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Easy Hindi Learning HINDIMASTERJEE.COM
�����������(Hindi Vyakaran)
BASIC HINDI GRAMMAR HANDBOOK BY HINDIMATERJEE.COM
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PREFACE
This is a work of art dedicated to all the who are struggling to find right resources to ease
learning Hindi grammar just enough to be able to write and speak correctly without getting lost
in definitions . Surprised to see a Grammar book referred as Art , yes it is an art to present
the right content in a user friendly manner which should leave a footstep in the memory of the
reader. I hope I have accomplished this in this handbook.
This book would be incomplete without the mention of all the selfless individuals who have
helped me at every step towards setting up Hindi Learning Foundation and providing all the
necessary content and review. The first and foremost is Mr.Suresh Seetaraman who has
dedicated 30 years in learning and teaching Hindi language even to foreigners and gladly
guided me to compile this book.The next person is Mr.Ramachandran Menon who showed
me the path to “Be the change I want to bring “ rather than sit and wait for someone to do and
motivated me to take responsibilty and help in putting together the right resources .
Today here I am presenting this first of its kind user focussed Hindi Grammar book .
Hindi Foundation is a Self Funded project of Cherishma Consulting, helping Hindi learners to
read ,write and communicate effectively in Hindi and partners NGO's working in Skills
development of youths who want to impove their computer knowledge and Communication
skills. We want to build an inclusive community where each member feels a sense of
achievement and contributes towards Hindi language development.
Mamta Singh
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Hindi an Introduction
Hindi the national language of India is an Indo-Aryan language with over 500 million speakers. It is
one of the official languages of India and is the main language used in the northern states of
Rajasthan, Delhi, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Himachal
Pradesh, Jharkhand and Bihar, and is spoken in much of north and central India alongside other
languages such as Punjabi, Gujarati, Marathi or Bengali. In other parts of India, as well as in Nepal,
Bangladesh and Pakistan, Hindi is understood. In Fiji people of Indian origin speak Hindi, and in some
areas the Fijian people also speak it.
Hindi is a phonetic language. Hindi words are pronounced exactly as they are written. You don't have to memorise the correct spelling of a word. All consonants have an 'a' sound inherent in them. To write the English word 'come' in Devanagari script all you do is assemble the two consonants � (Ka) and (Ma) by keeping them together and joining them with the horizontal head stroke as shown below
(Kam)Similarly to write the Hindi word 'kamal' (lotus) you will simply add � (La) to the end of the
above word and join all three letters together with the horizontal line:
��(Kamal)
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����������� �
��������� �� ��������������������� �!�"����#$%$�� �&'
��� ��a (�����)�*�+�,�-�.�/�0�1��2��3�4�
(�� ( swar ) vowels
� ) * + , - .a āa i ee u oo e
5 5 65 57 58 59 5�pa pāa pi pee pu pū pe
/ 0 1 �2 �3 �: 4ai o au aṅg aḥ ãṃ ṛi
5 5� 5; 52 53 5: 5<pai po pau paṅ paḥ pāṃ pṛe
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�� vyanjana ( Vyanjan ) Consonants
��2"$
�=�>�?�@A�B�"�C�DE�F�G�H�����I���J�$5�K�L�M� �������N�O�P����Q�R
������ �����$>��� #�65�S�� T����$>��� #�65� ��N2(<�! �FU!V�7� !$�5�7! #I�7�)���MP.:�#�=7�"�7�� �I
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vyanjana ( Vyanjan ) Consonants
= > ? @ A B " C Dka kha ga gha ṅa ca cha ja jha ña
E F G H � � I � J $ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa ta tha da dha na
5 K L M � � � �pa pha ba bha ma ya ra la va
O P N �śa ṣa sa ha
Additional consonants (used in words of Persian, Arabic and English Origin)
W X Y Z [ \ ] ^qa ḫa ġa za zha fa ṛa rha
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Common conjunct consonants
� _ R ̀ a b c d eGksa Aum jña ttka dva dya dda tta ḍhḍha
f g h i Q 5� j kdma hma hya śra tra rpa pra ṭra
Shru
g Tru
e Surp Pray Tram
Counting Numerals
l m � n o � p q r s mlO9�� . �� �7$ A� 52A B3 N� )F $; �N
śunya ek do teen chār pā chṅ chaḥ sāt ā hṭ nau das0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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Language Script
Grammar
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������6�A��� � �vakya vichar
SYNTAX
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��� �Syntax� � � � � � � �� � � � � � � �Hindi uses a different word order than English The main differences are that verbs are� � � � � � �� � � �� � � �� � � �placed at the end of the sentence like in German and that Hindi like other Indian
�� � � � � ��languages uses postpositions instead of prepositions
� � � � � � � � � � � �Postpositions are like prepositions except that they are written after the noun �
&�Example
� �Normal sentences
&� � � ���� � � �English Subject Verb Object I learn Hindi
&� � � ���� � � �Hindi Subject Object Verb I Hindi learn
� �Imperative sentencesEnglish: Verb Place Adverb = Come here now Hindi: Place Adverb Verb =Here now come Question �s
&� � � � � �� � � � ��English Adverb Auxillary Verb Subject Verb What are you drawing&� � � ��� � � ��Hindi Subject Adverb Verb You what draw
��� �� �a Word Order
� � � � � � �The basic word order in Hindi is �'� �'� �� ' ' ��Subject Object Verb S O V � !� � �However since Hindi� � � � � � !� � � � � � �uses more inflections and cases than English word order is somewhat less important in��� � � � !� � � �� � � � � � ' ' �� �Hindi Lets consider the sentence I am Pankaj This English word order is S V O For� � � � � � ' ' �Hindi we will change it to S O V
�'� �'� �� ' ' ����Subject Object Verb S O V ��52"��9:T�'� � � �I Pankaj am
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��� ��b Articles
� !� �� !� !� �� � � �� � � � � � � � �In Hindi articles a an the aren t used Sometimes the word for the number one is� � � � �� � !� � � !� � � � !� �used for an indefinite article For example instead of saying Give me a pen you would�
!� � � � �� � � � � � � !� � � �say Give me one pen It is also fine just to say Give me pen
Vocabulary
�����dog 8d� �������������� ����m book ��L� �f ��people ��>
&� �� ��� �� ��� � � � � � � � � � �� � �Note The m and f in the table above denote the gender of a noun Every noun is�� � � �� � � � � � � � � � �either masculine or feminine It is very important to learn the gender when learning� �� � � � � �Hindi nouns More on gender in Lesson
Examples
�� �� � �He far is Raj
����"�� T
�� �� � �She near is Neetu
���$7�8�� T
� � �I am Amit
���# ���9:T
�� �� � �You formal are Deepak
)5���5���T
�� � �� � �You less formal are Ravi
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�8 ��6����T
�� �� �You informal are Mohit
�9� ������ T
� � �We are people
� ���>���T
� � � �That is a dog
���8d�� T
� � � �This is a book
�����L�� T
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4 (c) Verbs (KRIYA)
� � � � � �Hindi verbs are inflected with respect to
gender� � � �� !� �!of the subject masculine feminine
�number � � �� !� �!of the subject singular plural
tense�� !� !� �!�present past future
action�� !� !� �!�perfect imperfect continuous
� �degree of respect�� !� !� ���intimate familiar respect
� � � � � � � � � � � � ��Verbs are referred to in their infinitive noun form which ends in na
&�Examples�� � �bolna to speak� � �likhna to write
� � �lena to take� � �ana to come
� � � � � � � � � � � � � ��The stem of a verb is the infinitive form without the “ na” ending
&�Examples�!� !� �!� �bol likh le a
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��� �� �� �d Nouns SANGYA
�� ����� �� �Gender Ling Number Vachan� �
� � � !�Hindi has two genders masculine�� � � � �� �nouns ending in a and feminine�
� � � � ��� � � � ��nouns ending in I but there are exceptions
� � � !� � � � �� �� � �� �As for the number we distinguish between singular Ekvachan and plural Bahuvachan
Case� �
� � � � � !�There are two cases in Hindi � �direct and indirect��
� � � � � � � � � � � � ' !� � �The indirect case is used when the noun is followed by a post position otherwise the� � � ��direct case is used
&�Examples
� � �' &� ��� ���Masculine nouns on a larka boy
� �� �� �� �Singular larka direct larke indirect
�� � �� �� ��Plural larke direct larkon indirect
� � �' &� ��� �Feminine nouns on i larki girl
� �� �� �� ��Singular larki direct larki indirect
� �� �� �� ��Plural larkiyan direct larkiyon indirect
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���(Karak)
Postposition
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4 (e) �� (Karak) /Postposition
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� ���], �� �S��]S, >7����L�A�T� ����], �����]S, � ���L�A�T� �5$��], �5$��]S, �5$���]�T�
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�#J����
"�:��+�N2R���N��$ ��N7�����N2R���N��$ ��)J����, ��:��#J���������� T�*N��6�M6w�#A��' �, 5�' ��T�" N�-
��� ����5�"������ T� B5�5��5]��N9=�������T� 8C ��O6w�L�8�� �� T�
N%L�J$��
"�:�58�$�, A���$7���$����v�$�)6P����$����#�.��N7���N%L�#J�����"��� , ��:�N%L�J$�������� T�*N��6�M6w�#A��'��, ���, �"7' ��T�" N�-
���+��! <5���T� ���� ��$! *J��)0T� �"7! �8 �,N����� ��>�?
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� � � � ��Explanation Of Karak with example
� � � � � � � � !�The Cases are indicated by the addition of suffixes 6�M6w�� ' �� �vibhakti separation or post�! ��� � � � � � ! � � � � � � �positions prefixes Only for vocative case the case endings are used as ,5N>��
� �� �� � � � !� � � � ���upsarg prefix For all other cases the case endings are j`������ ��'pratyaya suffix��������$���� �� ���� �� ����� � � � �kartaa ne Nominative subject who is a doer��{��"��� ���� � � ���Hari jaataa hai�� � �Hari goes �
�� ������� �� ���� �� �� � �� � � � � �karma ko Accusative object i e action deed which is done�{��?����"��� �� � � � � ���� � � � � �Hari ghar ko jaataa hai Hari goes to the house
t�����N�!���a���� �� !� � �� �� !� ��'� � �karan se ke dwaara instrumental by with producing or causing�{����N��?����"��� �� � � � � � � ��� � � � � � � �Hari car se ghar ko jaata hai Hari goes to the house by car
���N%j�$���!���#����� �� !� � ���� �� �� �� � �� �sampradaan ko ke liye Dative for ie to whom for whom�given�{����N��?����=$����#����"��� ��� � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � �Hari car se ghar ko khaaney ke liye jaata hai Hari goes to the house by car for food
���5�$���N���� �� ���� �� ��� � �� � �apaadaan se Ablative from taking from separation detachment��{�������N����N��?����=$����#����"��� ��� � � �� � � � � � � � � ��Hari kaaryaalay sey car se ghar ko khaaney ke liye jaata hai
� � � � � � � � � � � �Hari goes to the house by car for food from the office
��N%L�J���!�!S�� �� ! ! ��� �� �'� � � � ��sambandh kaa kay kee Genitive of bound up with related� � � � � � � � � � � � �The Genitive Case signifies any relation or connection which may exist between two or�� � � ����more persons or things
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� !� � !� � !� � ��His pen his car his clothes his cars,N�5�$!�,NS��!�,N��5]�!�,NS�����{�������N��,NS���N��?����=$����#����"��� ��� � � � � � � � � � � � � ��Hari kaaryaalay sey uskee car se ghar ko khaaney ke liye jaata hai
� � � � � � � � � � � � �Hari goes to the house by his car for food from the office
���#J���� �!�5�!�5��� �� !� !� ��� �� !� �'adhikaran mein par pe Locative in on� � � � !� !� � � ���It has reference to place time and logical sequence
8N��5��L F��� ��{�� ����� N�� ,NS� �� N�� ?�� �� =$�� �� #���� "�� � � 1�� 8N�� 5�� L F�� � � �� �Hari�
� � � � � � � � � � � � � �kaaryaalay sey uskee car se ghar ko khaaney keliye jaata hai aur kursee par baithata����hai
� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �Hari goes to the house by his car for food from the office and sits on the chair
��N%L�J$� ��� �� �'sambodhan Vocative Oh
� � � � � � � � � � � � � �The Vocative is the Case used when a person or persons are directly addressed
�{�������N��,NS���N��?����=$���� #����"��� �1��8N��5��L F��� �.�2�N2L�#J������58������ !0�">$��*J��)0��� � � � � � � � � � � � � � �Hari kaaryaalay sey uskee car se ghar ko khaaney keliye jaata hai aur kursee par�
� � � � � � ��� !� � � ����baithata hai evam sambondhit karta pukaarta hai oh jagan idhar aao
� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �Hari go to the house by his car for food from the office and sits on the chair and��� � �!� � !� � ��addresses calls out oh Jagan come here
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Simple Practice:
Some examples for you to work on above lines.
Example.
�$�� ��$�����I�N��=$����#����L��$��N��#$���� ��O�S���E�� �"��5�����
(Mainey Mohan ko haath se khaaney key liye bartan se nikaalkar Mahesh kee rotee mez par dee.)
On taking out from the utensil, I gave Mahesh’ bread on the table to Mohan to eat with hand.
����9J����L�����N��57���9:���� ���5FO������N���A��7�����9:��
��j# �����?��N��"�����=�7��9:�����>7����5]V���?��N����������
���$7�S���L�5^�7��9:� �� :�S�A����57�7��9:�
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��� �Kaal
�Tenses
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����� �� �Kaal Tenses
5(a)���� $���N2L2J7�=9LN9�������( Vartmaan kaal sambandhee khoobsoorat vaakya)
Present tense related sentences
��� ��� ��we N8L���� ���morning N���� � ���since from *2�Z��� ���waiting ������� ��� � � � �We have been waiting� � �since the morning
� � � � � � � ���Ham subah se injtejaar kar rahey hain
��������>]���� ���train ��"��� ��fast A��7�� �������� � � � � �This train runs moves fast
�� � � � � ���Yah railgaadee taj chaltee hain
t��8 �5��O$��� ��upset $"���� ���seem )�������� � � � � �You seem to be upset
� � � � � ���Tum pareshaan nazar aatey ho
� �����B����>��� ��people � �� � � � �They are nice people
� � � � ���Vey acchhey loag hain
��O#$��� �������� ���fast ���$������ ��� � � � � � � �Saturday is the day of my fast
� � � � � � � ����Shaniwaar mera vera vrat ka din hota hai
�� 8C���]+��� ���fight N���+�N����� � � ���nothing to do $��2�� ����� � � � � � � � �I have nothing to do with the fight
� � � � � � � �Mujhey ladaayee se koyee sarokaar nahin hai
��*N�N:5�� ��snake �E��� ���bite 5$7��� ���water M7�$��2� :>��� ���ask 5���� ���able � �� � �IThe person� � � � � � � � � � � �bitten by this snake is not even able to ask for water
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� � � � � � � � � �� ����Is saanp kaa kaataa paanee bhee nahin maang paataa hai
8 �� �8 ( you ) ��� ( me ) NI ( with ) ) ( coming ) ��� ��? Are you coming with me?
(Kya tum merey saath aa rahey ho?)
9 8C� � 2A� ( pistol) N� G� ( afraid ) �>� � |
(Mujhey tamanchey se dar lagataa hai.)
I am afraid of pistol.
10.�8$� ( shops ) �� � �N L"� L2� ( closed )���7 �� |
(Dukaaney raat key das bajey band hotee hain.)
The shops are closed at ten o’clock at night.
Vocabulary � O����7 (Shabdawalee)
�� (Vrat) fast
N��� (sarokaar) nothing to do.
� 2A� ( tamanchey ) pistol
�8$� ( shops )
Quiz?
Fill in the blank. 8C� ___ N� __ �>� � |
What do you mean by) in Hindi?
Correct this sentence. N:5 *N 5$7E 5� M7 $��2 :> � |
Various meaning of � in Hindi |
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�� �b M9� � N2L2J7 ���
( Bhoot kaal sambandhee vaakya)
Past tense related sentences
�� 8C��5��A���� � � ���came to know �������:����7�� ��lives I7�� � � � � � � � � �I came to know that she used to live�here
�� � � � � � � � ��Mujhey pata chala ki vah yahan rahtee thee
�� 7$9�5$7�57�>�7�� ���� � � � �drank Meenu drank up water
� � � � ���Meenu paanee pee gayee
t� 8C���8%���,5���� ���gift 5N���)��� � � � �I liked your gift
� � � � � ��Mujhey tumhaaraa uphaar pasand aaya
�� �$��,NN��5������ ���before N��L��S�I7��� � � � � � �I had spoken to her before
� � � � � � � ���Mainey usasey pahley se baat kee thee
���$# �$��59"�N��L���� ���talk S�� � � � �Anamika spoke to Pooja
� � � � � � ���Anamika ney Pooja se baat kee
��>���K���� ���thrown >��� � � � �The ball was thrown
� � � ����Gend fenka gaya
���,N�N $�>�L�I�T� � � � �His stuff article was missing
� � � � ���Uska saamaan gayab tha
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��,N$��"9���1��N�]�:�X������� � � � � �� � �He bought the sarees and the shoes
� � � � � ����Usney jootey aur sadiyaan kharedey
9.� 9 $� 5$7 65�| ( drank) Ramu drank the water.
(Raamu ney paanee piya)
10.��$�O $� 8C� G2E I |Dinesh had scolded me.
(Dinesh ney mujhko daantaa tha)
11 �� )5$� "9�� ( shoes ) � �"� ( socks ) =���� ? Did you buy shoes or socks?
(Kya aapney jootey ya mozey khareedey?)
12.,N$� >�� ( ball ) K� | He threw the ball.
(Usney gend fenkaa.)
13. � ,N� �9$ ( store) � # � ( met ) | I met him in the store.
(Main usko dookan mein mila.)
O����7 (Shabdawalee) :Vocabulary
5� A�( pata chala) -came to know
57 >�7�( pee gayee) - drank
,5�� (uphaar) -gift
5��� (pahley ) - before
L� ( baat) - talk
>�� ( gend) -ball
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K� (fenkaa)- threw
�9$ ( dookaan)- store
Quiz?
1. Make this into two separate sentences. 8C� 5�( came to know ) A� � �� ��: ���7 (lives) I7|
2. Synonym for ,5�� & N $ in Hindi?
3. Singular for "9�� & �"� in Hindi?
4. Please answer to this question?
,N$� �� K� ?
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