Proposal on the Fixture Design in Use of Load Profile Model · 2011-06-21 · international council for research and innovation in building and construction technical university “gh.asachi”

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

TE C H NIC AL U NIV E RSITY “G H .AS AC HI” IAŞI , R O M AN IA

2002 CIB W62 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE FOR BUILDINGS A4-1

Proposal on the Fixture Design in Use of Load ProfileModel

Hiyoruki Kose (1), Iwao Hasegawa (2), Yoshiharu Asano (3) andFumitoshi Kiya (4)(1) [email protected], Toyo University(2) [email protected], Nikken Sekkei Co., Ltd.(3) [email protected], Shinshu University(4) [email protected], Kanagawa University

Abstract

The fixture design method such as an elevated tank, a hot water supply equipmentand a sump pit, is not carried by HASS206-2000 which it is decided in the Society ofHeating, Air-conditioning & Sanitary Engineers of Japan. Therefore, it is necessary toshow the design method as design standard of the society from now on. Moreover, peakflow demand of water or hot water supply can be measured with cheaply and sufficientcomparatively by progress of measurement technology. Furthermore, the calculationusing a vast quantity of data is becoming easy by the spread of computers. Therefore, itis thought a possibility that the fixture design in use of load profile model will beperformed is high from now on. Then, examination was advanced based on the contentsof the report by the load calculation and the optimal plan subcommittee, the Society ofHeating, Air-conditioning & Sanitary Engineers of Japan, and this paper examines thefixture design method in use of load profile model.

Keywords

fixture design, load profile model; simulation

1. Introduction

The fixture design method, such as an elevated tank, hot water supply equipment anda sump pit, is not carried by HASS 206-20001) which it is decided in the Society ofHeating, Air-conditioning & Sanitary Engineers of Japan. Therefore, the proposal of thenew design method is needed to improve the fixture design method that the presentHASS206 is missing.

mailto:[email protected]




In the books which are used in business 2) 3), although some fixture design methodsare introduced, four problems of the following are pointed out.

(1) The separate method is shown about the fixture design and standardization is notattained.

(2) The fixture design method of capacity is based on the maximum load, has littleflexibility of a design and tends to do an excessive design.

(3) Since it is not the design corresponding to a time series load change, generatingof the maximum load cannot be predicted, either and the excess and deficiencyof capacity cannot be judged.

(4) It cannot specify the level of capacity for load.On the other hand, peak flow demand of water supply can be measured with cheaply

and sufficient comparatively by progress of measurement technology. Furthermore, thecalculation using a vast quantity of data is becoming easy by the spread of computers.Therefore, it is thought a possibility that the design in use of load profile model of watersupply, hot water supply and drainage will be performed is high from now on.

Corresponding to the above-mentioned problem and change of a time, the fixturedesign method is proposed with the following three targets in this paper.

(1) Improvement of the fixture design method aiming at standardization(2) Utilization of computer simulation and showing the design method

corresponding to a time series load change(3) Clearing of design conditions and showing the standard of load profile model for

specific useThis paper shows the proposal about the method of design an elevated tank , a sump

pit and hot water supply equipment. Besides, this paper corrects a part to the contents ofreference 4) and reference 5).

2. Fundamental view of the fixture design in use of load profile model

Flows of the fixture design method in use of load profile model are shown in Figure1. Although water supply system, drainage system and hot water supply system havesome difference because each part examined independently, the fundamental flow is thesame.

The feature of the fixture design method in use of load profile model is shown below.(1) Since a plan and a design can be performed when the load profile model of a

building has been grasped about, it can expect whether the maximum loadoccurs in what time zone, a day of the week, and a season.

(2) A engineer can setup the degree of margin (design level) at the fixture design.(3) Load calculation can be performed using a water supply unit.(4) A designer can setup the optimal capacity freely under various restrictions

conditions.A load profile model is created for each building type or each specific use. Although

illustrated from previous reference and survey data by making a model in this paper, theengineer may create it from past actual results and past data.

From the model, a engineer determines the degree of concentration on thecontinuation time in the peak hour or the diversity factor simultaneous usage factor inthe peak hour, and the grade and design level are setup using the load profile model. Itturns out on what design level the engineer has setup the load profile model by this process.



2002 C

Figure 1 - Flows of the fixture design in use of load profile model

IB W62 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE FOR BUILDINGS A4-3




In addition, the load profile model is shown and formed into the less dimension by therate of each time to water or hot water demand per day.

The pattern of water or hot water use of the building in plan can be setup bymultiplying the load profile model, number of persons and a water supply unit. If thebuilding in plan is a complex building and single plumbing system, the pattern of wateror hot water use created for each building type is compoundable.

Next, a fixture design is performed using the pattern of water or hot water use.About water supply system and drainage system, capacity of pump and effective

capacity of water storage tank are determined. The relation of capacity of pump andeffective capacity of water storage tank is called for dynamically by inputting theshortest operation time of a water supply or drainage pump and capacity of pump in thisdesign method.

About hot water supply system, capacity of hot water storage tank and water heatingcapacity in central hot water supply system are determined. By the design method,water heating capacity and hot water storage capacity are calculated in use of theintegrated load curve which integrated the pattern of hot water use for every time. Thewater heating capacity and the remaining volume of hot water in a hot water storagetank can be understood visually by the integrated load curve.

In addition, effective capacity of water storage tank and capacity of pump in watersupply system and drainage system, and hot water storage capacity and water heatingcapacity in hot water supply system do not become settled uniquely. Therefore, aengineer will determine those optimal values according to other factors, such aseconomical efficiency and an installation space.

A trial calculation result in use of load profile model is shown in the followingchapters, carrying out comparison with the fixture design method used conventionaldesign methods.

3. The elevated tank and the sump pit design method

3.1 The conventional design method

3.1.1 Design method of an elevated tankIn reference 1) and 2), the design method of an elevated tank is almost the same.

Here, the design method in reference 2) is shown in the formula (1). Moreover, adiagram is shown in Figure 2.

21)( TQT-QQV pupupe +≥ ……………………………………………………..…(1)where,

Ve : effective capacity of elevated tank [L]Qp : probable water demand in the peak hour [L/min]Qpu : capacity of pump [L/min]T1 : continuation time of probable water demand at a peak hour [min] (about 30

minutes)T2 : the shortest operation time of a water supply pump [min] (about 15 minutes)




Figure 2 - Capacity of elevated tank

i i 2 C i f l d kFigure 3 - Capacity of sump pit




The formula (1) is considered to maintain balance of the water income and outgo in thecontinuation time of probable peak flow rate of water supply. Moreover, the shortestoperation time of a water supply pump is secured, and the life of a pump and a relay, theamount of use electricity are taken into consideration.

The problems of the above-mentioned calculation formula are that probable waterdemand at a peak hour (Qp) and capacity of pump (Qpu) is not clear. That is, whenperforming an elevated tank design using this formula, it is the problem that the data fora designer selecting effective capacity of elevated tank is not prepared.

3.1.2 Design method of a sump pitA sump pit design method in reference 1) and 2) is expressed with the formula (2),

and is the same. Moreover, a diagram is shown in Figure 3.

21)( TQTQQV pupup +−= ………………………………………………………(2)where,

V : effective capacity of a sump pit [L]Qp : peak discharge flow rate to a sump pit [L/min]Qpu : capacity of pump [L/min]T1 : continuation time of peak discharge flow rate in the peak hour [min]T2 : the shortest operation time of a sewage pump [min] [from 5 minutes to 15

minutes]

A sump pit also has the same problem as an elevated tank, and decomposition ofwastewater will be caused if the capacity of a sump pit is too larger. Although it isnecessary to perform a suitable design from the relation between the capacity of a sumppit and the capacity of pump, it is the problem which cannot judge it easily by thecalculation formula.

3.2 Creation of a pattern of water use and simulation of the amount of water ina water storage tank

3.2.1 Creation of a pattern of water useThe survey data of 22 houses in a super high rise apartment 6) was used to make the

load profile model classified by specific use in every hour what added together the samesystem of water supply and hot water supply, and the load profile model was used as apattern of water use (level II). Moreover, the pattern of water use which doubled the rateof the peak load of each specific use, and raised the degree of concentration of load wasused as a level I. Furthermore, the pattern of water use which took the three-pointmoving average of each time zone in each specific use was made as a level III which islower concentration degree of load. The pattern of water use in each level is shownfrom Figure 4 to Figure 6. And the relation between the effective capacity of waterstorage tank and the capacity of pump was seen using those pattern of water uses.

In this paper, the number was set as 300 persons, and the water supply unit was setupin use of the survey data of the reference 6) as Table 1.

3.2.2 Simulation of the amount of water in a water storage tankThe program which carries out the simulation of the amount of water in a water

storage tank was created. The relation between the effective capacity of water storagetank and the capacity of pump was calculated using this.




Figure 4 - Load profile model (Level I)

Figure 5 - Load profile model (Level II)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 6 12 18 24

Time

Rat

e of

eac

h tim

e to

wat

er d

eman

d [%

]KitchenBathWashbasinLaundryWCHand washing

Level I

0

5

10

15

20

0 6 12 18 24

Time

Rat

e of

eac

h tim

e to

wat

er d

eman

d [%

]

KitchenBathWashbasinLaundryWCHand washing

Level II




Figure 6 - Load profile model (Level III)

Table 1 - Water supply unit for specific use (Apartment house)

0

5

10

15

20

0 6 12 18 24

Time

Rat

e of

eac

h tim

e to

wat

er d

eman

d [%

]KitchenBathWashbasinLaundryWCHand washing

Level III

Kitchen Bath Washbasin Laundry WC Handwashing Total

Average 45.38 82.19 18.83 49.92 34.49 0.63 231.45SD : 5.24 11.65 1.54 11.00 2.46 0.17 32.051.65 54.02 101.42 21.37 68.07 38.54 0.92 284.342 55.86 105.50 21.91 71.91 39.40 0.98 295.56Average 54.34 85.50 21.77 66.99 44.84 0.87 274.31SD : 9.36 17.89 2.61 14.22 2.23 0.20 46.511.65 69.79 115.01 26.07 90.45 48.53 1.20 351.052 73.07 121.27 26.98 95.42 49.31 1.28 367.32Average 47.98 83.15 19.68 54.88 37.49 0.70 243.89SD : 7.84 13.84 2.33 14.30 5.28 0.21 43.791.65 60.92 105.99 23.52 78.47 46.20 1.05 316.152 63.66 110.83 24.34 83.48 48.05 1.12 331.48Average 54 86 22 67 45 1 2751.65 70 115 26 90 49 1 3512 73 121 27 95 49 1 366




Furthermore, the maximum operation time of pump and the number of times anoperation by the capacity of pump were calculated. The flowchart of the simulation inan elevated tank is shown in Figure 7. Here, the simulation is performed by making5:00 into start time from change of the pattern of water use. Moreover, in order to catchamount of water per 1 minute, the pattern of water use is interpolated per 1 minute. Inthis paper, it is calculating by setting capacity to zero in order to calculate the minimumtank capacity to the capacity of pump. These calculation results are shown from Figure8 to Figure 10.

3.3 Results of calculation

3.3.1 Change of the capacity of pump by the design levelIf an elevated tank and a sump pit do not take time delay into consideration, they

completely bring the same calculation result. Therefore, the following calculationresults can be used common to both of the water storage tank design methods.

Change of the effective capacity of water storage tank and the capacity of pump (rateof the capacity of pump to the average water consumption per hour) was analyzed everythree design levels in use of the pattern of water use from Figure 4 to Figure 6 (Figure11). The calculation result (duration of time is 16 hours; probable water demand at apeak hour is 3 times of the average water consumption per hour; continuation time ofprobable water demand at a peak hour is 30 minutes; the minimum operation time ofpump is 10 minutes) by the conventional method is shown as comparison.

In the simulation, when the capacity of pump is small, there is a tendency foreffective capacity of water storage tank to become large. Moreover, when the rate of thecapacity of pump is from 3 to 4, the capacity of effective water storage tank becomessmall rather than the conventional method. When it sees from the effective capacity ofwater storage tank, the variation in the capacity of pump is large near 5% by the level.

3.3.2 Change of the capacity of pump by the water consumptionThe analysis of Figure 11 uses as data the water consumption setup by 1% excess

probability in consideration of the variation in the water consumption per day. Theresult in case of the water consumption setting up by an average or 5% excessprobability is shown in Figure 12. In this figure, change is small.

3.3.3 Change of the maximum operation time of pump and the number of timesan operation by the capacity of pump

It is desirable from a point of efficiency to shorten the maximum operation time andto increase the number of times an operation. From the above-mentioned viewpoint,according to Figure 13, it becomes the best operation when the rate of the capacity ofpump is 3 neighborhoods.




Figure 7 - Flowchart of the simulation in an elevated tank

No

Start

Input the pattern of water

interpolate the pattern per 1 minute

Input number of persons

Input water consumption unit for specific use

Calculate water consumption per day

Calculate average water consumption per hour

Input minimum operation time of pump

Input capacity of water storage tank (Full of water)

Ratio of capacity of pump is from 1 to 5

Calculate capacity of pump

Calculate start water level (Full of water - volume of water which is pump up * minimum

operation time of pump)

Time is from 5:01 to 5:00 (24 hours)

Calculate water supply quantity, integrated water supply quantity

and volume of water in water storage tank per 1 minute

Under start water level

Start water pump

Over stop water level

Stop water pump

Report operation time of water pump

Calculate integrated water supply quantity, volume of water in water

storage tank, volume of water which is pumped up and integrated

volume of water which is pumped

Time

Yes

Yes

Output graph of integrated water supply volume and

integrated volume of water which is pumped up

No

Output graph of water supply volume and volume

of water which is pumped up

Output graph of volume of water

Output numbers of times an operation and maximum operation time of pump

Ratio of capacity of pump

Output effective capacity of elevated tank and capacity

of pump

Output minimum numbers of times an operation and

maximum operation time of pump

End




Figure 8 - Water supply quantity and pump discharge

Figure 9 - Integrated water supply quantity and integrated pump discharge




Figure 10 - Change of volume of water in a water storage tank

Figure 11 - Change of the capacity of pump by the design level

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

Rate of capacity of pump

Effe

ctiv

e ca

paci

ty o

f wat

er s

tora

ge ta

nk(R

ate

of w

ater

con

sum

ptio

n pe

r day

)

Level ILevel IILevel IIIConventional method




Figure 12 - Change of the capacity of pump by the water consumption

Figure 13 - Change of the maximum operation time of pump and the numberof times an operation by the capacity of pump

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1 2 3 4 5


Max

imum

ope

ratio

n tim

e [m

in.]

0

4

8

12

16

20

24N

umbe

r of t

imes

an

oper

atio

n

Number of times of operationMaximum operation time

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0


Effe

ctiv

e ca

paci

ty o

f wat

er s

tora

ge ta

nk(R

ate

of w

ater

con

sum

ptio

n pe

r day

)

Average5% excess probability1% excess probability




4. The hot water supply system design method

4.1 The conventional design method

4.1.1 The method of calculating from the rate to the hot water supply demandper day by ASHRAE

There are "the method calculated from the number of persons" and "the method ofcalculating from fixtures" as the calculation method of the hot water supply system. It issaid that the results of those two methods do not correspond. It is because the relationbetween number of persons and fixtures does not become fixed, and individualdifference is in the hot water demand. It is more greatly calculated as generallycalculating from fixtures. In the central hot water supply system, the method calculatedfrom the number of persons is mainly used.

a. The method calculated from the number of personsIn case of the method calculated from the number of persons, it needs to multiply the

member per day for every specific use by hot water supply unit (Table 2).

dd NqQ = ………………………………………………………………………(3)

hdh qQQ = ………………………………………………………………………(4)vQV d= ……………………………………………………………………...…(5)

)( chd ttQH −= γ ……………………………………………………………..…(6)where,

N : number of persons [persons]Qd : hot water supply demand per day [L/day]Qh : maximum hot water supply demand per hour [L/h]V : effective capacity of hot water storage tank [L]H : water heating capacity [kcal/h] {1.163W}qd, qh, v, γ : based on Table 2

b. The method of calculating from fixturesThe number of times of the maximum use in each fixture is calculated, and those are

all totaled. The value is multiplied by the simultaneous usage factor of fixturesaccording to building, and the maximum hot water supply demand per hour iscalculated. Moreover, there is a table which calculates capacity of hot water storagetank with the hot water supply from a fixture per hour according to building (Table 3).

4.1.2 Calculate from the relations of a hot water storage tank and water heatingcapacity in consideration at the continuation time in the peak hour

The relation of a formula (7) is realized to a hot water storage tank and a waterheating equipment in the peak hour. In this calculation, the relation which a hot waterstorage and a water heating fixture can be calculated by the ability to expect thetemperature fall of a hot water storage at the continuation time in the peak hour. In orderto perform calculation, it is necessary to decide on peak load and the continuation timein the peak hour. This method is effective to the building which can consider intensiveuse (Figure 14 and Figure 15).




Table 2 - Quantity of hot water supply for specific use etc. (ASHRAE)

Table 3 - Quantity of hot water supply according to fixtures

Hot watersupplydemand perperson perday[L/person/day]

Rate ofmaximumhourly peakload to a dayuse

Continuoustime of peakload [h]

Rate of hotwater storagecapacity to aday use

Rate of waterheatingcapacity to aday use

qd qh vHouse,Apartmenthouse, Hotel,etc.

75 - 150 1/7 4 1/5 1/7

Office 7.5 - 11.5 1/5 2 1/5 1/6Factory 20 1/3 1 2/5 1/8Restaurant 1/10 1/10Restaurant(Three meals perday)

1/10 8 1/5 1/10

Restaurant (One meal perday)

1/5 2 2/5 1/6

Building type

FixtureHot water supplydemand per time[L]

Number of timesper hour [times] Note

Personal washbasin 7.5 1Common washbasin 5 2 - 8Bathtub 100 1 - 3Shower 50 1 - 6Kitchen sink 15 3 - 5

Table sink 10 2 - 4

House or apartmenthouse (A dining-roomis calculatedseparately.)

Laundry sink 15 4 - 6In the case of awashing machine, it ismachine capacity.

Slop sink 15 3 - 5Simultaneous usage factor of fixtures --- Hospital and hotel : 25%, Apartmenthouse, house and office : 30%, Factory and school : 40%




Figure 14 - Hot water supply system in case of formula (7)

Figure 15 - Relation between effective capacity of hot water storage tank andwater heating capacity




{ }QTtttHTVtt hhhh c2121 2/)(163.1)(163.1 −+≥+− ……………………………(7)where,

th1 : temperature in a hot water storage tank before peak time [ C° ] (generally60 C° )

th2 : temperature in a hot water storage tank after peak time [ C° ](generally55 C° )

tc : water supply temperature [ C° ]V : effective capacity of hot water storage tank [L] (generally about 70% of

capacity of hot water storage tank)Q : maximum hot water supply demand per hour [L/h]H : water heating capacity [W]T : continuation time of a peak [h]

4.1.3 Problem of the conventional design method The subject of the conventional design method is the following three points.(1) Since the maximum load is determined by the fixed ratio from the hot water

supply demand per day, the basis and trace to design cannot be shown.Moreover, it cannot judge whether the capacity of hot water storage tank issuperfluous and insufficient.

(2) When planning and designing, time series load change cannot be imagined.Moreover, before operating a building, it cannot expect whether the maximumload occurs in what time, a day of the week, and a season. Therefore, operationin consideration of load change cannot be performed.

(3) In a hot water storage tank design, since its capacity is decided by the fixed ratiolike (1), there is little flexibility of design. Therefore, it may become asuperfluous design and an insufficient design.

Since calculation process is simple, the conventional design method is effective inthe outline design at a master plan. In this paper, the design method using the loadprofile model is proposed based on the above-mentioned subject.

4.2 Selection method of capacity of hot water storage tank and water heatingcapacity using the integrated load curve

4.2.1 Definition of the integrated load curveThe relation between the load curve and the integrated load curve, and the relation

between the average load and the average water heating capacity line are shown inFigure 16. The integrated load curve integrates with the load in each hour. Moreover,the average water heating capacity line integrates with the average load.

The average heating performance to use here shows the heating performance in a 24hour average or in a duration of use. However, when suspending hot water system atnight, the average by the hours worked of hot water system must examine.

4.2.2 Calculation of capacity of hot water storage tank and water heatingcapacity in use of the integrated load curve

Tangential inclination of the integrated load curve in each time shows the requiredwater heating capacity in the time. The difference of an integrated load curve and waterheating capacity line indicates required capacity of hot water storage tank in the time.




Figure 16 - Definition of the integrated load curve




Therefore, the maximum difference of water heating capacity line and an integratedload curve indicates required capacity of hot water storage tank.

If the inclination of water heating capacity line becomes large, required capacity ofhot water storage tank becomes small. Moreover, the maximum tangential inclinationshows the maximum water heating capacity. A diagram is shown in Figure 17.

4.2.3 Fixture selection from the relation between capacity of hot water storagetank and water heating capacity

Required capacity of hot water storage tank is read in use of the integrated load curvecreated from the load profile model (Figure 18 and Figure 19) based on the designlevel as Figure 17. The calculation checks quantity of remained hot water, and that thequantity does not become zero. That is, the calculation checks satisfying a formula (8)for every hour.

0)( 1 >−+ − hthth QVH ………………………………………………………......(8)but

VVht ≤where,

Hh : water heating capacity per hour (quantity which makes hot water)Vht-1 : quantity of the hot water which remains 1 hour ago (t-1) in the hot water

storage tankQht : hot water supply demand in 1 hour (t)V : effective capacity of hot water storage tank

The combination of effective capacity of hot water storage tank and water heatingcapacity is calculated based on the above calculation process.

4.3 Results of calculation and comparison with the conventional fixture designmethod

The hotel which 500 persons can accommodate as a model of an independent usewas taken up, and it calculated by the proposed method and the conventional method.The pattern of hot water use and the integrated load curve used for the model is shownin Figure 20. Moreover, design conditions are shown in Table 4. And a result is shownin Figure 21.

Effective capacity of hot water storage tank and water heating capacity are calculatedmore smallish by the proposed design method as compared with the two conventionaldesign methods.

5. Conclusion

This paper proposed the fixture design method in use of load profile model. In thewater supply system and the drainage system, while the designer took into considerationthe capacity of pump and effective capacity of elevated tank, or effective capacity ofsump pit, it was shown concretely that the design can be carried out. In the hot watersupply system, while the designer took into consideration effective capacity of hot waterstorage tank and water heating capacity, it was shown concretely that the design can becarried out.




Figure 17 - Calculation of capacity of hot water storage tank and waterheating capacity in use of the integrated load curve

Figure 18 - Load profile model in case of hotel(Definition of peak load in a peak hour)




Figure 19 - Load profile model in case of hotel(Definition of degree of concentration in the peak)

Table 4 - Calculation conditions

1) Selection of the load profile model for specific use and setup the design levelDesign Level : Level II (Normal)Rate of maximum hourly peak load to a day use : 1/8Simultaneous usage factor : 13%Continuous time in the peak hour : 4 hours (from 21 to 24)Degree of concentration : 40%

2) Creation of the pattern of hot water useHot water supply damand per day : Qd = 500[persons] * 150[L/person/day] = 75[m3/day]

3) Calculation of the effective capacity of hot water storage tank and capacity of water heatingCase 1

Capacity of water heating per hour : 1/24 of hot water supply demand per day (3.1[m3/hour])Effective capacity of hot water storage tank : 27[m3]

Case 2Capacity of water heating per hour : 1.5/24 of hot water supply demand per day (4.7[m3/hour])Effective capacity of hot water storage tank : 15[m3]

Case 3Capacity of water heating per hour : 2/24 of hot water supply demand per day (6.3[m3/hour])Effective capacity of hot water storage tank : 6.5[m3]

4) Result of calculation (Figure 21)Calculation in case of degree of margin : 0, 10%, 20%, 50%Conventional method a), b)




Figure 20 - Pattern of hot water use and integrated load curvein case of hotel

Figure 21 - Relation between effective capacity of hot water storage tank andwater heating capacity in case of hotel




The following things are raised as a future subject.(1) preparedness of the actually based load profile model(2) correspondence to cascade water supply systems, such as water reclaiming

system and storm water use system(3) evaluation of energy saving, and utilization of the evaluation to a fixture selection(4) supply of the fixture design method program using the personal computer

6. References

(1) Society of Heating, Air-conditioning & Sanitary Engineers of Japan – HASS206-2000, SHASE Standard Plumbing Code, 2000

(2) Society of Heating, Air-conditioning & Sanitary Engineers of Japan – Handbook ofHeating, Air-conditioning & Sanitary Engineering, The 4th volume of 12th Edition,2001

(3) Society of Heating, Air-conditioning & Sanitary Engineers of Japan – Knowledge inBusiness of Plan and Design for Pluming System, The 2nd Edition, 2001

(4) Load Calculation and the Optimal Plan Subcommittee, Plumbing System Committee,Society of Heating, Air-conditioning & Sanitary Engineers of Japan – Proposal onthe Fixture Design Method Corresponding to Load Change, the Committee ResultReport, 2001.3

(5) H. Kose, Y. Asano, F. Kiya and I. Hasegawa – Estimation on Capacity of ElevatedTank and Sump Pit on Consideration of Load Profile Curve , Summaries ofTechnical Papers of Annual Convention of SHASE, Vol.III, G-46, pp.1813-1816,2001.9

(6) I. Hasegawa, N. Ichikawa and F. Kiya – A Measurement for Load of Hot and ColdWater Supply and a Predicting the Fluctuation of Hourly Demand of Water SupplyAccording to Time Series Analysis, A Study on Predicting the Demand Fluctuation ofWater Supply in Apartment Houses, Journal of Architecture, Planning andEnvironmental Engineering (Transaction of AIJ), No.494, pp.53-60, 1997.4

7. Main author presentation

Hiroyuki Kose is the Lecturer at Toyo University, Departmentof Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering.Special fields of study are plumbing engineering, waterenvironmental planning, and environmental design.




Documents

Proposal on the Fixture Design in Use of Load Profile Model · 2011-06-21 · international council for research and innovation in building and construction technical university “gh.asachi”