Protecting calves from disease involves more than just giving shots….

Brodersen BW. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2010;26(2):323-333. Griffin D, Chengappa MM, Kuszak J, McVey DS. Bacterial pathogens of the bovine respiratory disease complex. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2010;26(2):381-394.

Annual losses reported in the beef industry due to respiratory disease …but that’s all at

the feed yard, right?

$1 Billion

Annually, nearly 400,000 cow/calf operations have reported death loss prior to weaning

Operations reported pre-weaning death loss

accessed 1/5/17 https://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/Ag_Atlas_Maps/Livestock_and_Animals/Livestock,_Poultry_and_Other_Animals/07-M145.php

https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/beefcowcalf/downloads/beef0708/Beef0708_is_Mortality.pdf https://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2012/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_US/usv1.pdf

1 2

of pre-wean deaths are due to respiratory disease

Respiratory disease is the leading calf killer

Respiratory Digestive Unknown Weather

Injury Other

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

31%

https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/beefcowcalf/downloads/beef0708/Beef0708_is_Mortality.pdf accessed 1/5/17

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis virus (IBR)   IBR infections are widespread in the cattle population.   IBR infection can be severe in young calves, cause a generalized

disease and predisposes to secondary bacterial pneumonia, which may result in death.

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)   BRSV is an important virus because of its frequency of occurrence,

predilection for the lower respiratory tract, and ability to predispose the respiratory tract to secondary bacterial infection.

  Passively derived immunity does not appear to prevent BRSV infections.

Primary pre-weaning respiratory disease causing pathogens

http://www.merckvetmanual.com/respiratory-system/respiratory-diseases-of-cattle/viral-respiratory-tract-infections-in-cattle Accessed 1/19/17

Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVD)   BVD virus is capable of inducing immunosuppression, which

allows for development of secondary bacterial pneumonia.

Mannheimia haemolytica   Mannheimia haemolytica serotype 1 is the bacterium most

frequently isolated from the lungs of cattle with BRD.   After stress or viral infection, M. haemolytica rapidly replicates in

the upper respiratory tract, colonizes in the lungs, releases leukotoxin and damages lung tissues

Primary pre-weaning respiratory disease causing pathogens

http://www.merckvetmanual.com/respiratory-system/respiratory-diseases-of-cattle/viral-respiratory-tract-infections-in-cattle Accessed 1/19/17 http://www.merckvetmanual.com/respiratory-system/respiratory-diseases-of-cattle/bacterial-pneumonia-in-cattle Accessed 1/19/17

A majority of operations “vaccinate” prior to weaning, but only

https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/beefcowcalf/downloads/beef0708/Beef0708_is_GenVacc.pdf accessed 1/5/17

30% Vaccinate against respiratory disease

$725

Potential

value of each 500 pound

calf lost prior to weaning

Up to 35

pounds

Less weaning weight per

recovered calf

$37.50

Approximate labor &

medication cost/sick calf

Stokka. Prevention of respiratory disease in cow calf operations. Vet Clinics of NA Food Animal Pract. pg 229-241. Vol 26. 2010. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/beefcowcalf/downloads/beef0708/Beef0708_is_Mortality.pdf accessed 1/5/17

Cattle prices from National Feeder & Stocker Cattle Summary – Week ending 12/23/2016

Estimated $265 million of the $1 billion total lost annually reported at the cow/calf level

Estimated cost per operation suffering pre-weaning BRD

  Reduce financial loss prior to weaning   Calves stay healthy and develop to their full

genetic potential   Reduce the risk of disease later in life

Providing effective protection against respiratory disease prior to turnout helps:

However, when building an effective immunization program, there are unique features of the young calf’s immune system that must be considered.

Seeger JT, Grotelueschen DM, Stokka GL, et al. Comparison of the feedlot health, nutritional performance, carcass characteristics and economic value of unweaned beef calves with an unknown health history and of weaned beef calves receiving various herd-of-origin health protocols. Bov Pract 2008;42(1):1-13.

Vaccines help protect calves from disease:

 Vaccines contain ‘antigens’  Vaccine antigens mimic

disease organisms but cannot cause disease

 Vaccine antigens stimulate the immune system to produce antibody and other cells to fight disease

Immunizing calves - Overview

The young calf’s immune system can fail to mount a complete immune response to vaccination due to:

 Maternal antibodies  Dominant vaccine antigens  Stress

Common factors that can compromise the immune response to vaccination

The calf’s earliest protection is provided by maternal antibodies absorbed from nursing colostrum

  Levels of maternal protection vary widely among individual calves.

  Maternal antibodies can bind to and inactivate conventional vaccine antigens.

Maternal Antibody interference

IBR virus is a dominant antigen that can suppress the immune response to other vaccine antigens administered to naïve calves

Dominant antigen interference

Harland RJ, Potter AA, van Drunen-Little-van den Hurk S, et al. The effect of subunit or modified live bovine herpesvirus-1 vaccines on the efficacy of a recombinant Pasteurella haemolytica vaccine for the prevention of respiratory disease in feedlot calves. Can Vet J. 1992;33(11):734-741. Cortese VS, Seeger JT, Stokka GS, et al. Serological response to Mannheimia haemolytica in calves concurrently inoculated with inactivated or modified-live preparations of M. haemolytica and viral combination vaccines containing modified-live bovine herpesvirus type 1. Am J Vet Res. 2011;72(11):1541-1549.

Stress from handling and herd management procedures can decrease a calf’s ability to fully mount an immune response to vaccines or infectious agents

Stress

• Gathering/comingling •  Injections • Castration

• Human handling • Branding • Ear tagging

An ideal vaccination program should rapidly stimulate an immune response, even in the face of stress.

There are over 260 licensed cattle vaccines available. Unfortunately, there is very little information concerning how well they work when:

1.  Multiple vaccines are administered on the same day

2.  Vaccines are administered in the presence of maternal antibody

3.  Vaccines are administered under stress

Young calf immunization question… ….what vaccine should I use?

Mounting a protective immune response in the young calf can be challenging, but research has shed light on an immunization program that can do just that

Young calf immunization research

Vaccinating with INFORCE 3 and ONE SHOT BVD can provide rapid, lasting protection against key respiratory diseases.

Administration of the uniquely formulated INFORCE 3 and One Shot BVD enables the immune system to respond

Vaccination with INFORCE 3 and One Shot BVD results in the development of a robust immune response against both IBR and M. haemolytica.

Stoltenow CL, Cortese VS, Seeger JT, Stokka GS, Weigel D. Immunologic response of beef calves to concurrent application of modified-live viral vaccine (intranasal and systemic administration) and systemically administered Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid. Bovine Pract. 2011;45(2):132-138.

INFORCE 3 and One Shot BVD helps circumvent IBR dominant antigen interference

Administration of INFORCE 3 and One Shot helped circumvent IBR dominant antigen interference, providing a similar response as with One Shot alone.

INFORCE 3 and One Shot are not impacted by IBR dominant antigen interference

Stoltenow CL, Cortese VS, Seeger JT, Stokka GS, Weigel D. Immunologic response of beef calves to concurrent application of modified-live viral vaccine (intranasal and systemic administration) and systemically administered Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid. Bovine Pract. 2011;45(2):132-138.

Geometric least squares means (LSM) of M. haemolytica leukotoxin ELISA antibody level

Intermediate levels of BVD maternal antibody in calves vaccinated prior to BVD challenge vs. control:

  Significantly lower rectal temperature measurements

  Significantly higher white blood cell and differential cell counts

  Significantly better average daily gains during the 28-day trial and for the next 28 days after the trial

  Less frequent isolation of BVD virus from clinical specimens

IBR maternal antibody positive calves vaccinated prior to IBR challenge vs. control:

  Marked reduction in the incidence of IBR respiratory disease

  Significantly higher IBR virus neutralizing antibody titers

  Significantly shorter duration of illness

  Less nasal shedding of IBR virus

INFORCE 3 and Bovi-Shield GOLD BVD protect in the presence of maternal antibody

Significance measured at P ≤ 0.05 Mahan SM, Sobecki B, Johnson J, et al. Efficacy of intranasal vaccination with a multivalent vaccine containing temperature-sensitive modified-live bovine herpesvirus type 1 for protection of seronegative and seropositive calves against respiratory disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2016;248(11):1280-1286.

Significance measured at P ≤ 0.05 Walz PH, Riddle KP, Richardson AP, et al. Impact of passive immunity induced by maternal vaccination on subsequent immunization and disease-sparing in early-weaned beef calves challenged with highly virulent BVDV. Joint U.S. BVDV/ESVV Pestivirus Symposium. 2014.

  3-9 day-old BRSV naïve calves, single nostril administration   Vaccinated with INFORCE 3 then challenged 57 days later

INFORCE 3 protects against BRSV and summer pneumonia

INFORCE 3 offers the highest level of protection available against BRSV respiratory disease

Data on file, Study Report Nos. 3131R-60-08-557, 3131R-60-09-669, Zoetis Inc.

a,b Different superscripts within a column represent significant differences (p ≤ 0.0003)

Together, INFORCE 3 and One Shot BVD provide rapid, lasting protection against key respiratory diseases to help give calves a healthy start and get them safely through the grazing season

Mahan SM, Sobecki B, Johnson J, et al. Efficacy of intranasal vaccination with a multivalent vaccine containing temperature-sensitive modified-live bovine herpesvirus type 1 for protection of seronegative and seropositive calves against respiratory disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2016;248(11):1280-1286. Step DL, Krehbiel CR, Hixon C, et al. Evaluation of Commercially Available Multivalent Modified-Live Viral Vaccines on Health and Performance in Feedlot Cattle. JJ Vaccine Vaccination. 2015;1(3):1-8. Walz PH, Riddle KP, Richardson AP, et al. Impact of passive immunity induced by maternal vaccination on subsequent immunization and disease-sparing in early-weaned beef calves challenged with highly virulent BVDV. Joint U.S. BVDV/ESVV Pestivirus Symposium. 2014

INFORCE 3 and One Shot BVD for grazing season protection

INFORCE 3, One Shot and Bovi-Shield GOLD BVD followed by Bovi-Shield GOLD One Shot 5 months later:

  “Vaccination of suckling calves primed the immune system and subsequent vaccination elicited an immune memory response at least 153 days following administration of the initial dose.”

  “This information can help further define how immunization programs might be designed to maximize immune responses to both viral and bacterial antigens.”

Additionally……INFORCE 3 and One Shot BVD prime the calf for Bovi-Shield GOLD One Shot booster at the end of grazing

Stokka GL, Neville B, Seeger JT, Cortese VS, Gaspers JJ. Serological effect of two concurrent IBRV, BVDV, BRSV, PI3V, and Mannheimia haemolytica vaccination protocols and time interval between the first and second dose on the subsequent serological response to the BRSV and M. haemolytica fractions in suckling beef calves. Bovine Practitioner 2016; Vol 50,No 1:21-27.

Administer INFORCE 3 and One Shot BVD at first work   Robust protection

  Highest level of protection available against BRSV, leading cause of summer pneumonia   Highest level of protection available against BVD respiratory disease and viremia   Highest level of protection available against M. haemolytica, the #1 killer of calves

  Rapid protection   Onset of immunity against Mannheimia haemolytica demonstrated within 7 days   Protection against BVD respiratory disease when challenged within 5 days of

INFORCE 3 and Bovi-Shield GOLD BVD administration   Lasting protection

  Provides at least 6 months of protection against IBR respiratory disease after single nostril administration

  Provides 9 months duration of immunity against BVD Types 1 and 2 respiratory disease   Demonstrated protection for at least 57 days against BRSV respiratory disease

Provide complete calf protection

Walz PH, Riddle KP, Richardson AP, et al. Impact of passive immunity induced by maternal vaccination on subsequent immunization and disease-sparing in early-weaned beef calves challenged with highly virulent BVDV. Joint U.S. BVDV/ESVV Pestivirus Symposium. 2014. Data on file, Study Report Nos. 3131R-60-08-557, 3131R-60-09-669, Zoetis Inc.

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