Politics Government

8/4/2019 Politics Government

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A. Whol is Ggvertl[nenf?Brooclly speoking, to govern meons lo rule or conlrol olhels, Governmenl consisls ofinslitutions responsible for mokinq colleclive decisions ond ensuring ihoi lhey ore coriedA form of governmenl con lhus be ideniiiied in oll sociol inslilulions. For exomple, in lhefomily, governmenl is seen in ihe conirol ihol porenls exercise over their children; inschools li operoles through discipline ond rLrles imposed by leochers; oncl in lheworkp oce ii is mointoinecl by regulolions drown up by monogers or employers.Governmenl therefore exisis whenever ond wherever ordered rule occurs,ln o norrow sense, govemmenl is o qroup of people within fhe slole who hove theullimole oulhoritv lo oct on beholf of the qlqtC.Esseniioly, oulhoritv meons thol ihe governmeni is regorded by ihe people oi lhe sloleos the oppropriole group of people lo moke decisions for lhe slole ond oci on ils beholf.ln some ccises, however, the execulive bronch of governmeni olone is referecl 10 os'lheGovernmenl, moking governmeni olmost synonymous with 'ihe rulers or lhe governors'.Governmenl is ihus ideniilied more norowly wilh o specific group ol minislers orsecrelories, operoling under ihe leodership of o chief execuiive, usuolly o prime minisleror pres'denl. This lypicolly occurs in porliomenlorv systems, where it is common lo refer lo'ihe Lee Hsien Loong Governmenl' or 'lhe Brown Governmenl (UK).The governmenl ore o unique group in the slole; only lhey hove lhe righl io mokecjecisions ihol everyone in lhe slole hos q duly io occepi ond obey.The governmenl ore those indivicluols who ore vesled wilh lhe ouihority lo moke bindingrules, formu ole ond implemeni poicies, seiile disputes omong cilizens, ond use lhecoercive mochinery of lhe siole when iheir ouihorily is chollenqed.When we speak of o sicrle ocling - os in 'lndonesio osked lhe nternoiionol MoneloryFund ior help in ils cu(enl crisis - ii is ihe qovernmenl lo which we refer.

The Sinoopore Governmeni, . The Singopore governmenl is o porliomenlory clemoc.crcy; lhe bulk of the execuljvepowers resls wilh lhe Cobinel, heoded by lhe Prime Minisier, cunenily Mr Lee HsienLoong.' Ihe Cobinei is mode up af 20 minislerc ol lhe mament con you nome oll af fhem?. The Members of Porliomenl {MPsl consist of eilher e ecled, non consliluency oraominoled Members. The mojorily of the Members of Porliomenl is elecled inloPorliomenl oi o Generol Eleciion ond represenls eilher Single Member or GroupRepresenlolion Conslituencies icRCs).. The elecled Members of Porliomenl ocl os o bridge beiween lhe communily ond lheGovernmenl by ensuring thol the concems of their consliluenh ore heord in lhePorliomenl. The presenl Porliornenl hos 94 Members of Porl;crmenl cdn-iisling of 84


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elecle.l Members of Porliomenl. one NCMP ond nine Nominoled members ofElected Member3r ln Group Represenioiion Consliluencies, poliiicol porties field oleom of belween three io six condidoles. Ai leosi one condidote in lhe leom muslbelong io o minority roce. Thh requiremenl ensures lhol poriies contesiing iheeleciions in Group Represenlotion ConslilLrencies ore mulli-rociot so thol minorilyroces will be represenled in Porliomenl. Presenlly lhere ore l4 Group RepresenlotionConsliluencies ond 9 single Member consliluencies.Non-conslituency Membets: This is lo ensure lhot there will be o rninimum number ofopposition represenlolives in Porliomenl ond thot views oiher thon lhe Governmenl'scon be expressecl in Porliomenl.Nominoted Members: Up io nine Nominoied Members of Porjiomenl (NMPS) wosmode in 1990 lo ensure o wide represenlotion of communily views in PorliomeniNominoled Mernbers of Porliomenl ore oppointed by the Presidenl of Singopore for olerm of lwo ond o hcrlf yeors on the recommendoi;on of o speciolSelect Commiiteeof Porliomeni choired by lhe Speoker. Nominoled Members of Porliomenl ore nolconnecled lo ony poliiicol porlies.

How the Sinoopore Governmenl fultils ils roles. Currently, lhere ore 14 rninislries thoi ore sel up by lhe Governmenl lo loke onspecific roles in monoging lhe couniry. Con you nome every ministry ond brieflydescribe lhe role(s) it iokes on?

MinisMinislrv of Communilv Development. Youlhond Sports (MCYS)Sinislrv of Defence (MINDEF)Miniskv of Educolion tMOEIMinistry of lhe Envkonmeni ond wolerResources (MEWR)Ministrv of Finonce (MOf)MlnidcLetlerersDltsi4lmdry-ellcsttro4sE-)Ministry ol Home Affoirs (MHA)Minislrv ol lnformotion. Communicolions ondlbe 4dell4lqA)l4irEbr-s4s{.1l4i4sr{lMinislry ot Monpower (MOM)Minislrv ot Notionol Developmeni (MND)Minislrv ol Trode ond lndusfrv (MTl)Minislry of Trqispqrt (MgI)B. Ditferences belween Governmenl ond Slole

'covernmenl ond the'siote crre oflen used inlerchongeobly. However, ihere ore severol.lifference\ between the iwo lerms.The slole is more extenlive lhon government. The slole is on inclusive aliocloiion lholencomposses oll lhe insiilulions of lhe public reolm ond embroces oll the membe6 of lhecornmuniiy {in iheir copoci}y os ciiizens). Governmenl is porl of ihe siole.

which role(s) does il tulfil? How so?Eslo blis!!!q!qv! qD!LIq!!!!Moinlqinino lnlernol ond Exlernol SecurilvEnsurino Economic SlobililvSe+linq Gools in Direclinq SocietvProvision of Goods ond services


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' The 5loie is o conlinuing, even permonent enlily- Governmenl is lemporory: governmenlscome oncl go, ond syslerns of government ccln be reformed ond remodellecl.. Governmeni is ihe meons through which the outhoriiy of lhe sloie is broughl intooperolion. ln rnoking oncl implemenling siole po icy, governmenl is 'the broins' of lhesioie, oncl it perpeluoles lhe sloles exislence.

C. Functions ot Governmenl/lhe Slole1. Esloblishino Lows ond Norms. Jhe governmenl esloblishes lows ihoi formolly specify whol lhe sociely expecis ond whoiil prohibiis.' The low oflen represenls o codificolion of specific norms; for exomple, one should notsiecrl irom or commil violenl crirne ogoinsi oihers.. Lows vory in differenl counlries becouse the sel ol norms helcl by differenl socieiies olsovory. For insionce, sclme sex morrioges ore egol in The Neiherlonds bui nol Singopore.Con you think of reosons why il is olmosi impossible lo legolise sorne sei mo'rioge inSingopore?' Esioblishing lcrws olso meons exocling penoll;es for violoiing the lows. Singopore is knownlo hove lhe horshesl penoliies {copiiol punishmentJ ior crimes like drug iroificking ondormeclrobbery.Cose Sludv: The qoninq of Michoel Fov

> On 51h Moy 1994, on Ametcon teencrger wcrs coned, ofier being senlencecl lo fourmonlhs in joil, four slrokes of lhe cone {reduced from six strokes by then SingoporePresidenl Ong Teng Cheong os o gesture of respeci loword ihen u.S President BilClinion, who hocl mode o requesl for clemency on Foy's beholf) ond fi.ecl $3500 for/ol^doli,i'rg, or. o1d ,rFoling ood .-gn .> The cose received excessive medio coveroge ond drew sirong crilicisms from lheAmeTicon governmenl, lo ihe exienl of the punishmeni being lermed os 'exlreme ondmisloken'.> Bilolerol reloiions between lhe h^/o counlries were offecled 10 some exienl, wilh lhe USceosing to be Singopore's lorgesl lroding porlner for the first time in o decode.> Siil, the Singopore governmenl deserves proise for being unyielding ond steodfosl in ilsdecision le uphold ihe courl's dechion lo exocl corporol punishmenl on Foy. By cloing. so, lhe Singopore governmenl hos seni out o slrong messoge lhot il will moke noexcepllons in punishing foreign criminols, despile immense pressure from olhergovernmenls.2. Moinloinino lnlernol ond Exlernol Securilv. The governmeni hos lhe power io enforce lows. The police, courls ond voriousgovernmeni ogencies moke sure lhol viololors of lhose lows ore punished.. ln Singopore, ihe ln oncl Revenue Aulhorily seeks oul lox evoders, ihe Singopore PoliceForce crliempt 10 mointoin low oncl order, ond the courts senlence criminols lo pison.


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. one of lhe iosks of moinloining o society is io protect it from oulside ihreol, especiollyihose ol o miliiory nolure. Hence, lhere is o conslonl need for ony governnrenl io bolslerlhe counlry's defence in ihe eveni of on oulbreok ol wor.Cose Sludv: Guonlonomo Bov Delenlion Cenlre> llsed by the Uniied Slcrles governmeni. ofler the Seplember 1l oilocks, os o prison focilily1o house suspecied inlernqiionol lerrorisls indefinilely wilhoui chorge or iriol> lnleni wos 10 keep Americo ond lhe rest of the world sofe frorn lhese prisoners who werethought io be copoble of commiliing extreme ocls of terror> However, Guonlo.crmo Boy hos drown huge criiicisms from humon righls groupsworlclwicle. who condemn the inhumone iorlure melhods usecl on ihe inmoles in order toexkocl "confessions" from lhem.> Mosl recenlly, newly e ected US President Obomo hos orderecl ihe fociliiy to be shuldown in o yeor's time, in hope of repoiring the counlry's poor imoge in lhe worldcommunily.> On the oiher hond, some deioinees who were releosed previously were known io hover-^i rrned lo lerrorisi ociivilies.> To whol exleni lhen h such o secLJrily meosL-rre iusiifioble? While it is morollyunoccepioble 10 subjecl prlsoners lo unreosonoble forms of lorlure ond injusiice, would itnoi be just os immorol lo releose ihe ones who ore octuolly guilty ond pose severeclongers lo iellow humons in the neor fulure?> lnleresi ng vicleo inleryiew of o former IJS guorcl who wolked ln Guonlonomo ond lheTeoson he resigned from his Posi:h11p://news.bbc.co.ukl2/hi/proqrommes/world news omerico/7761 904.slm3. Ensurino Economic Slobilily. ln lhe modern world, no indiviciuol con provide entirely ior his or her own needs. Lorge

workforces musl be mobilised to bu d roods, ciig cclnols, ond ereci buildings. Money muslbe minfecl, ond slondords of weighis ond meosures musl be sel ond checked;merchonls musl be proiected from lhieves, ond consumers from fiouds.. The qovernmenl lries 10 ensure thoi o sioble system oi diskibulion ond ollocotion ofresources exisls wilhin lhe society.. Governmeni responses oround the world io lhe currenl finonciol crisis hove prompledmony lo coll lhis, o revivol oi Keynesion economics. Ai lhe heorl of Keynesion lhought isthe belief ihot the governmenl con rescue o fledging economy ihrough fisccll rneosures,nomely lowerjng lox ond spending in the economy... 3 key questions heTe ore lhen:I ) Should lhe qovernmenl inleryene in ihe economy?2) ls it only in tirnes of crisis? {Consicler in whoi olher woys o governmenl inl-^rvenes in lheeconomy)rt -ow 'o. 1To ,lo J a / r '^ , -n-2Cose Study: Governmentol lnte

> The Emergency Economic slobilizolion Acl of 2008, commonly referred 1o os o boiloutof lhe u-s. finonciol syslem, is o low enocled in response to the globol finonciol crisisof 2008 outhorizing the Uniied Stoles Secrelory of the Treosury to spend up io USS700billion lo purchose dislressed ossels, especiolly morlgoge-bockecl securilies, ondmoke copilo injeclions inlo bonks. ll wos proposed by Treosury. Secriory HenryPou son in 2008.


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> The Troubled Assel Relief Progrom (TARP) is o progrorn of lhe Uniled Sloiesgovernmenl lo purchose ossels crnd equiiy from finonciol insliiulions in order loslrenglhen ihe finoncioi secior. ll is lhe orgesi componenl of lhe governmenlsmeosures in 2008 io oddress the subprime morlgoge crisls.> ln Morch 2008, the United Sloles Treosury olso sponsored the Federol lokeover ofFonnie Moe ond Freddie Moc> ln November 2008, lhe Uniled Stotes goveTnmenl olso onnounced o mossive boilouifor Cilibonk, one of ihe lorgesl bonks in Americcr poid ior by ihe llS Treosury.

Recognise lhot the mojor bonks of lhe world incurred huge losses in the finonciol crisis:Merrill Lynch: llS$10 billionLehmon Brolhers: US$8.2 bilion in lhe seconci quorler of 2008 oloneCitigroup: ol leosl US$13 billionGiven such huge losses, some mcry orgue ihol only lhe governmenl, wilh ils power locreote creclil and groni security hos lhe copobilily lo rescue lhe iinonciol syslem.Bui cloes lhis necessoriy meon lhol ihe governmenl should use (mossive ornounls of)public money lo rescue ihe bonks, owned by the elile ond ihe rich?

Consider lhis excerpi From Ihe Economisil"An increosingly nosly choice looms for lhe incoming Obomo o_dminisiroiion. Does il keeppropping up insiilutions wilh more money os they need il, olloying feors of bonk collcrpses b!irisking o prolonged creclii crunch. Or shoLrld the oim be lo seek o more comprehensivesoluiion bosed on cleonsing bod ossels from bonks' bo once-sheels, which will cosi evenmore pub ic money ond moy enloil wiping oul shoreholders. Fun indeed."

= Obomo'seconomic rescue pockoge omounting io lls$1 lrilionwos juslpossedinlheHouse oi Representolives.I The Repub icons voied unonimously ogoinsl lhe plon.= Whose sicle ore you on?Governmenlol lnlervenlion in olher porls of the World. Bonk oJ Enqloncl: (Februory 2008) Nolionoiisolion of Norlhern Rock. celond: Nolionolisolion of molor bonk- Glilnir Bonk, Koupthing Bonk in Oclober 2008' Chino: lhe Chinese governmeni onnounced qn economic siimulus pockoge worihRMB 4 lrillion in November 2008.While governmenl intervenlion moy be necessory, il con olso be o double edged sword.Refer lo lhe oriicle in Annex A for on insightiul cliscussion crboui the pros ond cons of90/errrre-rl i-rlervanl o'l tn lrrres ol Fcor om L ! r .r.'Cose Sludv: Governmentol Monooemenl ot the Sinoopore Economv. ln Singopore, lhe governmenl hos o hond in o mosl every ospecl of lhe economy, Forexomple, ihe governmeni promoies high levels of sovings ond inveslmenl lhrough omondolory reliremenl sovings scheme known os lhe Cenlrol Providenl Fund- Moregenerolly, lhe Singopore Governmenl hos odopled o pro-buslness, projoreigninveslmenl, export-orienled economic policy oncl is looking lo posilion iiself os jheregion s finonciol ond high iech cenire in compelilion wilh olher Fosi Asion ciiies.. The Singopore Governmenl hos olso ererted oggres5ive elforls in promoiing ilsbiolechnology indusiry lhrough building up infroslruclure ond ottrocling iopinlernoiionol scienfisls. Nolobly, lhe government buit Blopolis - o high leq[biomedicol

pork - ol o cosi of 5$500 million. The Biopolls is now Aslo's leocling cente for biomedicoJsciences reseorch ond developmenl. These efforls ol honing our edge in lhe


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biolechnology indusiry hove borne fruil ond leocling drug mokers, such osGloxosmilhKline {GSK) ond Piizer hove sei up plonls in Singopore. Phonnoceuiicols nowoccount for more thon l6% of the counlrys monufocluring prodLrction-Wiih the ropid growlh of economies in Chino, ndlo ond ASEAN in ihe eorly 2000s, thesingopore Government determined io move quickly 10 develop ils lourism seclor so oslo copitolise on lhe growing number of offluenl irovellers from lhose counlries. Thisprompied ils decision 1o esloblish two lnlegroled Resortj in Morino Soulh ond Senioso ioenhonce Singopore's imoge os o lourisi deslinolion. The conslruction ol lhe SingoPoreFlyer os well os singopore's courting of moior inlernolionol evenls such os the inougulol2Ol0 Youth Olympics ond the receni Formulo I Singopore Gtond Prix hove olso beenmolivoied by iis ollempl to boosi ils lourism seclor.. Discuss lhe morol clilemmo foced by lhe Sinqopore governmenl when decidingwhelher lo build ihe lRs, ond lhe jusiificolions ii provided upon evenluolly giving lhegreen light for the project.lhe Singopore government hos stepped in clnd inlroclucecl severol meosures (Annex B)in ihe 2009 Budgel (hliD://www sincloporebudqei.qov sq) io lockle the curreni finonciocrisis. t hos even sloughlered lhe socred cow crnd mocle the unprecedenled move ofdipping into ihe notionol reserves for lhe very first lime. The governmenl hos inlrodricedthe $20.5 bilion Resilience Pockoqe 1o help Singqporeons ''see ihrolrgh this period ofexceplionol clifficuliy' . Among the meosures inirociucecl, lhe Jobs Credil Scheme, whichwos designed lo help sove jobs, hos since been lhe one of ihe mosl lo ked oboui issuesof the Budgel. Under lhis scheme, employers will receive a l2T" cosh groni on ihe lirsl$2,500 oi eoch monlh's woges for eoch employee on their CPF poyroll.The governmenl hos since been queslionecl oboul whelher ihis scheme wo!ld reo ly beeffective in preserving jobs, ond lo exp oin in detoil lhe rolionole behind drowing fromlhe nolionol reserves. whoi ore your views on these i55ues?Sellinq Gools in Direclino SocielvThe slole seh gools oncl provides o cljreclion for the society. lf o socieiy is focing wofershorloge, ond lo cudoil ils lse is necessory, lhe governmenl musi promole this os o goolll musi encouroqe conservolion oncl ihe seorch for ollernolive woier Sources ond musldiscouroge (perhops lhrough loxolion or roiioning) lhe excessive use of woier'How is lhe government obLe to occompish these losks? How con il bring obout individuolond orgonisolionol complionce? Obviously, it wou d be besl if the governrnent could relyon persuosion olone, but lheir course seldom is enough ln ihe end, ihe governmenlusuolly neecis ihe power lo compel complionce.

Cose Studies:Singopore Kindness Movemenl. n his 1996 New Yeor Messoge, lhen Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong highlighted iheneed for Singopore io become o grocious sociely by the 2lst century' Heemphosised thot Singopore should nol only conlinue lo develop ils economy, butshould complement it with qrowth in personol deve opmeni oncj in sociol behoviour'Considerale sociol behoviour supporled by o strong economy oncl goodgovernmeni would moke Singopore ihe besl home forils people.

4.


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Compoign ogoinsl Denguer Dengue Fever crnd Dengue Hoemofihogic Fever (o more severe Jorm) ore lhe mosicommon mosquito borne virol dlseoses in ihe worjd. Dengue Fever is spreod lhorrghthe biie of the Aecles Mosquiio. lhe Nolionol Environmeni Agency's key NEA'5 keystroiegy in dengue conlrol is lo lockle ihe root of lhe problem, which is io denyAedes mosquiloes the ploce lo breed. To this end, the NEA hos distribulededucolionol moleriok in ihe form of poslers, pomphlets, bonners, commerciols ondmoiers io help promole oworeness of lhe problem.

Morrioge ond Singlehood Pockoge. To oddress the cleclining birlh roles in Singopore, lhe Singopore governmenlinlrocluced severol incenlives for childbirih. ln odcliiion lo the boby bonus schemeintroduced in 2001 (hlip://www.bobvbonus.oov-so/bbss/himl/index.html), onenhonced Morricrge & Porenihood Pockoge wos onnounced by Prime Minisler LeeHsien Loong ol ihe Notionol Doy Rolly on 17 Aug 2008(hllo://fccJ.ecillzen.clov.so/MofiioqeN Porenihoocl Pocko!re). The enhonced Pockogeseeks lo provide more brood bosed supporl for couples io gei morriecl ond lo roiseond Lore ior lheir cl,ildJenls lhis iniervenlion necessory? Would you feel clisodvonloged if you were o rriddleoged single oclult Iiving in Singopore? Consicler lhe differeni perspeclives when wediscuss lhese quesiions d!rring l!ioriol.Toke o closer look ot Chino's one-child policy crnd post popu olion polices odopiedby ihe Singopore governrneni {Annex C). How does il compore lo lhe woy theSingopore governmenl hos lockled its popu crlion issues?

5. ProviJion ol Goods ond Services

ln line wilh Mr Goh s coil 10 build o grocious sociely, lhe singopore KindnessMovement {SKM) oims lo encouroge Singoporeons lo moke o posilive commilmenllo grocious Living ihrough simple ocls of kindness in their doily ocliviiies.

Governmenls should be oble lo provide cleon wciier, housing, educoiion onclmedicol heollh core lo ils cilizens.Should the provision of such goods ond services be ihe responsibility ol ihegovernrnenl? Whoi ore some of lhe issues ihol moy orise from lhis?

in Annex D, which exornines whelher lhe Americonuniversol heollhcore sysiem lo tockle one of the mojorheovily sLJbsidises seryices such os educolion ond

Al ihe some lime, the governmenl hos oflen slressed upon "self relionce". Forexomple, lo gei unernployment benefils, Singoporeons hove to produce proof lholihey ore undergoing relroining or oclively seeking o job.Singopore poces on emphosis on "workfore" rolher lhon welfore. Aho, lhoughsubsidies ore heovy, lhey ore progressive ond very sirici conditions opply for ocomplele woiver of chorges.

Toke o look oi the orliclegovernmenl shouicl oclopl oconcerns of iis ciiizens.The Singopore governmenlheolthcore (Annex E).


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Consider ihe irnpocl of our oging populolion on such subsidies. Whoi ore some of theschemes ihe governmenl has sei in ploce lo help Singoporeons ofiorcl heolihcore orprovide for lhemselves in olcl oge? Are these schemes effeclive in relolion lo welfore?D. Governmentol Conholvr- RiohlsEsloblishino Sociol Conkocl

. The ideo thoi people give up sorne rights ]o the governmenl in orcler lo receive orjoiniiy preserye sociol order.. Poyment of loxes (Like o pooiing of resources) in exchonge for publlc se.vice5.' Sociol conlroct iheory provides the rolionole behincl ihe hisloricolly imporloni nolionlhol legilimoie siole oulhority rnrJsl be derived from lhe consenl of ihe governed.. Despiie this "sociol Conlroci", lhere exisls on oge-old lension belween the governedond ihe governing. lhroughoul hislory, people hove olwoys resenled outhorily; crndlhe occomponylng rules and regu olions imposed upon lhem. For exompe, in whoi is known os The Tiononmen Squore protesls in 1989, 100,000people, moinly sludenis, cornped oul in Tiononmen Squore in Beijing. The proiesiswere sporked by the deolh of pro morkei clnd pro denjocrocy officiol, Hu Yoobong.While ihe protests lockecl o unilied couse oT ecrdership, porticiponls were generollyogoinst ihe governmenls oulhorilorionism ond voicecl colls for economic chongeond democrolic reform wilhin lhe slruci!re oi lhe governmeni The movemenl osled7 weeks, culminoiing in ihe Tiononmen Squore Mossocre, where lhe Chinesegovernmenl seni in soldiers ond lonks lo cleor oul lhe proleslors by firingindiscriminolely inlo lhe crowd. Wheiher such on exireme meosure wos luslified slillremoins o highly coniroversiol issue lodoy.

Governmenl ond freedom. Governmenls hove expcrncled their role significonlly in modern limes.. Governmenls rnoke lows over seveaol oreos of our lives. These lows ond regulolionshove become pervosive feoiures of our lives. To some people' lows ond regulotionsresull in o oss of freedom. We ore compelled 10 behove in ihe woy mondoied by lhegovernmenl lo ovoid negoiive consequences.. some orgue lhol the government should toke o honds-off opprooch. Beyond theprovision of lhe bosic services, like low oncl order, nolionol infiostruclure, notionoldeience ond securily, lhey should inlerfere os lillle os possible in lives of the people, ond in lhe economy.. Governmenl intervenlion is considered lo be invosive, uninviled ond domogingPolicies such os monclolory helmel lows ond bons on smoking in public ploces,recreoiionol drug Lrse, gun conlrol, o egol drinking oge or legol smoking ogecensorship, seol beli eqislolion, ond conlenl regulolion incur unhopplness in somepeople ond ore crilicised os nonny stoie oclions. Such oclions resull from the beliefihol lhe stole hcls o comprehensive duly 10 proleci the citizenry from iheir ownhormful behoviours, ond ossume thot ihe siole knows besl whoi consliiules hormful' behoviour.

The ideo of o Police stole - one in which the governmenl exercises rigid ondrepressive conlrols over the sociol, economic ond politicol life of the populolion. Theinhobilonis of o police stole experience restriclions on their mobility-snd on lheirfreedom lo express or communicole polilicol or oiher views, which ore subject to


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police moniioring or enforcemenl. Currenlly, Norlh Koreo is the closest exompie ofsuch o sloie.Governmenl censorshiD of lhe news medio

Propogonclo the clissemincrlion of iniormolion oimed (r1 influencing lhe opinions orbehoviours of lorge numbers of people. As opposed to importiolly providinginformolion, propogondo in ils mosl bosic sense presenis informotion in order loinfluence ils oudience. Propogcrndo ollen presenls focls seleclively ithus lying byomissionl lo encouroge o porliculor synihesis, or gives loocled messoges in order loproduce on emolionoi rolher lhon rcrlionol response lo ihe informolion presenled_Governmenl ond Sociol Enoineeinq

Sociol engineering is o concepl in politicol science lhoi refers lo efforis to influencepopular oiiitucles ond sociol behoviour on o lorge scole.The People's Aclion Porty's "governmenl knows besl leodership" hos proven lo be ohigh y successfu omo gom oi slrong leodership, poierncriism, efficiency, merilocrocyond eliiism. lhe ouicorne hos been recognized by boih c'rilics ond supporters of lhe5loie of lhe over-bureoucroiizotion of everydoy liie, in which people ore lold whoi lolike, who 10 morry, how mony children lhey shoulcl hove, how lo behove lhemselves.

Noloble exomples:Rociol Quotos for HDB public housing - The governmenl's housing policies ollempl jopromoie o mix of oll roces wilhin eoch subslclized housing disjricl in order lo fostersociol cohesion ond noliono loyolly while providing ihe cilizens wiih offordoblehousing. Singopore rnoinloins o quolo sysiern of ethaicilies wijhin the HDB progrom.There ore slricl requiremenis os io who con move inlo on HDg flol, bosed on whelherthey ore Chinese, lndion, Moloy, or ihol ihey belong 10 onolher roce. Singoporemointcrins thol ihere musl be ct cerloin rolio of elhniciiies wilhin the HDB blocks, ondcrny move in or move oui musl odhere lo lhis policy.Speok Good English - The Speok coocl Eng ish Movemeni is o nolionwide movemenl1o encouroge Singoporeons io speok grommoticolly cofiecl English lhoj is universollyunderslood. The movemeni wos lounched in ihe yeor 2000 by then prime MinislerGoh Chok Tong. Singoporeons usuolly speok o vorioni or diolecl of English known osSinglish, which hos heovy infuences from Chinese ond Moloy in pronuncioiion,gromrnor, ond vocobulcrry, ond con be incomprehensible lo non-Singoporeons_ Thishos resulled in difficu lies when Slngoporeons need lo deol wiih people from olhercounlries in business ond lrode, so the compoign oirns lo discouroge lhe use ofSinglish.ond encouroge lhe increosed use of o more slondclrdized form of English (i.e.generolly modelied on ihe Brilish stondord)_Groduole Moiher Scheme - The resulls ot lhe l9B0 census showed lhol lhe bellereclucoled women were nol reploclnq themselves while ihe lower educoted ,'over-reprocluced". The beller educoied women were oJso more likely lo remoin single. Theihen Prlme Minister, {now Minisler Menlor) Mr. Lee Kuon yew, wos os concernedobout the quolily of the populolion os lhe quonliiy, ond the croduole MotherScheme wos inlroduced in 1984. lhe scheme provicled direci finonciol benefljs ondspeciol school enrollmenl privileges for groduole moihers hoving more lhon twochildren. lt oiso offered finonclol ond oiher benefits for lhe voluntory Crerilizoiion ofwomen wilh liiile edLJcolion who hod ol leosl one chilcl ond whose iotol household


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income fell below o cerloin level. The scheme, however, proved 1o be veryunpopulor. The PAP governrnenl wos occusecl of engoging in eugenics engoging lnsociol engineering, ond meddling in lhe bedrooms of lhe nolion. ln mid-]995, ihesecond generotion of PAP leoclers hod iheir woy oncl ihe GrocJuole Molher Schemewos wilhdrown.E. Foiled sloles

A loiled ltote is the exlension of o foiling stote, which is delined os hoving severolquolitalive oiiribules inciuding loss of physicol conlrol oi iis leriiory or o monopoly onthe legilimote use of force; erosion oi legiiimole outhorily lo moke colleclivedecisions; on inobilily 10 provide reosonoble public services; ond the inobiliiy ioinierocf wilh other siqtes os o full member of lhe inlernoiionol commLrnily. Commonchorocierislics of o foiling slole include o cenlrol governmenl so weok or ineffeciivethoi lt hos liitle procticol conlrol over much of ils ierilory; non provision of publicservices; widespreod corrupiion ond criminolily; refugees ond involunlory movemenlol populolions; oncl shorp economic decline.The Foiled Sioie lndex (hltp://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?nory id=4350)ronks countries bosed on lwelve indiccllors, broken Lrp inlo lhe lhree coiegories of'ocrol - ororl-ic. onclpol:'i ol:socidl ,nd,colors. Mounling DemogTophic Pressures. Mossive Movement of Refuqees or lnierno ly Disploced Persons creoling ComplexHumonilorion Emergencies. Legocy of Vengeonce-Seeking Group Grievonce or Group Poronoio. Chronic ond Susioined Humon FlighiEconomic lndicolors. uneven Economic Development olong Group Lines. Shorp ond/or Severe Economic DeclinePoliticdl lndicdlots. Criminolizolion ond/or Delegitimizolion of the 51ole. Drogre(rive Delerio olon of Public s-rr'i.es. suspension or Arbitrory Applicolion of ihe Ru e of Low ond Widespreod Violotionof Humon Righls. Securily Apporoius Operoies os o'Slole Wiihin o Siole". Rise of Foclionolized Ellies. Iniejveniion of Olher Sloles or Exlernol Polilicol Aclors

Cose Studv: ziTbobwe. zimbobwe currenlly borey shudders beneolh lhe vicioLJs, violenl, ond oppressiveregime ol Roberi Mugobe, o "big mon" whose presence hos defined the ncllion oncJlhe region of souihern Africo. Mugobe's poriy, the Zimbobwe Africon Nolionol UnionPolriolic Front, hos won every eleciion since Zimbobwe becorne independeniMugobe hos omended the Constiiulion to become president, ond hos ollempled lorig eleciions, exlend his lerm limils, ond kill or threoten his polilieol opponenls slil,Mugobe olmosl losl the mosl recenl e eclion to Morgon Tsvongiroi ond wos forcecl ioenler o nominol power shorjng ogreemenl in which he siill mointoined his securily

opporolus, oll thoi mollers in Zimbobwe oi this poini in iime. ln.2002, Mugobessecurily forces wenl ofier iournolisls coverjng his corrupl regime oncl were it nol for


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brove journolislsinlimidolion ondwor d,who snuck video comerosviolence underioken woulcl ond recorders in, much of ihe inlernolnol hove been reporled lo the ouhide

At the some time, Muqobe s qovernment hos qone bonkrupl qs white collorprofessionqls, refugees, ond business hove fied the counlry os quickly ospossible while he musl siil poy his mililory ond police men. Zirnbobwe isundergoing lexlbook definilion hyperinfotion of ils currency, lheZimbqbweqn doilor, lo upwords of 1l million percenl. Food ond medicolsupp ies hove been scorce wilhin the counlry, eoding 1o o recenl oulbreokof cholero, the shutdown of hospilols, oncl collopse of slole inslitullons.Sociolly, Zimbobwe s populolion is growlng ol o rote of 0.8% ond lhe overcrge lifeexpeclcrncy is only 42.7 yeors. HV/AIDS prevolence is ol oboul l8%. Zirnbobwespopulolion is highly unstable, exponding, young, ond voloiile. The World HeolthOrgonizolion hos reporied up to 60,000 people might be infected by cholercr cls oresull of ihe crisis. The lock of owoTeness oboul ihe diseose, inoccessibilily lo cleonwoler cncl severe medicine shorloges hove mode stopping the sprecrd of cholerolmpossible. Mugobe s ru e hos been seen io be illegitimoie by o orge port of thecouniry ond therefore lhere is o power siruggJe kept in check only by Mugobessecurily forces. Approximoiely 3 milion Zimbobweons hovsflecl ihe counlry-Economicolly, ihere is cr lorge divicle belween Mugobes regime ond the mojoriiy ofZimbobwe\ remoining populolion, mode up of whoever could noi or would noileove lhe couniry, The coLrniry hcrs experienced mossive recession of economicgrowlh ond hyperinflolion while businesses hove lorgely cecrsed lo operote even tnHorore.Politicolly, Mugobe runs o de fcicto dictcriorship of lhe couniry, holding ollhosewithin its borders hosloge wiihoul ony remorse. Heo ih, business, ond egol inslilulionshcrve been co-opied ond circumvenled such thol they ore now useless ouiside ofMugobes office- The Constitulion is hordly enforced, ond without ony exlerno]pressure on Zimbobwe, the power shoring ogreemenl wou d nol hove hoppened inlhe Jirsl ploce.Ihus, Zimbobwe con eosily be clqssified os o foilecl sloie. Furfhermore, ii risks onexploslon of violence ond foctionolizolion once Mugobe con no longer fund hissecurily opporoius. Foreign involvemeni will probobly be neecled lo provicle internolsecurily ond polilicol negoliolion in the ollermolh, more indicoiors of o foiled siole.


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Noverrber ../\rh 2008. T MT Moqo/:reThe roge omong pundits, journolists ond policymokers lhese cloys is lo believe ihol rnoreqovernmenl is belter thon less. And why not? ln ihis lime ol economic choos, finonceminislers ond cenlrol bonkers oround lhe world hove oppeored lhe only bulwork ogoinstcompleie finonciol collopse - o slicle-ruLe covolry, ormed wilh billions os buLleis, rescuingbonks, insuronce componies ond olher corporoie domse s in dislressIhis who e mess begon in ihe firsl ploce, wete told, becouse of ioo liii/e governmenl- Thosecroliy copilolisis on Woll Slreel should hove hod o heovier close of regu oiion io keep ihem inline. Even the whole concept of free, libercll economies hos come under oiiock Someobservers hove gone so for os lo proise sloie-guided economies, ike lhose of Chino or theGulf emiroles, where lhe governmenl owns or conlrols lqrge swolhs of ihe economy ossuperior lo their loissezjoire counlerporls. Columnisi Joshuo Kurlonlzick waole lhol lhesecounlTies hove proven so successful lhol even before lhe crisis lhey cousecl world leoders lowonder if clemocrolic copilolism mighi nol be lhe besl economic model ofler oll."Americons, some coniend, ore only now woking up to lhe inherenl dongers of ihe freemorkei. As one Chinese blogger recenily wrole: "The U S hos recilized the misiokes theymode, ond is leorninq from Chino's sociolisl experience in eoTnesi.There is no cloubi ihot government iniervenlion is on obsoluie necessity when morkets gohoniby owry. After .Jopon's sfock-ond-reol-esiofe bubble bursl in lhe eorly 1990s, theeconomy sloggerecl olong for holf cl decode uniil ihe governmeni finolLy stepped in ioreslruclure lhe finonciol seclor. During ihe Asion linonciol crisis ot 1997_98, stote oclion woscruciol 10 rebuilding rnoribund bqnks oncl componies.Bul lhe cufienl love in wilh lhe slote will be short lived. Every lime lhere hos been operceived crisis of copiiolism in recenl decodes, lhe governmenl's economic role hos,swelled. Bul in;vitobly, this process gets lhrown into reverse ond the free rnorkei slcrges orousing comebock. Thol's becouse governmenls con screw up economies jusf os eftectively- in focf, mord effectively - thon free morkets.ln Europe ofler World wor ll, for exomple, unfeltered cotrilto ism wos proclico ly o dirtyphrose. One hislorion soid lhose who beieved in free enlerprise were o clefeolecl porly."Wilh memories of the mossive unernploymenl of lhe Greol Depression sill fresh, oncl theneed lo rebuild from lhe devosioiing wor oll-imporlonl, E!rope moved toword o sloie heovy''mixed' economic model. ln lhe U-K., governrneni leoders nolionolized key indusiries ondinlroduced nolionol heollh core ond oiher 'welfore-slote" progroms. The "mixed" economy


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pedormed well for o while, but by the l9l0s il hocl run inlo o woll. Slole'owned iirms droineclihe nolionol budgel whie inflolion soored. ln come Morgorel Tholcher, who lounched owide scole privotizolion of ihe British economy- Jhe mcrrkei wos bock. 'll wos becorningobvious io people, Thoicher once soid, ihol the sociolisl woy mecrni occepling clec ne.Similorly, mony new leoders of the developing nolions thol emerged from coloniol empires ]nihe mid-2Oth cenlury beieved lheir poveriy wcrs rooled in free morkets oncl eonecl toworclsiole conirol. ln lndio, for exomple, .Jowohorlol Nehru, ils firsi Prime Minisier, sctw ;mperiolisrnos on oulgrowlh of free copilolism; only lhe slote, he figured, could be enlruslecl lo improvethe livelihoods of lhe poor. The resuli wos lhe bizorre license Roi, o bewi]dering moze oiregulotion thot homsirung privoie enierprise. Sy 1990. ihe syslem hocl produced ouldoled,uncompeliiive componies ond o neor bonkrupi governmenl- Indio only sloried io boomonce inlrusive slole reguloiion wos scrubb-^d owoy, in o bo d reform effori lecl by MonmohonSingh (lhe current Prime M;nisier) beginning in l99l . Ive come lo lhe conclusion lhot equilydoes nol meon flling of more regulolion oi privoie enierprise, Sidgh once exp oined. Thosewho creote weolth musl be gjven o Ipossible encourogemenl-Then in ihe 1980s, os corporoie Americo sirugglecl lo compeie wilh o rising Jopon, o chorusorose from some economisls ond business eoders thot ihe U.5. hod 1o ditch ils free morkelwoys for Asios slole ed copilcllisi sysiem- Whol Americo needed wos lo copy ospecis otthe bureoucrcrcy-monoged economy - like its policy of

provicling siclte suppod lo fovoredinduslries lhoi seemecl s!.rch o slunning success in Jopon. Jhe Americon governmeni "conno longer offord not lo give more posiiive guidonce" 10 the economy, wrole Asio experl EzroVogel in his 1979 book Jopon os Number One, "if our counlry is io conlnue lo provicle worlclleodership ond on oplimol quoliiy of life for iis own cifizens." This view evoporolecl os well,once Jopon's economy siLimblecl in the 1990s. ll become cleor lhol governmenl hodconhibuled to lhe country's problems by messing oround wilh morkel forces. The cleboleihoi s been seltled is the one over the superiorily of the .Jopcrnese model of bureoucrolic led,economic growlh, wrole o columnisl in Th e Woll Stree! Jaurnol. "The bureoucrols losl. 'The current shiti loword o more powedul slote in the U.S. will never go os for os lndio s LicenseRoj. But ihere is no reoson lo believe thoi ihis currenl crisis of copilo ism won l end up lhesome woy qs oll of lhe olhers wiih o renewol of confidence in lhe free morkei. HenryPoulson ond some oiher officioh in lhe Adminislrolion ond Congress ore righl io ol leosi bewory of furlher ertensions of the siole in lhe economy, such os lhe proppsed boilouts of theBig lhree. Regulolion ond slofe conlrol moy seem otlroclive of o lime ot crisis, but evenluollyi[ creofes problems of ils own, ond people will crove lhe economic freedom theysurrendered. Eveniuolly, even nolionolisiic Chinese bloggers will fiqure lhol oui.


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Annex BActions of ihe singopore governmenl in response lo ihe finonciol crisis:The 2009 Sudqef (onnounced 22 Jonuo )Helping lo Keep Jobs

> lmplementing Jgblclc![l: Employers will receive o 12% cosh gront on ihe firsl $2,500of eoch monlh's woges for eoch employee on iheir CPF poyroll.Creofing New Jobs

> The Governmenl rolk oul plons lo hire in mony minisiries> 7500 jobs in teoching ond supporl stoff> 4500 in heollhcore> 2000 for M NDEF including sAFLeveling up on Skills> Skills Proqromme for Uoorodino ond Resilience ISPUR): $600 million iniiiolive over 2yeors io build slronger monpower copobililies. relron the retrenchecl ond

unemployed elc-> Some courses sponsored by up to 80 90%> Covers some Speciolisl oncl Advonced Diplomos ot some,Polylechnics oncl selecledlerliory courses ore SlM. NUS, NTU oncl SMU> $ 100 million io be pumped specificolly inio services: bolh io lower cosis oncl reiroinworkersSlimuloling Bonk LendingThese series oi moves iorgel lhe reluclonce of bonkt lo lend lo businesses in currenleconomic conditions.o) SBecicrl Risk Shorino lnitiotive {SRl)

> Exlending governmenl supporl for credil lo o wider seclor of lhe morkel> *This lorgets specificolly ihe problem of "credil crunch"> The New Bridoino Loon Proorommel up to $5 million ovoiloble lo eoch borrowergroup, qovernmenl tokes B0% of the sk {poriicipoting finonciol insiiiuiions lokeihe resi)> Trode Finonce schemes: similorly, the qovernmenl iokes up lo 75% of the risk infinoncing iroding ocliviiiesb) Enhoncinq cunenl credil meosures {Chonges effeclive Februory l)> Locol Enlerorise Finonce Scheme: governmenl increoses shore risk from 50% lo

80% for loons io locolSMEs> niernotionolisolion Finonce Scheme: increose loon lirnit from $15 milLion io $50million

Supporlinq Fomilies> vorious lox r-^boiesr personol income lox, properly ioxcovernmenl spending (A Keynesion ideo: fiscolslimulus)> Spending on lnfroslruciure: increosed lo $18 io 20 million> $l billion over the nexl5 yeors for susloinoble development> Enhoncing educolion oncl heollhcore fociliiies: o long lerm counlermeosureolher Economic lniliolives


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Torgeting businesses {especicrlJy Smoll ond Meciium Enlerprises SMEs)The government hos uncierloken vorious schemes lo supporl locol SMEs os ihe unfcrvourobleeconomic climote mighi otherwise force lheir closure ond lhe unemploymenl of workers.o) l0% Chollenqe: oims io iower woier consumplion of SME5 by l0%; PUB will olsoprovide lurlher relief lo SMEs by increosing lhe Woler Efficiency Fund's co funding forprojecls lhol meei lhe crilerio from 50% lo 80%bl Properly lox reboies for lndusirjol cJnd Cornmerciol Properliesc) Lowering inleresl role for copilol ossels ond locrnsdJ New Finonciol Focilitolor Proqromme IFFP): focililoling sME loon opplicoiions from lheenhonced governmeni finonciol schemesTorgeting lnveslmenlAims to either moke invesimenl cheoper or cojuncl invesiment lo counler lhe projecledconlrociion in ihe economy.o) Corporole Income Tox roie cul: from la% Io 17% (This encouroges inveslmenl os ilincreoses ihe posi lox profits of componies)b) AcceLeroled Capilol Allowonce: reloxing wriie-down rules such thol componier con

buy more equipmenl lo be poid over o longer perioclTorgeling unemploymento) lnierim Coping Pockoge for Economic Downlurn (iCOPE): $l.5 rnillion plon by SoulhWesl CDC to help residents offected by job culsb) Preoorinq for the Upiurn IPREPllP): $100 million iniiioiive by lhe EDB lo coshorerncrnpower lroining costs for componies wilh fresh grcrducrles, 5peciol emphosis onengineersTorgeting fomilies ond individuolso) Reduciion of electictty tat)fl bv 24.7%for ihe flrsl quorler of 2009

b) Utility Rebcrtes for HDB Households: more lhon 78 000 households eligible for reboles ofbetween $/0 I20 of Uiilities Sove lU Sovel in Jonuory oncl July 2009 depencling on f oliypesc) Avoilobiliiy of renlol flols ond smoller {lois


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Annex C

To whol exlenl con Governments conkol birth rotes? ls reploduclion on individuol ot socioldecision?Pooulolion Control Policies: Cose shrdv (sinooporelAnti-Nololist Policy (1965 - 1982)Since the mid 1960s, S;ngopore's qovernment hos oilempied lo conirol lhe counlry's role ofpopulolion growlh wilh o mixlure of pubiicity, exhodotion, ond moierjol incenlives onddisincentives. Folling decrth rotes, continued high birlh roles, ond immigrolion from peninsulorMoloyo during ihe clecode ltotr 1947 to 1957 prodlced on onnuol growlh roie ol 4.4perceni, oi whlch 3.4 perceni represenled nolurol increose ond L0 perceni immigroiion Thecrude blrih role peokecl i^ 1957 at 42.7 per thousond. geginning in 1949, fomily plonningservices weTe offered by the privoie Singopore Fomily Plonning Associolion, which by 1960wos receiving some governmenl funds ond ossislonce. By 1965 lhe crude birth rote wos 29..5per 1,000 ond ihe onnlrcrl rcile oi nolurol increose hod been recluced to 2.5 percenl.Singopore! goveramenl sow rcrpid populoiion growlh os o threol lo living slondords ondpoliticol stobility, os lorge numbers of chiciren ond young people threolened io overwhelmihe schools, ihe medicol services, ond the obility of lhe economy lo generote empioymenlfor ihem crll. ln the oimosphere of crisis ofter lhe 1965 seporoiion from Moloysio, lhegovernment in 1966 estcrblished ihe Fomiy Plonning ond Populo on Boclrd, which wosresponsible for providing clinicol services ond public educoiion on fom;ly plonning.Birih rotes fell from 1957 to 1970, but then begon lo rise os women of lhe poslwor boby boomreoched child beoring yeors. The government responded wilh policies intended io furiherreduce lhe b'rlh rote. Abodion ond volunlory slerilizolion were legolized in 1970. Belween1969 and 1972, o sel of policies known os 'populolion disincenlives" were insiiluied io roiselhe cosls of beoring third, fourth, ond subsequenl children. Civil servonls received no poidmolernily eove for ihird oncl subsequeni children; molernily hospilols chorged progressively,higher fees foi eoch odditiono birih; ond income lox deduclions for oll bril the firsi lwochildren were eliminoled. Lorge fomilies received no exlro considerollon in public housingossignmenls. ond lop priorily in lhe compeiiiion for enrollment in ihe mosl desiroble pimoryschools wos given 1o oniy children ond lo children whose porenls hod been sleriliTed b-'foreihe oge of fody. VolLJnlory sierilizolion wos reworded by seven doys of poid sick leove ondby priodty in the ollocolion of such public goods os housing oncl educolion. The policies wereoccomponied by publicity compoigns urging porenh lo'Stop ot Two ond orguing lhollorge fomilies lhreolened porenk'presenl livelihood ond fuiure securily- The penolliesweighed more heovily on the poor, ond were justified by lhe outhorilies q!-q meons of


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..:encouroging ihe poor lo concenlrole their limiled resources on odequolely nurluring o fewchilclren who would be equipped to rise from poveriy ond become produciive cilizens-lmpoclFeriility declined throLrghoul lhe 1970s, reoching lhe replocement level ol 1.006 in I915, ondihereoiler declining below thol level. Wiih fertilily below lhe replocemeni level, thepopulolion would criier some fifly yeors begin 1o decline unless supplemenied byirnmigrolion. ln o monner fomilior lo demogrophers, Singopore s demogrophic tronsition 10low levels of populolion growlh occomponied increoses in income, educoiion, womensporlicipolion in poid employmenf, ond conlrol oi infeclious diseoses. li wcrs impossible 10seporole ihe effech of governmeni policies from the brooder socioeconomic forcespromoiing Loier morrioge ond smoller fomilies, bui il wos clecrr thot in Singopore o I ihefoclors ofieciing populolion growlh worked in ihe sorne direclion. The government's policiesond publicily compoigns thus probclbly hcrsiened or reinforced feriillty lrends thot stemmedlrom chonges in economic ond educolionol slruclures. By tfie 1980s. Singopores viiolslolistics resembled lhose of olher counlries wilh comporoble income eves but wilhoLJtSingopore's publicity compoigns oncl eloborole oroy of odminislrolive incenlives.Eugenics Phose (1983 - 1986)By the 1980s, lhe governmenl hod become concernecl wilh ihe low role of popu oliongrowih ond wilh the re crtive loilLrre of lhe most highly educoted citizens lo hove chilclren. Thefoilure of iemole university grociuoles 1() mory crnd beor children, oltributed in porl lo lheopporenl preference of mole universily groduoles for less highly educoied wives, wos singledout by Prime Minisler Lee Kuon Yew in 1983 os o serious sociol problern. ln 1984 ihegovernmenl ocied lo give prefereniiol school odmission lo children whose moihers were!niversily groduotes, while oiJering gronls of S$10,000 to less educoled women who ogreedlo be slerilized ofier lhe birlh of their second child. The governmenl olso estobiished o SociolDeveloprnenl Unil 10 oct cs moichmoker for unmorrjed universily groduoies. The policies,especioly those offecling plocemenl of chiidren in the highly compeliiive Singopore schoo s,pToved controversiol ond generolly unpopulor. ln 1985 lhey were obondoned or modified onlhe grounds thot they hod nol been efleclive ot increosing the fecundity of educoledwomen.Pro-nololisl ond Fomily Policyln 1986 the governmenl olso declded io revomp il5 fomily p onning progrom lo reflecl iisidenlificolion of lhe low birih roie os one ot the counlry's mosi seious problems. The oldiomily plonning slogon of Stop ol Two wos replocecl by Hove lhree or Moiel ii YoLr ConAiford lt.' A new pockoge oi incenlives for lorge Jomilies reversed lhe eorlier incenlives for


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smoll fomilies- li included iox rebotes for third children, subsidies for doycore, priority in schoolenrolmenl for chidren from lorge fomilies, priority in crssignmenl of lorge fomilies lo Housingond Developmenl Boord oportmenis, extended sick leove for civil servonls lo look ofier sickchildren ond up to lour yeors unpoid moierniiy leove for civil servonls- Pregnonl womenwere lo be offered increosed counseling io discouroge "oborlions of convenience" orslerilizolion ofter ihe birth of one or iwo children. Despile these meosules, the mid-1986 tornid-1987 lolol fertility rote reoched o hisloric low ol 1.44 children per womon, for short of lhereplocemenl level ol 2.1. The governmenl reocled in Oclober 198/ by urging Singoporeonsnol lo possiveiy wolch ourselves going extincl." The ow birlh rotes reflecled lote morioges,ond ihe Sociol Developmenl Llnil extended ils moichmoking oclivilies io those holdingAclvoncecl level (A]evel) secondory eclucollonol quolificoiions os wel os 10 universilygroduoles- The governmenl onnouncecl o public relolions compoign lo promoie lheloys ofmorioge ond porenlhoocl. ln Morch 1989, ihe government onnounced o 5$20,000 toxrebole for fourih children born ofler Jclnuory l, l9BB. The populoiion policies demonslroledihe governmenls ossumplion ihol iis citizens were responsive jo rhonelory inceniives ond 10odminisirolive ollocoiion of ihe governmenl s medicol, educolionol, ond housing services

However, by the 1990s there wos only cl 1.6% growth in populolion which wos still noi highenough. Singopore hos o ferii iiy roie ot L29 bobies born per womon in 2007, well below the2.1, or ol leosl two children per womon, for lhe populolion lo reploce iiself nolurolly,occording lo governmenl figures.ln Augusl 2008, Singcrpore introduced new meosures io boosi lhe birlh rote Meosuresincluded more finonciol suppori for porenls ond policies 10 encouroge o pro fomilyenvironmenl in workploce - o slew of new meosures oimed ot boosling the cily-stoie'sllogging birlh roie. Deputy Prime Minister wong Kon seng soid thol "Singopore hos observedihe policies of induslriolised counlries such os Sweden ond Denmork, which ore enjoying highierlilily roies wiih ihe introduclion of generous sociol benefifs, bul will not be complelely,employing ihe some rneosures. The Nordic counlries in podiculor hove generous fomilybenefih to sLJpport couples in hoving oncl rclising chilclren-.. ihey hove provicled some usefulleorning poinlsi lf we ore lo offer o some level of sociol subsiclies os in lhe Nordic counlries, wewill hove 1o roise our ioxes very signiflconfly." He oddecl lhol Singopore wjl "hove lo decidewhal works for us bosed on whcrl we con offord ond our locol conlext."Finonciol incenlives unveiled in lecent yecrrs lo encouroge morried Singoporeons lo hovemore bobies hove foiled io siqniiiconlly cure the weollhy ciiy-51ole s boby blues.


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Populofion Conkol Policies: Cose Sfudv (ChinolChino hos o nolionol onii nololisiic policy in l913, reguJoting the number of children thol o womon iso lowed io hove os overpopulolion wos considered o lhreol io modernizolion ond developmenl. Thepolicy promoied cleloyed morrioge,long inlervols belween bilhs, ond o lvr'o child iomily.ln 1979 o one-child policy, which previously olreody hod been experimenled in some provinces, wosintroduced 1o the whole counlry. ln oddillon io ihe requiremenl of one child per couple il sel noiionoliorgeis {populotion less lhon 1.2 billion ond populotion growlh zero in 2000). Benefils, including ctccessio educotion, chidcore ond heolih core, were offered lo iomilies thoi followed ihis rule, ond wilhclrownfrom lhose ihol hocl furiher chi dren. Fines were p oced on fomilies lhot hod more thon one chi cl. lheone child po icy wcrs keenly resisleci in rurol oreos, where il wos lrodiliono lo hove lorge fomilies. Theone chid po icy hos been enforcecl strictly in urbon oreos, bul remole ruro oreos hove been horder loconirol. Mony people coim tholsome women who become pregnonlofler they hocl okeody hod ochicl, were forcecl 1lr hove on clboriion ond mony women were iorcibly sierilised. There oppeors lo becr loi of eviclence lo bock up lhese cloims. Corrying out lhe surveilonce oi individuol women is ophenomenon unique in Chino. A cruciol ond innovolive elernenj hos been thol of officiol permission"io be pregnonl. Enforcemeni of ihe policy hos been pursued vio the Slole Fomily Plonning (FP)Commission ond the Communisl Poriy (CP). An exlensive syslem hos been creoied lo keep theconkoceplive use ond pregnoncy slolus oi oll morried women oi reproduciive oge LJnder conslontsurve;llonce. ln lhe eorly 1990s FP ond CP ofticiols were mode personoly responsible tor meelingpopuloiion iorgels. Since l9l9, oboriion hos been ovoiloble on requesi, ond ihe rolio of legol oboriionsto birlh increosed in lhe 1980s ond decLined in the 1990s.lmpoct ofthe policyThe birth rote in Chino hos follen consideroby in the losl25 yeors, ond ihe roie of populolion growlh isnow jusl 0./%. However ihere hove been negoiive impocls ioo. Due io o iroclilioncrl preierence forboys, lorge numbers of femole bobies hove ended up homeless or in orphonoges, ond in some coseskilled. in 2000, il wos reporied thoi 90% of foeluses oboried in Chino were iemole. As o resull, thegencler bolonce of lhe Chinese populoiion hos become disloded- Todoy it is thoughl ihcrt rnenoLrlnurnber women by more ihon 60 million.

'tong lerm implicolionsChino s one chi d po icy hos been somewhol reloxed in recenl yeors. Couples con now opply to hoveo second chilcl if their firsl child is o girl or if bolh porenis ore themselves only children. While Chino spopulolion is now rising rnore s owly, it still hos o very lorge loloi populolion (1.2 bilion in 2002) ondChino now foces new problems. The folling birih roie is lecrding to ihe populolion slructure becomlngLrnbolonced belween young ond olcl, os ihe reloiive number oi elderly people rises. Al lhe some limethere crre fewer people of working oge to supporl the growlng numbeF of eldery clependenl!. ln lhefulure Chino could hove on ogeing populotion.


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Annex DShould lhe governmenl be responsible for providing universol heolth core?Cose Sludv: lJniled Stoles of AmericoBockqroundThe Uniled Sioies heo ih core sysiem is one of lhe mosl expensive in lhe world, spencling on esiimoiedl6% of its GDP on heolih core (ihis opproximoies to o whopping Us$7,000 per copito) ln spite of ihis,the Uniled Stotes is the only developecl noiion lhol does noi ensure o universol heolth cqre syslem lhoiprovides core 1o oll. ln 200/, more lhon l5% ot lhe Americon populofion wos wilhout heollh insuronce.Compored io heollh core syslems in olher countries where heo lh core is public y funded, lhe UniledSloies underperformed in lerms oi quolily, occess, efiiciency, equ;ly ond oulcomes when compored ioolher induslriqlized counlries.n light ol the currenl inefficiency in ihe Americon heollh core syslem, sho!ld ihe united Sloles swiich loo universol heollh core sysiern which is public y funded?Common orquments for o universo heo lh core svslem:

l) Heollh core consliluies o humon righl. Therefore, occess to heollh core should be ovoilable ].everybocly regorclless of iheir income group ond/or employmenl sloius2) With universol heollh core lhoi peop e do nol hove lo poy for oLrl of lheir own pockels, they willbe more likely lo seek preventive meosures whlch wil moke lhem beller off in lhe long run3l Universol heolth core would recluce woslefulness ond inefficiency in heollh core provision.Adminislrolive cosls ore esiimoled lo comprise 24% aI tl\e US heollhcore expendiiure.Reguloling the supply of heollh core by o midclle mon {i.e. ihe governmenl) could help reducewosiefu ness in ihe indusiry.4) Aboul 60% of the us heolth core sysiem is o reody publicly Junded by federcrl, siole, properlylcxes ond lox subsidies. A univeGo heollh core syslem would jusl reploce privole/ernployerexpendilure with loxes thus reducing iotol heolth core spending for both individuos ond

emPloYers.5) Accordinq lo the Commonweolih Fund, the US spends o much higher percenloge of GDP onheolih core thon ony oiher coLinlry- However, it hos gornered worse roiings in jhe followingcrilerio: quolity of core, eificiency of core, occess lo core, sofe core, equily, ond woil limes.

Common orqumenls oooinst o universol heolih core svslem:l) Heollh core is not o right- Hence, il should nol be lhe governmeni's responsibilily to ensure ilsprovision.2) Pubicly funded heolth core syslems hove olso been opposed on ideologicol grouncls, wiihcloims ihoi universol heolth core is o move in lhe direciion of sociolism which extends lhe poweroi lhe siole ond curbs individuol freeciom.

Free heolih core con leod lo ihe overuse ond obuse ol rnedicol focilities ond services whichwould roise overoll cosls.while il does nol provide lhe some level of coveroge os o univgrsol heolth system, ihe heolihcore sofely nel - free meclicol clinics, cho ly cclre, non profil oncl governmeni run hospilols -provides cerloin necessory core to lhe uninsured,

3)

4)


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5)6)

The rote of medicol innovoiion will slow down in lhe obsence of o profil moiive.Heollh core sysiems wilh grecrler governmeni conlrol ore likely to fcrce more impedimenh iocore such os o longer woiling iirne, reslriclions on one's choice oi hospilols ond proclilionersoncl prolongecl woiling limes which coulcl re5ult in unnecessory deolhs.

/) Universol heojih core requires governmenis lo roise loxes considerobly os heollh core coslsincreose.Oborno's P on for Heollh Core Reiorms(from hllu://www.borockobomo.com/issues/heollhcore/)Borcrck Obomo ond .loe Biden hove proposecl o p on lhol slrengihens employer coveroge, holdsinsuronce componies occouniob e ond ensures polienh lheir choice ol doclor ond core wilhoLrlCrovernmenl inlerference.Their plon provides Americons with ofiordoble ond occessible heollh core by building on theexisiing syslem ond uses exisiing provlders, doclors ond plons. People who ore sotistied wiih lhekpresenl heoljh insLJronce pon will enjoy o cost reduclion of $2,500 o yeor while lhose currenilywilhoui heo th insuronce will hove o choice of new, offordoble heollh insuronce oplions.

Moke Hec/lh lnsuronce Wo.k for Peopie ond Bugnesses - Noi Just' lnsLronce ond Drvg Compons.. Require insuronce componies lo cover pre-exisling condilions so oll Americons regotdless ofiheir heolih stolus or hislory con gel comprehensive benefiis oi foir ond sloble premiums.Creoie o new Smcrli Business Heollh Tox Credit to help smoll businesses provide ofiordoblehecrllh insuronce io their employees-Lower cosls for businesses by cove ng o porlion of the cotoslrophic heollh cosls they poy inr^lurr for loter prenrums 'or omplolae\.Prevenl insurers from overchorging dociors for lheir molproclice insuronce ond invesl in provenslroleqies io recluce prevenloble medicol erors.Moke employer conlribulions more foir by requiring lorge employers thoi do nol offer coverogeor moke o meoningiul conhibulion lo the cosi of quoliiy heollh coveroge lor their employees ioconlribule o percentoge oi poyro I loword ihe cosls of iheir employees heo ih core.Estoblish ocls 0 newindividuols

Ncrlionol Heollh lnsuronce Exchonge with o ronge oi privole insuronce oplions os wellpublic pon bosecl on benefils ovoiloble lo members of Congress lhol will oiowond smoll businesses lo buy offordoble heollh coveroge.

fn'urF evFno.ewf o leedsrl willreceiveo lo. credI for lhe prFmu.ns.Reduce Cosfo ond Sove o T@icol Aniefton Fomty up lo $zgn os rcfanns phose in:. Lower drug cosls by ollowing the importolion of sofe medicines from oiher developed counlries,


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increosing lhe use of generic clrllgs in public progroms ond ioking on drug componies iholblock cheoper generic medicines from the morkel

. Require hospilols lo coLleci oncl repori heo th core cosi ond quolity doio

. Reduce the costs oi coioslrophic illnesses for employers oncl iheir emp oyees.

. Reforrn lhe insuronce morkel lo increose compelilion by loking on onlicompeiiiive ociivity thotclives up prices wilhoui improving quolily of coae.

The Obomo-Biden plon will promote public heolth. lt will require coveroge of preventive seTvices,inclucling concer screenings, ond increose slote ond local preporedness for lerrorisi oiiocks ondnoirrrol .lisostersA Commilment lo Fiscol Responsibilify: Borock Obcrmo will poy tor his $50 $65 billion heollh core ref( ,efiori by rolling bock lhe Bush lox culs for Americons eorning more thon $250,000 per yeor ondreloininq the eslole lox ol its 2009 !evel.Resources:Borock Obomo's Plon for Heollh Corehlio://wvvw-borockobomo-com/issues/heollhcclre/Heolih Core in the Uniled Sloieshllo://en.wikioeclio.olq/wiki/Heollh core in lhe Unilecl SlolesHeo lh Core Reform in the United Stotes

htil)i//en.wikioedio.oro/wiki/Heo ih core reform in lhe Uniled SlolesVideos:Troiler for Michoel Moore's "Sicko"htlo://www.vouiube.com/woich?v=SB.lwvRYbSk&feoture=PlovLisl&o=8334I C4292F980/4&index= I 6Borock Obomo on Heolih Corehllp://www.voLrlube.com/wolch?v=om5oGBVv 4k


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Annex EThe heolthcore syslem in Singopor is bosecl on o combinoiion of governmenl ossislonce ondindividuol responsibi ity.l) Heollhcore Finoncing. Ihe governmenl provides heolihcore subsidies oncl funds for public hospiiols ond heolihpromolion wiih lhe oid of loxolion revenue- At the some time, they hove esloblished ofromework of Meclisove, Medishielci oncl Medliund which combines individuol responsibiliiy withgovernmenl funding jo suppori ihe needs of low income eorners.Medifund. Medifund is on endowmeni funcl sei up by the Governmeni lo crssisf needy Singoporeons whohove difticully finoncing iheir own medico expenses. ll ocls os o sofeiy net for lhose who oreunoble 10 poy for lhe subsidised hospilol bils despiie the Medisove ond Medishie d coveroge.Sel up in April 1993,Mediscrve. nlroduced in April 1984, Meclisove is o compulsory noiionol mediccrl sovings scheme whichhelps individrlos 10 deposit 6.5-9% (depencling on oge -group) inlo lheir Medisove Accounl.These sovings con be wiihclrown lo help meel fuiure persono or immediole iomily'shospilolizolion, doy surgery oncl cerloln ouipotienl expenses.. Medisove is o subsel oi lhe Cenirol Providenl Funcl {CPF) to which 33% of woges {comprisingl3% of employer contribulions ond 20% emp oyee conlribulions) is conlribuied to individuoloccounls for fulure reliremeni ond heolih reloled fundinq-Medishield. Medishield wos inlrocluced in 1990 os o low cosl coiosirophic ilness insLrronce scheme lo help

lndivicluols fund medicol expenses lrom mojor ilnesses which cou ci nol be covered sufficienilyby iheir Medisove bolonce. li operoles on o co poymenl oncl deduciible system.. ln recenl yeors, lhe governmenl hos olso ollowecl lhe privole insuronce rrorkei lo offer similorMedisove crpproved pons ihol ore designed to meei


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. This progromme oims lo roise in lhe generol populolion on oworeness of ihe imporionce of oheollhy lifesiyle ond moinloining o heolthy bocly weighi whilst equipping them with lhenecessory knowledge ond skilJs to put this knowleclge ond skills to oclion. ll emphosises 4componenls of o heolihy lifestyle - - regulor exercise, heolfhy eoling, no smoking ond monogingslress.

. Key progrommes of this initiotive inc ude o monih long onnuol compoign 1o rolse oworeness oflhe imporlonce of o heolihy ifestyle ond progroTnmes for lhe cornmunity where public forums.heollh foks ond exhibilions ore conducled joiniy by both public ond privole seclors.Resources:

Singopore's Heollh Core Sysiem: A Free Lunch You Con Sink Your Teelh nloHeollhcore Morkel Review:The singopore heollh syslem clchieving positive heollh ouicomeswilh low expendilurel[tlp://www.wohonwvoll.com/eurooe/pubs/heollhcore/rende12.oso? D= 13850. Ministry of Heollh, Singopore: hllp://www.moh.oov.so/mohcorD/defouLi osox. Heollh Promolion Boord, singopore: http://vvyw-hpb.qov.scr/hpb/defoult-osD?pq id=776


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ANNEX FTvpes ol Slolesl. Monorchv. li is o syslem of flJle dominoled by one person, lhe King or Queen, who is the heod ol

stote. The posi is filled lhrough inherilonce or dynoslic succession- ln lhe llK, succession byinheriionce involves ihe oldesi son toking precedence over ihe oldesl cloughler.. ln obsolule monorchies, ihe monorch cloims, it seldom exercises, o monopoly of politicoipower (exomples being Soudi Arobio, Nepolond Morocco).' ln constilulionol monorchies, the monorch fulfils an essenliolly ceremoniol flgureheod'funciion lorgely devoid of politicol significonce (for exomple, in Spoin, ihe Netherlondsond the UK).2- Republic. ll is o slole governed by represenlolives of lhe peope, wilhoul o King or Queen. The

heod of sicrie is ihe President.' Singopore is on exomple of o repub ic.6. Aulocrolic slole (outocrocv)' ln crn cruiocrocy, ihe ultimole ouihority ond rlle of lhe governmeni resi wiih one person,who is lhe chief source of ows ond ihe mojor ogenl of sociol conlrol.' For exomple, lhe phoroohs of oncienl EgypJ were oulocrots. More recenlly, ihe reigns ofJuon ond Ero Peron of Argenlino, ond Soddom Hussein of roq hcrve been outocrolic.. Dissenl ond criiicism of lhe governrnenl crncl the leoder ore prohibiled lo ensure ihelolollv ond cle'o ro'r ol lha paopla4. lololilorion siqle. ln o lololiiorion siole, ihe governmeni is formed by one group which hos virtuolly totolconlrol of the nolion s sociol inslituiions. Usuo ly ihere is only one legol po iiicol porly, ondii conirols lhe slole opporoius, especiolly lhe miiiiory, os well os the economy.' lhe ruling porly iegilimises its rule wilh on eloborcrle ideology, oncl inllmidoies thepopuloiion inlo conforming with lhe use of lerror.. Tololilorion sociolism, where ihe governmeni regu oles oll sociol insiilulions oncJ owns ollmojor meqns oi produciion ond disiribulion, is more commonly refe(ed lo os. communism.5. Democroiic Slole. Democroci hos mony differenl meonings ond lhere is hordiy o governmenl onywhereihol cloes nol cloirn some form of democroiic ouihorily.. Todoy, democrocv refers lo o poliiicol sysiem operoiing under ihe principles ofconslilulionolism (meoning governmenl power is limiied by low), represenlolivegovernmenl {meoning ihe ouihoriiy lo govern is ochieved lhrough, ond legitimised by,populor eleclions), civilion rule, ond mojority rule.


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ANNEX GPOTITICAT SYSTEMS

Throughoul hislory, people hove invenled iheories oboul how o slole should be run onclwhol lhe order of priorilies shou d be when clecisiont ore rirode on po iliccll issues. Theselheories ore coled ideo'ogies.There ore so mony definilions oncl discussions of ideology lhot it is usuolly nol possible loogree on o iisl of ideologies. Most books describe four or five ideologies. The prominenl onesore:, Democrocy

THE COW ANALOGY

PURE SOCIATISMYou hove lwo cows. The governrnenl lokes them ond puls lhem in cr born wilheveryone else s cows. You hove 10 loke core ol o I lhe cows. The governmenigives you os much milk os you need-FASCISMYou hove lwo cows. The governmenl iokes them bolh, hires you io loke core ofthem oncl se ls you lhe mik.PU RE COMMUNISMYou hove lwo cows. Your neighbours help yo!r ioke core of them, oncl you ollthore the milk.RUSSIAN COMMUNISMYou hove lwo cows. You hove lo loke core of ihem, bul lhe governmeni lokes olihe milk.DICTATORSHIPYou hove iwo cows. The governmeni lokes bolh oncl drofls you.PURE DEMOCRACYYou hove iwo cows. Your neighbours clecicle who gets the milk.REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACYYou hove lwo cows. Yours neighbours pick someone lo lel you who gels lhe mi k.ANARCHYYou hove l'ro cows. Eiiher you se I lhe milk ol o fciir price or your nelghbors lokeihecows ond killyou-CAPITALISMYou hove iwo cows. YoU sell one ond buy o buli.


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Eleclino represenlolives is on imporlonl porl of o democrocy. However, o democrolicsociely usucrlly includes mony olher feolures to ensure lhol represenioiives con be replocedif lhey fo low unpopulor policies ond thol people con freely express lheir opinions-THE FEATURES OF A DEMOCRACY

5. Foscismis ihe syslern ossocioled wiih Mussolini in lloly, which emphosized ihe oulhorilolive direclionol lfre leocler ond lhe folowing of ihe public in oll things. Todoy no ruler procloims lhisdocirine os Mussolini clid. Since his time ii is o common lerm of deprecolion used by criiics ofo mosl ony governmeniol feoiure or prociice wilh which ihey disogree.i. Liberolismis o view which, olihough ernphosizing indivicluol goodness, sees more need for chonge ondimprovemenl in sociol reloiions requiring governmeniol involvement7.is o poriiculorly exlreme form ot communism, liberolism oncl oihers which colls for the ullimoleeliminolion of the stole ond oll olher sociol inslilulions, lo be occomplished by o ironsilionwhich will iise f wiiher in fovour of roclicol ind;viduolism. ll cloims o lorge conlempororyfoiowing bui ils success is iuslifiobly deboted os being more lhe resuli of crude power thonlh- produLl ol lhe .lrenglh of on id-o.8. Mooismis the lype of communism inlroduced in ihe People's Republic of Chino by Moo.Zedong li iso lorm of Morxism, bui lhe focus of lhe revolulionory siruggle wos lhe peosonls, rqlher ihon

The righr to vore(althaush usuallysubject to age limits- 18 in Britain)Civil libenies, such asthe right to protestand demrJnstraie, endnol to be arrested atwill by the police,nor delained withour

Regular ire and tairelections conducted bya secret ballot, in v,'hichanyone can form apoliticrlpsrty.ndstand !r a candid;te

Competin,t ooliiicl]lpariies,,\rhich ensureopir ons is.eoresefled

An independenl legalsystem (rhe judlciary),which is free frorngovernment coniral

:.!tdonl of express on,nd free and independenrnase media, so anyoneci,n express any opin:onsgovernment !t'ithouriear of punishment

Eq Lra Liry before theaw, so everyone is

Freedom of belief, 5!rchas political or rel;!iousbelie{Freedom ot associarion- rhe righr to form orjo in any orqani..!ion


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lhe urbon workers. ll is on onii bureoucrolic form of Morxism lhol ploces its loilh in lhe roclicolzeol of lhe mosses.9. Nolionolismis o view which stresses loyolly ond devoiion lo the nofion-cullure group os lhe greolesivehicle for self reolizotion ond which hos wiinessed the iriplinq of noiion slotes in the losi fewclecodes. 11 is nol unreosonobly regorded os lhe rnost powerful simplified, unifying ideo of thelosl iwo cenluries.10. NozismHilleas verslon of foscism, individuolism, nolionolism, sociolism ond rocism combined in opodiculorly virulent form cloiming the superiority of some individuols ond lhe nolurolenslovement of olhers. The prjncipol woy ii is dislinguished from foscism is lhe rocioldimension whereby o cloim is mode thol one roce is superior lo others. This cloim is in its originnot so much direcled ogoinsi olher roces {ollhough ils effecls ore) os il s o concentrolion oninnole, geneticolly, or slolislicolly procloimed dolo oboul one's own roce-11. Sociolismis on economic ond polilico doctrine which odvocotes governmenlol ownership onddireclion of produciion ond services bui which woulcl reloin exisling inslilulions os lhe meonsfor reguloling them. Morxism would odvocole the obolltion of ihese insiilulions, bul uniil thoiobolition is occomplished, MoDasm is o iype of slole sociolism. Sociolism wilh Monxism hcrsmore of o mcrjoriicrrion clemocrolic dimension lo il.12. Totolilorionismis o sysiem in which oll individuol, economic, sociol, oncl polilicol octions ore subjecl lo lhedireclion of the oulhorjiorion ruling person or porfy. Ordinory people lock ony control overgovernment decision moking. There ore no free eleclions ond no civil iberties, ond mosl ofihe feoiures found in o democrocy do nol exist. The governmenl rules by coercion rolherlhon consenl. People ore forced io obey lhe government becouse of its control of ihepolice, ihe courls, ond the ormy. All the mojor sociol insiilulions ike ihe economy, iheeducolion syslem, religion, lhe legol syslem, the police, ond ihe moss meclio ore stricllycontrolled by the governmenl. lcleos opposecl to ihose of ihe government ore censored,ond ony opposiiion orgonizoiions crushed by force. Exomples of lololilorion socielies includeHitleis Ger.nony ond lhe People s Republic ot Chino ('Communisi Chlno').A diclotorship is o form of lololilorionism where power lends lo be concentroied in ihe hondsof one person, such os Hiiler.


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REebrN6sGood govemonce key lo p{ogreis, soys Nobel bt,Ieolecood governonce, rolher lhon less governonce, is key io economic developmenl ond oddressingiodoy's chollenges of economic inequolify, environmenlor degrodoiion ond fenorism- while rhe ropi;progress of mony counl es in recenl yeors -rs ofien oitribuled to ihe freeing up ol morkel,'governonce remo;ns on imporionr focror for economic ond socior deveropmenr, ioid developmenigutu ond Nobelloureote Amodyo Sen_When simple lheories of economic developmenl deny non,morkel forces o role, lhey lend lo obscureilhe need lhol conslruclie sleps tor lockling iodoy's problems hove to be loken on o mulli_]dimensionol scole, he odded. lhis wos lhe moin poinl mode by prof Sen in his 3Gminule speech ot lheinougurol of on onnuolseminor orgonised by lhe tee Kuon yew School of prrblic policy.

lDrowing from e{omples in history. he olso elobo.ofed on how lhe .visible hond of governonce. isi cruciol to solving mony of ihe wodd s problems lodoy- The invisible hond hos often reli-ed heovily onthe visible,'he soid, referring io pioneer economist Adom smith's fomous phrose describing ihe freemorkel forces of demond ond supply.Prof Sen, who is bosed ol Horvord University, wos speoking lo over 200 policymokers, business leodersond experls ol lhe opening dinner of rhe Rofies Forum. The rndion-born ocodemic olso rook queslionsfrom ihe floor, o number of which cenlred on lhe slole of tndio.s economy, which he soi; shouldI enjoy susloined growth, thonk to re_cenl p9_lgy_Jetorms.Tokjng his oudien.e boct lo the brrlh of copilolism, prof Sen soid lhol governonce hos olwoys ployed{n rmportont roie rn mokrng orderly lronsoctions possible ond proper}y righls occepied. ,An exchonge

. economy could not be very efficienl unlil budness morolily mode conliocluol behoviour sustoinob-lei and inexpensive he soid, covemonce hos orso been insrrumenror in curbinq coruprion, which drivesi potentiol enlrepreneurs owoy from productive operolions to the higher ieturns offered by shodydeols, he odded.Prof Sen, who hos wrillen mony seminol popers on poverly, fornine ond humon developmenl, soidgovernmenls hove been crucioros werr in providing bosic educolion ond heoth core - borh criricor roimproving worker's productiviiy, in porliculor, onci economic efrecliveness in generol.'ln oll lhesedevelopments lhoi mode conlemporory economic ond sociol prospedly possible, the visible hond oflgovernonce hosworked in close olliance wiih the invisible hond-'lndeed, he soid il wos this ollionce lhot gqve dse ro Asios remorkobre economic progress, just os it didin Europe ond Norlh Amedco during lhe indusirio, revolulion in lhe lote lSih Ceotut. lt is no different'ith the chol,enges lhol Jhe world foces lodoy, soid prcf Sen. cood domesiic policies con go o longwoy in helping the economies ol poorer counlries, by empowednq lheir cilDens with beiter educotio;ond heollh core.

{ On the oiher hond.. inodequocies in globol policies ond in o brood sense, globolgovernonce hovei olso conlnbuled rubstoniror,y ro rhe vost gurf in weofih omong nolions, he od8-pd. patenr rows, for'exomple, con be improved to encouroge lhe developmenl ol drugs needed by ihe poorer people inlhe world, he soid.ln limes of crisis. such os lhe l99Z Asion finonciol crisis, governonce should help ihe poorer po.t of lhepopuloiion, which oflen becl' rhe brunl of on economic downlurh. 'Good governon-e nbfonrtneeds_growfh wilh equity but olso downlums wilh security. He sees sociol sotely nels os on integrolpod of good governonce.

i Bul good governonce is 'nof just o moiler of quick oclion., prof Sen worned. Open-mjndedness ond or willingness lo exomine evidence ond orgumenls ore cenlrol .lo good governonce, he soid-' 'Good governonce con bing gigonljc rewords jusl os bod govemonce con erlroct o-iuge penotty.

sI sep 15, 2006


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Hald I ruths about IeadcrshipReal leadership sets people to take ownership ofprobtem, tal(e teadership is preo.cupie.t with dominanceTTIE ST INTERVIEWay Tan Hui yee. coRF{ESpoNDENTTuabulent times like these coll ior slrong honds on deck, bui lhe obility to tell reol leodership fromfoke is even more cruciol. Singoporecns, who hove lhrived under ccnny leodership over morelhon 40 yeors of lhe nolions existence, need to grosp ihis os the world geis more complex, soysHorvord Universily professor Deon Willioms.Reol leodershtp geJs people io ioce lhe hord irulhs ond toke owneBhip of lhe problem.Counlerfe;l leodership, meonwhile, is preoccupied wilh dominonce ond perpeluoles ihe ideolhoJ one poriy hos oll lhe onswers. ll wos lhe loller behoviour lhoi put the wodd s economy in oloilspin, soys Prof Willioms, 52, who wos in lown recenlly lo lie up deloils of o new lo-monlh longsociol leodership course he Wll conducf ol lhe Noiionol Volunleer ond phiJonlhropy Centreslorling in Morch ond o leodership lroining progromme ot ihe Lee Kuon yew School of publicPolicy in Ap.il.lhose helming Lehmoo Brothers oncJ oiher Americon finonciol houses lhol wenl under were iooolioched 10 the ideology of iree morkels lo moke necessory bul boinful odjusimenls lo lheiroperoljons. li did noi quite moiter then lhot they hod 'exkoorcj jnorjly lolented monogers,becouse you could be monoging o group righl lo lhe momenl il goes over lhe cliff'-Singopore, he noles, hos'mony exiroordinorily lolenled mcnogers ond o few very good ondiolenled leoders'. Bul for ihe overoJl well being of lhe country, porliculorly in lhis complexeconomic ond poliiicol environmeni thol is o product of globolisofion, ii requires more lhon juslgood monogers. You reolly nded on Lrnderstonding ond appreciolion of leodership ol oll levetsof sociely.He defines leoders os people who mobilise o group lo confronl d'lficull issues ond solveproblems colleciively, os opposed lo monogers, wbo simply moinloin order, prolecl resourcesond provide direciion wiih the outhority lhey hove been given.Prof Willioms is fomilior wilh Singopore, os he is mofiied lo o Singoporeon cnd worked os oconsullont with the Nolionol ProdLrcliviiy Boord {NpB, now renomed Spring Singopore) from l9B3to 1985. He visjts Singopore eva:ry lwo lo lhree yeors, somelimes for consulting jobs. He reodilydeclores his odmirolion for Minisler Menlor Lee Kuon Yew, ond devoles o seclion of his 2OO5book, Reol Leodership, lo on onolysis of how lhe then-prime Min'sfer sleered lhe newlyindependenl ond polenliolly froclious Republic lowords development.Bul he soys he olso knows mony people don't dislinguish between leodership ond monogemenlgrleoelelship qndqulhoily, ilerecalls lhot durjng bis time ot NPB, he wos losked wilh rompingup the produclivity ot o moior locol bonk ond received ononymous lellers irom disgruntledemployees who comploined lhot monogemenl wos nol poying heed to lheir concems. Whenhe brought it up lo its monogemenl, howevet he wos sfruck by lheir 'onogonce'. li felt it wosfoultless ond lhe problems would go owoy if lhe employees' otfilucies were somehow fxed'-Wilhin the sociol seclor - which hos been bollered by high profile scondols_iqvolving lheNolionol Kidney Foundolion ond Ren CiHospilolond Medicore Centre he wories oboul some


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?elired bureoucrois lhere who hove become too coughi up wilh keeping their orgonisolions inline lo think oboul moking o difference-'Moybe lheir heori is in it, but they simply bdng their old monogerjol skills ond so lhey oremonoging budgels ond whot limiied resources they hove, but ihey ore nol reoliy creotingsomelhing. They ore not moking o loding ond susloinoble clifference. Their eye is more on lhosepeople who ore holding lhem occounloble io how lhe {unds ore spent rolher thon on lhe .eolproblem ond the people whom they ore supposed to be helping. He reosons: Obviously you'vegof to hold people to occounl lo using money wisely ond responsibly, bul whol you reolly wonllo hold people ond insiilulions lo account for, is lo moking o ditference in the overollwell beingof lhe couniry.The some pdnciple opplies 1o governmenl scholorship recipients who rise swiltty through iheronks of Singopores Adminislrotive Service. Whelher or nol lhey exercise leodelship remoins lobe seen. he soys. Ihere ore o lol of lolenled oulhoriiy figures who moy hold the fod. They get ofew good ihings done bul they ore noi exercising o lol of leodership, The queslion is whol doyou do when someone in posifion of oulhodly isnt exercising leodership bui lhey ore nowimpeding proqress by virtue of being in thol post,Leodership, in this cose, would enloil keeping people focused on imporionl losks ihol moke odifference, roiher lhon using lhe inodequocy of oulhoriiy figures os on excuse_ There is ocfuollyomple spoce ond opportuniiy ior commilled people io moke on exlroordinory conlrjbulion,even when lheir oulhorily iigures ore weok or ineffeclive.The need lo distingulh between reol ond counlerfeil leodership does nol chonge even with theodvenl of new medio, where informoiion spreods inslontoneously ond sociol networkingwebsiles ore used lo spreod messoges for vorious couses- 'Anybody con sel up o websile, sei upo blog ond send oui messoges lo gel people lo ovoid deoling wiih difficult chollenges.Leodersh'p, he sqys, con be dilficult ond somelimes requires on oulhorily fiqure io soy ldonlhove lhe solulion'ond rolly people to think of o woy oul. people noturolly look to ouihorjtyfigures for reossuronce so such disclosures con be unseilling ond unpopulor. The Uniled Stolesnewly elecied Presidenl Eorock Obomo loces such o donger now, he says. 'The expecfotions forObomo lo be some kind of messioh ond deliver ihe people from oll these problems thot theyhove broughi upon themselves is huge. His chollenge nowis lo monoge those expeclofions ondnot be seduced by the peoples hunge. for quick fixes ond eosy onswers.' Reol leadership9mphosises shored problem solving rother thon dependence on o messioh or 'greot mon _ Thegreoi mon mighl be w.ong, oL even il the greol mon ls reolly lalented. ihe group might becomeloo dependent.on lhe greol mon, ond foit to leorn ond develop_'In Singopore, vhich is oflen colled o nonny slote for ilj poJemolislic policies ond compliontcilizens. people hove lo loke greoter owneBhip of lhe problem solving process. lls unheojlhy ioolwoys be looking to the Governmenl for the onswe6, becouse for mony of lhe complexproblems thol we foce in the world todoy, ihe solulions reside in our pofierned behoviour.,_TheGo?^rnmenlr qol o vitol rriJiLol role in ratting ihe dire.lion. sFnlino lha env onment to ligureoul whol lhe problems ore. Bul the covernmenl is on exlension of us. The people olso hqve lobe responsible for their problems, theirchollenge ond for doing lhe work.'


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Singoporeons, he noies from his irequeni visih herc ond itlerociion wiih Singoporeon siuclenis olHorvord, lend lo be iimid ond preler io qu;t o posl raiher ihon find woys lo exllress lhemselveswhen lhey do nol ogree wiih somelhing. Whoi lve noiiced is thol Singoporeons are greolquille6. l don i meon lhol in derogolory sense, bui I've never seen so mony people who oredoirrg o job, gel fru5lroic.l crncl then quii ond qo sor|ewhere else ln oiher words, lhere is somuch opporiuniiy here lhol ii you donl iike whol you ore doing, you con ocluolly gosomewhele else ond clo ll onal you moy gel poicl fitore lo do il. But ihe lrouble is, one connoijusi wolk owoy from;ssues ond problems'. Someone exercjsing leodership, lor exomple, wouldlh;nk: 'l con fincl woys lo gel my voice heord. ln me-^iings I don t hove io sil lhere like o quiel lilflemouse, He declores: You con ocluolly slick oround {or much longer thon you reolise ond mokeo conlribuiion,'tie recoliecl lhol Singoporeons 30 yeo6 olto hod a prolound sense ol purpose os lhey were inlhe shored process oi building o vioble ncriion'. Thc need Ior hord wcnk, cliscipline ond locus wosunderslood by oll- BL,l ihe exlroordinory growlh since ihen h.rs pro.luced o new sel ofchollenges. including ensuring lhol ihc cullure does nol become excessively self-cenlred onclmoleriolislic'. Al lhe some lime, wilh lhe increosing complexity of ihe world. criijcol thinking ondcreoiivity ore esseniiol copocilies ii ihey ore to succeed. Susioining progres5, therefore, wouldrequ;re making il conducive ior people b cleboie lhe issues ond their volues. to ignite tholimoginolion ond creoilviiy.

ON HOW GREAT EDUCATION DOES NOT MAKE GREAT TEADERS'Srrnply by virluc of yorr hoving on educolion oi Horyord, or onyrvhere else ior lhol moiler,cloesn'i meon you crre going lo provicJe leoclerihip- I ccrn guoronl6e ihol even thorrgh I hovevery brighi sludenh in rity closs. oi H(rrvdrd, l'm lratuolly d;soppotnlecJ in o qood perceriioaje Otihem lol their unwillidgness lo.,go..oul iito .the. wodd lo provide leodership on mony dilficuli, ho'enqe!.


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FAKE I-EADERSHIP

PROfESSOR Deon lvillioms, 52, has been o loculty member of Horvord Universitys (ennedySchool ot covernmenl since i 999- He is bosed ol its Cenle. for pubtic Leodership, where he runsthe Wodd Leoders lnlerview project, which drows lessons on leodership from successful worldleoders. The nolive ol Auslrolio ea(ned his mosiets degree ond doclorote trom Horvord, wherehe speciolised in leodership sludies ond orgonisolionot developmenl. He is the outhor ol ReolLeodership: Helping People And Orgonizolions Foce Their Toughesl Choltenges ond is cufienltyworking on o new book cotted LeodCrship To End poverly.He is morried lo Singoporeon Ro5ie tim, who runs his leodership consulling firm, Thinking HeodsGlobql- lhey hove lhree doughlers, oged l4 to JO_ST 28 Jonuory 2009


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Good government: You can put a value to itWhy did Singapore succeed and so many other post-colonial states didn'l?The answer to that question often takes the form of a litany: Singapore gotthe fundamentals right - political stability, meritocracy, an incorruptibleadministration, It instituted the rule of law, ensuring the sanctity of contractsand properly rights. It made the right economic choices: Welcomingmultinationals when the reigning wisdom was import-substitution, hewing toprudent fiscal and monetary policies, choosing to leap-frog the region andhook up with global markets, and so on and so forth - the litany is long.And, of course, every item in it is correct. But it still leaves unanswered acrucial question: How come Singapore made the right choices? After all, it isnot as though these choices are lodged in some secret book of state-buildingrecipes. But why did only a few choose to apply those recipes and mostdidn't?About 25 years ago, Dr Goh Kenq Swee made a remark that I think providesa clue. He was then Deputy Prime Minister and Education Minister, and hadintroduced 'moral education'into Singapore schools. At a private gathering,responding to a discussion of how different the moral systems of Singapore'scomponent cultures were, he summed up his moral philosophy thus: ,It issimple,'he growled. 'You do good, you will be rewarded. you do wrong, youwill be punished.'Few philosophers will endorse that statement but I'm convinced this simplemoral regime explains the choices independent Singapore made in itsformative years.Mr Lee Kuan Yew, Dr Goh and their other colleagues made the right choicesbecause they, and the people they led, were animated by a set of values thatmade possible correct political, economic and social choices. Leadership - forthere was nothing automatic about translating inherited values into viablestate institutions - consisted of insisting on the primacy of those values andrefusing to compromise on them,

You do good - don't accept bribes, don't run up huge fiscal debts, don't takethe easy way out - you will be rewarded. You do wrong - compromise onmeritocracy, give way

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