Induction of lung and liver tumors by tluoranthene in a preweanling CD-1 mouse bioassay Wang J-S, Busby WF Jr. Centre Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technolog, Cambridge, MA 02139. Carcinogenesis 1993;14:1871-4.

Fluoranthene (FA), a major environmental pollutant, induced lung and liver tumors 6-9 months after intraperitoneal injection of 0.7,1.75 and 3.5 mg FA into preweanling CD-l mice. There was a dose- dependent increase in lung tumors with a maximum tumor incidence of nearly 45 46 and a maximum tumor multiplicity of 0.6-0.7 lung tumors/ mouse. No significant difference was noted in lung tumors in the 6 and 9 month bioassays, although fewer tumors were consistently noted in mice treated with the two lowest doses of FA. Indices of lung tumor incidence (ED,) and multiplicity (TM, ,,) were similar for the two bioassays and ranged from 18.9-19.5 and 26.2-27.2 mol respectively. Male mice had up to two times more lung tumors than females but these results were not statistically significant. Liver tumors (nodular hyperplasia) appeared only in FA-treated males but no dose-response relationship was evident. However, liver tumors were observed in only O-10 46 of the male mice in the 6 month treatment groups, but in 20-60 96 of the males in the 9 month groups. Because the CD-l preweanling mouse responded to the weak lung tumorigen FA, it is a viable, limited- term bioassay for measuring tumorigenicity of PAH and combustion emissions.

The presence of mutagens/carcinogens in the excised lung and analysis of lung cancer induction Tokiwa H, Sera N, Horikawa K, Nakanishi Y, Shigematu N. Department of Health Science, Fakuoka Institute/, Health and Environmental Sciences, Dazaifu, Fukuoka 818-01. Gucinogenesis 1993; 14: 1933-8.

To elucidate a relationship between lung cancer and tumor induction of environmental chemicals, the presence of I-nitropyrene (I-NP) and benxo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in 137 Japanese (97 male and 40 female), and 21 Chinese lung specimens was examined by HPLC, and GC-MS and environmental exposure discussed. Mortality due to lung cancer in Fuyuan County, China, is much higher than that of other cancers. We investigated 21 patients who were residents of Fuyuan County. All were female aged 28-64 years and were non-smoking farmers and cooks. The histological features of the tumors were adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma. The incidence of cancer was due to inhaling soot from the combustion ofcoal used for cooking and indoor heating. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, chrysene, benm[k]fIuoranthene, B[a]P, benxo[g,h,i]perylene and pyrene, but not their nitrated derivatives, were detected in substantial amounts in the resected lungs. These mutagens and carcinogens normally originate in combustion products of coal, and are discussed ss the possible initiators of the tumors in the lungs of these patients. All the Japanese lung specimens were also obtained from non-smokers. The concentrations of I-NPaveraged21.3 f 12.4and5.9 f 2.4pglgofJapaneseandChinese samples respectively. The concentrations of B]a]P averaged 180.2 f 103.7 and 608.7 f 477.1 pg/g of Japanese and Chinese samples respectively. Thus, Japanese and Chinese lung specimens were mainly contaminated by I-NP and B]a]P, respectively. Typical tissues from a carcinomatous human lung were examined. The patient was a 64-y&u- old Japanese male non-smoker and farmer who had raised chickens over a period of 40 years. The histological features of the tumor were those of keratinixing squamous cell carcinoma. I-Nitropyrene, I-nitro-3- hydroxypyrene, 1,3-dinitropyrene and chrysene were detected at concentrations of 0.11,0.036,0.095 and 0.16 ng respectively per gram of lung tissue. This cancer was due to long-term exposure to the combustion products of heavy oil used in a chicken house.

Previous cancer and radiotherapy as risk factors for lung cancer in lifetime nonsmokers Kabat GC. Dept. Epidemiology/Social Medicine, AlbertEinstein College of Medicine, Belfer Building, 13aO Morris Park Awnue, Bronx, NY 10461-1602. Cancer Causes Control 1993;4:489-95.

A history of previous primary cancer and of radiotherapy were investigated as risk factors for lung cancer in lifetime nonsmokers in a hospital-based case-control study. By design, subjects with a previous tobacco-related primary (of the lung, larynx, oropharynx, esophagus, kidney, bladder, or pancreas) were excluded. Information was available on 30 male and 47 female lung cancer cases and 87 male and 132 female controls, all lifetime nonsmokers, interviewed in hospitals in four United States cities between 1985 and 1990. In males, neither a history of a previous primary nor a history of radiotherapy was associated significantly with lung cancer; however, the numbers of exposed cases were small. In females, after adjustment for age, education, hospital, lifetime environmental tobacco-smoke exposure, and body mass index, both a history of a reproductive primary and a history of radiotherapy were associated significantly with lung cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 4.9, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.4-17.7, and OR = 4.4, CI = 1.3-15.1, respectively). Due to P high correlation between a history of a reproductive primary and a history of radiotherapy in the cases, it was not possible to estimate the effect of one exposure independent of the other. These results are consistent with the possibility that endocrine factors may play a role in some lung cancers in women.

A case-control study of malignant and non-malignant respiratory disease among employees of a fibreglass manufacturing facility. II Exposure assessment Chiazze L Jr, Watkins DK, Fryar C, Kozono J. Div. of Biostatistics/ Epidemiology, Georgetown University, S&o1 of Medicine, Kober Cogan, Washington, DC 2ooO7. Br J Ind Med 1993;50:717-25.

A case-control study of malignant and non-malignant respiratory disease among employees of the Owens-Coming Fiberglas Corporation’s Newark, Ohio plant was undertaken. The aim was to determine the extent towhichexposures tosubstances in theNewark plantenvironment, to non-workplace factors, or to a combination may play a part in the risk of mortality from respiratory disease among workers in this plant. A historical environmental reconstruction of the plant was undertaken to characterise the exposure profile for workers in this plant from its beginnings in 1934 to the end of 1987. The exposure pmlile provided estimates of cumulative exposure to respirable tibres, fine fibres, asbe- stos, talc, formaldehyde, silica, andasphalt linnes. Employment histories from Owens-Coming Fiberglas provided information on employment characteristics (duration of employment, year of hire, age at first hire) and an interview survey obtained information on demographic characteristics (birthdate, race, education, marital state, parent’s ethnic background, and place of birth), lifetime residence, occupational and smoking histories, hobbies, and personal and family medical history. Matched, unadjustedoddsnstios(ORs) wereusedtoassesstheniation between lung cancer or non-malignant respiratory disease andthe cum- ulative exposure history, demographic characteristics, and employment variables. Only the smoking variables and employment characteristics (year of hire and age at first hire) were statistically significant for lung cancer. For non-malignant respiratory disease, only the smoking vari- ables were statistically significant in tbe univarinteanalysis. Of the vari- ables entered into a conditional logistic regression model for lung cancer, only smoking (smoked for six months or more v never smoked: OR = 26.17,95% confidence interval (95% CI) 3.316-206.5) and age at first hire (35 and over v less than 35: OR = 0.244, 95% CI 0.083- 0.717) were statistically significant. There were, however, increased ORs for year of employment (first hired before 1945 v first hired after