FOREWORD !!

Grace be upon Allah the Almighty, with HIS blessings, the chemistry folio are

ready. Thank you to our SMK Pandan headmistress, Puan Rohany binti Saat,because

allow me to use all types of method to finish this folio completely.

Also thank you to our Chemistry teacher, Puan Badariah binti Ali Bajraj, because

give me the explanations and help me to finish this folio. Thank you to my parents

because of their supported to me to successful this folio.Also thank to my friends that

have always help me to finish this Chemistry Folio.

Lastly, I want to thank to all person that help me to finish this folio successfully.

Thank you very much.

INTRODUCTION !!

The discovery of chemical manufactured for consumers such as cleaning agents,food

additives and medicine has helped us improve our help and standard of living.Today,different

types of these chemicals are produces to meet the needs and preferences of

consumers.Therefore,understanding the chemistry of these chemical will help a consumers select

and use them wisely.

Medicines,soaps and detergent, we use these chemicals ever so often.Additives in food

make it last longer.Giving it nice colour, smell or flavor.Making simple food tastes so grand!

In this task,all people must know the use of food additives,soap and detergent and also

understand medicine.So,all people must always appreciate the existence of chemicals because

they are so important in our daily life.

OBJECTIVE !!

The objective for making this Chemistry Folio are :

1. We have know the cleaning agents,food additives and medicine has helped us improve our help and standard of living.

2. We able to know that additives in food make it last longer giving it nice colour, smell or flavor and making simple food tastes so grand!

3. By this project also,we have know the use of food additives,soap and detergent and also understand medicine.

4. We will know and understanding the chemistry of these chemical will help a consumers select and use them wisely.

5. Students will appreciate the existence of chemicals because they are so important in our daily life.

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SOAP AND DETERGENT

Introduction What is soap

- The general formulae of a soap can be written as :

- RCOO-Na+or RCOO-K+

R is an alkyl group usually containing 12-18 carbon atoms.It can be saturated or unsaturated.

EXAMPLES OF SOAP:

1)Sodium palmitate, CH3(CH2)14COO-Na+ .

2)Potassium stearate, CH3(CH2)16COO-K+.

Soaps are made from natural

resources.

Soaps are sodium or potassium salt of long-chain fatty acids.

WHAT IS DETERGENT??

General formulae for two common detergents are :

O O

|| ||

R – O – S – Oˉ Na⁺ R– – S – Oˉ Na⁺

|| ||

O O

Sodium alkyl sulphate Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate

Detergent are usually made from synthetic resources such as petroleum fractions.They were developed during the 2nd world war in responds to a shortage of animal fats and vegetable oils.

SOAP PREPARATION PROCESS !!

1. Made from animals fats and vegetables oils.2. Prepared by hydrolysing fats or oils under alkaline condition. 3. The reaction is called saponafication.

Boil fats or oils with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution or concentrated potassium hydroxide solution by saponafication process .

Glycerol and salts of fattyacids which are the soap are produce

Hydrolysed fats or oil to form glycerol or fatty acids.

Then, react the acid with an alkali to form corresponding sodium or potassium salts

Used concentrated potassium hydroxide solution instead of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution to form potassium soap, potassium palmitate

Poatssium soaps are softer, milder than sodium sooaps and are usually used for bathing

• CLEANING ACTION OF SOAP

ADDITIVES IN DETERGENT AND THEIR FUNCTIONS !!

ADDITIVES EXAMPLES FUNCTIONS

Biological enzyme

Amylases, proteases, cellulases and lipase

To remove protein stains such as blood

Whitening agent

Sodium perborate To convert stains into colourless substances

Optical whitener

Fluorescent dye To add brightness and whiteness to white fabrics

Builder Sodium tripolyphosphate To enhance the cleaning efficiency of detergent by

softening the water

Suspension agent

Carboxymethylcellulose To prevent the dirt particles removed from redepositing

onto cleaned fabrics

Filler Sodium sulphate, sodium silicate

To add to the bulk of the detergent and enable it to be

poured easily

Foam control agent

Silicones To control foaming in detergent

Fragrance - To add fragrance to both the detergent and fabrics

COMPARISON BETWEEN SOAP AND DETERGENT !!

SOAP DIFFERENCES DETERGENTSoaps are effective cleaners in soft water soaps from scum in

hard waterEffectiveness

Detergents are effective cleaners in both hard and soft water

Soaps form scum in hard water Formation of scum

Detergents do not form scum in hard water

Soaps are made from natural resources ( animal fats or

vegetable oils )Sources

Detergents are made from synthetic resources such as

petroleum fractionsSoaps form precipitate in

acidic waterFormation of precipitate

Detergents do not form precipitate in acidic water

Soaps are biodegradable and do not cause any pollution

Effect to environment

Non – biodegradable detergents give thick foams that kill

aquatic lives

STRUCTURAL FORMULAE OF SOAP AND DETERGENT

DISCUSSION !!

1) Soap are cleansing agent or natural detergent made from fats and oils of animals and vegetables.

2) Soap form scum in hard water while detergent do not scum in hard water.3) Soap are biodegradable and do not cause any pollution while detergent are non-

biodegradable and cause pollution.

CONCLUSION !!

The discovery of chemicals manufactured for consumers such as soap and detergent has helped us improve our standard living.both are surfactants (able to reduce surface tension of water to

emulsify oils and grease).This will help us use it and easier for our daily life. Therefore, understanding the chemistry of these chemicals will help a consumer select and use them wisely.

SOURCES OF REFERENCES !!

1) Chemistry Form 5 Text Book,Lim Eng Wah, Low Swee Neo, Lim Yean Ching, Eng Nguan Hong, Umi Kalthom Bt Ahmad,First Published 2006,Runz Creative Sdn. Bhd.

2) SPM Revision Series Grade A Chemistry,Grace Lee, Phoon Pooi Lan, Fok Poon Lih, W.S.Tham,First Published 2009,Cerdik Publication.

3) http://www.sdahq.org/soapchemistry 4) www.googleimage.com/soap 5) www.googleimage.com/detergent

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FOOD ADDITIVES

Introduction of food additives !!

OBJECTIVE !!

1. We are should be able to :

2. State the type of food additives and their examples.

3. State the function of each type of food additives.

4. Justify the use of food additives.

-Improve nutritional value of foods and improve their taste, texture, consistency or color.

-substances added to food to preserve flavour or improve its taste and appearance.

Salt , sugar, vinegar, fenugreek,clover, aniseed, cinnamon, buah pelage, turmeric etc.

definationFrom natural resources

FOOD

ADDITIVES

Types of food additives and their function !!

FOOD ADDITIVES EXAMPLES FUNCTIONSAntioxidants Ascorbic acid ,citric acid,

sorbic acid.Preventing oxidation that

causes rancid fats and brown fruits.

Stabilizers Lecithin Prevent emulsion from separating out

Thickness Jelly, starch Thicken foodsDyes Sunset yellow, tatrazine,

indigo, caramineAdd or restore the colour in

food in order to enhance visual appeal.

Preservative Sodium nitrite, benzoic acid, sulphur dioxide.

Slow down or prevent the growth or microorganism.

Flavourings Monosodium glutamate, aspartame, pentyl ethanoate

Improve the taste of food and restore taste loss.

DISCUSSION !!

1. Food additives have been used by mankind for centuries.

2. Improve nutritional value of foods and improve their taste, texture, consistency or color.

3. Substances added to food to preserve flavour or improve its taste and appearance.

CONCLUSION !!

The discovery of chemicals manufactured for consumers such as food additives has helped us improve our healthy and standard living. The, different types of these chemicals are produced to

meet the needs and preference of consumers. Therefore, understanding the chemistry of these chemicals will help a consumer select and use them wisely.

SOURCES OF REFERENCES !!

1) Chemistry Form 5 Text Book,Lim Eng Wah, Low Swee Neo, Lim Yean Ching, Eng Nguan Hong, Umi Kalthom Bt Ahmad,First Published 2006,Runz Creative Sdn. Bhd.

2) SPM Revision Series Grade A Chemistry,Grace Lee, Phoon Pooi Lan, Fok Poon Lih, W.S.Tham,First Published 2009,Cerdik Publication.

3) http://www.sdahq.org/chemcuisine 4) www.googleimage.com/foodadditives

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MEDICINES

modern medicine !!

MODERN MEDICINE

- Made by scientist in laboratories base on the subtances found in nature

- Forms such as liquid, tablets, powders and capsules

MODERN MEDICINE

- Made by scientist in laboratories base on the subtances found in nature

- Forms such as liquid, tablets, powders and capsules

ANALGESIC

ANTIBIOTICS

PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MEDICINES

Psychotherapeutic medicines Examples Side effects

PENICILLIN

- Most widely used in antibiotics

-Extracted from fungus Penicillium notatum

- Use to cure bacterial disease such as tuberculosis (TB), and pneumonia.

STREPTOMYCIN

- Produced by soil bacteria of the genus Streptomyces

- Used to treat tuberculosis, whooping cough and some forms of pneumonia.

-Broken down by acid in stomach

-Given by injection

-Side effects are:

Headache

Allergic reaction

Diarrhoea

Stimulant To reduce fatigue and elevate mood

Methylphenidate,dextroamphetamine,amphetamine

High does or excessive use of stimulants over long periods of time can lead to anxiety, hallucinations, severe depression, or physical and psychological dependence

Antidepressant To reduce tension and anxiety

Tranquillisers

Barbiturates

Tranquillisers cause drowsiness, poor condition or light-headedness. Overdose of these drugs can lead to respiratory difficulties, sleeplessness, coma and even death

Barbiturates cause addiction. People who rely on barbiturates to fight against insomnia sometimes kill themselves accidentally by taking an overdose

Antipsychotic To treat psychiatric illness such as schizophrenia

Chlorpromazine,haloperidol,clozapine

Antipsychotic medicines cause drowsiness, rapid heartbeat and dizziness

Traditional medicine !!

TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

DISCUSSION !!Medicine is the science of diagnosing, treating and preventing disease.

Medicine is use to treat and cure disease.

Modern medicine are made by scientists in laboratories and are based on substances found in nature.

Base on effectiveness without knowing chemicals.Effectiveness depends on practices and belief without scientific

proof.

GINSENG

Use for the treatment for weakness and general fatigue

Increases resistance to stress.

ALOE VERA

Use to treat skin condition such as sunburn and insects bites.

Decrease the inflammation and pain caused by burn.

GARLIC

Can repel by thing insects.

An antioxidant and be able to lower high blood pressure.

PEGAGA

Use as herbal tea, provides extra vitality, increase brain power and improve blood circulation.

Traditional medicine are usually not processed.

CONCLUSION !!The discovery of chemicals manufactured for consumers such medicine has helped us improve

our healthy and standard living.Good medical practice help people live longer, have more meaningful and active lives.Therefore, understanding the chemistry of these chemicals will help

a consumer select and use them wisely.

SOURCES OF REFERENCES !!1) Chemistry Form 5 Text Book,Lim Eng Wah, Low Swee Neo, Lim Yean Ching, Eng Nguan Hong, Umi Kalthom Bt Ahmad,First Published 2006,Runz Creative Sdn. Bhd.2) SPM Revision Series Grade A Chemistry,Grace Lee, Phoon Pooi Lan, Fok Poon Lih, W.S.Tham,First Published 2009,Cerdik Publication.3) http://www.sdahq.org/modernmedicine 4) www.googleimage.com/medicine 5) www.googleimage.com/traditionalmedicine

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