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Dr Lawrence W Chan
Deputy Executive Director
Vocational Training Council
26 Nov 2014
Promoting Mobility between
Higher Education and
Vocational Education &Training
2
Switzerland
Population in 2013
8.1 M1
Unemployment rate in 2013 (% of total workforce)
3.22
Estimated GDP per capita in 2014 (US$)
84,0002
Number of students joining apprenticeship after completion
of lower-secondary education in 2011
68,0001
Percentage of VET graduates at upper-secondary level who
are eligible to be admitted to an university in 2012
141
Median annual gross income of apprentices in 2013 (US$)
12,5001
Median annual gross income of craftsmen and skills workers
in 2013 (US$)
70,5001
Sources
1: Swiss Federal Statistical Office
2: International Monetary Fund
A Snapshot of Switzerland
The Swiss Dual-Track Education System
Source : Facts and Figures, Vocational and Professional Education and Training in Switzerland 2014, State Secretariat for
Education, Research and Innovation, Switzerland 3
VET as a Share of
Upper-secondary Education, in 2006
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Percentage of students in school based vocational and technical programmes
Percentage of students in combined school and work-based vocational and technical programmes
Source : OECD (2008c), Education at a Glance, Table C1.1, OECD, Paris. 4
(%)
5
Swiss Dual-track Approach to VET
Two learning components
Theory: classroom instructions at a VET school (1-2 days/week)
Practice: apprenticeship training at the workplace (3-4 days/week)
Two qualifications
2-year Federal VET Certificate
3-4 year Federal VET Diploma
Covers 230 different occupations
6
Swiss Dual-track Approach to VET
Top 5 most popular occupations by newly signed apprenticeship
contracts in 2011
1. Commercial employee
2. Retail employee
3. Health care worker
4. Social care worker
5. Electrician
7
Swiss Federal Vocational
Baccalaureate (FVB)
Serves as a bridge between VET and higher education
Is an optional general education qualification comprising the following
subjects: languages, history and political science, economics/business
administration/law, mathematics, and 2 vocational electives
Can be obtained by attending
Full-time while enrolled in a VET programme at upper-secondary
level
Part-time for 3 to 4 semesters while working
A 1-year full-time preparatory course for the FVB Examination after
graduating from the VET programme
8
Participation Rates of FVB
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
1994 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Percentage of VET graduates who also obtained a FVB qualification
Sources : OPET (2009), Facts and Figures. Vocational and Professional Education and Training in Switzerland, OPET, Bern.
Swiss Federal Statistical office 2013
Professional
Education and
Training (PET)
Universities of
Applied Science
(UAS)
Federal
Vocational
Baccalaureate
Academic
Universities
University
Aptitude
Test
Vocational
Education and
Training
General
Education
Schools
Permeability in Swiss Education System
9
Qualifications at Tertiary Level
PET qualifications1 28 200
(23 600 of which are federally regulated)
Federal PET Diploma Examinations 240 examinations
13 100 Federal PET Diplomas issued
Advanced Federal PET Diploma Examinations 170 examinations
3 200 Advanced Federal PET Diploma issued
PET college degree programmes 33 core curricula with a total of 52 areas of
specialisation and over 400 degree programmes
7 300 PET college degrees
Qualifications obtained from UAS, UTEs,
cantonal universities and FITs2
of which at UAS and UTEs
of which at cantonal universities/FITs
37 900 (incl PhDs)
13 200 Diplomas, Bachelors and Masters
24 700 degrees/Diplomas, Bachelors and Masters
and PhDs
1 End-of-year figures 2010 according to Federal Statistical Office (2011a/2011b). 2 End-of-year figures 2009 according to Federal Statistical Office (2011c).
Source : Facts and Figures, Professional Education and Training, Federal Office for Professional Education and Technology (OPET), 2011
Higher Education in Switzerland
Qualifications at Tertiary Level
10
11
Federal PET Examinations
Two levels of PET examinations leading to government-
recognized qualifications
Designed to test the competencies of learners to perform
authentic tasks on the job
Professional organizations responsible for establishing, drafting,
and updating the examination rules
The Swiss Government responsible for conferring federal
recognition upon federal PET examinations, approving
examination rules, supervising examinations and subsidizing 25%
of the examination costs
Preparatory courses available to prepare learners for the PET
Examinations
12
Federal PET Examinations
240 federally-approved examinations
Top 5 most common examinations by
professions in 2010
Police Officer
Human Resources Specialist
Trainer
Technical commercial agent
Marketing Specialist
13
Advanced Federal PET Examination
170 federally-approved examinations
Top 5 most common examinations by
professions in 2010
Job Attendant
Accountant
IT Specialist
Master Electrician
Expert for Accounting and Controlling
14
PET College
Provides tertiary-level training programmes that are federally
recognized
Professional organizations are involved in the preparation of
national training plans and qualification procedures
Full-time programmes last at least two years and 20% of the
study time is devoted to a traineeship
Part-time programmes last at least three years and 50% of the
study time is related to working in a relevant industry
Half of all PET college degrees issued in 2009 were obtained
through part-time studies
Graduates of PET degree programmes may be admitted to a
relevant UAS Bachelor’s degree programme
15
Relative Professional Income by
Education Level in Switzerland
Year Upper-
secondary
VET
Upper-
secondary
General
PET
University &
UAS
2000 1.27 1.21 1.65 1.89
2001 1.32 1.21 1.78 1.98
2002 1.27 1.24 1.69 1.97
2003 1.3 1.25 1.71 1.98
2004 1.3 1.21 1.68 1.95
2005 1.27 1.23 1.67 1.92
2006 1.28 1.25 1.7 1.95
2007 1.27 1.22 1.71 1.94
Index (1 = no post-compulsory education)
Source: Swiss Labour Force Survey, FSO
16
Experiences Learnt from
the Swiss VET/PET Model
Partnership between government and private sector is paramount
to the success of the dual-track system
Smooth transition from VET/PET to higher education helps promote
the appeal of VET/PET to prospective students and their parents
Involvement of state, local government, and professional
organisations in quality assurance and development of system
through legislation
Establishment of a legal framework for VET system that covers
250 occupations
Occupational profile
Training content
Competency of workers
Maximum number of trainees
Qualification procedures
f
Year 2
Year 1
Junior S1 – S3
Senior S6
Senior S5
Senior S4
Year 3
Year 4 Year 4
Year 3
Year 2
Year 1
Year 1
Diploma in Vocational
Education (DVE)
Bachelor’s / Master’s Degree
VTC / Other VET Providers UGC-funded Universities
1-year
Foundation Diploma (FD) / Yi
Jin Diploma (YJD)
QF L5
QF L3 Diploma of Secondary Education (DSE)
Po
st-s
ec
on
da
ry
an
d
Hig
he
r E
du
ca
tion
Ju
nio
r a
nd
S
en
ior
Se
co
nd
ar
y
QF L5
QF
L4
QF L3
Associate Degree(AD) Higher Diploma(HD)
Year 2
Bachelor’s Degree Bachelor’s Degree
Year 1
Year 2
Year 1
THEi
Senior Years / Top-up
Hong Kong Education System
17
Year 3
Year 2
Year 1
“Mainstream education is not a straightjacket that fits all young people as everyone has his or her own interests and abilities. The Government should re-establish the positioning of vocational education in our education system and guide the younger generation in choosing their career”
18
The Chief Executive’s Policy
Address 2014
19
Earn and Learn Scheme
Tripartite collaboration among the
government, industry and training
providers
Through-train study pathway up to Higher
Diploma and Degree levels
Provision of financial incentives to
encourage young people joining industries
with a keen labour demand
Industry allowance
Guaranteed salary
Government allowance
Industry Allowance $30,800
1 year (full-time)
3 years (part-time)
3 years (part-time)
3 years (part-time)
Secondary 3
Gov’t Monthly Allowance
$ 1,500 (2nd year) $2,000 (3rd year) $2,500 (4th year)
Monthly Salary
$8,000 (2nd year) $8,000 (3rd year) $8,000 (4th year)
Dip in Vocational Education
(DVE) QF L3
Higher Diploma
QF L4
Degree QF L5
Minimum Monthly Salary
$10,500 $12,000 $17,000
Earn and Learn Scheme
20
21
Bridging the Gap between VET and Higher
Education in Hong Kong
(Pre-employment)
Currently less than 5% of the Secondary 3 graduates join VET
while the rest continue with the academic education
VET graduates at upper-secondary level
are not eligible to directly apply for
university admission
A vocational baccalaureate programme
could be an attractive alternative for
secondary school students who aspire to
pursue university education but are not
interested in academic education at upper-
secondary level
Essential features of a vocational baccalaureate programme:
Balanced mix of vocational and general education contents
Pedagogy based on innovative approaches such as contextual
learning, problem-solving, interactive e-learning, augmented
reality training
Flexible curriculum and programme structure catered to
the learning needs of a diverse group of students
22
Bridging the Gap between VET
and Higher Education in Hong Kong
(Pre-employment)
0
10
20
30
40
50
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
15-24
(0.33 M)
25-39
(1.44 M)
>=40
(2.03 M)
QF and
above
Note – The number inside each bracket denotes the size of the population within the sector.
Source: Quarterly Report on General Household Survey July to Sept 2012 Census and Statistics Department, HKSAR
(%)
Educational Attainment of HK
Labour Force by Age Group in 2012
23
24
Hong Kong Qualifications Framework
Officially launched on 5 May 2008
Supports life-long learning
Qualifications are accredited
Qualifications are level-rated, with use of
credit size and appropriate qualification
titles
Education and training market – better
regulated, more transparent
Facilitate planning of learning pathways
and inter-institutional collaborations
25
Recognition of Prior Learning
Enable experienced employees
to receive formal recognition of
the knowledge, skills and
experience already acquired
Help determine the starting point
for learning and progression,
thus reduce duplication in training
for the same skills
Quality-assured – RPL mechanism is administered by qualified
Assessment Agency
Launched in 9 industries, with over 11,000 RPL holders and
over 20,000 Statements of Attainment issued
University
Bachelor’s Degree
QF(L5)
Vocational Institute
Higher Diploma
QF(L4)
VET Provider
Professional Diploma/Certificate
QF(L4)
Assessment Agency
Recognition of Prior Learning, QF(L4),
leading to Certificate of Competency
VTC
Vocational Assessments,
Trade Tests
Ad
ult
Lea
rner
s
Com
pete
nt
Para-p
rofe
ssio
nal
in a
Desi
gn
ate
d O
ccu
pati
on
Bridging the Gap between VET and
Higher Education in Hong Kong
(In-service)
26
27
Competency Requirements of a Qualified
Professional in the Property Management Industry
Occupation : Senior Property Officer
Job Descriptions : Undertake building security work, manage facilities and
equipment, handle emergency cases, human resources
management and customer services management
Competency Requirements Related Units of
Competency
RPL
Qualifications
Execute the management of building security tasks PMZZEM401A
Security
Operational
Work
(Level 4)
Manage the handling of emergency situations PMZZEM402A
Monitor and improve the conditions of private road
control and environmental protection of a building
PMZZEM406A
Monitor the use of carpark and loading area PMZZFM403A
Manpower planning and training for staff within the
property managed
PMZZHR401A
Customer service management PMZZHR404A
28
Competency Requirements of a Qualified
Professional in the Property Management Industry
(Cont’d)
Competency Requirements Related Units of
Competency
RPL
Qualifications
Promote staff awareness of keeping the building
environment safe
PMZZEM403A
Master knowledge of jurisdiction in relation to
property management cases in order to handle
legal matters
PMZZLW401A
Handle financial income and expenses PMZZFN401A
Lead the team in the provision of quality property
management service
PMZZHR402A
Occupational safety and health management in a
property management environment
PMZZHR403A
Professional Diploma in
a recognized programme
offered by an accredited
VET Provider plus a
prescribed period of
relevant work experience
Certificate of
Competency issued
by Assessment
Agency through
Recognition of Prior
Learning
mechanism
Enhancing the Mobility of Practitioners in
Property Management Industry – An Illustration
Meeting the qualification
requirements for a Senior Property Officer
Higher Diploma in a
recognized
programmed offered
by an accredited
Vocational Institute
plus a prescribed
period of relevant
work experience
29
30
Success Factors in Mobility Enhancement
Industry should define the competency requirements
of an occupation based on the Specifications of
Competency Standard of a given trade
Training providers should work with industry to ensure
their programmes meeting the manpower
requirements
Assessment agencies should work with industry to
ensure that the required competencies for an
occupation can be adequately assessed through RPL
mechanism
31
THANK YOU