Project117 rev07 3D Clock

David Jukes-Hughes 16th December 2012

Project 117: The Icon of The Chinese Peoples Revolution: Paper 1: Strategic Definition. (RIBA Work Stage 0) Revision 07. Dated 17 May 2014

The Icon of The Chinese Peoples Revolution Paper 1: Strategic Definition (RIBA Work Stage 0) A paper written and published by David G. Jukes-Hughes BA (Hons) BA (Hons) MA Certified (Canadian Architectural Certification Board) Manchester, United Kingdom. 16th December 2012



About the Author David Jukes-Hughes has been in the practice of architectural design since 1984. He specializes in architectural theory and its consequences.



The Icon of The Chinese Peoples Revolution Paper 1: Strategic Definition (RIBA Work Stage 0)

“Serve the People.” Mao Zedong. Attributed.

Preface In this paper I wish to propose a new icon for The Chinese Peoples Revolution. The icon will replace the current icon. The current icon is a portrait of Mao Zedong, and this portrait is located above the central portal of Tiananmen Gate over-looking Tiananmen Square in central Peking (Beijing, Peiping). Page i



Contents Page Preface i Introduction 1 1 An Astronomical Clock 1 2 The Design 2 3 The Purpose of the Clock 3 Conclusion 5 Further Remarks 6 Notes iii The Glossary vi Bibliography vi Appendix 1 vi Page ii



Introduction

“For a writer, the best way to speak is by writing. You will find everything I need

to say in my works. Speech is carried off by the wind; the written word can never

be obliterated. [Sic erat scriptum.] I would like you to find the patience to read my

books. I cannot force you to do that, and even if you do, I do not expect your

opinion of me to change. No writer has yet appeared, anywhere in the world, who

is liked by all his readers; that is especially true during times like these.

Even though I would prefer to say nothing, since it is something I must do on this

occasion, let me just say this:

I am a storyteller, so I am going to tell you some stories.”

Mo Yan (Dr. No) Nobel Prize Speech 2012 December 10th

From: www.nobelprize.org

In my previous paper, “When Eight Bells Toll”, dated 9th June 2012 (Rev.01), I noted that an opportunity existed to install a new feature on Tiananmen Gate over the central portal. This would constitute “Station 3” for the “Socialist Road” project. If a model of the solar system was included in the project, as proposed in my research paper, “An Architectural Triptych”, paper 3a, dated 28th July (Rev.06) it would constitute “Station 12”. Currently, the gate has a portrait of Mao Zedong over the portal. Today the Communist Party of China strictly adheres to a “scientific outlook on development”, as dictated by the last Chairperson of the party, Mr. Hu Jintao. It therefore seems appropriate to enhance the importance of scientific thinking on the Socialist Road project by including an additional astronomical feature to that of the model of the solar system, which is suggested in the second paper above. In this paper, I propose that the portrait of Mao Zedong could be replaced with a new type of astronomical clock, which is my own invention. 1. An Astronomical Clock China has a rich history of astronomical clocks. For example, Su Song’s “Cosmic Engine” of 1092 AD, built in the city of Kaifeng, is one of the earliest types of water-driven clocks. The clock included an armillary sphere and a celestial globe. The clock was operated by a water wheel, with a water tank, and an escapement mechanism. Page 1

http://www.nobelprize.org/



Today, astronomical clocks generally use electricity for their locomotive power. Their accuracy is maintained to a high level using the atomic clock mechanism. In this project I propose that an atomic clock be used to measure time, as required by the UTC system. The clock can be displayed using a large High Definition computer screen as a fascia. Thus, the clock will be in the form of a computer generated animation. In addition, I will also propose the introduction of a new type of astronomical clock, which I shall call “The 24 Hour Geographical Galactic Clock”. Figure 117/001 in Appendix 1 illustrates the concept design for the clock’s fascia. 2. The Design The new clock is nominally a 7 metre diameter roundel. I say it is nominally 7 metres in diameter, for in fact the clock could be any size. It all depends on the size of the computer screen. In this particular case, the chosen site limits the size of the clock to 7 metres diameter. At the centre of the clock is an artistic image of the Milky Way galaxy. The design is based on the current knowledge of the galaxy as suggested by NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) at Caltech, in the United States of America. The design is by Robert Hurt (SSC Caltech). The copyright is held jointly by NASA, the JPL, Caltech and Robert Hurt. The image was created in the year 2008. Figure 117/001 shows the galaxy in its present position relative to The Sun based on the Galactic Coordinate System (GCS), where the galactic centre and The Sun align on 0° on a 360° division of the galaxy centred on The Sun. The galactic centre is located in the constellation Sagittarius. (See Note 1.) The galaxy image rotates once every daily (Earth) hour in a clockwise direction about the galactic north pole. The clock is therefore a representation of reality both visually and dynamically. The scale of the galaxy in the image shown in Figure 117/001 is 1:4.73384x1020 at the full scale of the 7 metre diameter clock. Thus, 1 metre equals 50,000 Light years (ly). And the distance of The Sun from the galactic centre is shown as 27,200 ly, which is 544 millimetres on the image. In reality The Sun rotates about the galactic centre at a velocity of 220 km/s. Therefore, in the image, The Sun is shown as rotating at a velocity that is 2.04179x1012 (ie: 2 million million) times faster than reality. At this velocity (220 km/s), in reality, The Sun completes one 360° rotation about the galactic centre once every 233,036,836 Earth years. Page 2



Thus, in the image of the galaxy on the clock fascia, 233,036,836 Earth years are completed in just one hour of Earth time, with a complete 360° rotation of the image on the clock fascia. On the clock fascia, the image of The Sun represents “the minute hand” found on the dial of a traditional 12 hour analog clock. “The hour hand” is represented by 25 rings, which are located around the image of the galaxy. And each ring represents one complete rotation of the galaxy made in one Earth hour. The first ring is located at 1300 mm from the galactic centre, with The Sun image aligned with the radius “00 hours” at midnight (UTC). This position represents the birth of The Sun, 4,600 million years BP (Before the Present). As the galaxy rotates each ring is ‘filled’ with an advancing coloured bar. Thus, the coloured bar also indicates the minutes past. As each hour is completed, so the coloured bar moves out to the next ring, so that when the 24th ring is filled, the Earth day has completed 24 hours on the clock, and the galaxy image has completed 24 rotations. The 24 complete rotations of the galaxy image, therefore, represent the passing of 5,592,884,040 Earth years from the birth of The Sun. For clarity Figure 117/002 shows the clock fascia without the full galaxy image. 3. The Purpose of the Clock. So what is the purpose of the clock? Like all traditional clocks it tells the daily time on the planet Earth. It also shows the approximate geographical position of The Sun, its planets and the Milky Way galaxy, relative to the Galactic Coordinate System (GCS) from the birth of The Sun, 4,600 million years BP, through to its present position, and its future position over a period of another 1,000 million years after its present position. Scientists currently believe that in approximately 1,000 million years after the present position of The Sun all biological life will cease to exist on the planet Earth. Thus, the clock represents time passing geographically about the galactic centre from the birth of The Sun to the end of all biological life on the planet Earth, with each daily Earth hour representing one complete 360° rotation of the galactic centre by The Sun. The design of the clock, as shown in Figure 117/001, allows us to chart the approximate position of The Sun, relative to the galactic centre and the GCS, at key moments in the history of biological life on the planet Earth. Page 3



And by increasing The Sun’s velocity about the galactic centre by just over 2 million million times its actual velocity of 220 km/s (792,000 km/hr) to approximately 4.49194x1014 km/s (1.6171x1018 km/hr), the reality of one solar orbit about the galactic centre, reduced to one Earth hour, can be appreciated as a fixed period of Earthly time that can help us to connect with the idea of that larger reality over both one solar orbit (and one galactic rotation), and across the complete history of biological life on the planet Earth, beginning with the birth of The Sun. Table 1 illustrates the key events of the history of life on planet Earth as shown in Figure 117/001 for additional comparison. Table 1: The History of Life on the Planet Earth.

Item Key Event Years Time (UTC) on the 24 Hour Galactic Clock

A The End of All Biological Life on Earth

1,000 million years after the present

00:01:49.929054 am (On the next day)

B The Present 0 years 19:44:21.727248 pm

C Birth of the Species Homo Sapiens Sapiens

250,000 years before the present (BP)

19:44:18.102248 pm

D Birth of the Genus Homo

2.3 million years BP 19:43:46.187248 pm

E PETM 58.5 million years BP 19:29:17.902248 pm

F Extinction of the Dinosaurs

65 million years BP 19:27:37.477248 pm

G Permian-Triassic Extinction Event / Pangaea Continent


H Cambrian Explosion 630 million years BP 17:02:08.227248 pm

i Multi-Cellular Organisms Appear


J Eukaryotes Appear 1,575 million years BP 11:59:26.25 am

K Prokaryotes Appear 3,150 million years BP 06:13:14.227248 am

L Oceans Appear 3,600 million years BP 04:17:21.727248 am

M The Birth of The Sun 4,600 million years BP Midnight

Table 1 is, of course, not exhaustive. Other key events in the development of life on Earth can be added. In addition, future knowledge, as it develops, can also be included. (The clock could be adjusted for each event accordingly.) Page 4



It should also be noted that the clock mechanism is based on the radial distance of The Sun from the galactic centre, and this is still tentatively agreed at 27,200 ly, plus or minus 1,000 ly. In addition, the velocity of the orbit of The Sun at 220 km/s is also tentative. So any changes to these entities will lead to changes in the 24 hour clock time of the events identified in Table 1, and therefore, in the geographic position of The Sun, in orbit about the galactic centre, at the time of the events stated in the Table. The clock then cannot be said to be a precise geographical illustration (at the galactic scale) of the history of biological life on the planet Earth. However, it does provide an interesting, if tentative, visual overview of that history in the context of the macrocosm of ‘life’ at that scale. And by using a visual representation of time (also at that scale), albeit reduced to a more Human ‘scale of time’ in the form of the reality of the 24 hour Earth day as a basis for the clock’s measurement of time passing, it may help to give people a better understanding of the reality of nature at the galactic level. (See Note 2.) Conclusion In this paper, I have proposed the development of a new type of astronomical clock based on an artistic image of the Milky Way galaxy developed by NASA, the JPL and Caltech. It forms the basis of a 24 hour geographical galactic clock, which could be located above the central portal of Tiananmen Gate, at Tiananmen Square, Peking (Beijing), PRC, China. It would replace the current portrait of Mao Zedong, and form a dynamic central focus for the square. To make the clock more readable as an ordinary 24 hour clock, the hour point, at “00 hour”, could be located at the top of the clock. The half hour point, at “30 minutes”, would be located at the bottom of the clock. The birth of The Sun, at midnight, would show The Sun at the top of the clock. And on each hour thereafter, The Sun would also be at the top of the clock. The hour point, “00 hour”, would indicate the hour time for each hour period. Thus, at 1 am the hour number would show “01 hour”, and at 2 am it would show “02 hour”. The new clock could be installed during the year 2022 AD to mark the 750th anniversary of the foundation of the city of Peking, on its current grid plan, by Kublai Khan in 1272 AD. (This would also coincide with the 930th anniversary of the building of Su Song’s clock, or “Cosmic Engine”, in Kaifeng.) (See Note 3.) Page 5



Further Remarks The introduction of a new type of astronomical clock, which is based on a galactocentric model, rather than the traditional Renaissance Heliocentric one, clearly offers a new way of looking at our true place in the Cosmos. In this form, the new clock could be installed in other places, in addition to the one suggested above. In this final section of the paper, I should now like to explore what these might be.

(a) Floor based installations. Floor based installations have the advantage of allowing the clock’s representational alignment of 0° on the Galactic Coordinate System (GCS) to align with Grid or True North (as shown in drawings 117/001 and 002), without necessarily confusing the observer, who would, perhaps, expect this 12 o’clock position to be taken up by the hour point (“00 hour”). A floor based installation also allows people to walk over the clock and investigate the idea of “galactic time” more closely. The size of the clock could also be enlarged to twice, or even thrice the size of a vertically placed clock. Finally, it is worth noting that a floor based clock could enhance both building floors and town squares as a decorative feature. It could be installed quite productively on Tiananmen Square itself, for example. Here, the mausoleum of Mao Zedong could be removed from the site, and the new clock installed in its place.

(b) Other wall based installations. The clock, of course, could also be located in other places in the vertical position, as described for that of Tiananmen Gate. And these could be either inside or outside. An ideal location could be inside a museum of natural history, such as the Natural History Museum of Ottawa, Canada, or London, England, or the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, Canada. Other locations might include major civic buildings, such as town halls or government buildings. Given the nature of my town planning proposal for Berlin, Germany, outlined in my paper 3a of “An Architectural Triptych”, such a clock might be ideally located inside the Bundestag building’s main debating chamber, in place of the Eagle sculpture. (c) Schools and educational establishments. The clock could also be located on school and college campuses. It could be used as an educational tool to aid school science projects. One such project might be to build one’s own galactocentric clock using an existing 12 hour analog clock face. Page 6



This can be done in either of two ways. First by attaching an image of the galaxy to the minute hand in the 12 o’clock position with The Sun aligned with the minute hand, and the galactic centre at the pivot point of the minute hand. A second method is to simply attach a representation of The Sun at some point along the minute hand. This second method could be applied to existing clock towers. (Given the great distance of the clock face from the ground, a galactic clock with a full image of the galaxy might be too far away to be appreciated.) Thus, one such school project might be to add a picture of The Sun to the clock face (on the riverside) of the Elizabeth Tower at the Palace of Westminster in London, England. As the dial is 7 metres in diameter The Sun could be placed 544 mm from the pivot point of the minute hand. Thus, the scale of the ‘galaxy’ would match that shown in drawings 117/001 and 117/002. (The tower contains the bell called “Big Ben”.) Other clock towers could be similarly adorned, as the need arises, such as the Kowloon Railway Station clock tower at Kowloon Point in Hong Kong, China, “The Peace Tower” at the Houses of Parliament, Ottawa, Canada, or the clock tower at the Royal Military College at Kingston, also in Canada.

(d) Existing computer screens and watches. It could be possible to add the full galactic clock design to existing computer screens. These might be large HD computer screens already installed at town squares, such as “Times Square” in New York City, USA, or “Times Square” in Hong Kong, China. Or, it could be installed on personal computers or mobile telephones as an “App”. Lastly, wrist watches could also incorporate the new galactocentric design complete with a microchip mechanism, a touchscreen computer screen and an analog display. The End. “AND now for Lippius’s clock! said I, with the air of a man, who had got thro’ all his difficulties – nothing can prevent us seeing that, and the Chinese history, &c. except the time, said François – for ‘tis almost eleven – then we must speed the faster, said I, striding it away to the cathedral.” Laurence Sterne. “The Life And Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman”. Volume VII, CHAP. XXXIX. (1765). Penguin Classics, London, 1997, Edited by Melvyn New. p. 439.

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Notes

Note 1: In the Equatorial coordinate system the galactic centre of the Milky Way galaxy is: Right Ascension 17 hours 45 minutes 40.04 seconds, Declination - 29° 00' 28.1" (J2000 epoch). Note 2: It should be remembered that the Milky Way galaxy is also traveling from the centre point of the Big Bang singularity towards the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) in the Constellation Hydra, Right Ascension 10 hours 30 minutes, Declination - 24° (J2000 epoch), at a velocity of 552 km/s (1,987,200 km/hr), while the Sun rotates about the galactic centre at a velocity of 220 km/s (792,000 km/hr). (- The fastest Human made spacecraft, “Helios 2”, travels at a velocity of 252,660 km/hr.-) Can the clock, therefore, represent this phenomenon in anyway, and with any accuracy? Some suggestion of movement might be possible. This could be done through a careful selection of colour or tone of the hourly “coloured bar” on the clock’s circular rings. If the tone, black, was used the image of the galaxy would appear to recede from the viewer. On the following day a white bar would replace the black coloured bar. Thus, the galaxy would appear to advance towards the viewer. How does this fit with reality? Currently the galactic north pole of the Milky Way galaxy is ‘viewed’ from the constellation Coma Berenices (Right Ascension 12 hours 51 minutes 26.282 seconds, Declination +27° 07’ 42.01’’.) – The galactic south pole is in constellation Sculptor (Right Ascension 0 hours 51.4 minutes, Declination – 27.13°).- If the viewpoint in constellation Coma Berenices was a fixed position, the Milky Way galaxy would therefore advance toward the viewpoint (in an angular direction) and thus get larger. In short, it would appear “blueshifted” on the electromagnetic light spectrum. However, after reaching and passing a position in which the galaxy was the same distance to the CMB as the position of the view point, the galaxy would recede from the viewpoint. In short, it would appear to be “redshifted” on the light spectrum. In reality, however, the visible Cosmos is expanding, much like a balloon, in all directions from the centre point of the Big Bang singularity. Thus, our notional view point in the constellation Coma Berenices would also be moving toward the CMB. The distance between the viewpoint and the Milky Way galaxy would increase, over linear time, as both the galaxy and the viewpoint advance towards their different points on the CMB. The size of the image of the galaxy on the clock should get progressively smaller as time advances. In short, it would ONLY appear as a redshifted object on the light spectrum. Clearly, the above scenario cannot be represented on the clock fascia as a CONSTANT image of reality. What can be represented is a different view of the galaxy on alternate days. On Day One, as the “coloured bar” fills up with a black infill with each passing daily hour, the galaxy will appear to recede. This would represent the reality of the increasing distance between the viewpoint and the galaxy as they both move toward their different points on the CMB, in an expanding Cosmos. On Day Two the “coloured bar” would fill up with a white infill with each passing daily hour. Thus, the galaxy image will appear to advance. This might represent the reality of the narrowing distance between a FIXED notional viewpoint and the Milky Way galaxy as the galaxy alone advances towards the CMB. On Day Three, the “coloured bar” would again fill up with a black infill with each passing daily hour. Thus the image of the galaxy would again appear to recede from the viewpoint, a viewpoint that in reality would in fact be advancing towards the CMB from the Big Bang singularity. Continued…

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_coordinate_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_Ascension

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_Ascension

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declination

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J2000

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J2000

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)



Therefore, on “odd days”, the galaxy would appear to be “redshifted” with black infill “colour bars”, and on “even days” it would be “blueshifted” with white infill “colour bars”. Should this Trompe L’Oeil effect prove unsatisfactory from a scientific view, the actual image of the galaxy could be reduced in size as it recedes from the advancing viewpoint, or increased in size as the galaxy image moves towards a fixed viewpoint. The reduction or expansion of the galaxy image on the clock could be in proportion to the velocity of the rotation of the Sun about the galactic centre over the 24 hour period. Thus, 552 km/s divided by 220 km/s gives a proportion of 1:2.509. Therefore, the diameter of the galaxy image will reduce in size from 2000 mm to 19.435 mm on “odd days”, and on “even days” the diameter will increase back to 2000mm. (The galaxy recedes or advances over a distance of 10,290,900 ly (10.29 Mly). Therefore the size of the galaxy image on the clock changes by a ratio of 1:102.909 in each direction.) The above description completes what I call the “Groundhog Day” option for the ‘colourization’ of the clock. The second option, which I call the “Rainbow” option, could be applied to the colourization of the “coloured bar”. And this relies on the use of colour, or hue, rather than the more basic use of tone. (The diameter of the image of the galaxy on the clock could still be reduced and expanded on “odd days” and “even days”, as the galaxy image ‘recedes’ or ‘advances’ respectively.) On “odd days” the 25 rings could be filled in the sequence of colours found in a secondary rainbow, from the inner ring to the outer ring. On “even days” the 25 rings could be filled in the sequence of colours found in a primary rainbow. On the clock the colourization of the rings on “even days” would be as per Table 2. And on “odd days” it would be as per Table 3. (See below). In short, on “odd days” the rings could represent the effect of the Doppler “redshift”, and on “even days” they could represent the effect of the Doppler “blueshift”. Table 2: Primary Rainbow Colours on “Even Days”. (Doppler “Blueshift”)

Item Clock Time (UTC) Watch Colour Wavelength (nm)

1 Midnight – 04:00 am Middle Violet 380 - 450

2 04:00 – 08:00 am Morning Blue 450 - 495

3 08:00 – 12:00 pm Forenoon Green 495 - 570

4 12:00 – 16:00 pm Afternoon Yellow 570 - 590

5 16:00 – 20:00 pm Dog Orange 590 - 620

6 20:00 – 00:00 am First Red* 620 - 750

Note*: Red colour on the 25th ring.

Table 3: Secondary Rainbow Colours on “Odd Days”. (Doppler “Redshift”)

Item Clock Time (UTC) Watch Colour Wavelength (nm)

1 Midnight – 04:00 am Middle Red 620 - 750

2 04:00 – 08:00 am Morning Orange 590 - 620

3 08:00 – 12:00 am Forenoon Yellow 570 - 590

4 12:00 – 16:00 pm Afternoon Green 495 - 570

5 16:00 – 20:00 pm Dog Blue 450 - 495

6 20:00 – 00:00 am First Violet* 380 - 450

Note*: Violet colour on the 25th ring.

Continued…

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The six colours of the ‘rainbow’ in the two tables match the pure spectral colours of the electromagnetic light spectrum which are visible to the Human eye. The colour, “Indigo”, which is included in the Newtonian spectral system, is omitted in this instance. The six colours can also be said to represent the six “watches” on a naval vessel, with each change in colour occurring at “Eight Bells”. Thus, the clock could be installed on an ocean going vessel, if so desired. Or, it could also be located on a navy shore based establishment, a so-called “Stone Frigate”. Tables 2 and 3 include the name and duration of each “watch” over a 24 hour period. The design of the galactic clock in this case, therefore, can be traced back to a time when Humans first used The Sun, at its zenith, and a sand filled half hour glass to tell the (solar) time at any particular place on the planet Earth. In the context of this project proposal, Tiananmen Gate might be said to be a “Stone Frigate”, with Chairperson Mao as “The Great Helmsman”, in the vanguard of the Chinese people leading them onwards towards a ‘brave new world’. Thus, a ships bell could be installed at the gate, so that sailors of the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) could sound off the watch at each half hour. (Under “feudalism with Chinese characteristics”, the name of the shore based establishment might be called “HMHKS Belfast”, in strict accordance with “the one China principle”, and “the one country, two systems” system of thought.) Note 3: Astute readers will note that the velocity of the Sun about the Galactic Centre in the computer model of the Galaxy is 449,194,000,000,000 km/s. This is equivalent to 1,497,313,333 times faster than the velocity of light. (The velocity of light is only 300,000 km/s.) Therefore, the clock is technically an impossible representation of reality…and yet it exists. Therefore, it is obviously a paradoxical clock. And perhaps it is even the only one of its kind that does not work: as one might expect in a project of this type. That said, I think it could still make it in to the “Guinness Book of Records” either as the fastest clock that worked, or, if not, then the fastest clock that didn’t work. This observation brings us to the following required couplet to be provided on either side of the arch, or ‘portal’, at Tiananmen Gate. Peking, China (PRC), for the astronomical clock project. This ought to be provided by Cao Xueqin (1715?-63), the Chinese novelist, I think, and this is read, in translation, as follows: “Truth becomes fiction when the fiction’s true; Real becomes not-real where the unreal’s real.” Cao Xueqin. “The Story of The Stone” (Also known as: “The Dream of The Red Chamber”, Volume 1: Golden Days. From Chapter 1: “The Land of Illusion”), Penguin Books, London, UK, 1973, Translated by David Hawkes.

Obviously, the above quotation should also be written in 1958 Chinese Simplified Characters, as well as the Chinese English dialect of Hong Kong, China, a minority legal and judicial language of China (PRC) that is still currently protected by the NPC of the PRC until 2047 AD, according to the JD and the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). This law came in to force on the 1

st July 1997.

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The Glossary

Caltech The California Institute of Technology CMB Cosmic Microwave Background GCS Galactic Coordinate System HMHKS Her Majesty’s Hong Kong Ship km Kilometre km/s Kilometres per second ly Light Year JD The Joint Declaration of The Government of The United

Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland And The Government of The People’s Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong. (19th December 1984.)

JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NPC National People’s Congress nm Nanometre PETM Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum PRC People’s Republic of China RIBA Royal Institute of British Architects RAIC Royal Architectural Institute of Canada UTC Universal Time, Coordinated / Universel Temps, Coordonné

Bibliography: Books Sterne, Laurence. “The Life And Opinions of Tristram Shandy,

Gentleman”. First published between 1760 and 1767. Penguin Classics, London, 1997, Edited by Melvyn New.

Appendix 1 Drawings:

Drawing Number Title

117/001 Elevation

117/002 Elevation

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Copyright © David G. Jukes-Hughes 16th December 2012 Revision 07: 17 May 2014 Copyright © David G. Jukes-Hughes All Rights Reserved. Written and published by David G. Jukes-Hughes David Jukes-Hughes. The Flat, The Church of The Ascension, Clayburn Street, Hulme, Manchester, Lancashire, United Kingdom. E-mail: [email protected] Cell: 07448077698 Original Page ix

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Project117 rev07 3D Clock