Post-RevolutionPost-Revolution (video) (video)

Questions to PonderQuestions to Ponder

Independence, now what?Independence, now what?

What will colonies attempt to avoid from What will colonies attempt to avoid from previous experiences?previous experiences?

Words to know by the endWords to know by the end

FederalismFederalism ConfederationConfederation RepublicRepublic Representative Representative

democracydemocracy Executive BranchExecutive Branch Legislative BranchLegislative Branch Judicial BranchJudicial Branch

ConstitutionConstitution AmendmentsAmendments CommerceCommerce BicameralBicameral UnicameralUnicameral

The Articles of The Articles of ConfederationConfederation (video) (video)

(1776-1789)(1776-1789)

What is to be done now that we What is to be done now that we have independence?have independence?

State constitutions State constitutions limited role of limited role of governorsgovernors before/during revolution before/during revolutionWHY?WHY?

Colonial representatives Colonial representatives want limited want limited federal government.federal government.

CONFEDERATION – alliance of states CONFEDERATION – alliance of states formed to coordinate defense & relations formed to coordinate defense & relations w/ foreign governmentsw/ foreign governments

Articles of Confederation Articles of Confederation WeaknessesWeaknesses

Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

Written in 1776, Written in 1776, approved in 1781approved in 1781Creates a Creates a weak national governmentweak national government

Congress has no power to tax or regulate Congress has no power to tax or regulate commerce among states and foreign commerce among states and foreign countriescountries

No common currencyNo common currencyEach state had only ONE vote regardless of Each state had only ONE vote regardless of

sizesizeHave as many representatives as they wantHave as many representatives as they want

Problems?

Art. Of Conf.Art. Of Conf.

No executive or judicial branchNo executive or judicial branchExecutive carries out the lawsExecutive carries out the lawsJudicial interprets/judges the lawsJudicial interprets/judges the lawsLegislative creates the lawsLegislative creates the laws

Amendment (change) only w/ consent Amendment (change) only w/ consent of ALL statesof ALL states

A A 9 of 13 states majority9 of 13 states majority required to required to pass lawspass laws

Problems?

Art. Of Conf.Art. Of Conf.

No standing armyNo standing army ““Firm League of Friendship” Firm League of Friendship”

Meaning?Meaning?No respect from foreign countriesNo respect from foreign countries

Why?Why?Too many goals, directions, & Too many goals, directions, &

desires to fulfilldesires to fulfill

Problems?

Shay’s Rebellion in Mass.Shay’s Rebellion in Mass. (video)

Farmers upset by Farmers upset by heavy taxes which put heavy taxes which put them in debtthem in debt Why taxes?Why taxes?

Gov’t could not do Gov’t could not do much to stop rebellionmuch to stop rebellion Why?Why?

Articles Of Confederation Articles Of Confederation SuccessSuccess

Able to pass Able to pass Land Ordinance of 1785 & Land Ordinance of 1785 & Northwest Ordinance of 1787Northwest Ordinance of 1787Selling the land to pay debtSelling the land to pay debtLand north of Ohio River and East of Land north of Ohio River and East of

Mississippi RiverMississippi RiverSlavery prohibitedSlavery prohibited (?) (?)Some land reserved for public educationSome land reserved for public educationProcess for admission of new statesProcess for admission of new states

Land Ord. of 1785Land Ord. of 1785

Northwest OrdinanceNorthwest Ordinance

Changes NeededChanges Needed

Meet in Philadelphia Meet in Philadelphia in summer of 1787. in summer of 1787.

Decision to make:Decision to make: Amend the Articles or Amend the Articles or

simply abandon them?simply abandon them? If abandoned, what is If abandoned, what is

to be done?to be done?

Though done illegally, Though done illegally, Articles are scraped.Articles are scraped.

Developing a ConstitutionDeveloping a Constitution

A Need for ChangeA Need for Change

To draft or not to draft?To draft or not to draft?

Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistsFederalist vs. Anti-Federalists

GW chosen to preside GW chosen to preside over meetingsover meetings

George Washington, George Washington, James Madison, James Madison, Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton, , and others look to and others look to make a stronger make a stronger national governmentnational government..

Anti-federalists Anti-federalists question if stronger question if stronger national national government could government could abuse rights of abuse rights of citizenscitizens

Constitutional Constitutional CompromisesCompromises

James MadisonJames Madison“Father of the Constitution”“Father of the Constitution”

James Madison’s Virginia James Madison’s Virginia Plan… Plan… (video)

Federal gov’t Federal gov’t should should have have 3 branches3 branches Judicial, Executive, Judicial, Executive,

and Legislativeand Legislative

Legislative branch is Legislative branch is to be bicameral (two to be bicameral (two houses)houses) with both with both houses houses based on based on POPULATION.POPULATION. Good for Good for big states.big states.

Small states complain. The Small states complain. The New New Jersey PlanJersey Plan states… states…

The The legislatives legislatives branch should be branch should be UNICAMERAL (one UNICAMERAL (one house) with equal house) with equal voting voting REGARDLESS REGARDLESS of population.of population. Good for Good for smaller smaller

statesstates

The Great Compromise The Great Compromise (Connecticut Plan)(Connecticut Plan)

By Roger ShermanBy Roger ShermanBicameral Legislature:Bicameral Legislature:

One house has equal representation with One house has equal representation with equal voting (SENATE)equal voting (SENATE)

One house has representation based on One house has representation based on population (HOUSE OF REPS)population (HOUSE OF REPS)

Problem: What people are Problem: What people are to be counted for to be counted for

representation and taxes?representation and taxes?

Three-fifths CompromiseThree-fifths Compromise

SlavesSlaves were to be were to be counted as three-fifths counted as three-fifths of a person when taking a censusof a person when taking a census (?) (?) for for every stateevery state..

HelpsHelps the rural the rural Southern states.Southern states.

Example: 100 slaves equals 60 for the census Example: 100 slaves equals 60 for the census countcount

Structure of GovernmentStructure of Government

Division of powers: Division of powers: National and state National and state gov’t splits duties = Federalismgov’t splits duties = Federalism

Separation of powers: Separation of powers: Cannot let one Cannot let one branch gain too much power.branch gain too much power.A system of A system of checks and balances is set up. checks and balances is set up.

Checks and BalanceChecks and Balance

James Madison said it best when he states:James Madison said it best when he states:

““If men were angles no government would If men were angles no government would be needed.” be needed.”

Legislative Branch - Congress:Legislative Branch - Congress:

House of Reps. House of Reps. – Voted on by the people – Voted on by the people in their district in their district (2 year terms)(2 year terms)

SenateSenate – Voted on by state legislatures – Voted on by state legislatures [later changed by 17[later changed by 17thth Amendment Amendment (6 year (6 year terms)]terms)]

Executive Branch - The President:Executive Branch - The President:

Elected through Electoral College from Elected through Electoral College from each state.each state.

Serves Serves four year term.four year term.Must have Must have majority of votesmajority of votes (HORs (HORs

decides if not)decides if not)Can veto Congress, commander-in-chief, Can veto Congress, commander-in-chief,

select judgesselect judges

Judicial Branch – Judicial Branch – The Federal Court:The Federal Court:

JudgesJudges chosen by president but must be chosen by president but must be approved by Senateapproved by Senate

Serve for life. Serve for life.

Interprets/judge lawsInterprets/judge laws

(Video)

Ratification (Acceptance) by Ratification (Acceptance) by the Statesthe States

FederalistsFederalists Washington, Madison Washington, Madison

and Hamiltonand Hamilton Wanted strong Wanted strong

national governmentnational government

Anti-FederalistsAnti-Federalists Patrick Henry, George Patrick Henry, George

Mason and Thomas Mason and Thomas JeffersonJefferson

FearedFeared overly overly powerful powerful central governmentcentral government

Wanted state rightsWanted state rights Rights of individuals Rights of individuals

protectedprotected

Federalists and Anti-FederalistsFederalists and Anti-Federalists(video)(video)

The Federalist PapersThe Federalist Papers

James MadisonJames Madison Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton John JayJohn Jay

Write series of papers Write series of papers to promote stronger to promote stronger Nat'l gov’tNat'l gov’t

Ratification Ratification June of 1788, New Hampshire became the 9June of 1788, New Hampshire became the 9 thth

state to ratify the Constitution. state to ratify the Constitution. The government would meet and elect The government would meet and elect

Washington the 1Washington the 1stst President President under the new under the new government. government.

The last 4 states, The last 4 states, Virginia, New York, North Virginia, New York, North Carolina and Rhode Island will hold out for a Carolina and Rhode Island will hold out for a Bill of RightsBill of Rights Become the first order of business of the new Become the first order of business of the new

Congress. Congress.

James Madison and Bill of RightsJames Madison and Bill of Rights

Borrows ideas from Borrows ideas from other Virginians to other Virginians to gain approval.gain approval.

Uses Uses GEORGE GEORGE MASON’s Virginia MASON’s Virginia Declaration of RightsDeclaration of Rights Reiterates notion that Reiterates notion that

basic basic human rights human rights cannot be violated by cannot be violated by gov’tsgov’ts

GEORGE MASON’s GEORGE MASON’s Virginia Declaration of RightsVirginia Declaration of Rights

““That all men are by nature equally free and That all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights, independent, and have certain inherent rights,

of which, when they enter into a state of of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot by any compact deprive society, they cannot by any compact deprive

or divest their posterity; namely, the or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and of acquiring and possessing property, and

pursuing and obtaining happiness and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.”safety.”

Church and State…Church and State…

Uses Thomas Uses Thomas Jefferson's Statute of Jefferson's Statute of Religious FreedomReligious Freedom Outlaws established Outlaws established

churchchurch Gov’t can’t favor one Gov’t can’t favor one

churchchurch

Thomas Jefferson's Thomas Jefferson's Statute of Religious FreedomStatute of Religious Freedom

““Be it enacted by the General Assembly, that no Be it enacted by the General Assembly, that no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any man shall be compelled to frequent or support any

religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever, nor religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be enforced, restrained, molested, or shall be enforced, restrained, molested, or

burthened in his body or goods, nor shall otherwise burthened in his body or goods, nor shall otherwise suffer on account of his religious opinions or belief; suffer on account of his religious opinions or belief;

but that all men shall be free to profess, and by but that all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinion in matters of argument to maintain, their opinion in matters of

religion, and that the same shall in no wise religion, and that the same shall in no wise diminish, enlarge, or affect their civil capacities.”diminish, enlarge, or affect their civil capacities.”

Bill of RightsBill of Rights

11stst 10 Amendments of the Constitution 10 Amendments of the ConstitutionProtect natural rights of individualsProtect natural rights of individuals1010thth Amendment Amendment

Assured that the Assured that the national government would national government would have only the powers delegatedhave only the powers delegated (?) (?) to them to them in the in the Constitutionin the in the Constitution and no more! and no more!

First 8 deal with personal freedoms, while the last 2 will put limitations on the Federal Government.

(Video)

Important Questions Important Questions What was the New form of Government that the What was the New form of Government that the

Congress came up with and who held the power?Congress came up with and who held the power? What were the problems that plagued the Articles of What were the problems that plagued the Articles of

Confederation? Confederation? What was the importance of the Virginia Plan What was the importance of the Virginia Plan Explain how the Great Compromise Balanced Explain how the Great Compromise Balanced

Governmental power between large and Small Governmental power between large and Small states?states?

What was the issue behind the 3/5’s compromise and What was the issue behind the 3/5’s compromise and what impact did it have for slaves? what impact did it have for slaves?

Explain the debate between the Federalists and Anti-Explain the debate between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Federalists.

What 2 documents did Madison use in writing the Bill What 2 documents did Madison use in writing the Bill of rights?of rights?

Election of G.W. (1789)Election of G.W. (1789)

Obvious choice for 1Obvious choice for 1stst pres. pres.Under Constitution, man w/ most votes by Under Constitution, man w/ most votes by

Electoral College wins Electoral College wins Don’t give too much power to the masses Don’t give too much power to the masses runner-up is Vice- Presrunner-up is Vice- Pres

Different than todayDifferent than today

First pres. & capital is located in NYCFirst pres. & capital is located in NYC

Accomplishments of GW Accomplishments of GW

Needs to set standard of developing Needs to set standard of developing nationnation

Sets standard for how president should actSets standard for how president should actSets precedent of unofficial 2 term limitSets precedent of unofficial 2 term limitSets up court system (Jay is chief justice)Sets up court system (Jay is chief justice)

GW AccomplishmentsGW Accomplishments

Sets up CABINENT Sets up CABINENT Heads of major dept’s of executive branchHeads of major dept’s of executive branch

Thomas Jefferson is Sec. of State (foreign Thomas Jefferson is Sec. of State (foreign relations)relations)

Alex. Hamilton is Treasury SecretaryAlex. Hamilton is Treasury Secretary

*** GW spends most of his time keeping these *** GW spends most of his time keeping these 2 from killing each other***2 from killing each other***

GW AccomplishmentsGW Accomplishments

Set up of new capitalSet up of new capitalNorthern Virginia is chosen as spotNorthern Virginia is chosen as spot

Style of city shows new power of fed. gov’t Style of city shows new power of fed. gov’t Farewell Address: “No alliances & NO Farewell Address: “No alliances & NO

POLITICAL PARTIES!”POLITICAL PARTIES!”

Got Style…Got Style…