4G using MIMO

Presented by:Joel Abraham

Anoop PrabhaBinaya Parhy

Why MIMO Different Arrangements of Antennas Working MIMO vs SIMO/MISO Types of MIMO

◦ Diversity◦ Spatial Multiplexing◦ Uplink Collaborative MIMO Link

Actual Working Channel Matrix System Model Advantages and Application

Agenda

MIMO is an acronym that stands for Multiple Input Multiple Output.

Motivation: current wireless systems◦ Capacity constrained networks

◦ Signal Fading, Multi-path, increasing interference, limited spectrum.

MIMO exploits the space dimension to improve wireless systems capacity, range and reliability

MIMO-OFDM – the corner stone of future broadband wireless access◦ – WiFi – 802.11n

◦ – WiMAX – 802.16e (a.k.a 802.16-2005)

◦ – 3G / 4G

Why MIMO ?

Different types

MIMO Defined In short - Two or more data signals transmitted in the

same radio channel at the same time It is an antenna technology that is used both in

transmission and receiver equipment for wireless radio communication.

MIMO uses multiple antennas to send multiple parallel signals (from transmitter).

MIMO takes advantage of multi-path. MIMO uses multiple antennas to send multiple parallel

signals (from transmitter). In an urban environment, these signals will bounce off

trees, buildings, etc. and continue on their way to their

destination (the receiver) but in different directions. “Multi-path” occurs when the different signals arrive at the

receiver at various times.

How does MIMO work?

With MIMO, the receiving end uses an algorithm or special signal processing to sort out the multiple signals to produce one signal that has the originally transmitted data.

They are called “multi-dimensional” signals There can be various MIMO configurations. For

example, a 4x4 MIMO configuration is 4 antennas to transmit signals (from base station) and 4 antennas to receive signals (mobile terminal).

How does MIMO work(cont..)

4 x 4 MIMO Configuration The total number of channel = NTx x NTr

MIMO vs SIMO/MISO

Forms of MIMO

MIMO involves Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD), Spatial Multiplexing (SM) and Uplink Collaborative MIMO.

Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) - The same data is coded and transmitted through different antennas, which effectively doubles the power in the channel. This improves Signal Noise Ratio (SNR) for cell edge performance. Spatial Multiplexing (SM) - the “Secret Sauce” of MIMO. SM delivers parallel streams of data to CPE by exploiting multi-path. It can double (2x2 MIMO) or quadruple (4x4) capacity and throughput. SM gives higher capacity when RF conditions are favorable and users are closer to the BTS. Uplink Collaborative MIMO Link - Leverages conventional single Power Amplifier (PA) at device. Two devices can collaboratively transmit on the same sub-channel which can also double uplink capacity.

Types of MIMO

Mimo Increases Throughput(Spatial Multiplexing)

Wireless throughput scales as more radio transmissions are added

Only baseband complexity, die size/cost and power consumption limits the number of simultaneous transmission

MIMO Increases Range Each multipath route

is treated as a separate channel, creating many “virtual wires” over which to transmit signals

Traditional radios are confused by this multipath, while MIMO takes advantage of these “echoes” to increase range and throughput

Consider a simple BPSK bit sequence 1,-1,1,1,-1 We code 1 as C1 and -1 as C2 C1 = c2 =

1 -1 Dimension of C is determined by the Number of Tx and Rx

The Working

MIMO channel Matrix

Y = HX + N H = Channel Matrix n = Noise

Rx1 = h11Tx1 + h21Tx2

+ h31Tx3 + n1

MIMO system model

Single Radio vs MIMO Performance

Using the space dimension (MIMO) to boost data rates up to 600 Mbps through multiple antennas and signal processing.

Target applications include: large files backup, HD streams, online interactive gaming, home entertainment, etc.

Backwards compatible with 802.11a/b/g Application

◦ WLAN – WiFi 802.11n◦ Mesh Networks (e.g., MuniWireless)◦ WMAN – WiMAX 802.16e◦ 4G◦ RFID◦ Digital Home

General Info & Application

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMO#MIMO_literature http://www.wirelessnetdesignline.com/howto/wlan/185300393;jsessionid=3R20PO41A

V3Y1QE1GHRSKHWATMY32JVN?pgno=1 www.ieeeexplore.com http://www.ece.ualberta.ca/~HCDC/mimohistory.html http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.13.4732&rep=rep1&type=

pdf

References

Thank you

Presented ByAnoop Madhusoodhanan Prabha

36576876

Rayleigh Model Statistical Modeling of wireless channels. Magnitude of signal varies randomly as it propagates in the

medium. Best fit for tropospheric and ionospheric signal propagation. Fits fine for Urban environments too. Highlight – No dominant light of sight communication between

transmitter and receiver. Rate of channel fade – Studied by Doppler shift. 10Hz to 100 Hz

is the shift considered in GSM phones modeling for an operating frequency of 1800 MHz and speed between 6km/h to 60 km/h

Distribution of Fading channel

Racian FadingComes into picture when there is a dominant

component present (especially line of sight way)v(t) = C cos wct + ∑N

n=1   rn cos (wct + fn) Examples Vehicle to vehicle communication Satellite channels Indoor communication

Distribution of Fading channel (Contd.)

Nakagami fading Reason for modeling – Empirical results matched

with short wave ionospheric propagation. If amplitude – Nakagami distributed, power – gamma

distributed and ‘m’ is the shape factor in this distribution.

For m=1, its Rayleigh fading (amplitude distribution) and corresponding power distribution is exponential.

These days many recent papers recommend this model as an approx. to Rician model.

Distribution of Fading Channel (Contd.)

The fading and shadowing effects are overcome by spatial diversity i.e. my installing multiple antennas.

Antennas separated by 4 – 10 times the wavelength to ensure unique propagation paths.

As a part 4G, one of important emphasis is on throughput improvement.

This stressed on better modulation techniques and coding practices.

Evolution of MIMO

MIMO Architecture

Spatial Diversity at Receiver

SNR (Receiver Diversity)

Transmitter Diversity

SNR (Transmitter Diversity)

Transmit/Receive Diversity

For transmit/receive beamforming we have a diversity order of MN, referred to as full diversity.

M – Number of transmitting antennas

N – Number of receiving antennas

v – beamforming vector for receiver

u – beamforming vector for transmitter

SNR(Transmitter/Receiver Diversity)

The design goal of 802.11n was “HT”, High throughput. Speed – 600 Mbps unlike the 802.11g (54Mbps) The achievement of this speed is as follows: More Subcarriers (OFDM) – from 48 (802.11g) to 52 thus speed

increased to 58.5Mbps FEC squeezing to a coding rate of 5/6 instead of ¾ boosted the link

rate to 65Mbps. Guard interval of 800ns in 802.11g was reduced to 400ns thus

increasing the throughput to 72.2Mbps. MIMO with a max of 4X4 architecture which means 72.2X4 =

288.9Mbps Channel width of 802.11g was 20Mhz each which was increased to

40MHz which eventually resulted in 600MHz throughput.

Application on 802.11n

http://www.wirelesscommunication.nl/Wikipedia http://www.intel.com/technology/itj/2006/volume10is

sue02/art07_mimo_architecture/p04_mimo_systems_reliability.htm

http://www.wirevolution.com

References

Presented ByBinaya Parhy

MIMO Wireless Communication System

Agenda MIMO Wireless Communications

Capacity of MIMO Well known STBC codes– Criteria to be a good ST BC code.– Cyclic and Unitary STBC– Orthogonal STBC– Diagonal algebric– BLAST(V-BLAST & D-BLAST)– Differential STBC(Non coherent

detection) Summarize

• SISO Capacity

– Capacity of any communication system is given by the most famous equation

ρ:SNR, h: Channel gainNote: Since channel is assumed to be N(0,1), this reduces to just

• MIMO Capacity Equation

It is similar but when it is MIMO we have MtxMr channel coefficients.

)||1(log 22 hEC h

)1(log2 SNRC

MIMO Wireless Communication System

Block Diagram Of a MIMO communication system

2

1

Mt

1

2

Mr

H1,1

h1,2

H1,M

r

H2,1 h2,2

H2,Mr

hMt,1hMt,2

hMt,Mr

MrMtMtMt

Mr

Mr

hhh

hhh

hhh

,2,1,

,22,21,2

,12,11,1

..

.

.

..

..

Channel Matrix H=

MIMO Capacity cont…

MIMO Capacity cont… MIMO Capacity

◦ Four Cases1. Mt=Mr=1 Reduces to SISO

2. Mr=1, Mt>1

3. Mt=1, Mr>1

4. Mr>1, Mt>1

)det(log2H

tMrxMrH HH

MIEC

MIMO Capacity cont…

Case:2(Mr=1, Mt>1)

Mr

Capaci

ty

ρ =10 dB

ρ =5 dB

ρ =1 dB

MIMO Capacity cont…

Case:3(Mt=1, Mr>1)

Mt

Capaci

ty

ρ =10 dB

ρ =5 dB

ρ =1 dB

MIMO Capacity cont…

Case:4(Mt>1, Mr>1)

Mt

Capaci

ty

ρ =10 dB

ρ =5 dB

ρ =1 dB

MIMO Capacity cont… Conclusion:

M=min(Mt,Mr) The capacity of the MIMO system increases linearly with

the minimum of transmitter and receiver antenna. To achieve the potential huge capacity, new coding and

modulation called Space Time coding or ST-modulation is developed since 1998.

)1(log2 MC

ST code design criteria The maximum probability of error (also called PEP- Piece wise error probability)

of a MIMO system is given by

r-> rank of and λi’s are the eigen valus of

Based on the PEP code design criteria were proposed by Tarokh in 1998.

Rank criterion or Diversity criterionThe minimum rank of difference of any 2 code word over all possible pairs should be should be as large as possible. If there are L signals then there are L(L-1)/2 pairs.

Product criterion or Coding gain criterionThe minimum value of the product over all pairs of distinct code word difference should be as large as possible.

rr rM

t

Mr

ii M

HCC

42

1|

~Pr

1

CC~ CCCC

H ~~

r

ii

1

ST code design criteria cont….

Q: Among these two criteria which one is more important?

A: Diversity is the more important one. Accordingly lets define two terms that define the

wellness of a ST code1. Diversity order = rxMr2. Normalized coding gain

Where T=Mt and 0<γ<1 When r=Mt, the ST code is called to achieve full

diversity. The condition T=Mt is a necessary and sufficient condition for achieving full diversity.

tM

cct

CCM

1')det(min

2

1'

ST code design criteria cont… MIMO Tran receiver can be modeled as

C is the ST code is one among the signal constellation. So we will conclude that

Square size i.e. T=Mt ||Cl||2=Mt

2 (This is for normalization to have a fair comparison) The difference matrix between any two distinct code Cl and Cl’

should be full rank. The coding gain γ should be as large as possible. γ is a measure

of the minimum Euclidian distance between two codes.

rrttr TxMxMMTxMt

TxM NHCM

Y

Some well known ST signals

Cyclic and Unitary STBC

Orthogonal STBC

Diagonal algebric

BLAST(V-BLAST & D-BLAST)

Differential STBC(Non coherent detection)

Cyclic STBC

ltM

l

l

ju

ju

ju

tl

e

e

e

MC

..00

0..00

0...0

0..0

0..02

1

• Proposed by Hochwald & Sweldens in 2000.

1,.......2,1,0.,,.........,

1.....,2,1,0),2(

21

Luuu

LlL

l

tM

l

Cyclic STBC cont…

• Why Cyclic?Cl=CL+l i.e. the code regenerates itself.

• Sqrt(M) is to satisfy the energy criterion ||Cl||2=Mt2.

• Achieves full diversity.• To maximize coding gain ui’s should be chosen carefully.• Exhaustive search methodology is used to find ui’s.• For Mt=2, L=4, [u1 u2]=[1 1], coding gain=.707• For Mt=2, L=16, [u1 u2]=[1 7]• For Mt=4, L=16, [u1 u2 u3 u4]=[1 3 5 7], coding

gain=.4095• As Cl is a diagonal matrix, at a time slot only one Tx

transmits.• Why Unitary?

An unitary matrix satisfies AHA=I (Identity Matrix).Cyclic ST is an unitary code.

Cyclic STBC cont…

jj

jjC

jj

jjC

jj

jjC

jj

jjC

1

1

3

2

1

1

3

2

1

1

3

2

1

1

3

2

32

10

• Cyclic ST code is not the optimum unitary code. There are others which can give lesser coding gain for e.g. Mt=2, L=4

• The coding gain for above ST code is 0.8165. The upper bound is given by

• For L=8, the optimal code is not yet discovered.

• No new ST coding techniques has to be explored.

)1(2

L

L

Orthogonal STBC

• Orthogonal STBC achieve full diversity and offer fast ML decoding. Proposed by Alamouti in 1998 for two Tx.

• X1, X2 are any two complex symbols.• Fast ML decoding means for ML X1, X2 can be

minimized separately therefore decreasing the complexity of the minimization problem.

• For more transmitters, Orthogonal design can be used.

*1

*2

21212 ),(

XX

XXXXG

Orthogonal STBC cont…..

• Orthogonal design with k variables X1, X2,…… Xk is a pxn matrix such that

• The entries of G are 0,+/- X1, +/- X2 ,……., +/- Xk or their conjugates.

• The columns are orthogonal to each other. i.e.

• n is related to the number of transmitter antenna and p to the time delay.

• The rate of orthogonal design is k/p i.e a code word of time delay p carries k information symbols.

nkH IXXXGG

22

1

2

1 ........

Orthogonal STBC cont…..

•In general n=2l an orthogonal design of size n by n can be given as

•Rate is given by l+1/2l

•With increase in l the rate decreases, so 2x2 Alemouti is normally used.

H

ll

ll

l XXXGIX

IXXXXGXXXG

ll

ll

l),....,(

),....,(),....,(

2122

*1

212121212

1

1

Diagonal Algebraic ST code

•Vandermonde transformation is used.

•S1,S2…Sk are the k information symbols. |θk|=1. The code word is formed as diag[X1,X2,…Xk].•Θk=exp(j(4k-3)/2K) k=1,2..K•Achieves full diversity.

111

11

221

21

11

21

2

1

21

2

1

..

..

..

1..11

),......,,(

.

.),......,,(

.

.

kk

kk

k

k

k

k

k

k

V

S

S

S

V

X

X

X

BLAST(Bell Lab lAyred St code)

•The first MIMO system proposed by Tuschini from Bell Lab to verify the potential MIMO capacity.• V-Blast Systme

•Each data stream layer for each Tx.•No coding across different layer. Decoding by nulling and cancellation method. Ymr is used to obtain Ymr-1 and so on. •Disadvantage- error propagation.

..a3,a2,a1,a0

Mt

1

2

Mr

..b3,b2,b1,b0

BLAST(Bell Lab lAyred St code)

•The first MIMO system proposed by Tuschini from Bell Lab to verify the potential MIMO capacity.• V-Blast Systme

•Each data stream layer for each Tx.•No coding across different layer. Decoding by nulling and cancellation method. Ymr is used to obtain Ymr-1 and so on. •Disadvantage- error propagation.

..a3,a2,a1,a0

Mt

1

2

Mr

..b3,b2,b1,b0

D BLAST

• Coding is done with in each data stream but no coding across different streams.

• At the 1st time slot only 1 transmitted sends other send nothing. At 2nd only 1st and 2nd Tx sends and so on. After Mt time slots all Tx starts sending.

• Achieves full diversity.• Better performance than V-BlAST.• Decoding is same as V-BLAST.

MIMO Transmission/Detection Strategies

• There are 3 scenarios. CSI is not available at Tx but available at Rx---ST coding CSI is not available at both Tx and Rx--- Differential Coding CSI is available at both Tx and Rx--- Beam forming or Smart

Antenna

• Differential Encoding/Decoding Proposed by Hughes, Hochwald and Swelden in 2000. Non coherent detection ideal for slow fading channels.

So at first a dump (identity matrix is sent)

tMtl

t

t

IMSSCM

S

NHSM

Y

01, ,1

Differential Encoding

• For stability unitary ST coding is used.• ML Detection-:•

• Performance of Non-coherent detection is 3 dB below then coherent case dute to noise.

• The received vector at the previous slot is used for detection of present information symbol.

21,

1..1,0, ||

1||minargˆ

YCM

YC l

tLll

Summary

CSI Known at Tx and Rx

Known at Tx and unknown at Rx

Unknown at both Tx, Rx

Transmission SignalML DemodulationSTBC Arbitrary STBC Arbitrary Unitary STBC

21,

1..1,0||

1||minarg

YC

MY l

tLl

2

1..1,0||||minarg

HC

MY l

tLl

2

1..1,0||||minarg

WHC

MY l

tLl

GWS lCS 1,

1 SC

MS l

t

<------------Coherent---------- <--NonCoherent->