fkdl terdsembl vobud+ \ed trfp sfnkob

wfbb id sdkt tm ted irdojdr f` ft fs bmwdr-nrdotdrcmgpord tm ted terdsembl+

Pmbtond %P & Pmbtond %P &

QYM\DC\FMK SCEDGDS @MY SVS\DG CMGQMKDK\S


35/35

CMKCBTSFMK

O prmpdrby cmmrlfkotdl prmtdctfmk systdg fs vftob tm dksurd teot ok dbdctrfcfty

lfstrfiutfmk kdtwmrj cok mpdrotd so`dby `mr fklfvfluob ftdgs m` dqufpgdkt" sto`` okl

puibfc" okl ted kdtwmrj mvdrobb+

Fk mrldr tm ovmfl logond" suftoibd okl rdbfoibd prmtdctfmk semubl id fkstobbdl mk obb

cfrcufts okl dbdctrfcob dqufpgdkt+ Qrmtdctfvd rdboys fkftfotd ted fsmbotfmk m` òubtdl

sdctfmks m` ted kdtwmrj fk mrldr tm gofktofk suppbfds dbsdwedrd mk ted systdg+ \efs

tedk bdols tm ok fgprmvdl dbdctrfcfty sdrvfcd wfte idttdr cmktfkufty okl quobfty m`

suppby+

Outmgotfc mpdrotfmk fs kdcdssory tm fsmbotd òubts mk ted kdtwmrjs os qufcjby os

pmssfibd fk mrldr tm gfkfgfzd logond+ \ed ldvdbmpgdkt m` pmwdrùb kugdrfcob

obnmrftegs okl fgprmvdgdkt fk lfnftob tdcekmbmny eos nrdotby dxtdkldl ted scmpd m`

prmtdctfmk systdgs+ Gmst m` ted botdst typds m` rdboys ord kmw gubtfùkctfmkob ldvfcds

wfte cmktrmb" gdtdrfkn" rdpmrtfkn okl oborg ùkctfmks okl olldl copoifbftfds teot

fkcbuldl wftefk ted sogd ldvfcd+

\ed dcmkmgfc cmsts okl ted idkd`fts m` o prmtdctfmk systdg gust id cmksfldrdl fk

mrldr tm orrfvd ot o suftoibd iobokcd idtwddk ted rdqufrdgdkts m` ted scedgd okl ted

ovofboibd `fkokcfob rdsmurcds+

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