Presentation 1 Evans

8/8/2019 Presentation 1 Evans

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This forms the main axisor core of the skeletonsystem

60 bones in upper limbs

60 bones in lower limbs

There are a total of 206 bones in

body


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There are 5 regions


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Axial is for ProtectionAppendicular is to help Movement

Red blood cells B lood cells are produced by the marrowlocated in some bones. An average of 2.6 million red blood cells areproduced each second by the bone marrow to replace those worn out

and destroyed by the liver.

Store of minerals B ones serve as a storage area for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. When an excess is presentin the blood, build up will occur within the bones. When the supply of these minerals within the blood is low, it will be withdrawn from thebones to replenish the supply.


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Femur

Tibia

Fibula

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

Tarsals

Metartarsals

Carpals

Metarcarpals

Sternum

Scapula

Cranium

Pelvis

Vertebral column


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Fibrous (fixed)

Cartilagenous (slightly moveable)

Synovial (freely moveable)


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F ibrous joints are fixed, andthe only type of fibrous joint isfound in the skull (cranium).

Cartilagenous joints are

slightly moveable and foundin such places as ;

Sternum

Vertebral column.


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There are 6 main types of synovial joint;

E .g E lbow, Knee

E.g Shoulder, Hip

E .g Ankle


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E.g Atlas & Axis

E.g Thumb

E.g Wrist, Ankle


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B ALL & SOCK E T

ABDUCTIONADDUCTIONLATERAL & MEDIAL

ROTATIONELEVATION, D EPR ESSIONFLEXIONEXTENSION

HING E

FLEXIONEXTENSION

GLIDING

EXTENSION

PIVOT

FLEXIONEXTENSIONROTATION

HYPER-EXTENSION

CONDYLOID

DORSI-FL EXIONPLANTAR-FL EXIONINVERSION

EVERSION

RADIO-ULNAR

PRONATIONSUPINATION


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ABDUCTION ADDUCTION

FLEXIONEXTENSION


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ROTATION

PRO-NATION SUPINATION

DORSI-FL EXION & PLANTAR FL EXION


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Pectoralis minor

Pectoralis major

Trapezius

Deltoid

Anterior Upper B ody Muscles


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Abdomin

Rectusabdominis

External oblique

Transversusabdominis

Internal oblique


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Back

Latissimus dorsi

Rhomboid major

Erector spinae


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Triceps B rachii

B iceps B rachii

B rachialis

Pronator teres

B rachioradialis

Arm Muscles


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Gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus

Addcutor magnus

B iceps femoris

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

Back of Le g

Hamstring


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FRONT OF L EG

Adductor longus

Rectus femoris

Vastus intermedius

Vastus medialis Vastus lateralis

QUADRIC E P


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Gastrocnemius

Tibialis anterior

Soleus

Achilles Tendon

Lower Leg Muscles


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Examples of muscle

functions;Muscle F unction

Location

Origin Insertion E xercise

B iceps Flexles

lower arm

Inside

upper arm

scapula Radius Arm

curls

Triceps Extendslower

arm

Outsideupper

arm

Humerusand

scapula

Olecranonprocess

Tri dips

Deltoids Adducts,flexesand

extendsu er

Formscap of shoulder

Clavicle&scapula

Humerus Latraises


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Pectoral Flexes&adducts upper arm

Lar gechestmuscle

Sternum, clavicleand ribs

Humerus Allpressin g movements

Rectusabdominis

Flexion&rotationof

lumbar re gion

Musclerunnin g downabdome

n

Pubiccrest

Xiphoidprocess

Sit ups

Quadriceps

Extendslower le g & flexes

thigh

Front of thigh

Ilium andfemur

Tibia andfibula

squats


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Agonist & Anta gonist

Agonist- This is the muscle that shortensto move a joint . Prime Mover . (Example)

Antagonist- This is the muscle whichrelaxes in opposition to the a gonist


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Syner gist & Fixator

Syner gist - Muscles that work to gether toenable a gonists to operate moreeffectively . Control and direct movement .

Fixator- These muscles stop anyunwanted movement . Stabilise the ori ginso that the a gonist can achieve maximumand effective contraction .


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Types of contraction

Isometric - Length of muscle does not changeand joint angle doesn t alter.

C oncentric - Length of muscle shortens against resistance. bicep curl.

Eccentric - Muscles returns to its normal lengthafter shortening against resistance.

Isokentic - Muscles contracts and shortens at aconstant speed. Specialised equipment isneeded for this.


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Muscle fibre types

Type 1, Slow Twitch- Fibres contractslowly with little force . They are suited for

Aerobic activities, slow to fati gue . Containlots of mitochondria . They have a hi ghcapacity of for aerobic respiration . Example . Lon g duration


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Type 2a . Fast-oxidative fibres

These are none as Fast twitch musclefibres . These are fast contractin g and areable to produce a great force, and they arealso resistant to fati gue . Example . Mediumduration


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Type 2b- Fast Glycolytic fibres

These are also none as Fast twitch fibresbut they contract rapidly and produce lar geamounts of force, resultin g in quicker fatigue . These are more suited to

Anaerobic activity . These are suited for short duration .

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Presentation 1 Evans