PREPARATION OF N/4 (0.25N) Ba(OH)2

Barium Hydroxide [Ba(OH)2.8H2O]

METHOD Take out all the apparatus. Rinse all the apparatus with distilled water properly. Weigh Barium Hydroxide of about 39.43 gm. Transfer it in a 1000 ml volumetric flask and shake it properly. Fill the volumetric flask with distilled water up to the mark. Shake it properly. Now, 0.25N solution of Barium Hydroxide is prepared.

CALCULATION FORMULA:

Amount = Normality x Equivalent weight x Volume1000

Amount = 0.25N x 157.74 x 1000 1000

Amount = 39.43 gm in 1000 ml Distilled water

RESULTThe 0.25N barium hydroxide is prepared.

PROCEDURE FOR DEGREE OF MERCERIZATION

Take 2gms of sample of before and after mercerization and cut them in to small pieces.

Put them into the conical flask and pour 30ml of Barium Hydroxide Ba(OH)2 and left them for 2 hours.

After 2 hours pipette out 10ml of Barium Hydroxide from the beaker into conical flask and then add 1-2 drops of Phenolphthalein indicator.

Fill the burette with HCl and titrate the solution against HCl till pink color disappears.

Note down the reading. Repeat the procedure for both flasks i.e. Before and After mercerization

BLANK READING

Take out reading of Barium Hydroxide without any fabric sample which is referred as blank reading and note down the reading.

FORMULA FOR Ba++ ACTIVITY:

Blank - AfterDOM = x 100

Blank - Before

FOR EXAMPLE:27 - 22.5

DOM = x 10027 - 24

DOM = 150

TEST OF pH OF FABRIC BY UNIVERSAL SOLUTIONOBJECTIVE:

The objective is to determine the pH of the fabric by using “Merck Universal Indicator Solution”.

SCOPE:

This test is carried out only on white substrate to determine pH of the substrate clearly.

APPARATUS AND REAGENT:

DropperMerck Universal Indicator Solution

METHOD:

With the help of dropper put 3 drops of Merck Universal Indicator Solution onto the substrate.

RESULT:

Compare the color with pH indicator color chart on bottle.

ACCEPTABLE LIMITS:

PIGMENT DYED & PRINTED 4.5 ~ 6.5

REACTIVE DYED & PRINTED 6.5 ~ 8.0

TEST OF pH OF FABRIC BY pH EXTRACTION METHODOBJECTIVE:

The objective is to determine the pH of the wet processed, dyed, printed and finished products by using extraction method.

SCOPE:This test is carried out not only on white substrate but also carried out on printed or dyed substrate.

APPARATUS:

pH meterBeakerGlass rodMETHOD:

Boil 150ml distilled water for 10minutes. Immerse 5gm of specimen (cut into small pieces) Boil for an additional 10minutes. Allow the beaker and contents to be cool at room temperature. Determine the pH of the extract contents using pH meter operated according

to the manufacture instruction.

NOTE:This procedure is much better than the test of pH by universal indicator solution because in the universal indicator procedure 5 to 10% error is observed.

pH OF LIQUOR BY “pH PAPER”

OBJECTIVE:

The objective is to determine the pH of given liquor.

APPARATUS:Beaker pH test paper with numerical rating

METHOD: Take 50ml liquor to be tested in a beaker. The temperature of liquor is at room temperature. Dip the pH test paper in a beaker and then match the scale

RESULT:

Compare the color of paper with pH indicator (1-14) scale.

ABSORBENCY OF SUBSTRATE BY DROP METHOD

PURPOSE:To determine the absorbency of the textile fabric to assess its appropriate- ness for the dyeing/ or printing process.

APPARATUS:Tensioning deviceDropperGlass funnel for holding the dropper at a distance of 40mm + 5mm.Stop watch

REAGENT:5g/l solution of Jekazol Turquoise Blue PG

METHOD: Mount the fabric to be tested in the sample tensioning device for example

embroidery hoop, so that the surface is free of wrinkles with out damaging the structure of the fabric.

Place the dropper with the funnel in the approximate center of the hoop such that the tip of the dropper is 40mm+5mm above the surface of fabric.

Allow 1 drop of test solution to drop on the fabric. With the help of stopwatch measure the time required upto 60seconds

maximum for the surface of liquid to lose its specular reflectance; this is aided by having a spot light falling on the test area in a manner and at an angle which makes the observation easier.

Carry out the above test thee times per fabric sample one each 5~10cm from the selvedges and one in the approximate center.

REPORT:Note the time in seconds for the drop to be absorbed. If the drop is not absorbed in 60seconds, record the result as 60+ seconds.

NOTE:An absorbency time with 5 seconds is considered adequate for goods to be dyed or reactive printed. For goods to be pigment printed absorbency time of 20 to 30 seconds + is acceptable. A smooth circular spot indicates uniform absorbency where as irregular or unevenly serrated spot indicators the size or fatty residues are unevenly present on the substrate.

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

ABSORBENCY OF SUBSTRATE BY CAPILLARY TEST

PURPOSE:To determine the absorbency of the textile fabric by capillary test to assess its appropriateness for the dyeing/ or printing process. Strip test is commonly used to check absorbency of treated fabric. This test identifies the dye pick-up, over all penetration, rate of absorption, uniformity of the level owing to the capillary action of fiber. The method is mentioned as follows;

APPARATUS:Rubber stamp (14cm length and 2.5cm width)BeakerStop watchScissor

REAGENT:1% solution of Jekazol Turquoise Blue PG

METHOD: Take a test specimen of given dry fabric. Stamp on the fabric to be tested and cut the stamp area by scissor. Dip the stamp strip till the marked point 1cm in a 1% solution of Turquoise

Blue for 1minute. Measure the height of dye in the strip from the marked point.

NOTE:If the height of dye solution in the fabric strip is 3.5cm to 5cm, means good for dyeing.If the height of dye solution in the fabric strip is 1cm to 2cm, means good for rotary printing process.

DETERMINATION OF FABRIC WHITENESS

PURPOSE:To determine the whiteness of substrate.

APPARATUS:Spectro photo meter or Data colorPersonal computer with appropriate accessories

METHOD: Turn on the computer and spectrophotometer. Calibrate the spectrophotometer as per given instruction on the screen Select the indices view. Start the calibration setup. Provide the desired accessories (white slide and green slide) Software shows a graph and prints the report. Present double folded standard sample to the spectrophotometer and install

standard. Present double folded sample to be tested, to the spectrophotometer and

make batch. Print the report.

REPORT:Whiteness in Berger units is reported;

BERGER WHITENESS

BLEACHED FABRIC 60-80

WITH OBA 100-160

NOTE:Berger whiteness depends on the quality of fabric, count, construction and weave structure.

FOAMING HEIGHTThe objective is to test the wetting agent that how much it produces foam when dissolve in water.

1. Take 250ml measuring cylinder.2. Prepare wetting agent solution of about 4g/l in 100ml volume. 3. Pour this 100ml into measuring cylinder and shake it approximately

20times.4. Note the foam height.5. Note the time to settle down foam.

SINKING TIME OF FABRICThe objective is to test the ability of penetration power of wetting agent into the fabric interstices.

1. Take 250ml measuring cylinder.2. Prepare 1x1inch grey pieces.3. Fill the cylinder with 4g/l solution of wetting agent to be tested.4. Put the square grey piece into the cylinder and start stop watch and note the

time period to reach at the bottom.

IRON CONTENTS IN FABRIC

PURPOSE:To determine the iron contents of substrate.

PROCEDURE: 1-2 spatula of ammonium thiocynate in 15ml hydrochloric acid of 10%. The sample to be tested is treated with this solution and sqeeze and dry.

or

Pad the fabric with 0.1N HCl Pad with 8% potassium thiocynate Squeeze and dry

RESULT:Ammonium thiocynate (NH4SCN) forms a very red complex with iron.

CH2OH C O O H C C OH H

C C H OH

H OH C C OH H

C C H O

C O CH2OH

CH2OH C O H C C OH H

C C H OH

H OH C C OH H

C C H O

C O CH2OH

CH2OH C OH O H C C OH H H

C C H OH

CH2OH C OH H O C C OH H H

C C H OH

CH2OH C OH O H C C OH H H

C C H OH

CH2OH C OH H O C C OH H H

C C H OH

HYDROCELLULOSE & OXY CELLULOSE

UNDAMAGED CELLULOSE

HYDRO CELLULOSE

OXYCELLULOSE

PROOF OF HYDROCELLULOSE WITH SILVER NITRATE

PROCEDURE 10gm of silver nitrate in 100ml distilled water is mixed with ammonia

solution of 10% Stir the solution uintil white sediment which had been formed is dissolved The fabric sample is treated for 10-15 min at 80oC in an (ammoniacal silver

nitrate solution) The fabric is rinsed with distilled water and with diluted ammonia solution

RESULTThe hydrocellulose with the reducing effect separates elementary silver from silver nitrate solution and becomes visible at damaged parts by (yellow brown to black)

PROOF OF OXYCELLULOSE WITH METHYLENE BLUE

PROCEDURE Prepare 0.1% methylene blue solution The fabric is treated in 0.1 basic dye at 60oC for 5min Then washed with boiling distilled water until there is no dye left

RESULTThe basic dye strongly dyes oxycellulose very much because of the presence of excessive carboxylic groups.The depth of dyeing corresponds or largely depends on the degree of damage (oxycellulose)

PERCENTAGE PURITY OF H2O2

REFERANCE: METHOD AATCC 102-2002

The percentage purity of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents can be identified by potassium permanganate (KMnO4) titration.

OBJECTIVE:

To determine how much ml of potassium permanganate are consumed for the end point.

PROCEDURE:

1. Wash all the equipment gently.2. Prepare 0.1M potassium permagnate solution 3. Prepare 20% sulphuric acid.4. Fill the burette with potassium permagnate solution.5. Pipette out 10ml of sample to be tested into the conical flask. 6. Pour 20ml of 20%sulphuric acid into the flask which acts as catalyst.7. Provide temperature of about 40oC.8. Titrate it against 0.1M potassium permagnate.9. Calculate the percentage purity of hydrogen per oxide.

PERCENTAGE PURITY OF HYDROGEN PER OXIDE: = Morality of KMnO4 x Mol. wt. of H2O2 x BR x 250 x 5 x 100

Wt of H2O2 x 1000 x10 x 2

or

= BR x 21.25

Wt. of H2O2

Note:Hydrogen peroxide is commonly sold at about 35% purity and 50% purity.

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE CONTENT IN G/L:

OBJECTIVETo detect the residual peroxide contents in the bleaching bath.

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE CONTENT IMMEDIATELY:Prepare the bath with auxiliaries and titrate it against 0.1M potassium permanganate using catalyst sulphuric acid to identify the initial reading of peroxide contents.

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE CONTENT AFTER APPLICATION:After completion of the exhaust process at 90oC for a time period of about 1 hour, titrate it against 0.1M potassium permanganate using catalyst sulphuric acid to identify the residual consumed peroxide contents.

PROCEDURE: Wash all the equipment gently. Prepare 0.1M potassium per magnate solution. Prepare 20% sulphuric acid. Prepare the fabric swatch to be processed in the bleaching bath. Prepare bleaching bath by using auxiliaries,

AUXILIARIES AMOUNT

Caustic Soda 4g/lHydrogenPeroxide 5g/lStabilizer 1.5g/lSequestering Agent 0.5g/lWetting Agent 2g/lPROCESS CONDITIONS

Fabric weight XgmL:R 20:1Time 1hourTemperature 90OC

Fill the burette with potassium permanganate solution. Pipette out 10ml of sample from the bleaching bath to be tested into the

conical flask.

Pour 20ml of 20%sulphuric acid into the flask which acts as catalyst. Titrate it against potassium permanganate. Calculate the peroxide contents in g/l. Calculate the peroxide contents in the start of exhaust process. Calculate the consumed peroxide contents after the completion of the

exhaust process at 90oC. Evaluate the difference of the readings before and after to calculate the

residual H2O2 contents.

HYDROGEN PER OXIDE: = Morality of KMnO4 x Mol. wt. of H2O2 x BR x 5 x 2

Sample in ml x 2

PERCENTAGE LOSS OF HYDROGENPEROXIDE:

% loss of H2O2 = Initial peroxide content – Final peroxide content

Initial peroxide content