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SSIRL
Practice of Large Penetration Test after 1999 Ji-Ji Earthquake
Jiin-Song Tsai and Yean-Jhe Liou
Department of Civil Engineering
National Cheng Kung University
11. 4. 2003
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Aspects
• Field Conditions
• Facilities & Instrumentation
• Experiment & Results
• Summaries & Lessons
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Liquefaction of Gravelly Ground
• BPT (Harder and Seed, 1986)– Effects of hammers and casings– BPT-SPT correlation
• FBPT (Sy and Lum, 1997)– Effects of casing friction (Mud-injection Bec
ker)
• LPT (Daniel, Howie and Sy, 2003)– Scale effect of LPT’s (scale-up SPT)
• TLPT (Tsai, Huang and Liou, 2003)– Measurement of Energy Transfer
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
TLPT Project
TLPT Research Team
Dr. A.B. Huang
(Planning and Coordination)
Dr. J.S. Tsai and Diagnostic Eng. Consultant LTD.
(Energy Measurement)
Dr. P.S. Lin(Soil Investigation
and Job Site Preparation)
Dr. A.B. Huang Joint Project Coordinator
Dr. D.H. LeeNSC Coordinator
SSIRL
Test Site & Ground Condition
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Location
TaichungCounty
TaichungCity
Nantou
Ming jianJiJi
NantouCounty
FengyuanDungshr
Drolan
MiaoliCounty
ChangHuaCounty
Yuanlin
YunlinCounty Chelunpu
Fault
Epicenter
Jushan
WufeugTest Field
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Liquefaction of Test Site
Fu Tin Bridge
Liquefaction Outlet
South Levee ofDa Li River
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Layout
Da Li River
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Test Pit
G . W . L . : - 4 . 5 m P r o p e r t i e s ( % )
D e p t h
( m ) D e s c r i p t i o n
G r a v e l S a n d S i l t C l a y U S C S t
( g / c m 3 ) nw
( % ) sG
S F B a c k f i l l
0 . 5
1 . 5 5 3 4 4 3 0 G P 1 . 9 9 7 . 2 4 2 . 6 7
2 . 5
3 . 5
G r a v e l w i t h M e d i u m t o c o a r s e l o o s e s a n d
cmd 15max
w i t h s i l t y c l a y
4 . 5
5 . 5
6 . 5
G P
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Profile ( B-14 )
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
S-1
S-0
S-0
S-0
S-0
S-0
S-0
S-0
S-0
S-0
S-0
S-0
5 5 5
9 9 11
13 22 35
50/12 cm
100/17 cm25
50/4 cm
50/14 cm
50/8 cm
50/13 cm
50/5 cm
50/6 cm
50/14 cm
Ground EL: +35.16 m Date: 1/21/2000 - 1/23/2000
Location : N2664115 : E215570 Hole No. : B-14 G.W.L. :-3.5 m (01/22/00)
Depth(m)
SempleNo.
S.P.T
15 cm 15 cm 15 cmDescirption
Gravel with medium to coarse sand
-2.1~7.0 m :
Occasional thin layersof fine to medium sand
dmax 16 cm~~
SSIRL
Facilities & Instrumentation
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Casings of TLPT
170mmMudinject
140mm
170mm
305mm
170mm
220mm
405mm
BPT & FBPT TLPT(Close end)Conventional
(Open end)
Mud-Injection
(Close end)
168mm 232mm
208mm 272mm
Comparisons with BPT and FBPT
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Steel Shoes
P1, P2 P3, P4 , P5
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
BPT and TLPT Hammers
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Three-Segment Casings
Segment 3 Segment 2 Segment 1
:point welding:ψ 40mm hole for Set-B signal cords unit: mm
500 500 500 6006500 6500 5000
18000
208
20
20
50
150
30
30
168
100
272
20
2040
232
Toe
40
ψ 168mm casing
ψ 232mm casing
Shoe
P1, P2
P3, P4 , P5
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Instrumentation - Setup
Strain transducerAccelerometer
TNOsignal conditioner
Notebookcomputer
LoadcellInstruNet M100
signal conditionerNotebookcomputer
Set-A
Set-B
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Instrumentation – Set-A
accelerometer
ψ232mm casing
strain transducer
bolt
accelerometer
SSIRL
Loadcell & Set-B Development
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Loadcells
P1, P2 P3, P4 , P5
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Q 1: How to place the sensors properly inside the tube under limit working space ?
A 1: Prefabricate the sensors module on a plastic sheet for one-time easy pasting
cm1
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Q 2: How to effectively cover sensors under limit working space to resist high water pressure ?
A 2: Fill up the tube with silica gel
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Q 3: How to isolate the sensors and wire cords from high temperature induced by welding ?
A 3: Wrap them carefully using asbestos belts
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Loadcell Calibration
500t MTS
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Shop Prefabrication
SSIRL
Experiment Procedure
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Installation Steps
• Double-check Set-B, and label 30cm markson the tube.
• Erect the lower segment and slightly pound to the ground.
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Pounding Steps
• Bolt Set-A sensors onto casing. Connect Set-A and Set-B to signal conditioners.
• Record blow counts of 30cm penetration.
• Stop pounding before Set-A sensors were dragged into the ground. Dismount Set-A.
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Steps for next cycle
• Stretch Set-B cords to new outlet hole.
• Welding.
• Repeat the pounding
steps until the uppersegment done.
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Correlate BPT-Nb and SPT-N60
• Sy and Lum method (1997) • No shaft friction Rs
Rs = 0 kN 45 90 135 150 225
270
315
360
80
60
40
20
00
100
20 40 60 80 100
BPT Nb30 ( blows / 30 cm )
SPT
N60
( b
low
s / 3
0 cm
)
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Results
0 40 80 120Blow Count N L
1 8
1 7
1 6
1 5
1 4
1 3
1 2
1 1
1 0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
De
pth
(m
)
P1P2
0 40 80 120Blow Count N L
1 8
1 7
1 6
1 5
1 4
1 3
1 2
1 1
1 0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
De
pth
(m
)
P3P4P5
0 40 80 120 160Transfered N 60
1 8
1 7
1 6
1 5
1 4
1 3
1 2
1 1
1 0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
De
pth
(m
)
P1P2
0 40 80 120 160Transfered N 60
1 8
1 7
1 6
1 5
1 4
1 3
1 2
1 1
1 0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
De
pth
(m
)
P3P4P5
SSIRL
Discussions
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Unsolved puzzle 1:Unsolved puzzle 1:
Why size effects on ENTHRU results are not clearly shown ?
0 20 40 60 80 100E N T H R U (% )
1 8
1 7
1 6
1 5
1 4
1 3
1 2
1 1
1 0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
De
pth
(m
)
P1P2
0 20 40 60 80 100E N T H R U (% )
1 8
1 7
1 6
1 5
1 4
1 3
1 2
1 1
1 0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
De
pth
(m
)
P3P4P5
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Unsolved puzzle 2:Unsolved puzzle 2:
Why NL30 numbers of same size casing
are scattering?
0 20 40 60 80 100Energy-Corrected N L30
1 8
1 7
1 6
1 5
1 4
1 3
1 2
1 1
1 0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
De
pth
(m
)
P1P2
0 20 40 60 80 100Energy-Corrected N L30
1 8
1 7
1 6
1 5
1 4
1 3
1 2
1 1
1 0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
De
pth
(m
)
P3P4P5
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
FailureFailure
No meaningful data of Set B !!
Why?
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
SimWave simulation Study
Force-time history of Set-B
0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2 2 .5 3Tim e (m s)
0
4 0 0 0
8 0 0 0
1 2 0 0 0
1 6 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0
2 4 0 0 0
Fo
rce
(kN
)
FzV
ε=2.23×10-3
εallow=5×10-2
Particlevelocitydoubled
1500
mm
5000
mm
400m
m
Hammerradius=260mmweight=2.5t
ψ232mmSegment 1area=24127mm
Set-B
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
• Interpretation:
High particle velocity fail the bounding between casing tube and strain gauges.
• Measures:
Adopt longer strain gauges (lower accuracy) to provide larger glue area.
SSIRL Soil-Structure Interaction Research Laboratory
Summaries
• The first trial of local LPT (TLPT) is described and data are presented.
• Results of TLPT give an explanation to liquefaction of gravelly ground in the Ji-Ji Earthquake.
• Lessons learned give clues for future improvements.
SSIRL
Appreciate all involved…
To be Continued …..