Do Now

• Take out the Chapter 4 extension questions.• What do you know about the Declaration of

Independence? – When was it written?– Who wrote it?– What did it say?– Write all that you know about it.

• BONUS: Are you smarter than a fifth grader? Can you outline the events that caused the American Revolution?

The First Continental CongressGoal: restore the colonies’ relationship with the Crown (in response to Mass. and Coercive Acts).

Those Present:

• Radicals– Demanded great concessions

from the King.

• Moderates– Disagreed strongly with Britain,

but wanted to come to a peaceful resolution.

• Conservatives– Were in favor of making a mild

statement of protest

• Loyalists– Were not represented.

Measures Adopted:

• Suffolk Resolve– Rejected the Intolerable Acts– Prepared a military– Boycotted British goods

• Declaration of Rights and Grievances– Urged the King to restore rights– Acknowledged Parliament’s

authority to regulate commerce

• Association– Created committees in each town

to enforce the boycott

King George’s response: “Massachusetts is in a state of rebellion.”

Quiz Question 11

• The First Continental Congressa) was attended by delegates from each of the

thirteen colonies.b) adopted a moderate proposal for establishing a

kind of home rule for the colonies under British direction.

c) made a ringing declaration of America's independence from Britain.

d) called for a complete boycott of British goods.e) adjourned shortly after convening.

Lexington & Concord

Militiamen fired at the British troops from behind a stone wall when they were returning from

Boston.

250 British were killed.

The British suffered great humiliation at

their loss.

The minutemen were forced to retreat.8 minutemen

were killed.The British went on to

destroy the military supply at Concord.

British troops went to seize the military supplies of colonial troops in Concord, Massachusetts.Paul Revere & William

Daws warned Lexington’s militia.

The minutemen assembled and faced

the British

•British forces took the hill.•1,000 British died, so Americans claimed victory.

The Battle of “Bunker Hill”

The Northern Campaign[1775-1776]

Bunker Hill (June, 1775)

The British suffered over 40% casualties.

The Second Continental Congress2 Camps: 1. Independence 2. Negotiation

Measures adopted:1.Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms• Colonies would provide troops George Washington = Commander-in-Chief• Benedict Arnold was to raid Canada for support Organized Navy & Marine Corps to attack

British ships 2.Olive Branch Petition• Pledged Loyalty to the King• Asked for peace and colonial rights.

King George’s Response:•Rejected Olive Branch Petition•Declared the colonies to be “in rebellion”•Forbade shipping and trade with the colonies

Common Sense by Thomas Paine•Senseless for a large continent to be ruled by a small, distant island.•Senseless to pledge allegiance to a corrupt, unreasonable king.•Independence.

The Continental Congress began to favor independence

Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.•He listed grievances (complaints) with England.•Adopted July 4, 1776

Resolution: Declare independence.•Committee was formed.

Quiz Question 12

• The Olive Branch Petitiona) was passed by Parliament.b) was an expression of King George III's desire for

peace.c) promised no treason charges if colonists stopped

fighting.d) was an attempt by the colonists to gain support

of Native Americans.e) professed American loyalty to the crown.

Quiz Question 13

• The Declaration of Independence did all of the following excepta) invoke the natural rights of humankind to justify

revolt.b) catalog the tyrannical actions of King George III.c) argue that royal tyranny justified revolt.d) offer the British one last chance at reconciliation.e) accuse the British of violating the natural rights

of the Americans.

The War =The American War for Independence

=The American Revolution=The Revolutionary War

Patriots

• 60,000 fought in the war.• 520,000-780,000 total• Majorities in NY, NJ, GA• 80,000 moved to Canada after the war.• Native Americans supported them

(hoped they would limit western settlement).

Statistics:• 2.6 million colonists• 40% were Patriots• 20-30% were Loyalists• 30-40% were neutral or uninvolved

• Mostly in New England & Virginia (Soldiers didn’t want to leave the region.)

• Fought for short periods• Short of supplies & equipment; rarely paidAfrican Americans• Britain offered freedom to those who joined

them in fighting; Washington matched the offer.• 5,000 African Americans fought as Patriots• Integrated and segregated units

Loyalists = “tories”

Phase II:

NY & PA[1777-1778]

Americans LOST NYC & Philadelphia.• Rough winter at

Valley Forge (blockade, inflation, no supplies)

New York City in Flames(1776)

Washington Crossing the Delaware

Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851

Saratoga: “Turning Point” of the War?

A modern-day re-enactment

Phase III: The Southern Strategy [1780-1781]

Britain’s “Southern Strategy”

Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.

Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving.

The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside [similar to U. S. failures in Vietnam!]

Good US General:Nathanial Greene

The Battle of Yorktown (1781)

Count de Rochambeau

AdmiralDe Grasse

Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown:

Painted by John Trumbull, 1797

“The World Turned Upside Down!”

Treaty of Paris, 17831. Independence2. Mississippi = western boundary3. Fishing rights off Canada4. Return land to loyalists

Quiz Question 14

• Loyalists were least numerous ina) New York.b) Pennsylvania.c) Georgia.d) the middle colonies.e) New England.

Quiz Question 15

• The Battle of Saratoga was a key victory for the Americans because ita) brought the British to offer recognition of colonial

independence.b) brought the colonists much-needed aid and a formal

alliance with France.c) prevented the fighting from spreading into the

southern colonies.d) prevented the colonial capital from being captured by

the British.e) kept Benedict Arnold from joining the British.

Quiz Question 16

• France came to America's aid in the Revolution becausea) French officials supported the cause of democracy.b) it hoped to gain access to the American fur trade.c) it wanted revenge against the British.d) it could use America to test new military tactics.e) its new alliance with Britain would be a surprise to

both militaries.

New Governments in AmericaThe newly independent states created their own separate constitutions.

Similarities Between State Constitutions

1. List of Rights– Trial by jury– Religious freedom

2. Separation of Powers– Bicameral legislature– Judiciary– executive

3. Voting– All white male property holders were eligible.

4. Office Holding– Politicians had to own more land than voters did.

Massachusetts

Connecticut

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

Maryland

Virginia

North CarolinaSouth Carolina

Georgia

Rhode Island

New Hampshire

New York

Delaware

The First Constitution Did Not Work.

CONGRESS(uni-cameral)

“ The Articles of Confederation”

(but no President)

Powers Congress Had:• declare war• make treaties/send diplomats• create a postal system• borrow money

Wholesale Price Index:1770-1789

• Problems with the Articles of Confederation:

• Congress couldn’t collect taxes debts were unpaid; the government was broke.

• It took all 13 states to agree to change a law decisions could never be made.

• It took 9 of 13 states to pass a law

• Nobody could enforce laws or settle disputes between states.

• Each state had its own separate currency.—the paper money was seen as worthless.

Quiz Question 18

• Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress had the power toa) Collect taxesb) Regulate commercec) Enforce lawsd) Declare ware) Amend the Articles of Confederation

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7• Daniel Shays = angry

farmer/veteran ( taxes, debtors’ jail, no $)

• He led a group to stop tax collection and close debtors’ courts.

• His men tried to seize the Massachusetts armory

Quiz Question 19

• Shay’s Rebellion was a result ofa) The financial troubles of the new nationb) Conflict between Loyalists and Patriotsc) Congress’s inability to organize an armyd) Conflict over the Land Ordinance of 1785e) Refusal to abolish slavery when drafting the new

government’s constitution

State Claims to Western Lands

But…it did have some success:

Land Ordinance of 1785

• Ensured land wasn’t overrun with chaos and squatters• Established townships

• Provided for public education per every 60 square miles

Land Ordinance of 1787

• Established new lands with revolutionary principles in mind• Anti-colonialism: established means for establishing new states

• Equality: banned slavery

Land Ordinance of 1785

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress!

Statehood achieved in three stages:

1. Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory.

2. When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners elect territorial legislature.

3. When population reached 60,000 elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.

Quiz Question 17

• The new government’s greatest success was its ability toa) Manage the new country’s currencyb) Raise revenue through taxesc) Governing newly acquired western landsd) Gaining the respect of foreign countriese) Enforce new laws

Social Change after the Revolution

End of Aristocracy•No more aristocratic titles•End of primogeniture

(firstborn son inherits his father’s property)

Women• Helped the war effort:

– Cooks– Nurses– Took husbands’ place at battle– Passed as men– Ran family farms & businesses

Second class citizens

Separation of Church and State•The Anglican Church was disestablished in the South.•Exceptions: NH, CT, MA:

•the Congregational church received state support.

Slavery• Gains:

Importation of slaves was abolished. Northern states ended slavery. Some southerners freed their

slaves.

• In the SOUTH: – Slave labor was essential to the

economy.

Quiz Question 20

• As part of the egalitarian movement of the American Revolutiona) several northern states abolished slavery.b) all states granted the right to vote to women with

sufficient property qualifications.c) many states repealed laws against interracial

marriage.d) some southern states passed legislation providing

for the gradual abolition of slavery.e) laws against interracial marriage were eliminated.