Proposed by.. Ms. Autchara Poohngamnil Energy Field of Study 1 A Towards Low Carbon Campus through Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation Measures Advisor:

Proposed by.. Ms. Autchara Poohngamnil

Energy Field of Study

1

A Towards Low Carbon Campus through Energy Efficiency and Energy

Conservation Measures

Advisor: Prof. Sivanappan Kumar

School of Environment, Resources and DevelopmentAsian Institute of Technology

May, 2010

2

Background of the studyStatement of problemObjective, scopes and limitation of the studyOverall methodologyThe study outcomesConclusion and Recommendations

OutlineOutline

3

BackgroundBackground

Global GHG emissions contributed by sector (World Resource Institute, 2009)

Global GHG emissions contributed by sector (World Resource Institute, 2009)

Building Sector

8 Gt of CO2eq

(2009)

15.6 Gt of CO2eq

(2025)

World primary energy consumption is projected to increase by 57% in

2035 as compared to 2008

4

Statement of problem

Statement of problem

Climate Change Issue

Building Sector is one major contributor

AIT has potential to mitigate the problem

Previous study, 20% of energy is saved by energy conservation, lead to GHG emissions

reduction

Therefore, my study has focused on promoting AIT on a low carbon carbon campus through energy conservation and energy efficiency.

5

Objective of the studyObjective of the studyThe primary objective of this study is to study options for low carbon campus, and suggest options for AIT to move towards low carbon campusThe specific objectives of this study are as follows:1. To analyze carbon footprint due to major activities of at

AIT

2. To analyze the energy consumption of AIT before implementation of energy efficiency measures

3. To identify options to reduce energy consumption, and implement

these measures in selected areas4. To give guideline recommendations for AIT on energy

efficiency tobecome a low carbon campus

6

Scope and limitationScope and limitation

Low carbon campus will be focused only from a theoretical point of view

Only major emission sources will be considered for GHG emissions estimation

The experimental study will focus on electricity consumption, especially, lighting system at selected areas

Selected Areas Outline on AIT CampusSelected Areas Outline on AIT Campus

7

8

Overall MethodologyOverall MethodologyAIT towards to

Low Carbon Campus

Estimate carbon emissions

Carbon emission reduction measures

Offset remaining emission

Transportation

Electricity Consumption

Waste Generation

Energy conservation and energy efficiency options

Renewable energy options

Not considered in

this study

Solar thermal system, PV

Biomass

Electrify from wind energy

Energy auditing and analysis

Implementing of selected energy efficiency options (including financial

analysis)Analysis of result after

implementation

Proposed policy guidelines for AIT towards low carbon campus

Stationary Combustion

Refrigerant Leakage

9

What areoutcomes

?

AIT’s GHG Emissions

Energy Efficient and Conservation achieved

AIT Towards Low Carbon Campus

HOW?

HOW?

10

Data SurveysData Surveys

Electricity

Transportations

Waste Generation

Stationary Combustion

Refrigerant Leakage

Recorded from related office

Survey &Questionnaires

Assumption

MSW- Previous study report

AIT’s Utility Office

Measurement

Wastewater- Previous study report





IPCC

Transportations37%

Stationary combustions

1%

Refrigerant leakage

1%

Electricity50%

MSW9%

Wastewater2%

11

GHG Emissions by the Scopes

ScopesMajor emission

sourcesEmission

(tCO2eq/yr)

1. Direct emission

AIT’s vehicle fleets 285Stationary combustions-LPG used for cooking-Fuel oil for boiler at AITCC

7436

Refrigerant leakage 2002. Indirect emission

Electricity 7,488

3. Other Indirect emission

Waste generation-MSW-Wastewater

1,262280

Business travelCommuting of AIT peopleShopping travelTravel of Visitor to AIT

1,2213,607250192

Total 14,895

Total is 14,895 tCO2e/year

AIT’s GHG Emissions by Major Sources

AIT’s GHG Emissions by Major Sources

12

Implemented OptionsImplemented OptionsTechnical measures Energy Save (%)

Remove tube lights which are unnecessary 70

Replacing T8 lamps & magnetic ballasts with T5 lamps & electronic ballasts

30

Use of new efficient fixture to reduce number of lamps (2 to 1lamp) and increasing illumination level

50

Replacing T8 lamps & magnetic ballasts with CFL lamps

60

Use of pull switches 50

Replacing CFLs with LEDs lamps 75

Use of indoor occupancy sensor for toilets 85

Use of outdoor occupancy sensor for corridor 85

Use of indoor occupancy sensor for a workshop area

65

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Energy saving and climate change tipsSaving our earth by our own hands EEM lab energy saving

1. Pasted the posters (size 90x120 cm)in EEM lab

2. Monitored energy consumption reduction after pasting the posters about a week

3. Show result of energy consumption reduction by cooperation of people by pasting energy reduction poster

Awareness scheme (EEM)Awareness scheme (EEM)

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User Altitudes

User Altitudes

Aware of climate change issue, energy efficiency and energy

conservation

Do people turn off the lights before leaving EEM lab?

How people feel on illumination level of

new system ?

Do people use pull switches?

96%

4%

Of user are aware

Of user are not concern

70%

30%

Always turn off

Sometimes

80%

30%

Good as compared With previous system

Not concern

65%

20%

Often

Sometimes

10% Never

15

Comparison of load pattern in EEM lab before and after implementing energy efficiency and energy conservation(Based on measurement)

30% Savin

g

Results at EEM labResults at EEM lab

Overall electricity saving

20% Savin

g

Before (22 Sep-10 Otc'09)

After (22 Otc'09-2 Nov’ 09)

Another 10% was achieved by Awareness Campaign

(based on measurement 15 Nov-09-31 Apr 10)

By technical measures

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Total SavingTotal Saving

Total energy saved is about 118,036 kWh/yearTotal money saved is about 407,230 THB/year GHG emissions reduction is about 60 tCO2e/y

* One full scholarship of a AIT’s master student is 752,000 Baht

Total energy saved is about 118,036 kWh/yearTotal money saved is about 407,230 THB/year GHG emissions reduction is about 60 tCO2e/y

* One full scholarship of a AIT’s master student is 752,000 Baht

2007 Implementation+ My Implementation

Therefore,This can be one scholarship every 1.6 year for Master’ student (at AIT)Or about 30 credits courseworkOr about 9 year for accommodation expenses (at AIT)

GHG emission by Electricity consumption is about 7,488 tCO2e/year (50%) Transportation is about 3,607 tCO2e/year (37%). Waste generation is about 1,542 tCO2e/year (11%), Refrigerant leakage (1%), and stationary combustions (1%) with total Total amount of GHG emissions is about 14,895 tCO2eq/year. The average GHG emission of AIT is 4.3 tCO2eq/capita.

30% of electricity can be saved through Energy efficiency and conservation The overall electricity saving is about 118,036 kWh/year Money saved is about 407,230 baht/year (based on calculation). The payback period is about one year GHG emissions is about 73,654 kgCO2e/year.

Policy measures are important to move towards Low Carbon Campus

GHG emission by Electricity consumption is about 7,488 tCO2e/year (50%) Transportation is about 3,607 tCO2e/year (37%). Waste generation is about 1,542 tCO2e/year (11%), Refrigerant leakage (1%), and stationary combustions (1%) with total Total amount of GHG emissions is about 14,895 tCO2eq/year. The average GHG emission of AIT is 4.3 tCO2eq/capita.

30% of electricity can be saved through Energy efficiency and conservation The overall electricity saving is about 118,036 kWh/year Money saved is about 407,230 baht/year (based on calculation). The payback period is about one year GHG emissions is about 73,654 kgCO2e/year.

Policy measures are important to move towards Low Carbon Campus

17

ConclusionConclusionAIT’s GHG emissions

Energy Saving Lead to GHG emissions Reduction

18

RecommendationsRecommendations

Carbon footprint estimation, a good system for recording activities data, Carbon footprint number and its effects should be focused

AIT should have energy monitoring equipments system such as power meters for each sub areas

Awareness campaign on low carbon campus should be conducted regularly for all of people in campus

Reducing GHG emission through other ways such as in transportation, waste generation and renewable energy that is available in campus should be studied in depth for achieving more GHG emissions reduction.

19……THANK THANK YOU…YOU…

Others15%

Commercail Buildings

17%

Administration Buildings

5%

Residences17%

Academic Buildings

24%

Chiller Plant22%

20

GHG emissions GHG emissions

Yearly GHG emissions by electricity usageYearly GHG emissions by electricity usage

The share of GHG emissions by electricity usage on average Nov and Dec 2008

The share of GHG emissions by electricity usage on average Nov and Dec 2008

AIT's Major GHG Emissions Sources : Electricity Consumption

2005 2006 2007 2008

Total is 7,488 tCO2e/yr (2008)

21

Monthly CO2 emission by solid waste generation (2008)

AIT's Major GHG Emissions Sources: Municipal Solid Waste

The share of MSW’s GHG emissions by main section of AIT


22

GHG

Details Number Source

Average wastewater m3/day

1,122 EEM, AIT

COD (kg COD/m3) 0.21 EEM, AIT

Operating days 365Based on AIT campus

Total COD (kg COD/year) 86001 Calculated

B0 (kg CH4/kg COD) 0.21IPCC default value

MCF 0.738IPCC default value

Methane emission/year (tCH4)

13 Calculated

Total GHG emissions (tCO2e) 280 Calculated

AIT's Major GHG Emissions Sources :Wastewater


SET38%

SERD37%

SOM12%

Administration13%Visitors to AIT

3%

Commuting travel (AIT

People to home)65%

AIT owned vehicles

5%

Shopping travel5%

AIT Work- related travel(International&Domestic)

22%

Students 43%

Staff s 52%

Faculty 5%

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AIT's Major GHG Emissions Sources: Transportation

Total is 5,555 tCO2e/yr




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AIT's Major GHG Emissions Sources :Cooking


25

AIT's Major GHG Emissions Sources: Refrigerant Leakage

Total is 200 tCO2eq/yr


26

AIT and other universities GHG emissions per capita

AIT and other universities GHG emissions per capita


0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Tufts UniversityCollege of Charleston

Tulane UniversityAIT

University of New HampshireCalifornia State University

Vermont UniversityConnecticut College

Carleton CollegeFlorida

ETHHarvard

Middlebury CollegeSmith College

Lewis and ClarkYale University

Oberlin University

GHG emission (tCO2eq/capita)

AIT=4.32

Average GHG emissions of Thai people = 4.28 tCO2/ capita

South Academic

50%

Biotech8%

PPT15%

AFE9%

Aqua 10%

Energy8%

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Share of Electricity ConsumptionShare of Electricity Consumption

Chiller23%

Residentail19%

Academic Building

24%

Administration7%

Commercail 15%

Other 12%

Total 1,023 MWh/month

Total 245 MWh/month

Total 110 MWh/month

by Schools

Share of Electricity consumption at AIT

By SERD Buildings

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Electricity load of the South academic building

Electricity load of the South academic building

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Pow

er (k

W)

Time

1A-2A 1B-2B1C-2C1D-2DTotal

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Pow

er (k

W)

Time

1A-2A1B-2B1C-2C1D-2DTotal

Weekday load pattern of the South Academic Building

Weekend load pattern of the South Academic Building

(based on measurement during 4 May-30 September, 2009)

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Comparison of electricity load for 1A(EEM) and 2A areas

Comparison of electricity load for 1A(EEM) and 2A areas

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Pow

er (k

W)

Time

Total of 1A-2A

1A (EEM)

2A

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Pow

er (k

W)

Time

Total of 1A-2A

1A (EEM)

2ALoad pattern of 1A and 2A areas in the South Academic Building for weekday

Load pattern of 1A and 2A areas in the South Academic Building for weekend

(Based on measurement during 15 Sep-15 Oct 2009)

30

Overall electricity saving after awareness scheme

Comparison of electricity consumption in EEM lab before and after campaigning(Based on measurement)

Comparison of load pattern in EEM labbefore and after campaigning (Based on measurement)


31

Before (W115)

After (W115)


32

Before

Before

After

After

Corridor lightingCorridor lighting

33

Picture before and after implementing energy efficiency option at restroom

Before

After

Occupancy Sensor

CFL

Rest room lightingRest room lighting

Thank SchneiderThank Schneider

34

Energy Building (Corridor)

Comparison of load before and after implementation

Power SavingInitial

investment

(Baht)

Payback(Year)CFL

(W)LED(W)

Load(kW)

Energy(kWh)

Annual energy saving(kWh)

Annual money saving(Baht)

13.6 3.4 10.2 0.224 89.35 303.79 230 0.75

CFL

LED

75% Savin

g

(Based on measurement)

Replacing CFL lamps with LEDs at corridor

Energy Building Energy Building

Electricity Saved is 1,073

kWh/yr

Money Saved is 3,699 THB/yr

35

Efficient technologies donated by Schneider

Efficient technologies donated by Schneider

Operation of movement sensor for a corridor

Operation of occupancy sensor for a rest room

Power Meter

Thank SchneiderThank Schneider

36

PosterPoster

37

PosterPoster

38

PosterPoster

39

PosterPoster

40

1. To analyze carbon footprint due to major activities at AIT

Identify major GHG emission Sources, and group them into “scopes”

GHG emissions estimation (IPCC)

GHG emission reduction plan

Data collection, and set baseline year

Implementing reduction options

Proposed policy guideline recommendations

Highlight Policy

from Other Universitie

s

Followed big

universities, IPCC

41

Analysis AIT electricity consumption and bill

AIT electricity consumption by school level and its share

Focused high school consumer, and choose the building for implementation

Identify the major share of consumer

Detailed analysis electricity consumption for selected building

Selected specific areas for implementation

2. To analyze the energy consumption of AIT before implementation of energy efficiency measures

42

Identify energy reduction options

Select, and implemented selected options

Financial analysis (simple payback method)

Analysis results after implementation (energy and GHG emissions reduction)

Thai local market,

literature review

3. To identify options to reduce energy consumption and

implement these measures in selected areas

43

Study highlight policies from other institutes

Identify measures to achieve the polices objective

Apply and recommend good policies for AIT

Conclusions

Highlight Policy

from Other Universitie

s

4. To give guideline recommendations for AIT campus on energy

efficiency to become a low carbon campus

44

MSW

Where:MSWT = Amount of MSW in kg/yearMSWF = Percentage of Solid waste which is disposed to landfills (%)MCF = Correction factorDOC = Degradable organic carbon (default value is 0.3)DOCF = Fraction DOC dissimilated to landfill gas (default value is 0.77)F = Fraction of CH4 in landfill gas (default value is 0.5)(Source: IPCC, 2006)

Where:MSWT = Amount of MSW in kg/yearMSWF = Percentage of Solid waste which is disposed to landfills (%)MCF = Correction factorDOC = Degradable organic carbon (default value is 0.3)DOCF = Fraction DOC dissimilated to landfill gas (default value is 0.77)F = Fraction of CH4 in landfill gas (default value is 0.5)(Source: IPCC, 2006)

CH4 emission = MSWT x MSWF x MCF x DOC x DOCF x F x

16/12

Type of landfills Default value of MCF

Managed landfills 1.0

No-managed and deep landfill (>5 m) 0.8

No-managed and deep landfill (<5 m) 0.4

No-classified MSW landfills 0.6

45

Wastewater

Where;•Total COD (kg COD/year) = Wastewater Volume (m3/day) x COD x Operating day•COD (kg COD/m3) of wastewater will be collected from previous study of EEM student•Operating day is assumed to be 365 days•B0 (kg CH4/kg COD) is The maximum methane producing capacity= 0.21 (Default value from IPCC, 2006) •MCF is methane conversion factor = 0.738 for conventional anaerobic digestion wastewater system (Default value from IPCC, 2006)

Then, convert to CO2eq by using global potential of methane (21). CO2eq emission (kg/year) = CH4 emission (kg/year) x GWP

Where;•Total COD (kg COD/year) = Wastewater Volume (m3/day) x COD x Operating day•COD (kg COD/m3) of wastewater will be collected from previous study of EEM student•Operating day is assumed to be 365 days•B0 (kg CH4/kg COD) is The maximum methane producing capacity= 0.21 (Default value from IPCC, 2006) •MCF is methane conversion factor = 0.738 for conventional anaerobic digestion wastewater system (Default value from IPCC, 2006)

Then, convert to CO2eq by using global potential of methane (21). CO2eq emission (kg/year) = CH4 emission (kg/year) x GWP

CH4 emission (kg/year) = Total COD (kg COD/year) X B0 (kg CH4/kg COD) x MCF

Documents

Proposed by.. Ms. Autchara Poohngamnil Energy Field of Study 1 A Towards Low Carbon Campus through Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation Measures Advisor: